Name : IKE SONIA

NIM : A1C119032
Class : Reguler B 2019
Hal : 39
Note:
N= noun V=verb Con= conjunction
Adj=adjective Adv=adverb Pre=preposition
Pro=pronoun

Fig. 2.10 The internal energy of a system increases as the temperature is

PRE ADJ N PRE NOUN V CON PRE N V(TOBE)
raised; this graph shows its variation as the system is heated at constant volume. The
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slope of the tangent to the curve at any temperature is the heat capacity at constant
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volume at that temperature. Note that, for the system illustrated, the heat capacity is
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greater at B than at A.
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 Fig. 2.11 The internal energy of a system varies with volume and temperature, perhaps
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as shown here by the surface. The variation of the internal energy with temperature at one
CON V ADV PRE N PRE N PRE ADJ N PRE N PRE

particular constant volume is illustrated by the curve drawn parallel to T. The slope of
ADJ N V(TOBE) N PRE V ADJ PRE PRE N PRE
this curve at any point is the partial derivative (∂U/∂T)V.
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CV = (∂U/∂T)V. [2.15]
In this case, the internal energy varies with the temperature and the volume of the
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sample, we are interested only in its variation with the temperature, the volume
V PRO V(TOBE) ADJ ADV PRE PRO N PRE N PRE N
being held constant (Fig. 2.11).
V ADJ
Illustration 2.3 Estimating a constant-volume heat capacity
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The heat capacity of a monatomic perfect gas can be calculated by inserting the expression
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for the internal energy derived in Molecular interpretation 2.2. There we saw that
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Um =Um(0) + 3/2 RT, so from eqn 2.15
CV,m = (∂/∂T)(Um(0)+ 3/2 RT)= 3/2 R
The numerical value is 12.47 J K−1 mol−1.
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Heat capacities are extensive properties: 100 g of water, for instance, has 100
N V(TOBE) ADJ N PRE N PRE N V
times the heat capacity of 1 g of water (and therefore requires 100 times the energy as
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heat to bring about the same rise in temperature). The molar heat capacity at constant
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volume, CV,m = CV/n, is the heat capacity per mole of material, and is
N V(TOBE) PRE N PRE N CON V(TOBE)
an intensive property (all molar quantities are intensive). Typical values of CV,m
PRE ADJ N ADJ N V(TOBE) ADJ N PRE
for polyatomic gases are close to 25 J K−1 mol−1. For certain applications it
PRE N V(TOBE) ADV PRE PRE ADJ N PRO
is useful to know the specific heat capacity (more informally, the ‘specific heat’)
V(TOBE) ADJ PRE V PRE ADJ N ADV PRE ADJ N
of a substance, which is the heat capacity of the sample divided by the mass, usually
PRE N PRO V(TOBE) PRE N PRE V ADJ PRE N ADV
in grams: CV,s=CV/m. The specific heat capacity of water at room temperature is
PRE N PRE ADJ N PRE N PRE N V(TOBE)
close to 4 J K−1 g−1. In general,
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