Problem solving

and
reasoning

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 “
Logic – The science of correct reasoning.

Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or

conclusions from known or assumed facts.

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Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
-is drawing a general -is drawing general
conclusion from a case to specific
repeated examples or simplify
observation or from general case to
limited sets of specific case.
observation of
specific examples.

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Inductive reasoning
Example 1: Use inductive reasoning to predict
the next number.

1. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,
2. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,

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Inductive reasoning
Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, then subtract 3.
If the original number picked is 4.
Original number : 4
Multiply by 8 : 4 x 8 = 32
Add 6 to the product : 32 + 6 =38
Divide the sum by 2 : 38 ÷ 2 = 19
Subtract 3 : 19 – 3 = 16
* The answer is 4 times the original number
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Deductive reasoning
Example 1: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture, that the
following produces a number that is four times the original number.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, then subtract 3.
If the original number picked is 4.
Original number : n
Multiply by 8 : 8n
Add 6 to the product : 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2 : (8n + 6) ÷ 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3 : 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n

* The answer is 4 times the original number.

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More examples of Inductive Reasoning
1) Every quiz has been easy. Therefore, the
test will be easy.
2) The teacher used PowerPoint in the last
few classes. Therefore, the teacher will
use PowerPoint tomorrow.
3) Every fall there have been hurricanes in
the tropics. Therefore, there will be
hurricanes in the tropics this coming fall.
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More examples of deductive Reasoning
1. All SIAA students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at SIAA.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.

2. All athletes work out in the gym.

Barry Bonds is an athlete.
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the
gym.

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 More examples of deductive Reasoning
3. All math teachers are over 6 feet tall.
Ms. D. is a math teacher.
Therefore, Ms. D is over 6 feet tall.

4. The catalog states that all entering freshmen

must take a mathematics placement test.
You are an entering freshman.
Conclusion: You will have to take a
mathematics placement test.
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90% of humans are right handed.
Joe is human.
Therefore Joe is right handed.

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 You are a good student.
You got straight A’s.
Therefore your friends must get all A’s too.

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 All oranges are fruits.
All fruits grow on trees.
Therefore, all oranges
grow on trees.

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Solving a logic puzzle
Logic puzzles can be solved using
deductive reasoning and a chart that
enables to display information.

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 Example: Each of four neighbors, Aster, Anji, Agnes, and
Anna, has a different occupations (writer, teacher, chef,
or doctor). From the following clues, determine the
occupation of each neighbors.

1. Anji gets home from work after the teacher but

before the doctor.
2. Agnes who last to go home from work, is not a writer.
3. The doctor and Agnes leave for work at the same
time.
4. The teacher lives next door to Anna.

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 Polya’s problem
solving strategies

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 “The Father of Problem Solving”
• George Pólya was a
Hungarian mathematician.

• He made fundamental
contributions to combinatorics,
number theory, numerical analysis and
probability theory. He is also noted for his
work in heuristics and mathematics
education.
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 Polya's Problem Solving Techniques
• In 1945 George Polya published the book
How To Solve It which quickly became his
most prized publication.
• It sold over one million copies and has been
translated into 17 languages.
• In this book he identifies four basic principles
of problem solving.

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Polya’s Four-step process of problem
solving
Step 1. Understand the Problem

Step 2. Device a Plan

Step 3. Carry Out the Plan

Step 4. Look Backward

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 Step 1. Understand the Problem
• Do you understand all the words used in
stating the problem?
• What are you asked to find or show?
• Can you restate the problem in your own
words?
• Can you think of a picture or diagram that
might help you understand the problem?
• Is there enough information to enable you to
find a solution?
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Step 2. device a plan
• There are many reasonable ways to solve
problems.
• The skill lies in choosing an appropriate
strategy.
• This best learned by solving many problems.
You will find choosing a strategy increasingly
easy.

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Step 3. carry out the plan
• This step is usually easier than devising the
plan. In general, all you need is care and
patience, given that you have the necessary
skills.
• Persist with the plan that you have chosen.
• If it continues not to work discard it and
choose another. Don't be misled, this is how
mathematics is done, even by professionals.
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Step 4. look backward
• Much can be gained by taking the time to
reflect and look back at what you have done,
what worked, and what didn't.
• Doing this will enable you to predict what
strategy to use to solve future problems.

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Guess and check

8 16
2 6 10

14 12 18 5

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24
Make an orderly list
There are 8 people in a party. If everyone
at the party shakes hands with
everyone else, how many handshakes
would there be?

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How many different total score could you
make if you hit the dart board shown
with 3 darts?
10
5
1

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Draw a diagram
Everyday a postman walks from office to
specific destination to deliver mail.
Today he walked 2 miles west, then 1
mile south, then 3 miles east and 2
miles north, then 1 mile west. How far is
the postman from office?
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In how many days will it take a slug to get
out of the 12-feet deep well if each day
it climbs up 3 feet and each night it
slips back 2 feet.

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Look for a pattern
For a hexagon with 42 dots, how many
dots are there on each side? How about
hexagon with 300 dots?

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Eliminate possibilities
Three persons, Jhade, Mia, and Ameerah are
friends. Their surnames are Javier, Castillo
and Soza, but not necessarily in that order.
Jhade lives in a red house, Ameerah lives in
the yellow house, and Miss Javier lives in a
blue house, and Miss Soza does not live in a
red house. What are the full names of each
person?
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Work backwards
By 7 PM all the party guests had arrived but by 8 PM a
third of them hade departed. By 9 PM a third of those
remaining had also departed. By 10 PM the same
happened again and third of those remaining had
also departed. Finally, the party ended at 11 PM by
which time further third of those remaining had also
departed and by 11 PM only 16 guests still remained.
How many guests were originally at the party at 7
PM?
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 A bus was three stops away from the bus
terminal. At the first bus stop, 5 passengers
got on and 3 passengers got off. At the
second bus stop, 4 passengers got on and 8
passengers got off. At the third bus stop, 2
passengers got on and 12 passengers got off.
When the bus arrived at the terminal, all 75
passengers got off. How many passengers
were on the bus just before it arrived at the
first bus stop?
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Two times the sum of a number and 3
is equal to thrice the number plus 4.
find the number.

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If the length of the top of a rectangle is 15
inches more than its width and the area
is 1,350 square inches, find the
dimension of the table.

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“

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 “
Use Polya’s four step problem-
solving strategy to solve each of
the following exercises.

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Two melons weigh the same as a bunch
of bananas. A bunch of bananas weighs
the same as nine apples. How many
apples weigh the same as one melon?

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If the hypotenuse of a right triangle
measures 10 meters, and one leg is 2
meters more than the other. Find the
length of the legs.

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Find two consecutive positive
integers whose product is 240.

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Everyday a Claire walks from home to
specific destination. Today she walked
3 miles west, then 2 mile south, then 5
miles east and 3 miles north, then 1 mile
south. How far is Claire from home??

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 hello!
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 1.
Transition headline
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 “
Quotations are commonly
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 Big concept
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 You can also split your content

White
Is the color of milk and fresh snow, the
color produced by the combination of all
the colors of the visible spectrum.
Black
Is the color of coal, ebony, and of outer
space. It is the darkest color, the result of
the absence of or complete absorption of
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 In two or three columns

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on
the optical spectrum.
Is the color of blood, and
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A picture is worth a thousand words

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White Gray Black

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 And tables to compare data

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

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 Let’s review some concepts

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible deep sea. It is located between this it has historically been
light, yellow is found between green violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
and orange. spectrum. and courage.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible deep sea. It is located between this it has historically been
light, yellow is found between green violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
and orange. spectrum. and courage.

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