statistics

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Statistics involves the collection,
organization, summarization, presentation,
and interpretation of data.
Descriptive statistics - involves collection,
organization, summarization and
presentation of data.
Inferential statistics - the branch that draws
conclusions from the data
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 Population vs sample
The population is the totality of all items of interest.
Population data are gathered when all members of
the identified locale are included in the study. A
sample is a representative part of the population.
Data gathered from a population are called
parameter while the data gathered from sample
are called statistic.

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We want to know about these We have these to work with

Random
selection

Sample

Population

Inference
Parameter Statistic

Population Mean (Sample Mean)

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Data management

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Raw data- is the data collected in original form.
Range- is the difference from highest to lowest.
Frequency distribution- is the organization of data in
tabular form, using mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observations in each.
Class limits- is the highest and lowest values describing a
class
Interval- is the distance between the class lower boundary
and the class upper boundary and it is denoted by the
symbol i.
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Frequency- is the number of values in a specific
class of frequency distribution.
Percentage- is obtained by multiplying the relative
frequency by 100%.
Midpoint- is the point halfway between the class
limits of each class and is representative of the
data within that class.

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 Categorical frequency distribution

 Is used to organize nominal-level or ordinal

level type of data.

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Example:
Twenty applicants were given the performance evaluation
appraisal. The data set is
High High High Low Average
Average Low Average Average Average
Low Average Average High High
Low Low Average High High

Construct a frequency distribution for the data.

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STEP 1: Arrange the data in ascending or descending
order.
STEP 2: Determine the classes.
STEP 3: Tally the data
STEP 4: Convert the tallied data into numerical
frequencies.
STEP 5: Determine the relative frequency. It can be
found by dividing each frequency by the total
frequency.
STEP 6: Determine the frequency.
STEP 7: Determine the cumulative frequencies.
STEP 8: determine the midpoints.
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SJS Travel Agency, a nationwide local agency, offers special
rates for summer period. The owner wants additional
information on ages of those people taking travel tours. A
random sample of 50 costumers taking travel tours last
summer revealed
these ages.
18 29 42 57 61 67 37 49 53 47
24 34 45 58 63 70 39 51 54 48
28 36 46 60 66 77 40 52 56 49
19 31 44 58 62 68 38 50 54 48
27 36 46 59 64 74 39 51 55 48
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18 29 37 42 47 49 53 57 61 67
19 31 38 44 48 50 54 58 62 68
24 34 39 45 48 51 54 58 63 70
27 36 39 46 48 51 55 59 64 74
28 36 40 46 49 52 56 60 66 77

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Data presentation

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Forms of data presentation
-Textual
-Tabular
-Graphical

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 Textual form
Textual form is where the data are presented
in paragraph form. It includes a description
or interpretation of the information.

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 Tabular form
Tabular form is where the data presented in
tables (rows and columns). Tables should have
table number, title, and properly labelled
headings. Table number and title should be
placed on the top of the data being presented.

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Example of categorical frequency
distribution.
Table 1. Distribution according to
Favorite Colors
Color Frequency
Red 12
Green 8
Blue 8
Yellow 4
Total 32

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Example of ungrouped frequency
distribution.
Table 2. Distribution according to
Number of Family Members
Number of Family Frequency
Members
3 22
4 24
5 15
6 5
Total 66
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 Example of grouped frequency
distribution.
Table 3. Distribution according to Number of Fruit
Harvest
Number of Observations Frequency
Fewer than 30 6
30 fewer than 60 10
60 fewer than 90 15
90 fewer than 120 10
120 or more 4
Total 45
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Table 4. Distribution of employees by the
Number of Days Absent
Number of Days Frequency
Absent
0-4 5
5-9 12
10-14 23
15-19 8
20-24 2
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 Graphical form
Graphical is where the data are presented in graphs
or visual forms. Graphical presentations can be in
the form of a bar, line, pie graph, or picture graph
(pictogram). Graphical presentations should have
figure number and title which are placed below
the graph or chart.

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 Graphical form
Bar and line graph should have properly labelled x
and y axes. Pie charts should be labelled
apportioned parts or with the use of legend
references. Pie charts are advised for use when
there a few number of divisions (up to 5
divisions). The line graph is more appropriate for
use when trends or patterns are shown.
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histogram
A histogram is a graphical presentation of
numerical data of continuous variable. It is
a type of bar graph where bars are
constructed side by side to each other.

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Frequency polygon
Frequency polygon is a line graph that shows
numerical data continuous variable. It is more
appropriate to use class mark in x-axis and y-axis
is labelled with frequency.

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“

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“

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Reading and interpreting
organized data

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 text messaging; 157

Useful of Cellphone surfing the internet; 153

alarm clock; 150

make calls; 145

play games; 120

calculator; 142

Number of Respondents

Fig. 6 Distribution of the Varying Uses of Cellphone

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1. What

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 Coring; 50

Tinay; 38
Number of Fruits

Luz; 20 Maring; 20

Binay; 12

Vendor

Fig. 7 Distribution of Fruits Sold by Vendor

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Measures of central
tendency

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mean
- Also known as the average is the sum of
these values divided by the number of
values.

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EXAMPLE:
Following are the time in minutes spent
in the cafeteria queue. Find the mean
time.
18 25 35 30 42 28 20 15 40 38

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Median
-is the midpoint of the data set. The median is
often used on skewed data.

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EXAMPLE:

12 24 18 15 21 20 23 16 19

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EXAMPLE:

12 24 18 15 21 20 23 16 19 28

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Mode
-the value that occurs most frequently in the
data set.

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EXAMPLE:

8 10 24 18 15 17 15 12 15 16 20
6 9 10 12 8 5 11 7 3 16 20

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EXAMPLE:

12 15 19 20 18 20 15 17 18 15 18

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“

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“

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 hello!
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 1.

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 “
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 Big concept
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 You can also split your content

White Black
Is the color of milk and fresh snow, the color Is the color of coal, ebony, and of outer space.
produced by the combination of all the colors It is the darkest color, the result of the absence
of the visible spectrum. of or complete absorption of light.

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 In two or three columns

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
visible light, yellow is found violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
between green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

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A picture is worth a thousand words

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Want big
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Use charts to explain your ideas

White Gray Black

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 And tables to compare data

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

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our office

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185,244 users
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 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible light, deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
orange.

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