Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2006
Potchefstroom
Quoting sources
ISBN 1-86822-399-X
ii
Preface
iii
CONTENTS
1. DOCUMENTATION THEORY ........................................................................ 1
1.1 PURPOSE OF REFERENCES AND SOURCE LISTS ................................................................. 1
1.2 WHICH STYLE?.............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 THE HARVARD STYLE .................................................................................................... 2
1.4 WHAT SHOULD BE DOCUMENTED? ................................................................................. 3
1.5 USE THE MOST RECENT EDITION ..................................................................................... 4
1.6 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................................. 4
1.7 PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................. 5
1.8 COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................... 6
2. TEXTUAL REFERENCES .............................................................................. 7
2.1 DIRECT CITATIONS ........................................................................................................ 7
2.2 INDIRECT CITATIONS ..................................................................................................... 8
2.3 SECONDARY CITATIONS ................................................................................................. 8
2.4 TEXTUAL REFERENCE TO MORE THAN ONE SOURCE ........................................................ 9
2.5 MORE CITATIONS TO SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR ........................................................ 9
3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS) .......................................................................... 10
3.1 AUTHOR(S) OR EDITOR(S) ............................................................................................ 11
3.1.1 One author ......................................................................................................... 11
3.1.2 Two authors ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Three authors or more ....................................................................................... 12
3.1.4 No author indicated (Anon.) .............................................................................. 12
3.1.5 Two authors with same surname........................................................................ 13
3.1.6 Editor(s)............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.7 Institute/society as author .................................................................................. 13
3.2 DATE OF PUBLICATION ................................................................................................ 14
3.3 TITLE .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 EDITION ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 PLACE OF PUBLICATION ............................................................................................... 15
3.6 PUBLISHER .................................................................................................................. 16
3.7 NUMBER OF PAGES OF A MONOGRAPH .......................................................................... 17
3.8 SETS (MORE THAN ONE VOLUME) ................................................................................ 17
3.9 SERIES ........................................................................................................................ 17
4. CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK.......................................................... 18
5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE....................................................................... 19
5.1 EDITORS...................................................................................................................... 19
5.2 A SOCIETY AS AUTHOR ................................................................................................ 19
6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS..................................................................................... 20
6.1 A SIGNED ARTICLE ...................................................................................................... 20
iv
6.2 AN ANONYMOUS ARTICLE............................................................................................ 20
6.3 ARTICLE FROM AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ON CD................................................................. 20
7. DICTIONARIES ............................................................................................ 21
7.1 ONE VOLUME DICTIONARY, WELL-KNOWN ................................................................... 21
7.2 MULTI-VOLUME SETS: OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY ................................................ 21
7.3 DICTIONARY ON CD.................................................................................................... 21
7.4 DICTIONARY WITH AN EDITOR ..................................................................................... 22
7.5 READER’S DIGEST DICTIONARY ................................................................................... 22
8. THE BIBLE ................................................................................................... 22
v
15.1 INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................................ 31
15.2 LETTERS ................................................................................................................. 31
16. PATENTS ..................................................................................................... 32
vi
23.2 MLA STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGES ASSOCIATION)................................................. 60
23.3 AMA STYLE (AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION).................................................. 62
23.4 CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................ 64
23.5 PHYSICS............................................................................................................... 66
23.6 ENGINEERING .................................................................................................... 69
23.7 LAW SCIENCES................................................................................................... 71
24. INDEX ........................................................................................................... 73
vii
1. DOCUMENTATION THEORY
In The Chicago manual of style (University of Chicago, 1993:493) the following
explanation of documentation is given:
Almost every work that is neither fiction nor an account based on personal
experience, relies in part on secondary sources (other publications on the
same or related subjects) or on primary sources (manuscript collections,
archives, contemporary accounts, diaries, books, personal interviews, and so
on). Ethics, as well as the laws of copyright, requires authors to identify
their sources, particularly when quoting directly from them.
A warning is given in the MLA style manual (Gibaldi, 1999:151) regarding quoting
sources and plagiarism:
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.
1. References give recognition to the original author from whom the facts are
taken.
1
2. The author provides proof of where he got his information - and shows whether
he has consulted the most authoritative sources in the field.
5. References render proof to the reader about the provenance of the author’s
thoughts/ideas.
6. A source list provides information to the readers so that in turn they can consult
the sources and so verify whether the sources have been correctly
quoted/interpreted.
7. The source list serves as an additional source list about the topic - if the
reader wishes to consult more sources about the topic. It is therefore clear that
the information in the source list should be complete enough to allow anyone to
find the sources again.
There is not really a right or a wrong style. Find out from the lecturer in your specific
subject(s) which style is preferred. If you have mastered the Harvard style, however,
you will find that you can quickly master other styles as well.
2
Text: Smith (1977:70) remarked that ...
When you are writing an assignment you will be handling a whole range of sources.
The inexperienced writer of assignments will then come face to face with the
problem of what should be written down. Should one, for example, give a textual
reference for each fact that is used?
"It is necessary to acknowledge, that is, to document, whatever is borrowed from other writers.
It is not enough to acknowledge only direct quotations and paraphrases: all information, ideas,
insights, conclusions, arguments and opinions derived from others must be clearly indicated."
"It is not necessary to give sources for matters of common knowledge (e.g. Freud was the
founder of modern psychoanalysis). Of course students who are just beginning to learn about
a subject will often be in doubt about just what is and what is not common knowledge. The
question that should be asked is this: 'Is the person marking the essay likely to wonder where I
got my information or ideas?' If the answer is 'Yes', then indicate the source."
You should try to find a balance between the one extreme of writing down literally
everything and the other extreme of no documentation.
A practical guideline could be: Will the person marking the assignment wonder
where I got this information? Should the answer be affirmative, it means that it
should be documented.
A further guideline could be: document what is essential. But what is essential?
The following few examples give an indication of what can be regarded as essential
documentation:
• as soon as there is reference to a specific person’s viewpoint
• as soon as there is a measure of doubt linked to a specific issue
3
• as soon as information, for example statistics, is used without having tested the
accuracy of it yourself.
Useful hints
1. Indicate clearly how you have used the material taken from sources. Do you
agree with it, do you reject the material, or do you simply want to indicate that
this source reflects the same view about the material as other sources?
2. References to more than two or three authors who have written about the same
topic are not necessary at undergraduate level, except if it is essential as part of
your argument. One has to judge carefully whether each of the cited authors
really wrote about the same issue from the same angle, otherwise they cannot
be used as scientific “witnesses” about the specific issue.
3. Citations/quotations from translated works are mostly not desirable and should
be limited the minimum, unless it is part of the purpose of the study to compare
different translations of the original work with each other.
4. If such citations from classical works are given in translation, it is good policy to
give such translations in the language of the assignment.
5. Do not make a citation or reference simply because it “looks good”. It should tie
in with the line of argumentation.
4
Smith, Jones and White, who have also written about Freud’s view of
psychoanalysis. These books are then secondary sources.
