This document contains sampling designs

and methods. And research design and guide

how to conduct an effective research

Research
designs and
sampling
methods
 1st video Sample designs contents

 Universe/population and sample

 Sampling frame or source list
 Sample design
1. Probability
2. Non-probability
 Probability or random sampling types or methods
1. Simple random sampling with lottery method.
2. Stratified sampling
3. Cluster sampling
4. Systematic sampling
 Non-probability/non random sampling types or methods
1. Convince sampling
2. Judgmental/purpose sampling
3. Quota sampling
 Census VS Sample
 Unit
 Total error
1. Sampling error
1. Biased error
2. Unbiased error
2: Non sampling error
1. response error
2. non response error
 2ND VIDEO RESEARCH DESIGNS CONTENTS

 Research design
 Types of research design
 Quantitative research design
1. Experimental
2. Quasi experimental
3. Descriptive
4. Comparative
5. Correlational
6. Survey
 Qualitative research method
1. Ethnography
2. Phenomenology
3. Case study
4. Grounded theory
5. Historical analysis
 Basic Vs applied research
 Inductive vs deductive research
 Experimental vs non experimental
 Confirmatory Vs exploratory
 Explanatory research
 Causal research
 Sampling design
 Population
The universe is the set of all experimental units from which to derive a sample. Population is the
set of all variables from certain experimental units of the variables to be tested.
OR
All the units will be called population. Like all the workers in the factory are population. Or the
whole cake is population.

 Sample
A sample refers to a smaller version of a larger category that is measurable. ... When population
scales are too high for the test to involve all potential participants or findings, surveys are used
in statistical research. The population as a whole will be reflected by a survey and not show any
bias against a particular trait.
Same like above example if we take one worker from the population it will be called sample. Or
we take a small part of cake for testing it will be sample. Because it is a small part of population.
That we took for our research or testing purpose

 Sample frame or source list

It is a list of all those that may be sampled within a population, which can include all the units.
List of all the employees in the plant, for example, from which we take one or two workers for
sample

 Sample design
Methods of sample design usually refer to the method used to pick sample units for measuring
or the roadmap to select the sample from source list is called sample design.
 Types of sample design
1. Probability
Any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random
selection is a probability sampling technique. You must set up a
mechanism or protocol to guarantee that now the various units
in the population have equivalent probabilities of being selected
in order to have a random selection system.
For example: assigning number to every unit in the source list.
And then writing those numbers in chit, and picking one random
chit to select a sample.
2. Non probability
Non-probability sampling is characterized as a sampling
technique in which, instead of random collection, the
researcher selects samples based on the researcher's subjective
judgement.
 Probability sampling methods

Simple random sampling

Simple random sampling is a method of probability sampling in which a sample of participants from a
population is randomly chosen by the researcher. A member of the population is given a fair possibility
of being selected. Data from as large a proportion of this random subset as necessary is then obtained.

Lottery method

A number is allocated to each member of the population, after which the numbers are chosen at
random. That's an example of the names of 25 workers.

1. Stratified sampling

Researchers divided participants into subgroups called strata on the basis of attributes they share (e.g.,
race, gender, educational attainment, etc.). Once separated, each subgroup is sampled at randomly and
use another form of probability sampling.

2. Cluster sampling

Cluster sampling is a technique for probability sampling where researchers split the population for study
into several categories (clusters). Researchers then pick random groups for data collection and data
processing using a random sample or systematic random sampling technique.

3. Systematic sampling

Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling system in which a random starting point, but with
a fixed, periodic interval, is used to select sample participants from a larger population. By dividing the
overall population by the ideal sample size, this interval, called the sampling interval, is measured.

 Non probability sampling methods

1. Convince sampling

A convenience sample is a type of method of non-probability sampling where the sample is collected
from a group of individuals who are easy to contact or meet. For example, a convenience survey will be
an example of sitting at a mall or a department store and asking individuals to answer questions.

2. Judgmental sampling

Judgmental sampling, also called purposeful sampling or authoritative sampling, is a method of non-
probability sampling in which the participants of the survey are only picked on the basis of the expertise
and opinion of the researcher.

3. Quota sampling

Quota sampling is characterized as a form of non-probability sampling in which a sample containing

individuals that represent a population is generated by researchers. According to particular
characteristics or abilities, researchers choose these people.

 Census VS sample
Set of data, rather than just a selection, from a whole population.
For example, doing a travel time survey and asking everybody at school is a census (of the school).
But asking only 50 chosen randomly individuals is a survey.

