Higher Education as

Instrument for Structural

Change in Indonesia
Presented for USINDO

By Anies Baswedan
March 16, 2012
Brief Info

• Population of more than 238 million people (2010).

• More than 300 ethnic groups.

• More than 700 living/spoken languages.

• Consists of 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited

(5 of 10 world’s largest islands are in Indonesia)

• 54,716 km coastline, 2nd longest in the world (after Canada)

Page  2
2
Geographical Comparison
USA and Indonesia

Page  3
Overlooked…..

1• The 2 largest coal exporter;

nd

2• The largest Crude Palm Oil exporter (CPO is the material for bio-
fuel, an energy alternative of the future);
3• The largest tin exporter;

4• One of the largest gas exporters;

5• One of the largest copper exporters;
• More than half of the world's merchant fleet capacity sails through
6 the straits of Malacca, strait of Sunda, and strait of Lombok.

Page  4
Overlooked…..

7• The 4th largest population (after China, India, and the US);

8• The 3rd largest democracy (after India and the US);

9• The largest Moslem Population ; (yet it is a non-religious

based state: Pancasila)

• The 2nd largest biodiversity (after Brazil), home for 20% of

10
world flora and fauna, 17% of world bird species, 25% of
fish species;

• The 3rd largest tropical forest country;

11
Page  5
5
 Progress in Indonesian Education
Achievement in Literacy Rate

Literacy Rate
90% 94%
82%
67%
60%
47% 92%

5% 10% 66% 66%

1945 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2004 2010

Source: BAPPENAS, Laporan Repelita, BPS

12% 15%
5%
1945 1947 1937
Indonesia India Egypt
Page  6
Source: UNDP, UNESCO
State of Education: 1945 - 2010

Number of Institutions
1945 1968 1980 1990 2010
Elementary School 15,000 63,100 95,000s 136,600 165,491
Middle School 322 5,891 12,000s 18,000s 43,888
High-Vocational School 92 731 6,000s 11,000s 25,332
University (state & private) 5 39 1,000 1,200 3,585

Number of Students (in thousand)

1945 1968 1980 1990 2010

Elementary School 2,500 12,300 21,166 26,528 30,340
Middle School 90 1,150 2,983 5,853 11,770
High-Vocational School 19 482 1,574 4,031 8,180
University (state & private) <2 156 425 1,621 4,890

Page  7
Growth of Indonesian Middle-Income

120
103
100

80
Million people

60 51 In the past 4 decades,

the number of Indonesian
40 32 Middle-income has grown
significantly
20 10.2
2.5
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Source: Statistical Bureau of Indonesia and Asian Development

Page  8
Bank (analyzed and estimated)
 Number of University Students
Pendaftaran untuk tertiary, Indonesia
Jumlah

4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
1970 2008
Page  9
Emergence of New Middle Class

1952 1962
Students volunteered to serve as
8 high school teacher (2 year)
161 Number of districts served by students

Pengerahan Tenaga Mahasiswa Started 1,418 Number of students serving as high-

(Student Mobilization Program) school teacher

1950's 1960's 1970's 1980's

Government Significant jump in University graduates Emergence of Indonesian
established High the number of entering job market 1st generation of new
School in Every university students in a fast developing middle class, coming from
District (+/- 150 coming from the economy of Indonesia all level of the society.
districts) common people

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Demographic Bonus: A Challenge for Indonesia

Demographic Bonus

Page  11
Source: Ministry of Coordinator for Economic Affairs
Facility and Infrastructure of Education

Junior Senior Higher

Primary
Secondary Secondary Education

Student
30,34 11,77 8,18 4,89
(million)

Teachers
1.876 902 719 263
(thousand)

Number of
165.491 43.888 25.332 3.585
Schools

Page  12
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
Number of Students: Entrance and Graduates

5.3

4.4
4.0
3.4
2.9
2.2

In In 1.1
In 0.8
Out Out
Out In
Out

Primary Junior Senior Higher

Secondary Secondary Education

Page  13
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
Access To Higher Education Has Expanded
But Remains Unequal

Gross enrollment rates by economic quintiles, 2008

Percent Q1-Bottom 20%
Q2
95 97 98 Q3-Middle 20%
93
Q4
Q5-Top 20%

31

13
5 8
3

Primary Higher/Tertiary
SOURCE: UNESCO “Higher Education in South-East Asia”

Page  14
Unequal Distribution of Higher Education Institutions

Public
6
Private
329
7
8
209 10
5 161
335 4 2
198
13 36 60
363
11 4
790
9 4
322 51 77

SOURCE: Ministry of Education and Culture, 2010

Page  15
Number of Researcher Per A Million Population

Number of Researcher Research Budget to GDP

Country
in A Million Population Ratio

Indonesia 90 0,08

Malaysia 365 0,63

Singapore 5.834 2,66

Thailand 316 0,21

India 136 0,76

China 1.999 1,47

South Korea 4.947 3,36

Japan 5.189 3,45

SOURCE: UNESCO Institute of Statistics

Page  16
Socio-Economic Background Determines
Prospect For Getting Higher Education

Rich

OK OK
Low High
Scores Scores

X ???

Page  17 Poor