If the student has read the primary sources, that is, Freud’s own books, and he/she
has given his/her own version of the facts, then he/she can, if still necessary, consult
some secondary sources with the purpose, for example, of indicating whether their
version of his work is accurate or not. It is ill-advised for a student to represent
Freud’s work only by way of secondary sources and then to criticise or judge it. This
is not only completely unscientific, but also unethical.
For undergraduate work the use of secondary sources is still acceptable. At the
postgraduate level, however, it is essential to use primary sources.
1.7 Plagiarism
Visser (1992:59) defines plagiarism as follows:
Plagiarism is the deliberate attempt to pass off as one's own another person's
work or ideas. Students who take information or ideas from books or articles,
rewrite them in their own words, and then attempt to pass them off as their
own work, are guilty of plagiarism; and so, of course, are students who copy
essays or parts of essays from other students. Plagiarism includes any
unacknowledged use of another person's phrasing, insights, general line of
argument, conclusions or opinions.
5
Plagiarism is not considered a particularly serious crime in the broader
society; in schools and universities however, it is one of the more serious
offenses a person can commit. That is why schools and particularly
universities often impose stiff penalties on those who plagiarise. Students
guilty of plagiarism are likely at the very least to fail an essay with a zero; they
may even be excluded from the course altogether.
1.8 Copyright
Copyright implies that an information source must not be copied - for instance it is
forbidden to make photocopies of a published book in order not to buy the book.
This law protects the authors of being robbed of royalties to be paid to them because
of the user bypassing the selling procedures.
When an author writes a book, much time, effort and cost goes into it. He/she is
then entitled to some remuneration when a reader uses the book. A practical
example of this is when a student does not buy a handbook but makes photocopies
of it with the aim of saving money. Although one has sympathy with students who
have to spend large amounts of money in buying handbooks, this copying is illegal.
The publication you are reading is protected by copyright law. This means that the
publisher could take you to court and claim heavy legal damages if you make
unauthorized photocopies from these pages.
This book is copyrighted under the Berne Convention ... No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
6
2. TEXTUAL REFERENCES
In the text of your report, acknowledge each author from whom you obtained
information. Just a BRIEF reference which refers to a full source list reference.
ONLY the author's SURNAME, date (YEAR) as well as the PAGE (on which the
information appears) should be given in the text.
The reference can also be given at the end of the sentence. Note the punctuation.
Punctuation
Visser (1983:12) contends that "there must be a conclusion for all sentences".
They pass the remark that "few such cases exist" (compare De Beer, 1986:3).
7
When a sentence between brackets or inverted commas starts with a capital
letter, it indicates that this sentence is used independently and therefore
requires a full stop inside the bracket or inverted comma.
"It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already formed would 'bite the
world' and was made for villainy." (Smith, 1977:70.)
Comparing the view of Jones (1986:15) with that of Smith (1994:147), it ...
This argument is supported by Cogan (1989:156).
According to King (1995:21) it is ...
Mayer (1990:10) maintains that ...
(In the source list there will be only the reference to Williams.)
8
2.4 Textual reference to more than one source
A recession is expected (Vance, 1994:6; Crade, 1995:89; Leeds & Smith, 1996:8).
When you make use of more than one publication by the same author published in
the same year, you can distinguish it by putting an a, b or c after the date in the text
of your report, for example:
9
3. BOOKS (MONOGRAPHS)
The title page is the most important and the most reliable place to find the details
about a book. Follow the information on the title page carefully. Should the
information not be complete, you can usually find what you need on the reverse
side of the title page. DO NOT TRUST THE COVER - the information given there
is often changed for the sake of having a striking cover.
The important date of publication can usually be found on the reverse side of the
title page. Note the copyright sign ( © ) and also the date of the different editions.
(See 3.2 for more information.)
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is also found here. It is normally
not necessary to provide it in the bibliography, but it remains a valuable source of
information about a book, and is used for purchases and orders.
The title page of the above mentioned book: Note the differences in punctuation,
capital letters, title / subtitle, edition, place of publication, publisher, year and pages.
Second edition Edition
A typical example of a source list reference (for the above mentioned book):
10
3.1 Author(s) or editor(s)
• Definition: The author is the person (or institution) responsible for the
intellectual or artistic contents of the source.
The author(s) can be the person(s) who wrote the book. An author can also be an
institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of which the University is the
author.
Text: "It was anciently believed that a baby born with teeth already
formed would 'bite the world' and was made for villainy." (Smith,
1977:70.)
or (note the difference in punctuation)
An ancient superstition was that when a baby was born with teeth, it
would become a villain (Smith, 1977:70).
In the text, only the author’s surname is given and not the initial(s). Note the
difference in the source list where the author's surname and the initial(s) are given.
or
Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy
unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
Note the difference between the two examples in the TEXT: the &-sign is used
in the brackets but in the full sentence the word and is used.
11
3.1.3 Three authors or more
When there are three or more authors or editors and their contributions cannot be
distinguished, the abbreviation et al. is used in the text (and underlined OR typed
in italics). The abbreviation refers to et alii - a full stop is thus not placed after et.
All the co-workers are mentioned in the source list.
Source list: MEYER, B.S., ANDERSON, D.P., BOHNING, R.H. & FRATANNA,
D.G. 1973. Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van
Nostrand. 565 p.
Compare 3.1.7 Institute/society as author and also the guidelines for quoting
sources from the Internet.
Source list: ANON. 1996. Don't believe your eyes. Financial news, 45(3):3,
21 Jan.
12
3.1.5 Two authors with same surname
When referring to two authors with the same surname publishing in the same year,
the initials must be used in the text to distinguish between the two.
3.1.6 Editor(s)
The abbreviation ed. (for editor) or red. (Afrikaans for redakteur) is used for editor,
depending on the language of the source, and is preceded by a comma.
ed./eds. - editor(s); red./reds. - redakteur(s); Hrsg - Herausgeber.
Source list: UCT (University of Cape Town). 1970. Where does university
education lead to? A practical manual for counseling teachers.
Cape Town. 293 p.
• When the publisher and author (UCT) are one and the same, the
publisher is usually omitted.
An author can also be an institution, for example, the yearbook of the University, of
which the University is the author.
13
3.2 Date of publication
This is the date of the edition as it appears in the publication, usually on the
reverse side of the title page. Only the most recent date must be furnished.
When more than one date is given, it is usually an indication of a new edition. It
is compulsory to state it in the reference. However it is not necessary to mention a
reprint. An exception: if it is deemed necessary , a reprint of an “old” source can
be indicated as follows: 1985 [1903].
If you can't find a date in the book, a serious effort must be made to trace it. Ask a
librarian to assist you. If you still cannot determine a date, an approximate date
may be given:
3.3 Title
The complete title is furnished as it appears on the title page of the publication.
Only the first letter of the first word or names of persons, places or institutions and
German nouns start with capital letters. Titles of books are not underlined.
3.4 Edition
The first edition is not mentioned; nor the subsequent reprints or impressions.
