Problem solving

and
reasoning

1
 “
A problem is a statement requiring
solution, usually by means of
mathematical operation/geometric
design.

2
 “
*The word method means the ways or techniques used to get
answer which will, usually involve one or more problem
solving strategies
*Answer means a number quantity or some other entity that
the problem is asking for
*Solution is the whole process of solving the problem
including the method of obtaining the answer and the answer
itself
3
 “
Logic – The science of correct reasoning.

Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or

conclusions from known or assumed facts.

4
Inductive Reasoning
-is drawing a general
conclusion from a
repeated observation or
limited sets of
observation of specific
examples.
5
Deductive Reasoning
-is drawing general case
to specific examples or
simplify from general
case to specific case.
Inductive reasoning
Example 1: Use inductive reasoning to predict
the next number.

1. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,
2. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,

6
Inductive reasoning
Example 2: Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product, divide the sum by 2, then subtract 3.

If the original number picked is 4.

Original number : 4
Multiply by 8 : 4 x 8 = 32
Add 6 to the product : 32 + 6 =38
Divide the sum by 2 : 38 ÷ 2 = 19
Subtract 3 : 19 – 3 = 16
* The answer is 4 times the original number
7
Inductive reasoning

8
Inductive reasoning

9
Counter examples
A statement is true statement provided that is
true in all cases. If you find one case for
which statement is not true, called a counter
example , then the statement is a false
statement.

10
Examples 1
• Every number that is multiple of 10 is
divisible by 4.

11
Examples 2
For all numbers x:
• │x │˃ 0

12
Examples 3
For all numbers x:
• x2 ˃ x

13
Examples 4
✘  
For all numbers x:
• ˃ x

14
Inductive Reasoning
-is drawing a general
conclusion from a
repeated observation or
limited sets of
observation of specific
examples.
15
Deductive Reasoning
-is drawing general case
to specific examples or
simplify from general
case to specific case.
Deductive reasoning
 Is the process of reaching a conclusion by
applying general; assumptions, procedures,
of principles.

16
Examples 1
If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be
even.

17
Examples 1
If an ∠A and ∠B are supplementary angles,
their sum is 180 degrees.

18
Deductive reasoning
Example 1: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture, that the
following produces a number that is four times the original number.
Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the
sum by 2, then subtract 3.
If the original number picked is 4.
Original number : n
Multiply by 8 : 8n
Add 6 to the product : 8n + 6
Divide the sum by 2 : (8n + 6) ÷ 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3 : 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n

* The answer is 4 times the original number.

19
Examples 1
Solve for x in the equation 3(x+4)-2x = 20. justify
your answer.

20
Examples 1
Solve for x in the equation 3(x+4)-2x = 20. justify your
answer.
Statement Reasons
3(x + 4) – 2x = 20 Given

3x + 12 - 2x = 20 Distributive property

3x – 2x + 12 = 20 Commutative property

x + 12 = 20 Closure property

x = 20 - 12 Transposition

x=8 Closure property

21
 Solving a logic puzzle
Logic puzzles can be solved using deductive
reasoning and a chart that enables to
display information.

22
Example: Each of four neighbors, Aster, Anji, Agnes, and
Anna, has a different occupations (writer, teacher, chef,
or doctor). From the following clues, determine the
occupation of each neighbors.

1. Anji gets home from work after the teacher but before the
doctor.
2. Agnes who last to go home from work, is not a writer.
3. The doctor and Agnes leave for work at the same time.
4. The teacher lives next door to Anna.

23
MATCH STUDENTS WITH THEIR MAJOR: Michael, Clarissa,
Reggie, and Ellen are attending Iloilo State University of Science
and Technology. One student is a computer science major, one is
chemistry major, one is a business major, and one is biology major.
From the following clues, determine which major each student is
pursuing.
a. Michael and the computer science major are next-door neighbors.
b. Clarissa and the chemistry major have attended ISUST for 2 years.
Reggie has attended ISUST for 3 years, and the biology major has
attended ISUST for 4 years.
c. Ellen has attended ISUST for fewer years than Michael.
d. The business major has attended ISUST for 2 years.

