Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 469

~ ☼ 40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cÖkœ I mgvavb

⋰ ‡f․ZweÁvb ⋱ 01. ‡g․‡ji wbDUªb msL¨v KZ?
K. 17 L. 18
o wm‡jevm M. 35 N. 70 DËi L
02. †Kvb KwVb c`v_© weï× bvwK Aweï× Zv wK‡mi gva¨‡g
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v, GU‡gi MVb, Kve©‡bi eûgyLx wbY©q Kiv hvq?
e¨envi, GwmW, ÿvi, jeY, c`v‡_©i ÿq, mvev‡bi K. Nbxfeb L. ev®úxfeb
KvR, †f․Z ivwk Ges Gi cwigvc, †f․Z weÁv‡bi M. MjbvsK N. ùzUbvsK DËi M
Dbœqb, †P․¤^KZ¡, Zi½ Ges kã, Zvc I 03. A¨v‡bv‡W †Kvb wewµqv m¤úbœ nq?
ZvcMwZwe`¨v, Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ, w¯’i I Pj Zwor, K. RviY L. weRviY
B‡j±ªwb·, AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb, kw³i Drm Ges M. cÖkgb N. cvwb †hvRb DËi K
Gi cÖ‡qvM, bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm, cvigvYweK 04. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvbxi Drm –
kw³, LwbR Drm, kw³i iƒcvšÍi, Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ, K. †Zj L. M¨vm
†g․wjK KYv, avZe c`v_© Ges Zv‡`i †h․Mmg~n, M. Kqjv N. ev‡qvM¨vm DËi N
AavZe c`v_©, RviY-weRviY, Zwor †Kvl, A‣Re 05. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i
†h․M, Zwor †P․¤^K, UªvÝdg©vi, G·‡i, †ZRw¯…qZv gva¨‡g?
BZ¨vw`| K. jvDW w¯úKvi L. A¨vgwcødvqvi
M. †Rbv‡iUi N. gvwëwgUvi DËi K
bZzb wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K wewmGm 06. evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv gvcvi h‡š¿i bvg wK?
K. gvB‡KvwgUvi L. nvB‡MÖvwgUvi
wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ we‡kølY
M. e¨v‡ivwgUvi N. MÖvwfwgUvi DËi L
Uwc‡Ki bvg KZ Zg wewmGm ???? 07. †mvwWqvg Gwm‡U‡Ui ms‡KZ
35 36 37 38 40 K.
‡f․ZweÁvb L.
Kve©‡bi eûgyLx e¨envi - - - 1 M.
GU‡gi MVb 2 - - 1 3 N. DËi M
kw³i Drm I e¨envi - 1 1 2 2 08. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm wK?
RviY-weRviY I Zwor - - 1 - 1 K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc
†Kvl M. AvB‡mvevi N. AvB‡mvgvi DËi – L
Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v 1 - 1 - 1
Zi½ I kã - - 1 - UwcKwfwËK Av‡jvPbvq 40Zg mn mKj wewmGm
‣f․Z ivwk Ges Gi - - 1 - wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB
cwigvc 40Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿv Avjv`v e¨vL¨v
‡f․Z weÁv‡bi weKvk - - - 1 †`qv n‡jv bv|
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ I - 1 1 -
Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ
w¯’i I Pj Zwor 1 1 - - c`v‡_©i Ae¯’v
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb, 1 2 - -
01. †Kvb avZz m¦vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K? (33Zg wewmGm)
G·‡i, †ZRw¯…qZv,
K. cvi` L. Rv‡g©wbqvg
UªvÝdg©vi
M. BD‡iwbqvg N. wnwjqvg DËi : K
‡P․¤^KZ¡, Zwor, - 1 - -
†P․¤^K o e¨vL¨v : Ab¨vb¨ avZzi †P‡q cvi‡`i ÷ªvKPvi `ye©j|
GwmW, ÿvi, jeY 2 - - - 1 cÖgvY ZvcgvÎvq cvi‡`i wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K N~Y©biZ
LwbR Drm 1 - - - B‡jKUªb cvi‡`i Ab¨ cigvYyi mv‡_ ms‡hvM eRvq
ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Gi KvwV‡b¨i NvUwZ †`Lv hvq|
‡gvU 8 6 6 5 8
AvaywbK msÁv Abyhvqx, †h mKj †g․j GK ev GKvwaK

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
B‡j±ªb Z¨vM K‡i abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ nq Zv‡`i‡K → ‡eªvwgb AavZzwU mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Zij Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Avgiv avZz e‡j _vwK|
2Hg + 2HNO3 → Hg2(NO3)2 + H2
G Kvi‡YB cvi` avZz n‡jI Zij|
02. me©v‡cÿv nvjKv M¨vm- (33Zg I 34Zg wewmGm)
K. Aw·‡Rb L. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
M. i¨vWb N. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb DËi : L
o e¨vL¨v : nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) ch©vq mviYxi cÖ_g Dcv`vb
†g․j| Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 1 Ges Gi 1wU gvÎ
B‡j±ªb wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i Pviw`‡K †Nv‡i| ZvB
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H2) me‡P‡q nvjKv M¨vm|
c`v_©
‡h e¯‘i wbw`©ó fi Av‡Q, RvqMv `Lj Ges ej cÖ‡qv‡M evuav
cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K c`v_© e‡j| Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
c`v_© KwVb, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv c`v_© Zij Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
c`v_© M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| A_©vr c`v‡_©i †f․Z Ae¯’v wZb
cÖKvi| A_v©r Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e GKB e¯‘ wZb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| i. wek^eªþv‡Ð hv wKQz Av‡Q me wKQz‡KB `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
cvwb cªK…wZ‡Z KwVb, Zij Ges evqexq Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq|
KwVb c`v_©
→ wbw`©ó fi, wbw`©ó AvKvi Ges wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q|
→ AvšÍtKYv (AvšÍt AvYweK) AvKl©Y : me c`v‡_©i
KYv¸‡jvi g‡a¨B GK ai‡bi AvKl©Y ej _v‡K| G‡K
AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ejv nq| KwVb c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y me‡P‡q †ewk| G Kvi‡Y KwVb ii. A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, we`y¨r PgKv‡bv, •e`y¨wZK ¯úvK©,
c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jv Lye KvQvKvwQ Ges wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b
_v‡K, d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó AvKvi nq|