Statements about editions can be abbreviated as follows (note punctuation):
2nd ed. (English) 2de dr./uitg. (Afrikaans)
3rd ed. 2. Aufl. (German)
4th ed.
JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and
development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
14
3.5 Place of publication
Give the place of publication in the language of the source. Only mention the place (city)
NOT only the country or the state. If no place can be traced, s.l. (sine loco) may be used.
Note the two ways to abbreviate states: the “traditional” way e.g. Calif. for California, and
the two letter abbreviation CA (postal code). Select one format and keep to it consistently.
Alabama ................................. Ala./AL Montana............................................Mont./MT
Alaska..................................... Ak./AK Nebraska ..........................................Nebr./NE
Arizona ................................... Ariz./AZ Nevada .............................................Nev./NV
Arkansas ................................ Ark./AR New Hampshire ................................N.H./NH
California ................................ Calif./CA New Jersey .......................................N.J./NJ
Colorado................................. Colo./CO New Mexico ......................................N.Mex./NM
Connecticut ............................ Conn./CT New York ..........................................N.Y./NY
Delaware ................................ Del./DE North Carolina...................................N.C./NC
Distr. of Columbia................... D.C./DC North Dakota.....................................N.D./ND
Florida .................................... Fla./FL Ohio ..................................................Oh./OH
Georgia................................... Ga./GA Oklahoma .........................................Okla./OK
Hawaii..................................... Hi./HI Oregon..............................................Oreg./OR
Idaho ...................................... Id./ID Pennsylvania ....................................Pa./PA
Illinois...........................................Ill./IL Rhode Island.....................................R.I./RI
Indiana.................................... Ind./IN South Carolina ..................................S.C./SC
Iowa........................................ Ia./IA South Dakota ....................................S.D./SD
Kansas ................................... Kans./KS Tennessee ........................................Tenn./TN
Kentucky................................. Ky./KY Texas ................................................Tex./TX
Louisiana ................................ La./LA Utah ..................................................Ut./UT
Maine...................................... Me./ME Vermont ............................................Vt./VT
Maryland................................. Md./MD Virginia..............................................Va./VA
Massachusetts ....................... Mass./MA Washington.......................................Wash./WA
Michigan ................................. Mich./MI West Virginia.....................................W.Va./WV
Minnesota............................... Minn./MN Wisconsin .........................................Wis./WI
Mississippi .............................. Miss./MS Wyoming...........................................Wyo./WY
Missouri .................................. Mo./MO
15
3.6 Publisher
• A colon, with a space, separates the place of publication and publisher, for
example: New York: Wiley.
• If the author and publisher are one and the same person or institution, the
name of the publisher is omitted (see the section: An institution as author).
• If no publisher is mentioned, the abbreviation s.n. (sine nomine) may be used.
• Initials are usually omitted, for example, J.L. Van Schaik becomes Van
Schaik. Initials are sometimes included when it is necessary to distinguish,
for example:
London: J.A. Allen
London: W.H. Allen
• Words which are unnecessary for identification purposes may be omitted, for
example and Co., and Sons.
16
3.7 Number of pages of a monograph
The reference gives fuller information and creates a better impression if the total
number of pages are indicated. It must then be done consistently for every
book in the source list. Insert a space between the numbers and the p.
Source list: GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy
unit and the nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
3.9 Series
If the publication is part of a series, this will probably appear on the title page or on
the reverse side of the title page. A series is important if it gives an indication of the
authoritativeness of the source (for example, a publication in a series such as the
Scientific contributions of a university will have a different meaning and authority
from, for example, the Asterix-series).
MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds. 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific. 255 p.
(Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)
17
4. CHAPTER IN A COLLECTED WORK
A collected work comprises a number of chapters, each written by a different
author. An editor “collects and compiles” the different chapters, and put them
together in a book, called a collected work. When a chapter in this type of
collected work is quoted, the author of the chapter must be used as the author of
the quoted "source" - followed by the date of the collected work, the title of the
chapter and the "In reference".
Source list: MASSIMO, J.L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. (In George,
G., ed. The magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif.: Sundby
Publications. p. 31-33.)
• The abbreviations ed. (eds.) are used for an editor or compiler, depending
on the language of the source.
18
5. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE
Refer to a specific contribution at a conference or symposium (called “a paper read
at ...”) by using the author's surname, initials, and title of his presentation. Then
make use of an "In reference" to account for the book as a whole.
When reference is made to the book as a whole and it is possible, make use of the
name of the editor. When an editor is not mentioned, record it under the name of
the organisation that arranged the conference/symposium, or the name of the
conference. Follow the title page of the book as far as possible.
5.1 Editors
Text: Present-day physics is indeterministic (Putman, 1979:128).
Source list: PUTMAN, H.W. 1979. The place of facts in a world of values.
(In Huff, D. & Prewett, O., eds. The nature of the physical
universe: 1976 Nobel Conference organised by Gustavus
College, St. Peter, Minnesota. New York: Wiley. p. 113-140.)
In = italics OR underlined; p. 113-140 = the first and last page of the chapter.
Source list: CRONJE, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning
process. (In South African Society for the Promotion of Education.
A few modern pedagogical principles for education: Papers read at
the Third Annual Congress of SASPE held in Pretoria on 29 and 30
September 1961. Pretoria. p. 65-74.)
In = italics, or written by hand, underlined; p. = first and last page of the chapter.
19
6. ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
Text: The largest stalagmite in the Sudwala cave is ... (Anon., 1974:341).
Source list: STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages.
(In Microsoft Encarta ‘95.) [CD].
20
7. DICTIONARIES
When a dictionary is consulted purely to clarify unintelligible words or to translate
words, it does not have to be included in the source list. If, however, definitions or
explanations of words are quoted, the dictionary must be indicated. This also
applies where contradictory explanations of terms are involved.
Text: According to the OED (1978, 1:125) the meaning of adorn is ...
Source list: OED (Oxford English Dictionary) 1978. “Adorn”. Oxford: At the
Clarendon Press.
7.3 Dictionary on CD
Source list: OED (Oxford English Dictionary.) 1987. “Literator”. [CD].
21
7.4 Dictionary with an editor
Text: According to Beale (1989:52) a bootlace ...
Source list: BEALE, P., ed. 1989. A concise dictionary of slang and
unconventional English. London: Routledge. 534 p.
8. THE BIBLE
When it is considered essential for the Bible to be included in the source list (for
example when various translations are compared) it may be done as follows. Use
the wording as it appears on the title page.
Text: The words in Psalm 23:6 “... goodness and mercy shall follow me”
(Bible, 1989) are translated in the New international version (Bible,
1995) with: “... goodness and love will follow me”.
Source list: BIBLE. 1989. Life application Bible: King James version.
Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale.
22
9. STUDY GUIDES
How to quote from a study guide issued in a university or technikon course.
Source list: UNISA (University of South Africa). 1997. Study guide History 3.
Pretoria. 15 p. (S97/83.)