 Unit
A single individual in a list of population from which the sample is to be chosen is called unit

 Sampling error
A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when a sample containing the entire data population is
not chosen by an observer. Consequently, the findings contained in the survey may not reflect the
results that will be derived from the population as a whole.
1. Biased error
Bias is a statistical error that leads to an inaccurate result or connection calculation.
Many variables will bias the findings of a research in such a way that a specific effect you
are attempting to explain is canceled, diminished or increased.
2. Unbiased error
A error which is other then error due to sampling mistakes. All those errors beside
sampling error will be called unbiased error
 How to reduce sampling error
 By increasing size of sample
 Use suitable sampling procedure
 By selective best representative

 Non sampling error

Non-sampling errors exist due to causes other than the inductive method of inferencing a sample from
the population.
1. Response error
Response errors may arise from the respondent's failing to report the correct value
(respondent error), the interviewer's failure to record the correctly recorded value
(interviewer error), or the device's failure to correctly measure the value (instrument
error).
2. Non response error
Nonresponse error in surveys emerges from the failure of the entire group to provide a
meaningful answer to all survey items. When the non-response contributes to skewed
results, it is a vital issue. ... Those difficulties mean it is impossible to sustain a high
degree of response to a broad voluntary survey conducted.

 How to reduce non sampling error

1. By employing qualified and trained experienced personal
2. By using better equipment
3. By increasing efficiency of supervision
 Research designs
 Research design

The framework of research methodology and procedures selected by a researcher is research design.
The architecture enables researchers to rely on testing approaches and is relevant for the topic and set
up the studies for success.

 Quantitative research design

The purpose of quantitative research design is to discover how many individuals think, behave or feel in
a particular way. In comparison to obtaining the more oriented or subjective perspective that is the goal
of qualitative study, quantitative projects require broad sampling scales, focusing on the quantity of
responses.

Types of quantitative research

1. Experimental
An experiment is a type of research method in which you manipulate one or more
independent variables and measure their effect on one or more dependent
variables. Experimental design means creating a set of procedures to test a hypothesis.

2. Quasi experimental

Quasi-experimental architecture attempts to create a relationship of cause and effect

between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Unlike a true experiment,
nevertheless, a quasi-experiment does not rely on random distribution. Subjects are now
classified to classes dependent on non-random parameters.

3. Descriptive
Descriptive research aims at defining a group, condition or phenomena reliably and
systematically. It will answer questions about what, where, when and how, but its not
questions about why. To analyze one or maybe more factors, a descriptive research design
may use a wide range of research methods.

4. Comparative
Comparative analysis, simply put, is the process of contrasting two or more items in order to
find something from contrasting one or more of the items. In one analysis, this approach also
incorporates multiple disciplines.

5. Correlational
Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research approach in which several
variables are measured, interpreted and analyzed by a researcher without any external
variable affecting the statistical association between them.

6. Survey
Style of Survey Research. In situations where there is a limited cost involved, researchers
adopt a survey analysis design, and there is a need to readily access information. In order to
 understand and evaluate emerging patterns, consumer needs, and views, this approach is
also used by small and large companies.

 Qualitative research method

To clarify ideas, thoughts or perspectives, qualitative analysis includes capturing and
evaluating non-numerical evidence.
 Methods and types of qualitative research design

1: Ethnography
Ethnographic research is a qualitative approach in which researchers observe the subjects of a
sample in their real-life context and/or communicate with them. Anthropology has made
ethnography popular, but it is used in a wide variety of social science
.
2: Phenomenology
The aim of the phenomenological approach is to illuminate the particular, to define phenomena
by how the participants in a situation interpret them.

3: Case study
In-depth inquiries into a particular person, organization, incident or society are case studies.
Typically, data is obtained from a number of sources often through many different techniques
(e.g. observations & interviews).

4: Grounded theory
A well-known technique used in many research studies is Grounded Theory. A grounded theory
analysis may use qualitative and quantitative data generation techniques. Grounded theory
seeks to discover or construct data theory, collected and evaluated systematically using
comparative study.

5: Historical analysis
In order to obtain an understanding of history, historical analysis is a method of analyzing facts.
The proof found in records is particularly used, although it can be extended to all artefacts.

 Basic vs applied research

Basic science is also considered as linear or pure research because it is mainly concern with scientific
knowledge development. The aim of basic research is simply to gain relevant data, particularly in the
field of natural sciences, to better understand existing phenomena.

The aim of applied research is to know more about and take steps to solve a certain real-world
problem. It reflects on applying the concepts of natural science to practical problems, as well as
on developing creativity. The fields of business, economics, education, and politics are
frequently correlated with such studies.

 Inductive vs deductive research

The key difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that, while deductive reasoning
attempts to evaluate an established hypothesis, inductive reasoning aims to establish a theory. Inductive
reasoning shifts from concrete observations to general generalizations and, the other way around,
deductive reasoning.

 Experimental vs non experimental

Experimental research is the kind of research uses a scientific method to manipulate and calculate one
or more control variables, whereas non-experimental research is the kind of research which does not
require the manipulation of control variables.

 Confirmatory Vs exploratory

Exploratory research is the step of the research that aims to link ideas to uncover the "why" of possible
relationships between cause and effect. Confirmatory research is where researchers have a pretty clear
understanding of what is happening.

 Explanatory research

Explanatory analysis is an effort to relate various ideas and to explain the various motives, causes, and
effects.

 Causal research

As a research method that is used to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables,
causal research can be described. This analysis is mainly used to identify the cause of the actions given.

So that is how to conduct a research and what are methods to conduct a research design told in video.