ZvcgvÎv evov‡j KwVb
c`v‡_©i AvqZb Lye Kg
e„w× cvq| †hgb- eid|
wPÎ t KwVb c`v_©
→ Av‡qvwWb (I) AavZz nIqv m‡Ë¡I mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq wcZj, wemgv_, A¨vw›Ugwb BZ¨vw` c`v_©‡K KwVb †_‡K
KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
Zij c`v_©
→ wbw`©ó fi I wbw`©ó AvqZb Av‡Q| wbw`©ó AvKvi †bB| †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk|
wbw`©ó AvKvi bv _vKvq †h cv‡Î ivLv nq †mB cv‡Îi
AvKvi aviY K‡i|
→ AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y : Zi‡ji KYv¸‡jv KwVb c`v‡_©i
KYv¸‡jvi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk `~i‡Z¡ _vKvq G‡`i
g‡a¨ AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ej KwVb c`v‡_©i †P‡q Kg|
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zi‡ji
AvqZb KwVb c`v‡_©i
†P‡q †ewk e„w× cvq|
†hgb- cvwb|
wPÎ : Zij c`v_©
470
evqexq ev M¨vmxq c`v_©
o wbw`©ó fi Av‡Q| wbw`©ó AvKvi ev AvqZb bvB| wbw`©ó
AvKvi bv _vKvq †h‡Kvb cwigvY M¨vmxq c`v_© †h‡Kv‡bv
AvqZ‡bi cv‡Î ivL‡j M¨vmxq c`v_© †mB cv‡Îi cy‡iv
AvqZb `Lj K‡i|
o AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y : M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jv KwVb I
Zi‡ji †P‡q A‡bK ‡ewk `~‡i `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i e‡j
G‡`i AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y ej LyeB Kg|
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i AvqZb
A‡bK †e‡o hvq| wPÎ t M¨vmxq ev evqexq c`v_©
3 wU welq ‡R‡b ivLyb
hvq| h_v- c`v_© I kw³| cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiæb-
c`v_© kw³
c`v‡_©i fi, IRb I kw³i fi, IRb I RoZv
RoZv Av‡Q| †bB|
RvqMv `Lj K‡i Ges ej RvqMv `Lj K‡i bv Ges ej
cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖ‡qv‡M evav cÖ`vb K‡i bv|
D`vniY- Kw¤úDUvi, g‡Wg D`vniY- Zvc, Av‡jv
d¬z‡iv‡m›U evwZ, wbqb evwZ, cøvRgv wUwf, wKQz ai‡bi
wkLv c`v‡_©i PZz_© Av‡iKwU Ae¯’v| hvi bvg cøvRgv|
iii. mvaviYZ ZvcgvÎvi e¨env‡i wb‡¤œv³ NUbv N‡U-
KwVb c`v_© ZvcgvÎv evov‡j → Zij c`v_©
(NbZ¡ †ewk) ZvcgvÎv Kgv‡j (NbZ¡ Kg)
Z‡e Gi e¨wZµg NUbvI N‡U| †hgb- XvjvB †jvnv, eid,
Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j AvqZb K‡g (NbZ¡ ‡e‡o) hvq,
Avevi Zij †_‡K KwV‡b iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j AvqZb †e‡o (NbZ¡
K‡g) hvq| eid cvwb‡Z †f‡m _vKvi KviYI GwU| 40
b`xi cvwbi †P‡q mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z mvuZvi KvUv
mnR, KviY mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi jeY
wgwkÖZ _vKvq mgy‡`ªi cvwbi NbZ¡ †ewk|
e¨vcb (Diffusion)
‡Kv‡bv gva¨‡g KwVb, Zij I evqexq c`v‡_©i ¯^ZtùzZ© I
mgvbfv‡e Qwo‡q covi cÖwµqv‡K e¨vcb e‡j|
D`vniY : N‡ii †Kv‡Y ‡Kv‡bv GKwU myMwÜi wkwki gyL Ly‡j
ivL‡j wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ mviv N‡i myMÜ Qwo‡q c‡o| GwU
e¨vcb cÖwµqvi D`vniY|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 471
KYvi MwZZË¡ (Kinetic Theory of Particles)
AvšÍtKYv AvKl©Y kw³ Ges KYv¸‡jvi MwZkw³ w`‡q c`v‡_©i Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zij‡K M¨v‡m iƒcvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ùzUb
KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v Kivi ZË¡‡KB KYvi e‡j| 1 evqygÐjxq Pv‡c Zvc cÖ`v‡bi d‡j †h ZvcgvÎvq
MwZZË¡ e‡j|
wPÎ t KYvi MwZZË¡
wbtmiY (Effusion)
miæ wQ`ªc‡_ D”PPv‡ci ¯’vb †_‡K †Kvb M¨vm wb¤œPv‡ci ¯’v‡bi
w`‡K m‡Rv‡i †ewi‡q Avmvi cÖwµqv‡K wbtmiY e‡j|
 D`vniY : GKwU †dvjv‡bv †ejyb Avjwcb w`‡q wQ`ª
Ki‡j, †ejy‡bi wfZ‡ii mg¯Í evZvm wQ`ªc_ w`‡q
m‡Rv‡i †ewi‡q †ejybwU Pzc‡m hvq| ‡ejy‡bi †fZ‡i
evZv‡mi Pvc †ewk wQj Ges evB‡i evZv‡mi Pvc Kg
wQj| ZvB D”PPv‡ci cÖfv‡e wQ`ªc_ cvIqvi mv‡_
mv‡_ †ejy‡bi evZvm wb¤œPv‡ci ¯’v‡bi w`‡K avweZ
n‡q‡Q| GwUB g~jZ wbtmiY|
 hvbevn‡b R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e wmGbwR (CNG :
Compressed Natural Gas) e¨envi Kwi| GwU
g~jZ D”PPv‡c msKzwPZ wg‡_b (CH4) M¨vm|
hvbevnb Pvjv‡bvi mgq GwU wmwjÛvi †_‡K m‡Rv‡i
†ewi‡q G‡m Bwćb cÖ‡ek K‡i BMwbkb NUvq|
GLv‡b wbtmi‡Yi NUbv N‡U|
 emZevwo‡Z R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ wmwjÛv‡i M¨vm
(g~jZ †cÖv‡cb I weD‡Ub e¨eüZ nq) fwZ© Kiv nq
Ges wbtmi‡Yi NUbv NwU‡q m‡Rv‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m|
g‡b ivLyb t e¨vcb I wbtmi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv-
e¨vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î Pv‡ci cÖfve †bB wbtmi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Av‡Q
Mjb (Melting)
Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i KwVb Ae¯’v †_‡K Zij
Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqv‡K Mjb e‡j| wbw`©ó Pv‡c
†Kv‡bv KwVb c`v_© †h ZvcgvÎvq Mj‡Z ïiæ K‡i †m
ZvcgvÎv‡K H c`v‡_©i MjbvsK (Melting Point) e‡j|
†hgb- ei‡di Mjbv¼ 00 ‡mjwmqvm| Mjbv¼ wbY©q cÖwµqvi
gva¨‡g KwVb c`v‡_©i weï×Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq| KviY cÖwZwU
KwVb c`v‡_©i GKwU wbw`©ó Mjbv¼ _v‡K| H Mjbv‡¼i †P‡q
†ewk ev Kg n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e c`v_©wU Aweï×|
03. †Kvb KwVb c`v_© weï× bvwK Aweï× Zv wK‡mi
gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Nbxfeb L. ev®úxfeb
M. MjbvsK N. ùzUbvsK DËi M
ùzUb (Boiling)
†Kv‡bv Zij c`v_© M¨vmxq c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq †mB ZvcgvÎv‡K
D³ Zij c`v‡_©i ùzUbv¼ (Boiling point) e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K
weï× Zi‡ji GKwU wbw`©ó ùzUbv¼ _v‡K| †hgb- 1
evqygÛjxq Pv‡c cvwbi ùzUbv¼ 1000C| ùyUbv‡¼i gva¨‡g