• The following abbreviations may be used: M.A. or MA, LL.M. or LLM, D.B.A.
or DBA, M.Sc. or MSc, D.Phil. or DPhil. According to the 2002 edition of the
Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls full-stops are optional in abbreviations
referring to degrees.
23
11. SECONDARY SOURCES
The use of secondary sources is generally not seen as scientifically acceptable
and must be limited to absolutely unobtainable sources.
Please note: Only the source that has been used appears in the source list.
For an explanation of the use of secondary sources, see 1.6: Primary and
secondary sources.
12. TRANSLATIONS
Text: According to Hitler (1961:15) the state "... ".
Source list: HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German by
John Ayles. London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.
24
13. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Finding government publications poses a big problem and the details given must
therefore be complete and correct. Because the "authors" of Government
publications are often the lengthy titles of departments or commissions, preference
is given to an abbreviated form that can be used in the text. Then a clear cross-
reference ("see") must be made to the "correct" and complete form in the source
list. Use the language of the source in the text and in the source list.
Note that it is very important to furnish the number (RP ...) of the Government
publication because that facilitates retrieval.
Source list: KATZ, M.M., chair. 1994. Interim report of the Commission of
Inquiry into Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa.
Pretoria: Government Printer. 294 p.
25
13.2 Departments
Text: The production of the platinum group of metals remained
unchanged (Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs, 1995:14).
When annual reports are used for a number of successive years, they can be dealt
with as one item in the source list.
13.3.1 Acts
Text: The Atomic Corporation was established in terms of the Atomic
Energy Act (92/1982).
26
13.3.2 Constitution
Text: In terms of Article 32(1) of the Constitution (1996) everyone has the
right of access to government information.
Text: The requirement in this case is that the license be withdrawn (SA,
1977:149).
27
13.6 Provincial gazette
Text: The boundaries of Pampierstad … (North-West, 1995:58).
28
13.8.2 White papers published in the Government gazette
Text: According to the White Paper (SA, 1995:21) higher education ...
29
13.9.3 National Commission for Higher Education
Text: The aim of the commission is to cover all aspects ... (NCHE, 1995).
More examples:
HSRC (Human Sciences Research Council). 1994. Annual report. Pretoria.
67 p.
CSS (Central Statistics Service). 1996. Population statistics. Pretoria. 88 p.
14. REPORTS/LECTURES/PAPERS
Text: Viljoen (1980:5) suggests that the lecturer should consider the
library and its professional personnel as colleagues in literature
training.
This form is only used when the report/lecture/paper has not been published.
When such a report/lecture/paper is included in a collected work, the
instructions in point 5 are followed: A paper at a conference.
30
15. INTERVIEWS, LETTERS, OTHER
ORIGINAL SOURCES
• Author
• Year
• Title or nature of material
• Place of origin
• Notes on physical nature, scope (where applicable) or where the material is
available.
15.1 Interviews
Text: According to a communication by Mr. J.J. van der Merwe (1979),
mampoer was already being distilled in the Marico area as early as
1841.
Source list: VAN DER MERWE, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with the
author. Zeerust. (Cassette recording in possession of the author.)
15.2 Letters
Text: Viljoen (1953) expressed his utter dissatisfaction about ...
Source list: VILJOEN, C.S. 1953. Letter to the Town Clerk of Potchefstroom,
1 June. Pretoria. (Original copy in records of Town Council of
Potchefstroom.)
31
16. PATENTS
Furnish the following details for patents:
AUTHOR(S). Date. Title. Patent: Issuing country (compare the list of
abbreviations): patent number. Total number of pages.
Source list:
HWANG, M., STARK, L.E., HEINEN, G. & RIMPILLO, L. 1998. Optical curing
process for integrated circuit package assembly. Patent: US 5,846,476. 9 p.
32
17. NEWSPAPER REPORTS
• An indication of the page and the day on which the newspaper was published,
is sufficient.
18.1 Author(s)
RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug
education, 40(3):52-64, May.
Text: "Today the doctor still prescribes medicine, but the mortar and
pestle of the pharmacist gathers dust." (Anon., 1978:3.)
33
Source list: ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tablets? South
African medical journal, 53(1):3, 7 Jan.
• Volume in Arabic figures, the number of the edition in round brackets; the
pages of the article preceded by a colon; the date (month).
RABBI, J. 1995. Drinking among college students. Journal of alcohol and drug
education, 40(3):52-64, May.
34
WALKER, J.A.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history
textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.
18.6 Season
In the case where a season is involved, it can be indicated as follows (in the
language of the journal and not abbreviated):
KEN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal
of applied behavior analysis, 28(3):339-340, Summer.
Text: "The drinking problem in Scotland has always been relatively more
serious than in England." (Glatt, 1980:135.)
Source list: GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and
alcoholism. British book news:133-137, Mar.
A colon, not a comma, is placed after the title of the journal and this indicates that
the page numbers follow.
35
19. ELECTRONIC SOURCES
• Try to integrate references to this type of information into the framework of the
recommended Harvard style. This applies specifically to the use of an author
(person or institution) because it simplifies referencing in the text.
• One of the functions of a source list is to furnish the reader with the full
bibliographical detail of the sources used by the researcher. It is therefore
essential to present sufficient accurate information to trace the sources.
That is the reason why both the SOURCE and the “ADDRESS” is essential.
• The language of the source is used when indicating the date when the
information was accessed along with the name of the database or address of
the source.
AUTHOR. Year. Title. Other relevant information (for example the title and
other detail of a journal). Abstract/reference in: sufficient information to find
it in the database.
36
Text: Dit blyk dat die nuutste navorsing ... (Theron & Papendorp, 1996).
Source list: THERON, J.J. & PAPENDORP, D.H. 1996. Siektes van
peroksisome: ‘n oorsig. Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde,
86(6):685-690, Jun. Opsomming in MEDLINE.
37
19.2 Electronic full text databases: journal
articles
If the article is in HTML-format it differs from the print version because the page
numbers are not indicated and can therefore not be quoted in the text or the source
list. You will need to add the date you accessed the document as well as the source
from which it was retrieved.
EBSCOHost Web is a database provider. Do not quote the provider as the source
from which you retrieved the article, but the database itself, eg. Academic Search
Premier.
DE WIT, H.E.D. & NTULI, R.M. 1995. Die onderrig van funksies in kommunikatiewe
aanpak: metodologiese probleme. South African journal of African languages,
15(3):108, 6 Aug. Beskikbaar: MLA. Datum van gebruik: 5 Okt. 2005.
► When the article is in PDF-format the page numbers are available and must
be quoted in the text and the source list. The article does not differ from the
print version, therefore you need not indicate the date of access. Quote full
text articles in PDF-format from a Web database, eg. ScienceDirect or
SAePublications, as follows:
VAN DER WALT, B.J. 2003. Is vigs die oordeel van God oor ons
ongehoorsaamheid? ‘n Prinsipiële besinning. Woord en daad, 44(388):6-8.
Beskikbaar: SAePublications.