24
25
Polya’s problem solving
strategies

26
 “The Father of Problem Solving”
• George Pólya was a
Hungarian mathematician.

• He made fundamental
contributions to combinatorics,
number theory, numerical analysis and
probability theory. He is also noted for his
work in heuristics and mathematics
education.
27
 Polya's Problem Solving Techniques
• In 1945 George Polya published the book How
To Solve It which quickly became his most
prized publication.
• It sold over one million copies and has been
translated into 17 languages.
• In this book he identifies four basic principles of
problem solving.

28
 Polya’s Four-step process of problem
solving
Step 1. Understand the Problem

Step 2. Device a Plan

Step 3. Carry Out the Plan

Step 4. Look Backward

29
 Step 1. Understand the Problem
• Do you understand all the words used in stating
the problem?
• What are you asked to find or show?
• Can you restate the problem in your own words?
• Can you think of a picture or diagram that might
help you understand the problem?
• Is there enough information to enable you to find
a solution?
30
Step 2. device a plan
• There are many reasonable ways to solve
problems.
• The skill lies in choosing an appropriate strategy.
• This best learned by solving many problems.
You will find choosing a strategy increasingly
easy.

31
Step 3. carry out the plan
• This step is usually easier than devising the plan.
In general, all you need is care and patience,
given that you have the necessary skills.
• Persist with the plan that you have chosen.
• If it continues not to work discard it and choose
another. Don't be misled, this is how mathematics
is done, even by professionals.

32
Step 4. look backward
• Much can be gained by taking the time to reflect
and look back at what you have done, what
worked, and what didn't.
• Doing this will enable you to predict what
strategy to use to solve future problems.

33
Guess and check
Observe a pattern in the first diagram. Following the same pattern,
complete the second diagram

8 16
2 6 10

14 12 18 5

34
Fill in the boxes with numbers 1-16, wherein the sum of
diagonal, horizontal and vertical boxes is 34

35
Make an orderly list
There are 8 people in a party. If everyone at
the party shakes hands with everyone else,
how many handshakes would there be?

36
How many different total score could you
make if you hit the dart board shown with
3 darts?
10
5
1

37
Draw a diagram
Everyday a postman walks from office to
specific destination to deliver mail. Today
he walked 2 miles west, then 1 mile south,
then 3 miles east and 2 miles north, then 1
mile west. How far is the postman from
office?
38
In how many days will it take a slug to get
out of the 12-feet deep well if each day it
climbs up 3 feet and each night it slips
back 2 feet.

39
Eliminate possibilities
Three persons, Jhade, Mia, and Ameerah are friends.
Their surnames are Javier, Castillo and Soza, but
not necessarily in that order. Jhade lives in a red
house, Ameerah lives in the yellow house, and
Miss Javier lives in a blue house, and Miss Soza
does not live in a red house. What are the full
names of each person?
40
Work backwards
By 7 PM all the party guests had arrived but by 8 PM a third
of them hade departed. By 9 PM a third of those
remaining had also departed. By 10 PM the same
happened again and third of those remaining had also
departed. Finally, the party ended at 11 PM by which time
further third of those remaining had also departed and by
11 PM only 16 guests still remained. How many guests
were originally at the party at 7 PM?

41
A bus was three stops away from the bus terminal.
At the first bus stop, 5 passengers got on and 3
passengers got off. At the second bus stop, 4
passengers got on and 8 passengers got off. At the
third bus stop, 2 passengers got on and 12
passengers got off. When the bus arrived at the
terminal, all 75 passengers got off. How many
passengers were on the bus just before it arrived
at the first bus stop?

42
“

43
Two times the sum of a number and 3
is equal to thrice the number plus 4.
find the number.

44
If the length of the top of a rectangle is 15
inches more than its width and the area is
1,350 square inches, find the dimension of
the table.