†Kvb Zij c`v_© weï× bvwK Aweï× Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
‡R‡b ivLyb t ùzU‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqvwUi bvg Nbxfeb|
ùzU‡bi Rb¨ Zij c`v_©‡K Zvc w`‡Z nq, Nbxfe‡bi
Rb¨ Zij c`v_© †_‡K Zvc mwi‡q wb‡Z nq (Zij c`v_©
RgvU evua‡Z ïiæ K‡i)|
cvZb Ges Ea٩cvZb (Distillation and Sublimation)
‡Kvb Zij‡K Zvc cÖ`vb K‡i H Zij c`v_©‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ
Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ev®úxfeb e‡j| †hgb- Pv‡qi Kv‡c Mig Pv
ivL‡j H Mig Pv †_‡K cvwb ev®úvKv‡i D‡o hvq| GwU
ev®úxfe‡bi D`vniY| Avevi, D³ ev®ú‡K kxZj Ki‡j Zv
Zi‡j cwiYZ nq hv‡K Nbxfeb e‡j| †hgb- Rjxq ev®ú
Zvckw³ wbM©Z K‡i VvÛv n‡q cvwb‡Z cwiYZ nq| GwU
Nbxfe‡bi D`vniY| †Kv‡bv Zij‡K Zvc cÖ`v‡b ev‡®ú
cwiYZ K‡i Zv‡K cybivq kxZjxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zi‡j
cwiYZ Kivi c×wZ‡K cvZb e‡j| j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z eûi
e¨eüZ Distilled water cvZb cÖwµqvq Drcbœ Kiv nq|
cvZb = ev®úxfeb + Nbxfeb
Distillation = Vaporization + Condensation
EaŸ©cvZb t ‡h
cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv KwVb
c`v_©‡K Zvc cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡j †m¸‡jv
Zi‡j cwiYZ bv n‡q
mivmwi evਜ cwiYZ
nq, †mB cÖwµqv‡K
EaŸ©cvZb e‡j| wPÎ t DØvqx c`v‡_©i EaŸ©cvZb
EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v‡_©i ZvwjKv wb¤œiƒc-
wbkv`j (NH4Cl) Kc~©i (C10H16O)
b¨vc_wjb (C10H8) Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW (CO2)
Av‡qvwWb (I2) A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW (AlCl3)
‡ebRwqK GwmW ( )
g‡b ivLyb t EaŸ©cvZ‡bi wecixZ cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq
Zzwnbxfeb| A_©vr †h cÖwµqvq ev®ú‡K VvÛv Ki‡j mivmwi
KwV‡b cwiYZ nq Zv‡K Zzwnbxfeb e‡j|
Av‡iv †R‡b ivLv `iKvi
→ c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi Dc‡i Zv‡ci g‡ZvB Pvc I Nb‡Z¡i
cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 472
→ Pvc (Pressure) : GKK ‡ÿÎd‡ji Dci cÖhy³ ejB Kÿc‡_i B‡j±ªb Ges wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb msL¨v
Pvc| hw` Pvc‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq, ej‡K F mgvb| ZvB fimsL¨v †_‡K B‡j±ªb msL¨v ev` w`‡j
Øviv, †ÿÎdj‡K A Øviv Z‡e- wbDUªb msL¨v cvIqv hvq|
F  wbDUªb msL¨v = fimsL¨v–B‡j±ªb msL¨v =
P ; Pv‡ci GKK c¨vm‡Kj (Pa) = 35 17=18
A
→ Pvc m¤úwK©Z c¨vm‡K‡ji m~Î : GKwU Ave× cv‡Î 03. wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq GKwU cigvYyi kw³- (35Zg wewmGm)
Zij/evqexq c`v‡_© evB‡i †_‡K Pvc †`qv n‡j †mB K. hy³ Ae¯’vi PvB‡Z Kg
Pvc mgvbfv‡e mÂvwjZ n‡q cvÎ msjMœ Mv‡q j¤^fv‡e L. hy³ Ae¯’vi PvB‡Z AwaK
wµqv K‡i| M. hy³ Ae¯’vi mgvb
→ NbZ¡ (Density) : ‡Kvb c`v‡_©i GKK AvqZ‡bi N. †KvbwUB mwVK bq DËi L
fiB n‡jv NbZ¡ (Density). fi (M), AvqZb (V) o e¨vL¨v : wbw¯…q M¨vm Qvov †h †Kvb cigvYy‡Z wew”Qbœ
Ae¯’vq _vKvKv‡j hy³ n‡q †h․M MVb Kivi Zxeª Avmw³
n‡j NbZ¡ = | Nb‡Z¡i GKK kg/m3. †`Lv hvq| mvaviYZ evB‡ii kw³¯Í‡i B‡j±ªb hZ †ewk
→ cøeZv : Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_© AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e _v‡K cigvYyi MwZkw³ ZZ †ewk n‡e| †hgb- ch©vq
wbgw¾Z †Kvb e¯‘i Dci Zij/evqexq c`v_© j¤^fv‡e mviYxi 1 Ges 2 bs MÖæ‡ci avZe †g․jmg~‡ni me©‡kl
†h EaŸ©gyLx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i, Zv‡K cøeZv e‡j| kw³¯Í‡i h_vµ‡g 1wU I 2wU B‡j±ªb _v‡K| d‡j
→ evqy GKwU wgkÖ c`v_©| KviY G‡Z wewfbœ M¨vmxq avZe †g․jmg~n B‡j±ªb eR©b K‡i K¨vUvqb Ges
Dcv`vb _v‡K| AavZe †g․jmg~n B‡j±ªb MÖnY K‡i A¨vbvqb MVb
K‡i| GB K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb ci¯ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ
G‡m AvqwbK eÜb MVb K‡i| hy³ Ae¯’vq ‡Kvb †h․‡Mi
☼ GU‡gi MVb †g․jmg~‡ni Ggb NUbv NUv‡bv mnR nq bv|
01. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq †h ai‡bi wewKiY e¨envi Kiv nq Zv
nj- (38Zg wewmGm) Na → Na+ + e- Cl + e- → Cl-
K. Avjdv †im (Alpha rays) Na + Cl → Na+ + Cl- = NaCl
L. weUv †im (Beta rays)
M. Mvgv †im (Gama rays)
N. G· †im (X Rays) DËi M,N
o e¨vL¨v : ey‡Ki G·-‡i K‡i dzmdz‡mi †ivM †hgb hÿ¥v,
wbD‡gvwbqv, dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi wbY©q Kiv hvq| G·-‡i ‡mvwWqvg cigvYy ‡K¬vwib cigvYy ‡mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW AYy
K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i, ZvB †iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z ZvB wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq GKwU cigvYyi kw³ hy³ Ae¯’vi †P‡q AwaK|
G·-‡i wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| (Z_¨m~Î- beg- 04. eid cvwb‡Z fvmvi KviY ei‡di Zzjbvq cvwbi-
`kg †kÖwYi weÁvb (PZz`©k Aa¨vq : Rxeb evuPv‡Z weÁvb, (34Zg wewmGm)
c„ôv bs- 298)| AviI wKQy myÎg‡Z, wUDgvi, K¨vÝvi K. NbZ¡ Kg L. NbZ¡ †ewk
wewfbœ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq Mvgv-‡i e¨envi Kiv nq| M. ZvcgvÎv †ewk N. `ªeYxqZv †ewk DËi : K
02. ‡g․‡ji wbDUªb msL¨v KZ? (40Zg wewmGm) o e¨vL¨v : XvjvB †jvnv, eid, wcZj, wemgv_, A¨vw›Ugwb
K. 17 L. 18 BZ¨vw` c`v_©‡K KwVb †_‡K Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j
M. 35 N. 70 DËi L Ask AvqZb K‡g (NbZ¡ ‡e‡o) hvq, Avevi Zij
e¨vL¨v : †_‡K KwV‡b iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j AvqZb Ask †e‡o
B‡j±ªb (NbZ¡ K‡g) hvq| ZvB eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
Kÿc_ 05. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi we`y¨r cwievwnZv me‡P‡q †ewk?
wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K (34Zg wewmGm)
(‡cÖvUb + wbDUªb)
K. Zvgv L. iƒcv
wPÎ t B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb, wbDUª‡bi Ae¯’vb M. †mvbv N. Kve©b DËi : L
o e¨vL¨v : Zwor cwievwnZv n‡jv †g․‡ji GKwU ag© hv
Kÿc‡_ _v‡K B‡j±ªb Ges wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K †cÖvUb I ‡g․‡ji ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
wbDUªb| GLv‡b 35 = ‡cÖvUb + wbDUªb = fimsL¨v| hw` †Kvb cwievn‡Ki †iva R nq, cwievn‡Ki

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 473
cwievwnZv G = | ‡Kvb cwievn‡Ki Zwor cwievwnZv K. c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvUb I wbDUªb _v‡K
L. †cÖvUb abvZ¥K Avavbhy³
n‡”Q Gi †iv‡ai wecixZ| Zvgv, iƒcv, †mvbv BZ¨vw`
M. B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ DËi N
we`y¨r mycwievnx| Gi g‡a¨ iƒcvi we`y¨r cwievwnZv
N. B‡jKUªb cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i
me‡P‡q †ewk (ZvB G‡`i g‡a¨ iƒcvi ‡iva me‡P‡q
Kg)| o e¨vL¨v : B‡j±ªb FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³, †cÖvUb abvZ¥K
PvR©hy³ Ges wbDUªb PvR© wbi‡cÿ| cigvYy PvR©
06. cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m Kx Kx _v‡K? (23Zg I 34Zg wewmGm)
wbi‡cÿ nq, cigvYy‡Z B‡j±ªb I †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb
K. wbDUªb I †cÖvUb L. B‡j±ªb I †cÖvUb D- K
_vKvi Kvi‡Y|
M. wbDUªb I cwRUªb N. B‡j±ªb I cwRUªb
o e¨vL¨v : A¨vUg (Atom)
B‡j±ªb
wMÖK Ôa’ A_© bv Ges Ôtom’ A_© wefvR¨| `vk©wbK
Kÿc_ ‡W‡gvwµUv‡mi m¤§v‡b weÁvbx Rb Wvë‡bi ‡`qv bvg ÔAtom’
wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K k‡ãi A_© cigvYy| wLªóc~e© cÂg kZvãx‡Z wMÖK `vk©wbK
+ (‡cÖvUb + wbDUªb) †W‡gvwµUvm c`v‡_©i AwefvR¨ KYvi aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘
wPÎ t B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb, wbDUª‡bi Ae¯’vb ‡mmg‡qi wMÖK wPšÍvaviv Ges Gwi÷Ujxq cÖfv‡ei Rb¨ Zvui GB
hyMvšÍKvix gZev` Pvcv c‡o hvq| ciewZ©‡Z 1803 mv‡j
07. fvix cvwbi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ- (31Zg I 33Zg wewmGm) AvaywbK imvq‡bi RbK weªwUk weÁvbx Rb Wvë‡bi cigvYyev`
K. 2H2O2 L. H2O DËi : M †W‡gvwµUv‡mi hyMvšÍKvix gZev`‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡i|
M. D2O N. HD2O2
AYy
o e¨vL¨v : nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc wZbwU| h_v- GKB †g․j ev wfbœ †g․‡ji `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYy ci¯ú‡ii
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ( H), wWD‡Uwiqvg ( D), wUªwUqvg ( T)| mv‡_ ivmvqwbK e܇bi gva¨‡g hy³ _vK‡j Zv‡K AYy e‡j| GwU
cvwbi AYy MV‡bi mgq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) Gi cwie‡Z© c`v‡_©i (‡g․wjK/‡h․wMK) •ewkó¨ iÿvKvix ÿz`ªZg KYv|
hLb wWD‡Uwiqvg (D) e¨eüZ nq ZLb †mB cvwb‡K cigvYy
fvix cvwb (D2O) ejv nq| nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi GKwU ‡g․wjK c`v‡_©i •ewkó¨ iÿvKvix ÿz`ªZg KYvB n‡jv
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c wWD‡Uwiqvg ( D) G nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ( H) cigvYy| cigvYy ivmvqwbK wewµqvq mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i|
Gi Zzjbvq GKwU wbDUªb msL¨v †ewk _v‡K| d‡j cigvYy PvR© wbi‡cÿ A_©vr mgvb msL¨K B‡j±ªb I †cÖvUb
D2O, mvaviY cvwb (H2O)-Gi A‡cÿv 11 fvM †ewk _v‡K| cigvYy wZbwU †g․wjK KYv w`‡q MwVZ| †m¸‡jv
Nb nq| GRb¨ D2O ‡K fvix cvwb ejv nq| n‡jv- B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb, wbDUªb|
08. cigvYy (Atom) PvR© wbi‡cÿ nq, KviY cigvYy‡Z- B‡j±ªb (e-) ‡cÖvUb (p / H+) wbDUªb (n)
(24Zg wewmGm) FYvZ¥K PvR© abvZ¥K PvR© PvR© wbi‡cÿ
K. wbDUªb I †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v mgvb cÖK…Z Avavb ev PvR©
L. †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi IRb mgvb -1.6  10-19 Kzj¤^ +1.6  10-19 Kzj¤^ 0
M. wbDUªb I †cÖvUb wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K cÖK…Z fi
N. B‡j±ªb I †cÖv‡Uv‡bi msL¨v mgvb DËi : N 9.11  10-28 g 1.673  10-24g 1.675  10-24g
o e¨vL¨v : cigvYy‡Z wZbwU †g․wjK KYv w`‡q MwVZ| Av‡cwÿK Avavb
h_v- B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUªb| B‡j±ªb, †cÖvUb I -1 1 0
wbDUª‡bi Ae¯’vb 8 bs cÖ‡kœ jÿ¨ Kiæb| Av‡cwÿK fi
B‡j±ªb FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³, †cÖvUb abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Ges 0 1 1
wbDUªb PvR© wbi‡cÿ| cigvYy PvR© wbi‡cÿ nq, 10. wbDUªb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- (22Zg wewmGm)
cigvYy‡Z B‡j±ªb I †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y| K. wKDwi L. iv`vi‡dvW©
jÿ¨ Kiæb- M. P¨vWDBK N. _gmb
wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K †cÖvUb + wbDUªb Kÿc‡_ B‡j±ªb
‡cÖvUb : 1.6  10-19 + wbDUªb : 0 B‡j±ªb : -1.6  10- o e¨vL¨v : 1932 mv‡j wbDUªb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib P¨vWDBK,
19 1897 mv‡j †R †R _gmb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib B‡j±ªb Ges
(wbDwK¬qvm) Ges (Kÿc_) 1919 mv‡j †cÖvUb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib iv`vi‡dvW©|
G Kvi‡YB cigvYy‡K PvR© wbi‡cÿ ejv nq| cvigvYweK msL¨v I fimsL¨v
09. wb‡¤œi †Kvb evK¨wU mZ¨ bq? (35Zg wewmGm) 11. Av‡m©wb‡Ki cvigvYweK msL¨v KZ? (24Zg wewmGm)

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 474
K. 39 L. 32 nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wZbwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc
M. 33 N. 34 DËi : M cÖZxK ‡cÖvUb fimsL¨v wbDUªb
bvg
o e¨vL¨v : Av‡m©wb‡Ki (As) cvigvYweK msL¨v 33| msL¨v (Z) (A) msL¨v
32, 34 , 39 h_vµ‡g Rv‡g©wbqvg (Ge), †m‡jwbqvg (A-Z)
(Se) Ges BwUªqvg (Y)-Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb H 1 1 0
ev †cÖvwUqvg
‡Kvb †g․‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡m ‡Kvb cigvYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z
wWD‡Uwiqvg H 1 2 1
Aew¯’Z †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v‡K †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨vi
H †g․‡ji cvigvYweK †hvMdj‡K H †g․‡ji wUª w Uqvg H 1 3 2
msL¨v e‡j| fimsL¨v e‡j|
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi
fimsL¨v (A) 13. ‡iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨eüZ nq- (23Zg wewmGm)
K. wKWwbi cv_i Mjv‡Z L. wcËcv_i Mjv‡Z DËi :M
cvigvYweK msL¨v (Z) Na M. MjMÛ †ivM wbY©‡q N. bZzb cigvYy •Zwi‡Z
o e¨vL¨v : MjMÛ nj _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i †dvjv hv Nvo ev
wbDUªb msL¨v N = A Z ¯^ihš¿‡K dzwj‡q †`q| †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨envi K‡i
wb‡¤œv³ ‡ivMmg~‡ni wbivgq Kiv hvq-
wKQz †g․‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v hv cixÿvq Av‡m
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) 1 cUvwkqvg (K) 19 AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg
wnwjqvg (He) 2 K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) 20 Av‡qvwWb- 131 [ I] _vBi‡qW K¨vÝvi
Kve©b (C) 6 ‡µvwgqvg (Cr) 24 ‡Kvevë- 60 [ Co] wUDgvi
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N) 7 Avqib (Fe) 26 BwiwWqvg ‡eªBb K¨vÝvi
Aw·‡Rb (O) 8 Kcvi (Cu) 29 dmdivm- 32 [ p] i‡³i wjD‡Kvwgqv
wbqb (Ne) 10 wRsK (Zn) 30 → †ivM wbY©q †UKwbwkqvg-99 { Tc}
‡mvwWqvg (Na) 11 Av‡m©wbK (As) 33 → K…wl‡ÿ‡Î- ‡ZRw¯…q bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, †ZRw¯…q dmdivm|
g¨vM‡bwkqvg (Mg) 12 ‡eªvwgb (Br) 35 → we`y¨r Drcv`b- BD‡iwbqvg
A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) 13 wµÞb (Kr) 36
wmwjKb (Si) 14 ‡Rbb (Xe) 54 14. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm wK?