38
19.3 Electronic full text databases: newspaper
reports
When the page numbers are available it must be quoted in the text and the source
list. If the electronic version does not differ from the print version, you need not
indicate the date of access, but if it does, the date of access must be quoted. Quote
full text newspaper reports from a Web database, eg. SA Media, as follows:
MATSENA, D. 2002. Jobs scam ads: newspapers to act. Pretoria news: 3, 10 Sep.
Available: SA Media.
VAN REENEN, R. 1998. J.M. Coetzee … in die ban van Karoo-Afrikaans. Beeld:
8, 21 Apr. Beskikbaar: SA Media.
Collected work:
GERING, L.J. & BECKERLING, T.W. 1997. Civil procedure: Magistrate’s court.
Revised by L.T.C. Harms, I. van der Walt and D. Harms. (In Law of South Africa,
3(2):200-201.) Available: Butterworths LexisNexis.
39
19.5 Electronic full text databases: government
publications
No address is needed, the name of the database is sufficient. If the electronic
version does not differ from the print version, you need not indicate the date of
access, but if it does the date of access must be quoted.
DE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek – nie meer die stiefkind van die
Source list teologie nie. Kerkblad, 108(3179), Sep.
http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van gebruik: 12 Okt.
2005.
40
19.8 Internet: documents
In scientific treatises, it is important to ascertain who is responsible for the
intellectual or artistic contents of the information to which you are referring (i.e.
authorship). Authorship is the researcher’s proof of reliability and authority and it
simplifies citation. The author may be a person or persons or groups of persons as
is the case with societies or institutions. When authorship is not easily
ascertainable, the following clues may help to establish the responsible entity:
1. Who created the home page? If it is an individual’s home page, which is a
subdivision of an institution’s home page, was the former authorised by the mother
institution? For example, some educational institutions allow their students to
compile their own home pages but disclaim any responsibility for it. If it is a home
page or web site of a person, society or institution without a title, omit the title.
Text: In his inaugural speech Mandela (1994) used the following famous
words: “Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all.”
41
Example 2
Text: Kannemeyer (2005) meen dat ….
Example 3
Text: When searching on the Internet, be on the lookout for the British or
American spelling of words like labour or labor (Open Text
Corporation, 1997).
Source list: OPEN TEXT CORPORATION. 1997. Hints for better results.
http://index.opentext.net/main/tips.html Date of access: 2 Dec.
1998.
Example 4
Text: Edited directories on the web are …. (DMOZ Open Directory
Project, 1998-2005).
42
19.10 Internet: e-books
Provide the URL or Address and the date of access.
BIBLE. 1983. The Bible: The New King James version. London: Thomas Nelson.
http:///www.blueletterbible.org Date of access: 18 Nov. 2005.
No date of publication.
MURRAY, A. s.a. The prayer life.
http://www.worldinvisible.com/library/praylife/indexpray.htm Date of access: 21 Nov.
2005.
e-Thesis:
DLOMO, S.A. 2005. Turnover among mathematics and physical science educators
in the Vaal Triangle. Potchefstroom: NWU. Vaal Triangle Campus. (Thesis – M.
Ed.) http://fpb-1nx1.puk.ac.za/search Date of access: 21 Nov. 2005.
43
According to legislation no act number is to be associated with the 1996 Constitution
of the Republic of South Africa:
SOUTH AFRICA. 1996. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.
http://www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm Date of access: 6 Sep.
2005.
SOUTH AFRICA. 2005. National Ports Act 12 of 2005. (Notice No. 792.)
Government gazette, 482(27863):8-74, 4 Aug.
http://info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2005/a12-05.pdf Date of access: 24 Oct. 2005.
Text: The statistics of the PU and RAU libraries ... (Swanepoel, 1996).
44
19.14 News groups
Text: Maltin (1995) states that the special effects in the film Jurassic Park
are the best in the history of the film industry.
Source list: MALTIN, L. 1995. Leonard Maltin review: Jurassic Park. (In
Microsoft Cinemania ‘95.) [CD].
Compare also:
• Article from an encyclopaedia on CD
• Dictionary on CD
SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. New
York: Legacy. [CD].
WISE, R., producer. 2002. The sound of music. Produced by Argyle Enterprises
Inc. and released by Twentieth Century-Fox Corporation. Beverley Hills, Calif.:
Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment. [DVD].
45
McKINSEY & COMPANY. 2002. Configuring a world-class procurement function.
Witbank. [PowerPoint presentation].
► An important question which arises is: What sources should I include in the
bibliography? Only the works to which I referred in the text, or other sources
which I consulted but did not refer to in the text?
► A serious warning should be sounded against the trend among students to try to
impress a lecturer with a very extended bibliography. In most cases it is quite
easy for the lecturer to discover that the student is using tricks, and this will
reflect negatively on the student.
► The rule is that your bibliography should consist of the materials that you
used, PLUS other sources which really contributed to your insight. In
undergraduate work a source list which consists only of the materials that
you used and referred to in the text, is adequate.
► If for some good reason you want to include more than these two categories (if,
for example, it is part of your aim to establish a full bibliography about the
topic) then you have to motivate this clearly, and call it a bibliography.
The golden rule, however is:
All sources referred to in the text have to be included in the source list.
Remarks
• The difference between a source list and a bibliography: a source list
comprises of sources which were directly used for a treatise and a
bibliography is a more substantial list covering the subject.
• Complete bibliographical information for every source is essential so that
the source may be easily traced.
46
• To ensure swift and easy reference from the text to the source list, all sources
must be included in one integrated alphabetical list.
• If more than one publication of an author is used, his publications are
arranged chronologically: from old to new.
• Type the surnames and initials of the authors in CAPITAL LETTERS. This
makes them more noticeable and eases the search between text and source
list.
47
What does the source list or bibliography look like?
4 Arrange the sources by the same JONES, S. 1990. Adolescence. New York:
author as follows: (compare the Wiley. 305 p.
references to JONES
in the next column) JONES, S. & SMITH, J. 1995. The teenager.
• chronologically (from old to new)
New York: McGraw-Hill. 92 p.
• first works by one author
• then works involving a co-author
(Jones & Smith), etc. JONES, S., FAURE, M. & SMITH, J. 1993. Drug
abuse and teenagers. London: Wiley. 52 p.
5 Leave enough space (lines)
between references so that SMITH, H. 1996a. Introduction to the Internet.
references can “stand out”. Cape Town: Tafelberg. 61 p.
48
21. TYPING HINTS
• Use capital letters for the author's surname and initials to make it more visible.
For the reader it improves easy movement between the text and the source list.
• Leave at least one line open between references - this also improves
readability.
• Do not justify the source list - it often stretches the text awkwardly.
• Note the spaces in the following examples - leave two spaces between
"elements" such as between the author, year, title, etc.
Book
JONES,*S.J.,*SMITH,*L.*&*GREEN,*D.**1998.**Psychology:*an
*introduction.**2nd*ed.**London:*Wiley.**209*p.
Journal
49
22. EXAMPLE OF A SOURCE LIST
ANON. 1978. Must pharmacists only count tablets? South African medical
journal, 53(1):3, 7 Jan.