45
“

46
 “
Use Polya’s four step problem-
solving strategy to solve each of the
following exercises.

47
Two melons weigh the same as a bunch of
bananas. A bunch of bananas weighs the
same as nine apples. How many apples
weigh the same as one melon?

48
If the hypotenuse of a right triangle measures
10 meters, and one leg is 2 meters more
than the other. Find the length of the legs.

49
Find two consecutive positive integers
whose product is 240.

50
Everyday a Claire walks from home to
specific destination. Today she walked 3
miles west, then 2 mile south, then 5 miles
east and 3 miles north, then 1 mile south.
How far is Claire from home??

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
 Instructions for use
EDIT IN GOOGLE SLIDES
Click on the button under the presentation preview
that says "Use as Google Slides Theme".
You will get a copy of this document on your Google
Drive and will be able to edit, add or delete slides.
You have to be signed in to your Google account.
EDIT IN POWERPOINT®
Click on the button under the presentation preview that
says "Download as PowerPoint template". You will get
a .pptx file that you can edit in PowerPoint.
Remember to download and install the fonts used in
this presentation (you’ll find the links to the font files
needed in the Presentation design slide)

More info on how to use this template at www.slidescarnival.com/help-use-presentation-template

This template is free to use under Creative Commons Attribution license. You can keep the Credits slide or mention
SlidesCarnival and other resources used in a slide footer.

62
 hello!
I am Jayden Smith
I am here because I love to give presentations.
You can find me at @username

63
 1.

Transition headline
Let’s start with the first set of slides

64
 “
Quotations are commonly printed as
a means of inspiration and to invoke
philosophical thoughts from the
reader.

65
 This is a slide title
✘ Here you have a list of items
✘ And some text
✘ But remember not to overload your slides with content

Your audience will listen to you or read the content, but won’t do both.

66
 Big concept
Bring the attention of your audience over a key
concept using icons or illustrations

67
 You can also split your content

White Black
Is the color of milk and fresh snow, the color Is the color of coal, ebony, and of outer space.
produced by the combination of all the colors It is the darkest color, the result of the absence
of the visible spectrum. of or complete absorption of light.

68
 In two or three columns

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
visible light, yellow is found violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
between green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

69
A picture is worth a thousand words

A complex idea can be conveyed with

just a single still image, namely
making it possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.

70
Want big
impact?
Use big
image.

71
Use charts to explain your ideas

White Gray Black

72
 And tables to compare data

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

73
 Maps

our office

74
89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

75
89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money

185,244 users
And a lot of users

100%
Total success!
76
 Our process is easy

first second last

77
 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

78
You can copy&paste graphs from Google Sheets
79
Place your screenshot here

Android project
Show and explain your web, app
or software projects using these
gadget templates.

80
Place your screenshot here

iPhone project
Show and explain your web, app
or software projects using these
gadget templates.

81
Place your screenshot here

Tablet project
Show and explain your web, app
or software projects using these
gadget templates.

82
Place your screenshot here

Desktop project
Show and explain your
web, app or software
projects using these
gadget templates.

83
 thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at
@username
user@mailme

84
 Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released these
awesome resources for free:
✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
✘ Photographs by Unsplash

85
 Presentation design

This presentation uses the following typographies:

✘ Titles: Walter Turncoat
✘ Body copy: Sniglet
You can download the fonts on these pages:
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/walter-turncoat
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/sniglet

You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve you as a design guide if you need to create new slides or
download the fonts to edit the presentation in PowerPoint®

86
 SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes.

This means that you can:

● Resize them without losing quality.
● Change fill color and opacity.

Isn’t that nice? :)

Examples:

87
� Now you can use any emoji as an icon!
And of course it resizes without losing quality and you can change the color.

�
How? Follow Google instructions
https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328

✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂😉😋
😒😭😸💣
👶😸 🐟🍒🍔💣 📌📖🔨🎃🎈🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑
and
many more...

88
Extra graphics

89