dmdivm (P) 15 cøvwUbvg (Pt) 78 K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc
mvjdvi (S) 16 ‡Mvì (Au) 79 M. AvB‡mvevi N. AvB‡mvgvi DËi – L
‡K¬vwib (Cl) 17 cvi` e gvK©vwi (Hg) 80 e¨vL¨v : 14 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb|
AvM©b (Ar) 18 ‡iWb (Rn) 86
AvB‡mv‡Uvb
14. ‡h mKj wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDUªb mgvb wKš‘ fi msL¨v
AvB‡mv‡Uvc (Isotopes) mgvb bq, Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq- (22Zg I 29Zg wewmGm)
12. AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci ‡ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? (21Zg I 31Zg K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc L. AvB‡mv‡Uvb
wewmGm) M. AvB‡mvgvi N. AvB‡mvevi DËi : L
K. fi msL¨v mgvb _v‡K
L. wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K o e¨vL¨v : ‡hme cigvYyi wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb, wKš‘
M. †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K fimsL¨v I †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb, Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii
N. †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb _v‡K DËi : N AvB‡mv‡Uvb e‡j|
g‡b ivLvi kU©KvU: AvB‡mv‡Uvb = wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb
e¨vL¨v : GKB †g․‡ji †hmKj cigvYyi ‡cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb
wKš‘ fimsL¨v I wbDUªb msL¨v wfbœ, Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii S, Cl, Ar, K
AvB‡mv‡Uvc ejv nq| K‡qKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvb
g‡b ivLvi kU©KvU: AvB‡mv‡Uvc = †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb bvg cÖZxK ‡cÖvUb fimsL¨v wbDUªb
msL¨v (Z) (A) msL¨v
wewfbœ AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci D`vniY- (A-Z)
H, H, H; U, U, U mvjdvi S 16 36 20

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 475
‡K¬vwib Cl 17 37 20 ☼ Kve©‡bi eûgyLx e¨envi
AvM©b Ar 18 38 20 01. †Kvb M¨vmwU ÔWªvB AvBmÕ •Zwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq?
cUvwkqvg K 19 39 20 (38Zg wewmGm)
K. Aw·‡Rb
AvB‡mvevi L. Kveb WvB-A·vBW
‡h mKj cigvYyi fimsL¨v (‡cÖvUb + wbDUªb) mgvb wKš‘ M. mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW
†cÖvUb msL¨v I wbDUªb msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii N. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvB-A·vBW DËi K
AvB‡mvevi e‡j| o e¨vL¨v : ï®‥ Kve©b WvB-A·vB†Wi KwVb iƒc‡K WªvB
g‡b ivLvi kU©KvU: AvB‡mvevi = fimsL¨v mgvb AvBm e‡j| A‡bK Kg ZvcgvÎvq Ges Kg Pv‡c
( ZvcgvÎvq Ges 5.13 atm Pv‡c) M¨vmxq
AvB‡mvev‡ii D`vniY Kve©b WvB-A·vBW‡K †i‡L w`‡j †mwU Zi‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ
bvg cÖZxK ‡cÖvUb fimsL¨v wbDUªb bv n‡q mivmwi KwVb c`v‡_©i AvKvi aviY K‡i| GB
msL¨v (Z) (A) msL¨v KwVb c`v_©wU‡K WªvB AvBm e‡j|
(A-Z)
Kcvi Cu 29 64 35 e¨envi : Mv‡bi †÷‡R ev wewfbœ Abyôv‡bi mgq Kzqvkvi
wR¼
gZ †avuqv †`L‡Z cvB- GwU Avm‡j WªvB AvBm| iv¯Ívq
Zn 30 64 34
Mwo‡Z K‡i †hme AvBmwµg wewµ Kiv nq, †mme
cigvYy g‡Wj (Atomic Model) AvBmwµg msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ WªvB AvBm e¨envi Kiv nq|
cigvYyi MVb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ weÁvbx wewfbœ mg‡q gZev` WªvB AvBm wngvMv‡i wRwbmcÎ msiÿ‡Y Ges Rvnv‡R
†`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨- iv`vi‡dvW© K‡i `~‡i cPbkxj cY¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
cigvYy g‡Wj Ges †evi cigvYy g‡Wj| 02. cÖvK…wZK e¯‘i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q k³ c`v_© †KvbwU? (18Zg
I 23Zg wewmGm)
o iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYy g‡Wj : 1911 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx K. Wzivjwgb L. msKi avZz
iv`vi‡dvW© GB g‡Wj cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB g‡WjwU‡K
M. nxiK N. wcZj DËi- M
†mvjvi wm‡÷g g‡Wj ev †m․i g‡Wj ejv nq| GB
g‡W‡j cÖ_g cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qv o e¨vL¨v : cÖK…wZ‡Z wKQz †g․j hv eûiƒcZv cÖ`k©b K‡i
nq| ZvB G‡K wbDwK¬qvi g‡WjI ejv nq| ciewZ©‡Z A_©vr GKB †g․j wewfbœ MV‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ag© cÖ`k©b
g¨v·I‡q‡ji ZË¡vbymv‡i iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYyy g‡Wj K‡i| G mg¯Í †g․j‡K eûiƒcx †g․j ejv nq| Kve©b
evwZj n‡q hvq| n‡jv GiKgB GKwU eûiƒcx †g․j| Kve©‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv
iƒc‡f‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv nxiK Ges MÖvdvBU|
nxi‡Ki ewnt¯Í‡ii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kve©b cigvYy cvk^©eZx©
B‡j±ªb PviwU Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× n‡q
wbDwK¬qvm PZz¯ÍjKxq MVb •Zwi K‡i hvi d‡j nxi‡Ki ewnt¯Í‡i
Kÿc_ †Kvb gy³ B‡jKUªb _v‡K bv| Gfv‡e cigvYy¸‡jv Ave×
n‡q A‡bK eo Ges RwUj cÖK…wZi wµ÷vj MVb K‡i|
wPÎ t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj ZvB GKwU cigvYy Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv
A_©vr Zv‡`i Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b nq bv| G Kvi‡YB
o ‡evi cigvYy g‡Wj : iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡ji nxivi wµ÷vj G‡Zv †ewk k³ nq| Aciw`‡K Kve©‡bi
wewfbœ ÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i 1913 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx wbjm& Aci iƒcc‡f` MÖvdvBW lofzRxq MVb •Zwi K‡i Ges
†evi cigvYyi GKwU bZzb g‡Wj cÖ`vb K‡ib| GwU‡K Kve©‡bi me©ewn¯’ ¯Í‡ii PviwU B‡jKUª‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU
†evi cigvYy g‡Wj ejv nq| ‡evi cigvYy g‡Wj †_‡KB gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i| Avi G Kvi‡YB Kve©‡bi Aci
cÖ_g cigvYyi kw³¯Íi m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| iƒc‡f` MÖvdvBU we`y¨r cwievnx n‡jI nxiK we`y¨r
kw³ †kvlY Acwievnx|
kw³ wbM©Z

+ kw³¯Íi
wPÎ t wbjm& †ev‡ii
cigvYy g‡Wj
wPÎ : nxi‡Ki MVb

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 476
→ ‡cw݇ji mxmv •Zwi Ki‡Z MÖvdvBU e¨envi Kiv nq|  weï× cvwbi pH = 7 ( log10=1)
→ KvP KvU‡Z Ges Mnbv wn‡m‡e nxiK e¨envi Kiv nq| pH Gi gvb cwigvc Kiv nq 0-14 ch©šÍ| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv
nxivq KwVbZg c`v_© nIqvq KvP KvU‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †_‡K eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ weï× cvwbi pH = 7 A_©vr wbi‡cÿ|
Kve©‡bi A·vBW Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW M¨vmxq Ges GwmW ag©x hw` †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 7 Gi †P‡q Kg nq Zvn‡j
hv Av¸b ‡bfv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Zv‡K GwmwWK `ªeY Ges hw` †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 7
→ RjR kvgyK, wSby‡Ki †Lvjm MwVZ- Kve©‡bU w`‡q| Gi †_‡K †ewk nq Z‡e †mB `ªeYwU ÿvixq `ªeY| ZvB Avgiv
→ cvwb‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi `ªeY‡K ejv nq †mvWv ej‡Z cvwi, pH n‡jv GwmW, ÿvixq I wbi‡cÿ wb‡`©kK|
IqvUvi| n¨vÛvimb mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ evdvi `ªe‡Yi Gi
→ Kve©b GKwU AavZz I weRviK c`v_©| gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|
→ ‡cÖvwWDmvi M¨v‡m _v‡K- bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ( ) Ges Kve©b 02. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †ewKs cvDWv‡ii g~j Dcv`v‡bi ms‡KZ?