ANON. 1996. Don't believe your eyes. Financial news, 45(3):3, 21 Jan.
BEALE, P., ed. 1989. A concise dictionary of slang and unconventional English.
London: Routledge. 534 p.
BIBLE. 1983. The Bible: The New King James version. London: Thomas Nelson.
http://www.blueletterbible.org Date of access: 18 Nov. 2005.
BIBLE. 1989. Life application Bible: King James version. Wheaton, Ill.:
Tyndale.
BIBLE. 1995. The Holy Bible: New International version. Cape Town: Bible
Society of South Africa.
50
CILLIERS, S. 1986. Psychiatric nursing (VPE 420). Potchefstroom: PU for CHE.
148 p. (Notes S92/86.)
CRONJE, F.J.C. 1961. A modern didactic view of the learning process. (In
South African Society for the Promotion of Education. A few modern pedagogic
principles for education: papers read at the Third Annual Congress of SASPE held
in Pretoria on 29 and 30 September 1961. Pretoria. p.65-74.)
DE KLERK, B.J. 2005. Liturgiek – nie meer die stiefkind van die teologie nie.
Kerkblad, 108(3179): Sep. http://www.gksa.org.za/kerkblad.htm Datum van
gebruik: 12 Okt. 2005.
DE WIT, H.E.D. & NTULIE, R.M. 1995. Die onderrig van funksies in ‘n
kommunikatiewe aanpak: metodologiese probleme. South Afrikcan journal of
Afircan languages, 15(3):108, 6 Aug. Beskikbaar: MLA. Datum van gebruik: 5
Okt. 2005.
51
FERIS, M. 2005. Humans have a hand in disasters. City press: 27, 23 Oct.
http://152.111.251/argief/berigte/citypress/2005/10/23/C127/01.html Date of
access: 21 Nov. 2005.
GARDNER, E.K. & SHELTON, B. 1967. The intensive therapy unit and the
nurse. London: Faber and Faber. 162 p.
GIBALDI, J. 1999. MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 2nd ed.
Large print. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. 343 p.
GLATT, M.M. 1980. Recent books on the abuse of alcohol and alcoholism.
British book news:133-137, Mar.
HITLER, A. 1961. Mein Kampff. Translated from the German by John Ayles.
London: McGraw-Hill. 171 p.
JOHNSON, R.C. & MEDINNUS, G.R. 1974. Child psychology: behavior and
development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley. 562 p.
52
JONES, S. & SMITH, J. 1995. The teenager. New York: McGraw-Hill. 92 p.
JONES, S., FAURE, M. & SMITH, J. 1993. Drug abuse and teenagers. London:
Wiley. 52 p.
JONES, S.J., SMITH, L. & GREEN, D. 1998. Psychology: an introduction. 2nd ed.
London: Wiley. 209 p.
KATZ, M.M., chair. 1994. Interim report of the Commission of Inquiry into
Certain Aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa. Pretoria: Government
Printer. 294 p.
KEN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal
of applied behavior analysis, 28(3):339-340, Summer.
KERN, L. 1996. Functional analysis and intervention for breath holding. Journal
of applied behavior analysis, 28(3):339-340, Summer.
MALTIN, L. 1995. Leonard Maltin review: Jurassic Park. (In Microsoft Cinemania
‘95.) [CD].
53
MATSENA, D. 2002. Jobs scam ads: newspapers to act. Pretoria news: 3, 10 Sep.
Available: SA Media.
MASSIMO, J.L. 1970. Psychology and the gymnast. (In George, G., ed. The
magic of gymnasts. Santa Monica, Calif.: Sundby Publications. p.31-33.)
MEI, J. & LIAO, H., eds. 2003. Asset pricing. Singapore: World Scientific.
255 p. (Frontiers of real estate pricing, vol. 1.)
MEYER, B.S., ANDERSON, D.P., BOHNING, R.H. & FRATANNA, D.G. 1973.
Introduction to plant physiology. New York: Van Nostrand. 565 p.
54
PUTNAM, H.W. 1979. The place of facts in a world of values. (In Huff, D. &
Prewett, O., eds. The nature of the physical universe: 1976 Nobel Conference
organised by Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota. New York: Wiley.
p.113-140.)
ROBERTSON, J., ROSS, A.M. & BURGOYNE, L.A. 2002. DNA in forensic
science: theory, technique and applications. New York: Routledge. Available:
NetLibrary.
SINATRA, F. 2003. The best of Frank Sinatra. Directed by Alex Stordahl. New
York: Legacy. [CD].
SOUTH AFRICA. 1977. Duty of the court to pass judgment on the suspension
or revocation of a driver's license. (Proclamation no. R. 327, 1977.) Government
gazette, 5804:149, Nov. 18. (Regulation gazette no. 2561.)
SOUTH AFRICA. 1983. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, no. 110 of
1983. Pretoria: Government Printer.
55
SOUTH AFRICA. Commission of Inquiry into the Riots in Soweto and elsewhere
on 16 June 1976 to 28 February 1977. 1979. Report. Pretoria: Government
Printer. 2 vols. (RP 106/1979.)
STAM, D.H. & STAM, D.C. 1994. Libraries of the Middle Ages. (In Microsoft
Encarta ‘95.) [CD].
56
THERON, J.J. & PAPENDORP, D.H. 1996. Siektes van peroksisome: ‘n oorsig.
Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 86(6):685-690, Jun. Opsomming in
MEDLINE.
UCT (University of Cape Town). 1970. Where does university education lead
to? A practical manual for counseling teachers. Cape Town. 293 p.
VAN DER MERWE, J.J. 1979. Verbal communication with author. Zeerust.
(Cassette recording in possession of author.)
VAN DER WALT, B.J. 2004. Is vigs die oordeel van God oor ons
ongehoorsaamheid? ‘n Prinsipiële besinning. Woord en daad, 44(388):6-8,
Winter. Beskikbaar: SAePublications.
WALKER, J.S. 1995. The origins of the Cold War in United States history
textbooks. Journal of American history, 54(10):7-11, 12 Oct.
57
23. OTHER STYLES
The following directions (APA, MLA, AMA) were compiled (with permission) from
Web pages by R. Delaney of the B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, Long Island
University, C.W. Post Campus.
BOOK
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star Trek chronology: The history of the
future. New York: Pocket Books.
58
APA style (continued)
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore
modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol.
24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated.
ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the
Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
No. ED 364 932)
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Peoria, IL: Psi Phi:
Bradley's Science Fiction Club. Retrieved October 8, 1997 from the World Wide
Web: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep /503r.html
59
23.2 MLA style (Modern Languages Association)
Official source: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 4th
edition.
NOTES
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces.
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically,
treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire
web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as
the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was
created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date
you looked at it.
Internet Magazine Articles: Include the company that provides the
database service and its home webpage; the full date of the article
(day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it; as well
as the library or other organization (and its location) that provided
you with access to the service.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here.
See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual.