WvB A·vBW ( )| (35Zg wewmGm)
→ IqvUvi M¨v‡mi Dcv`vb- nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) I Kve©b g‡bv K. L.
A·vBW (CO)| M. N. ( )2 DËi M
→ ï®‥ eid •Zwi‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW e¨eüZ nq|
→ B¯úv‡Z Kve©‡bi cwigvY- 0.15-1.50%| e¨vL¨v : ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (
→ ‡mvwWqvg avZz wb®‥vk‡b MÖvdvBW A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e `xN©w`b a‡i e¨eüZ nIqvi myev‡` GB jeYwU A‡bK
e¨eüZ nq| bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb- †ewKs †mvWv, †eªW †mvWv, KzwKs
→ cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z gWv‡iUi wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †mvWv, evBKve©‡bU Ae †mvWv BZ¨vw`|
MÖvdvBU| 03. †mvwWqvg Gwm‡U‡Ui ms‡KZ (40Zg wewmGm)
→ cxU Kqjvi •ewkó¨ nj- †fRv I big| K.
→ ‡Kvb ‣Re e¯‘i Am¤ú~Y© `n‡bi d‡j Kve©b WvB A·vBW L.
M¨vm Drcbœ nq| M.
→ Kve©nvB‡Wª‡U ( ) Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I N. DËi M
Aw·‡R‡bi AbycvZ 1 : 2 : 1|
→ Kve©b †h․‡Mi AdzišÍ fvÐvi nIqvi KviY K¨v‡U‡bkb| e¨vL¨v: ‡mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡U‡Ui ms‡KZ |
→ cwjw_b †cvov‡j Gi DcKiY cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW cy‡o B_vbwqK Gwm‡W mv‡_ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi
Drcbœ nq- Kve©b g‡bv A·vBW (CO) | wewµqvq †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UW Drcbœ nq|
B_vbwqK GwmW ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU cvwb
☼ A¤ø, ÿviK, jeY ☼
→ K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡KZ
01. pH n‡jv- (35Zg wewmGm) ZzZ ev eøy wfwUªqj
K. GwmW wb‡`©kK ‡Uw÷s më ev g‡bv‡mvwqvg MøyUv‡gU
L. ÿvixq wb‡`©kK mv`v wfwUªqj ev nxiv †Kvl
M. GwmW I ÿvixq wb‡`©kK weøwPs cvDWvi
N. GwmW, ÿvixq I wbi‡cÿ wb‡`©kK DËi N Lvevi †mvWv ev ‡mvwWqvg evB Kve©‡bU
o e¨vL¨v : ‡Kvb Rjxq `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ A¤øxq bvwK ÿvixq ‡mvnvMv ev †eviv·
bvwK wbi‡cÿ cÖK…wZi BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ pH GKK K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU
e¨envi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi pH n‡jv H `ªe‡Y
Dcw¯’Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi (H+) NbgvÎvi FYvZ¥K 04. Mvwoi e¨vUvwi‡Z †Kvb GwmW e¨eüZ nq? (34Zg wewmGm)
K. bvBwUªK L. mvjwdDwiK
jMvwi`g| A_©vr-
M. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK N. cvi‡K¬vwiK DËi : L
pH = -log [H+]
+ +
[H ] Øviv H Avq‡bi ‡gvjvi NbgvÎv A_©vr 1 wjUvi o e¨vL¨v : ‡m․i c¨v‡b‡j •Zwi †m․iwe`y¨r msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨,
`ªe‡Y KZ †gvj H+ Avqb i‡q‡Q †mUv †evSv‡bv nq| ev evmvevwo‡Z AvBwcGm (IPS) Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges
Mvwo‡Z †h e¨vUvwi e¨envi Kiv nq, Zvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq
1 wjUvi weï× cvwb‡Z H+ Gi cwigvY 10-7 †gvj GKwU Dcv`vb n‡jv mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4)|
weï× cvwbi pH = -log [H+] = - log (10-7) evm, UªvK BZ¨vw`i e¨vUvwi wn‡m‡e †jW †÷v‡iR
 pH = - (-7) log 10 = 7 log 10 (Lead storage battery) e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡jW

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 477
GwmW e¨vUvwi •Zwi nq †cøU, avZz (‡jW-Pb) Ges GmKiweK Gi Afv‡e gvbe‡`‡n ¯‥vwf© (Scurvy) ‡ivM
avZe A·vBW (‡jW A·vBW-PbO2) Gi mv‡_ 35% nq| ‣Re GwmWmg~n-
mvjwdDwiK GwmW I 65% cvwbi wgkÖY †_‡K| GmKiweK ev wfUvwgb wm mvBwUªK GwmW
UviUvwiK GwmW A·vwjK GwmW
05. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z †Kvb GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq?
[32Zg I 24Zg (evwZj) wewmGm] g¨vwjK GwmW
K. mvBwUªK GwmW L. bvBwUªK GwmW DËi : L 09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ÿviKxq A·vBW? (29Zg wewmGm)
M. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW N. UviUvwiK GwmW K. P4O10 L. MgO
06. K…wl Rwg‡Z cÖavbZ Pzb e¨envi Kiv nq- (31Zg wewmGm) M. CO N. ZnO DËi : L
K. gvwUi ÿq †iv‡ai Rb¨ o e¨vL¨v : mvaviYZ avZz ev avZzi g‡Zv wµqvkxj
L. gvwUi A¤øZv e„w×i Rb¨ †h․Mg~j‡Ki A·vBW Ges nvB‡Wªv·vBW hv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_
M. gvwUi A¤øZv n«v‡mi Rb¨ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K ÿviK
N. gvwUi •Re c`v_© e„w×i Rb¨ DËi : M e‡j| †hgb-
o e¨vL¨v : gvwUi GwmwWwU wbw®…q Kivi Rb¨ †h Pzbvcv_i CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
e¨envi Kwi, GB Pzbvcv_i (CaCO3) GKwU jeY| KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2O
K…wl Rwg‡Z GwmwWwUi KviY A¤ø gvwU‡Z gvwUi KYvi NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O
3+
Pviw`‡K H+, Al Avqb we`¨gvb| Pzb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j CaO Ges KOH QvovI ÿvi‡Ki D`vniY n‡”Q:
CaCO3 mv‡_ GB Avqbmg~n wewµqv K‡i Al2(CO3)3 †mvwWqvg A·vBW (NaO2), K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
Ges H2CO3 ‣Zwi K‡i| G¸‡jv c‡i †f‡½ wM‡q Ca(OH) 2, ‡divm A·vBW (FeO), ‡mvwWqvg
Al2O3, CO2, H2O ‡Z cwiYZ nq| gvwUi KYvi nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH), g¨vM‡bwmqvg A·vBW
Pviw`‡K Ca2+, K+ Avqb I Ab¨vb¨ ÿvixq Avqb (MgO), cUvwkqvg A·vBW (K2O) BZ¨vw`| avZz ev
_v‡K| Gfv‡e Pzb gvwU †_‡K A¤øZv `~i K‡i| avZzi g‡Zv wµqvkxj ‡h․Mg~j‡Ki A·vBWmg~n‡K
3+ ÿviKxq A·vBW ejv nq| nvW© IqvUvi‡K mdU Ki‡Z
Al3+ + Al +
H H + H e¨eüZ nq K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW (CaO)|
H+
+  CaCO3 → + H2 CO 3
H +
K+ Mg2+ K Mg2+ A¤ø I ÿv‡ii aviYv
Acid soil (A¤øxq gvwU) Basic soil (ÿvixq gvwU) GwmW-ÿv‡ii B‡j±ªbxq gZev` t
H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 GwmW : B‡j±ªbxq gZev` Abymv‡i, †hme †h․M gy³ †Rvo
07. `y‡a _v‡K- (32Zg wewmGm) B‡j±ªb MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K GwmW e‡j| h_v-
K. mvBwUªK GwmW L. j¨vKwUK GwmW
M. bvBwUªK GwmW N. GwmwUK GwmW DËi : L ÿviK : ‡hme †h․M gy³ †Rvo B‡j±ªb Z¨vM K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K
ÿviK e‡j| h_v-
o `y‡a _v‡K j¨vKwUK GwmW| cixÿvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
K‡qKwU dj Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z Dcw¯’Z Gwm‡Wi bvg wb‡P  ÿviK I wb‡`©k‡Ki wewµqvi d‡j is cwieZ©b t
†`qv n‡jv- wb‡`©kK wb‡`©k‡Ki is ÿvi‡Ki aviYK…Z is
d‡ji bvg Dcw¯’Z GwmW jvj wjUgvm KvMR jvj bxj
AvOzi, Kgjv, †jey mvBwUªK GwmW wg_vBj A‡iÄ Kgjv njy`
‡ZuZzj UviUvwiK GwmW ‡dbjd‡_wjb eY©nxb ‡Mvjvwc
U‡g‡Uv A·vwjK GwmW wg_vBj †eøW jvj njy`
AvgjwK GmKiweK GwmW  A‡¤øi I wb‡`©k‡Ki wewµqvi d‡j is cwieZ©b t
Av‡cj, Avbvim g¨vwjK GwmW wb‡`©kK wb‡`©k‡Ki is Gwm‡Wi aviYK…Z is
Z_¨m~Î: Aóg †kÖwYi weÁvb (`kg Aa¨vq t A¤ø, ÿviK, jeY)
jvj wjUgvm KvMR bxj jvj (m~Î : Abxjv)
08. †KvbwU •Re GwmW? (32Zg wewmGm) wg_vBj A‡iÄ Kgjv jvj (m~Î : GKjv)
K. bvBwUªK GwmW L. j¨vKwUK GwmW DËi : M
M. GwmwUK GwmW N. mvjwdDwiK GwmW  ‣`bw›`b Rxe‡b GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqvi ¸iæZ¡ t
o djg~j ev mewR‡Z †h mKj GwmW _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K •Re GwmW I ÿv‡ii wewµqv n‡jv cÖkgb wewµqv| cÖkgb
GwmW e‡j| G‡`i‡K LvIqv hvq Ges †Kvb †Kv‡bvwU wewµqvq jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq| †hgb- mdU wWªsKm
gvbe †`‡ni Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq| †hgb- wfUvwgb wm ev cvb Kivi Kvi‡Y †c‡U e¨_v Abyfe Kivi KviY

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 478
cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq AwaK HCl GwmW wbtm„Z n‡q‡Q|
†c‡Ui e¨_v Abyfe n‡j g¨vM‡bwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ev ïaygvÎ nvB‡Wªv·vBW g~jKavix cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq ÿviK¸‡jvB
A¨vjywgwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi cÖkgb wewµqv N‡U, hvi n‡jv ÿvi| †hgb- †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW (NaOH).
d‡j AwZwi³ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬wiK GwmW (HCl) wbw¯…q n‡q
hvq Ges e¨_v Avi _v‡K bv| wewµqvwU wb‡P †`Lv‡bv o ivRA¤ø (Aqua regia) : 1 AvqZwbK Mvp
n‡jv-
GwmW + ÿvi → jeY + cvwb
2HCl + Mg(OH)2 → MgCl2 + 2H2O
3HCl + Al(OH)3 → AlCl3 + 3 H2O
→ wZbwU `ye©j GwmW I wZbwU kw³kvjx Gwm‡Wi bvg
wjLyb| (35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ)
`y&e©j GwmW kw³kvjx GwmW
GwmwUK GwmW (CH3COOH) mvjwdDwiK GwmW (H2SO4)
mvBwUªK GwmW (C6H8O7) bvBwUªK GwmW (HNO3)
A·vwjK GwmW (COOH-HOOC)
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW (HCl)
→ GwmW (Acid), ÿviK (Base) I ÿvi (Alkali) Gi
msÁv wjLyb| ivRA¤ø (Aqua regia) Kv‡K e‡j?