BOOK
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket Books, 1993.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek:
The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):53-65.
60
MLA style (continued)
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
Ed. Patricia Bayer, et al. Danbury, CT: Grolier Incorporated, 1995.
ERIC DOCUMENT
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami, FL: Speech
Communication Association; Springfield, VA: ERIC Document
Reproduction Service, 1993. ED364932.
61
23.3 AMA style (American Medical Association)
Official source: American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th
edition.
NOTES
Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text
If you are using a typewriter and cannot use italics, then use
underlining.
Authors: use initials of first and second names with no spaces.
Include up to six authors. If there are more than six, include the first
three, followed by et al. If no author is given, start with the title.
Books: include the edition statement (ex: 3rd ed. or Rev ed.)
between the title and place if it is not the first edition.
Place: use abbreviations of states, not postal codes.
Journals: abbreviate titles as shown in Index Medicus. If the
journal does not paginate continuously through the volume, include
the month (and day).
Websites: include the name of the webpage, the name of the
entire website, the full date of the page (if available), and the date
you looked at it.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed
version of the manual. A similar styleguide is the Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
BOOK
1. Okuda M, Okuda D. Star Trek Chronology: the History of the
Future. New York: Pocket Books; 1993.
62
AMA style (continued)
ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE
4. Sturgeon T. Science fiction. In: Lorimer LT, editorial director;
Cummings C, ed-in-chief; Leish KW, managing ed. The Encyclopedia
Americana. Vol 24. International ed. Danbury, Conn: Grolier
Incorporated; 1995:390-392.
ERIC DOCUMENT
6. Fuss-Reineck M. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts Between Brothers. Miami, Fla: Annual Meeting
of the Speech Communication Association; 1993. ERIC Document
Reproduction Service ED364932.
WEBSITE
7. Lynch T. DSN Trials and tribble-ations review. Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club Web site. 1996. Available at:
http://www.bradley.edu /campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.htm. Accessed
October 8, 1997.
63
23.4 CHEMISTRY
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
References to BOOKS
South African journal of 6 N.E. Gronlund and R.I. Linn, Measurement and
chemistry Evaluation in Teaching, Collier Macmillan, NY,
1990.
Instructions to authors:
"Book references are given by initials and surnames of all
authors, title, volume, edition, publisher, date, page(s)."
CHEMISTRY (continued)
64
References to JOURNALS
South African journal of L. Wu, W.Forsling, Acta Chem. Scand., 1992, 46,
chemistry 418.
Instructions to authors:
"Journal references are given by initials and surnames of
all authors, journal, year, volume, first page. Titles of
journals are abbreviated according to Chemical Abstracts
practice (see 'Bibliographic Guide for Editors and
Authors', American Chemical Society, Washington,
1974)."
Journal of the American (1) Doe, J. S.; Smith, J.; Roe, P. J. Am. Chem.
Chemical Society Soc. 1968,90, 8234-8265.
Instructions to authors:
"Include initials of authors and the journal abbreviation
used in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index
(CASSI) 1907-1989 Cumulative and its supplements.
Inclusive pagination as indicated is strongly
recommended."
65
23.5 PHYSICS
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
American journal of physics. Information for contributors.
"Footnotes. Footnotes should be typed in double space and grouped together in sequence at
the end of the manuscript. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the
article, regardless of whether they are explanatory or literature references, except when they
are appended to the author's name. In these exceptional cases, Latin letters are used.
Explanatory footnotes may not themselves be footnoted. The abstract cannot contain footnote
references."
Astrophysical journal. Official manual: Chicago manual of style.
Text references: References should be cited in text by giving the last name of the author and
the date of publication, e.g., (Hale 1929). There is no comma before the date. For papers by
two authors, the last names are joined by an ampersand, e.g., (Press & Rybicki 1992). Papers
by three authors should list all three authors (Camilo, Nice, & Taylor 1996) at the first citation;
all subsequent citations should list the first author followed by et al., e.g., (Camilo et al. 1996).
Papers by more than three authors should be cited by giving the last name of the first author
followed by et al. and the date.
References are given in parentheses unless the author's name is part of the sentence, e.g.,
"the -model (Smoot et al. 1992)" but "according to Smoot et al. (1992)." If a parenthetical
citation cites two or more papers, they should be separated by a semicolon: (Vittorio & Turner
1987; Peebles 1993). If two or more papers by the same author(s) are cited together, the
author(s) should be listed once, with the dates of the papers separated by a comma: (Peebles
1982, 1993). Papers by the same author(s) published in the same year should be distinguished
by appending a, b, c, etc., to the date: e.g., Paczyski (1995a, 1995b). Parentheses around the
date are omitted for references appearing in a table or in a note to a table.
Reference List: All sources cited in the text and tables must appear in the reference list at
the end of the paper, and all entries in the reference list must be cited in the text. Reference
entries should be ordered alphabetically, starting with the last name of the first author, followed
by the first author's initial(s), and so on for each additional author. For papers with more than
eight authors, the last name and initials of the first author only should be listed, followed by a
comma and et al. Multiple entries for one author or one group of authors should be ordered
chronologically, and multiple entries for the same year (including references with three authors
that may be cited in the text as "et al.") should be distinguished by appending sequential
lowercase letters to the year: e.g., Smith, E., Rowe, T., & Jones, A. B. 1999a; Smith, A. B.,
Thomas, J. R., & Peebles, P. J. E. 1999b; Smith et al. 1999c.
References to papers in preparation, preprints, or other sources generally not available to
readers should be avoided if possible.
Reference entries should take the following forms. In all cases, there should be a space
between initials of the first name, a comma and ampersand (&) before the last author, no "p."
for page number, no final period, and no comma before parenthetical place of publication.
66
PHYSICS (continued)
References to BOOKS
2
American journal of David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics
physics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989), 2nd
ed., pp. 331-334.
Astrophysical journal Donat, W., & Boksenberg, A. J. 1993, The
Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1994, Vol.2
(2d ed.; Washington, DC: GPO)
Note space between initials, comma and ampersand (&)
between authors, no comma before parentheses for
place of publication and no page number – page
numbers should be given in the text.
References to JOURNALS
1
American journal of Freeman J. Dyson, "Feynman's proof of the
physics Maxwell equations." Am. J. Phys. 58(3), 209-211
(1990).
Information for contributors:
"Footnote references to periodical articles should have
the above form, providing title and final as well as initial
page numbers. Use of the issue number is encouraged
but not required unless the reference would otherwise be
ambiguous."
67
PHYSICS (continued)
68
23.6 ENGINEERING
The information for this section was compiled from subject journals. Consult your
lecturer which style is preferred in this subject.
Extract of Information for authors from the journal Heat transfer engineering
References are cited in the text in numerical sequence according to the order of appearance.
The text citations are indicated by full-sized numbers enclosed in brackets. The references are
listed in numerical order in a separate section at the end of the paper.
References to BOOKS
IEEE journal of solid- [3] D.P. Bhandarkar, Alpha Implementations and
state circuits Architecture. Bedford, MA: Digital Press, 1996. pp.
168-215.
Heat transfer Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K., The
engineering Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3d ed., pp. 1-25,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1977.
Fuel (Elsevier) [12] Jones RB, Morley C, McCourt CB. Proceedings of
the 1985 International Conference on Coal Science.
Sydney: Pergamon Press, 1985. p. 669.
References to JOURNALS
IEEE journal of solid-state [2] G. Gerosa, M. Alexander, and B. Burgess, “A
circuits 250-MHz 5-W-PowerPC Microprocessor with On-
Chip L2 Cache Controller,” IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, vol. 32, pp. 1635-1649, Nov. 1997.
Heat transfer engineering [2] Cebeci, T., Heat Transformation from a Circular
Cylinder Impulsively Started from Rest, Numerical
Heat Transfer, vol.1, no. 4, pp. 557-567, 1978.
No abbrevation of journal titles.
69
Engineering (continued)
References to THESES/DISSERTATIONS
Fuel (Elsevier) [9] Kizgut S. Separation and concentration of coal
macerals by flotation, PhD Thesis, University of
Nottingham, 1995.
70
23.7 LAW SCIENCES
These guidelines for Law references were taken from the PER-guidelines of the
Faculty of Law: http://www.puk.ac.za/lawper/
Please note: These guidelines are not comprehensive. For the complete set of
guidelines please consult the above mentioned source on the Web.
Books
One author
Journal articles
• Volumes, numbers or months are only given where such information is essential
to find the page, in other words, where they are numbered separately.
• The titles of journals are, wherever possible, abbreviated, with an explanatory
list of abbreviations supplied. The abbreviation is italicized. Capital letters and
lower-case in the title of the article should be supplied as they were published in
the article.
71
23.7.1.1 Legislation
The basic form is the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. The
first time where reference is made to an act, the full reference is given in the text or
in a footnote. After that an abbreviated form can be used, such as the "1996
Constitution", if it is indicated in the footnote that the shortened form will henceforth
be used. If there are references in the text to only one specific act, the later
references – after the first full reference to the specific act – are to "the Act" or to an
abbreviated form, for example the "Matrimonial Property Act", if it is indicated in the
footnote that the shortened form will henceforth be used. If reference should be
made to a whole series of different acts, a list of the acts should be supplied in the
bibliography.
Register of cases
Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215
(Footnote: Mostert v Scholtz 1926 CPD 215 217.)
S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
(Footnote: S v Pepenene 1974 1 SA 216 (O)
218B-219A.)
72
24. INDEX
Copyright sign ................................ 10
A Councils ......................................... 29
Abstracts........................................ 37 D
Acts................................................ 26
AMA style....................................... 62 Databases.................... 37, 38, 39, 40
American Medical Association ....... 62 Date of publication (books) ............ 14
American Psychological Association Departments (Governmental) ........ 26
................................................... 58 Dictionaries .................................... 21
And others (Et al.) .......................... 12 Dictionary on CD-ROM .................. 21
Anon. ............................................. 12 Dictionary with an editor................. 22
Anon. (encyclopaedias) ................. 20 Direct citations ................................. 7
APA style ....................................... 58 Discussion groups.................... 44, 45
Author(s) Dissertations and theses................ 23
books ............................................... 11
E
journals ............................................ 34
none indicated.................................. 12 EBSCOHost................................... 38
one ................................................... 11 Edition (books) ........................... 4, 14
three or more.................................... 12 Editor
two ................................................... 11 dictionaries.......................................22
two with same surname ................... 13 Editor (collection) ........................... 18
Author(s) Institute/Society as ......... 13 Editor(s) - books ........................... 13
Author(s) or editor(s) of books ....... 11 Editors
conference papers ............................19
B
Electronic sources.......................... 36
Bible............................................... 22 Encyclopaedia on CD-ROM ........... 20
Bibliographical databases .............. 37 Encyclopaedias.............................. 20
Books (monographs)..................... 10 anonymous article ............................20
signed article ....................................20
C Engineering.................................... 69
CD-ROM Et al................................................ 12
databases.......................................... 37 F
dictionaries ...................................... 21
encyclopaedias................................. 20 Full text databases............. 38, 39, 40
Chapter in a collected work............ 18
G
Chemistry (bibliographic style) ....... 64
Citations........................................... 7 Gazette, Government..................... 27
Collected works.............................. 18 Gazette, Provincial......................... 28
Commissions ................................. 29 Geoscience, Council for................. 29
Commissions of Inquiry.................. 25 Government gazette ...................... 27
Computerised sources ................... 36 Government publications ............... 25
Conference papers ........................ 19 Green papers................................. 28
Constitution.................................... 27
Copyright ......................................... 6
73
H Online databases ............... 38, 39, 40
Ordinances .................................... 27
Harvard style.................................... 2 Other styles.................................... 58
I AMA-style .......................................62
APA-style ........................................58
In reference.................................... 18 Chemistry.........................................64
Indirect citations ............................... 8 Engineering......................................69
Institute/organisation/society as Languages ........................................60
author ......................................... 13 Law sciences ....................................71
Internet........................................... 40 Medical sciences ..............................62
Interviews....................................... 31 MLA style........................................60
ISBN .............................................. 10 Physics .............................................66
J Psychology.......................................58
Oxford English Dictionary............... 21
Journal articles............................... 34
Journals P
authors ............................................. 34
Pages
date of publication ........................... 34 books................................................17
pages................................................ 35 journals ............................................35
season .............................................. 36 Papers, Read at course ................. 30
title of article.................................... 34 Patents........................................... 32
titles ................................................. 35 Physics (bibliographic style)........... 66
volume, number ............................... 35 Place of publication (books) ........... 15
without volume or number............... 36 Plagiarism ........................................ 5
Journals, Electronic 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 Primary sources ............................... 4
L Provincial gazette........................... 28
Provincial ordinances..................... 27
Languages (bibliographic style....... 60 Psychology (bibliographic style) ..... 58
Law sciences ................................. 71 Publication, Date of........................ 14
Laws .............................................. 26 Publication, Place of ...................... 15
Lectures ......................................... 30 Publisher (books) ........................... 16
Letters............................................ 31 Punctuation................................ 7, 49
M Purpose of references/source lists... 1
2
Semi-government Institutions ........ 29 journals ............................................35
Series............................................. 17 Translations ................................... 24
Sets ............................................... 17 Two authors ................................... 11
Society as author ........................... 13 Two authors, same surname.......... 13
Source list ...................................... 46 Typing hints ................................... 49
Source list (Example) ............ 48, 50
V
South African Reserve Bank.......... 29
States of the USA......................... 15 Volume/number of journal.............. 35
Study guides .................................. 23 Volume/number, Journal without.... 36
Symposium .................................... 19
W
T
White papers.................................. 28
Textual references ........................... 7 World Wide Web ............................ 40
Theses and dissertations ............... 23
Three authors or more ................... 12 Y
Titles Year of publication ......................... 14
books ............................................... 14
journal articles ................................. 34