o GwmW (Acid) : Avi‡nwbqv‡mi AvqwbK gZev`
Abymv‡i, GwmW GK ai‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ hv
cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ki‡j Gwm‡Wi AYy we‡qvwRZ n‡q
(‡f‡½) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb ev †cÖvUb (H+) `vb K‡i|
A_©vr GB †ÿ‡Î †h․MwU‡K Aek¨B nvB‡Wªv‡Rbhy³ †h․M
n‡Z n‡e| †hgb- nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW (HCl),
mvjwdDwi GwmW (H2SO4), bvBwUªK GwmW (HNO3)
HCl (aq) → H+ +
H2SO4 (aq) → 2 H+ + SO42-(aq)
HNO3 (aq) → H+ + NO3-
o ÿviK (Base) : avZz ev avZzi g‡Zv wµqvkxj
†h․Mg~j‡Ki A·vBW Ges nvB‡Wªv·vBW hv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_
wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K ÿviK
e‡j| †hgb-
CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2O
NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O
Avi‡nwbqv‡mi gZev` Abymv‡i, ‡h mKj c`v_© Rjxq
`ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªvw·j Avqb cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ÿviK
e‡j| ‡hgb-
NaOH(aq) → Na+ +
o ÿvi (Alkali) : avZz ev avZzi g‡Zv wµqvkxj
†h․Mg~j‡Ki nvB‡Wªv·vBW †h․M hv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq
Zv‡`i‡K ÿvi e‡j| A_©vr †Kvb †h․‡Mi ÿvi nevi kZ©
2wU i‡q‡Q|
i. ‡h․MwU‡Z nvB‡Wªv·vBW (OH-) ‡h․Mg~jK _vK‡Z n‡e|
ii. H ‡h․MwU‡K cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡Z n‡e|
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW I 3 AvqZwbK Mvp bvBwUªK
Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY‡K ivRv¤ø ev A¤øivR ev GKzqv wiwRqv
e‡j| †mvbv, iƒcv, BwiwWqvg ev cøvwUbv‡gi gZ
AwfRvZ avZz¸‡jv‡K †h‡Kvb NbgvÎvi †Kvb Zxeª GwmW
ØvivI `ªexf~Z Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ GKzqv wiwRqv mn‡RB
GB AwfRvZ avZz¸‡jv‡K `ªexf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|
→ eªb‡÷W jvDwii †cÖvUbxq gZev`
o GwmW : eªb‡÷W jvDwii †cÖvUbxq gZev` Abymv‡i
ÔGwmW n‡”Q Ggb GKwU c`v_©, †h․M ev Avqb hv Ab¨
c`v_©‡K †cÖvUb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ|
‡cÖvUb nj | Gi A_© n‡jv GwmW n‡Z †M‡j †h․‡M
Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb- HCl AYy, H2SO4
AYy, Avqb, AYy,
Avqb| Giv mK‡jB †cÖvUb `vb K‡i Ges Giv mevB
GwmW|
HCl + → +
GLv‡b GwmW †_‡K †Q‡o †`qv †cÖvUb (HCl) cvwb ( )
MÖnY K‡i nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avq‡b ( ) cwiYZ nq|
o ÿviK (Base) : ‡h mKj ‡h․M Ab¨ †h․M †_‡K †cÖvUb
MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ÿviK e‡j| h_v-
HCl + → +
GLv‡b A¨v‡gvwbqv ( ) ‡cÖvUb ( ) MÖnY K‡i
A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avq‡b ( ) cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
o AbyeÜx ÿviK : †Kvb GwmW ev A¤ø †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb
( ) Acmvi‡Yi d‡j †h ÿvi‡Ki m„wó nq, Zv‡K †m
A‡¤øi AbyeÜx ÿviK e‡j| †hgb-
HCl → +
A¤ø AbyeÜx ÿviK
eªb‡÷W jvDwii ‡cÖvUbxq gZev` Abymv‡i, ÿviK †cÖvUb
`vZvi wbKU †_‡K †cÖvUb MÖnY K‡i Ges Gi Rb¨ ÿviK
FYvZ¥K Avqb wewkó ev gy³ †Rvo B‡j±ªb wewkó cÖkg AYy
n‡q _v‡K| †h‡nZz GKwU FYvZ¥K Avqb, ZvB mn‡RB
†cÖvUb `vZvi wbKU †_‡K †cÖvUb MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G
Kvi‡Y ‡K AbyeÜx ÿviK ejv nq|
o AbyeÜx A¤ø : †Kvb ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU ‡cÖvUb ( )
ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j †h Gwm‡Wi m„wó nq Zv‡K AbyeÜx A¤ø
e‡j| †hgb-
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 479
†M‡j cwigvYg‡Zv Pzb (CaO) w`‡q e¨envi Kiv
GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, A¨v‡gvwbqv ( ) Gi mv‡_ GKwU nq| Avevi gvwUi PH †e‡o †M‡j cwigvYg‡Zv
‡cÖvUb ( ) ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avq‡b ( ) A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU (NH4)2SO4,
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB msÁvbymv‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avq‡b A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU (NH4)3PO4 BZ¨vw` mvi
( ) AbyeÜx A¤ø ev GwmW| e¨envi K‡i gvwUi PH Kgv‡bv nq|
 Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ •Re ivmvqwbK wewµqvq PH:
A¤ø I ÿv‡ii ‣ewkó¨ kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k wewfbœ •Re ivmvqwbK wewµqv
N‡U Zvi Rb¨ kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½ wewfbœ PH
o Gwm‡Wi •ewkó¨ gv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wb‡Pi Q‡K †m¸‡jv D‡jøL
 GwmW avZe A·vBW ev ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv Kiv n‡jv-
K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
A‡½i bvg PH
CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
avZe A·vBW GwmW jeY cvwb cvK¯’jx 1
 GwmW bxj i‡Oi wjUgvm‡K jvj i‡Oi wjUgvm gvby‡li Z¡K 4.8-5.5
†ccv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i| (bxjv) g~Î 6
 GwmW UK ¯^v`hy³| †hgb- †ZuZz‡ji wfZ‡i i³ 7.43-7.45
UviUvwiK GwmW _v‡K| ZvB †ZuZzj GZ UK| AMœ¨vkq im 8.10
 GwmW Rjxq `ªe‡Y †cÖvUb ( ) `vb K‡i|
HCl (aq) → H+ +  cÖmvabx (Cosmetics) e¨env‡i : Z¡‡Ki PH
 Gwm‡Wi pH Gi gvb 7.00 Gi Kg nq| 4.8-5.5 Gi g‡a¨ _vK‡j Z¡K A¤øxq cÖK…wZi hv
 GwmW mwµq avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I Z¡‡K RxevYyi AvµgY ev eske„w× cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm •Zwi K‡i| h_v- ZvB cÖmvabxi PH 4.8-5.5 Gi g‡a¨ _vKv
2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2 fv‡jv|

o ÿvi‡Ki ‣ewkó¨ → PH ‡¯‥j : e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î PH Gi gvb 0-14 ch©šÍ

ÿviK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
Drcbœ K‡i|
CaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O PH Gi gvb wb‡`©k K‡i
H
ÿviK GwmW jeY cvwb P = 7.00 wbi‡cÿ
 ÿviK Rjxq `ªe‡Yi ‡cÖvUb MÖnY K‡i| PH ˃7.00 ÿvixq
 ÿviK jvj i‡Oi wjUgvm‡K bxj i‡Oi wjUgv‡m PH < 7.00 A¤øxq
cwiYZ K‡i| pH n‡jv GwmW, ÿvixq I wbi‡cÿ wb‡`©kK
 ÿvi‡Ki pH Gi gvb 7.00 Gi ‡ewk nq| o pH ‡ccvi : ARvbv Gi gvb Rvbvi Rb¨ pH ‡ccvi
e¨envi Kiv nq| †Kvb `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ GK UzKiv pH
A¤ø I ÿv‡ii wb‡`©kK, PH cwigvc I ¸iæZ¦ †ccvi †hvM Ki‡j †ccv‡ii e‡Y©i cwieZ©b N‡U| `ªe‡Y
→ K‡qKwU wb‡`©k‡Ki bvg wjLyb Ges Zv GwmW I ÿvixq KZ pH gv‡bi Rb¨ pH †ccv‡ii eY© Kxiƒc n‡e Zvi
gva¨‡g Kx eY© cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv D‡jøL Kiæb| Rb¨ ÷¨vÛvW© Kvjvi PvU© Av‡Q| G Pv‡U©i mv‡_ `ªe‡Yi
DËi : 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb| pH †ccv‡ii eY© †`‡L ARvbv `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb
Rvbv hvq|
→ cÖkœ : PH ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? PH Gi ¸iæZ¡ D‡jøL
Kiæb|
o pH wgUvi : pH wgUvi e¨envi K‡i Gi gvb Rvbv hvq|
DËi : PH : weMZ eQ‡ii wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi 1 bs jeY
cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb| o A¤ø I ÿvi‡Ki wewµqvq cvwb QvovI hv Drcbœ nq Zv‡K
o PH Gi ¸iæZ¡ jeY e‡j| †hgb- , NaCl BZ¨vw`|
 K…wl‡ÿ‡Î : Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ gvwUi PH Gi gvb HCl + NaOH → NaCl +
6.00-8.00 Gi g‡a¨ _vKv fvj| gvwUi PH Gi GwmW + ÿvi jeY cvwb
3.00 Gi Kg ev 10.00 Gi †ewk n‡j gvwUi
DcKvix AYyRxe gviv hvq| gvwUi PH Gi gvb K‡g o wkí-KviLvbvq bvbv Kv‡R jeY Acwinvh©| †hgb-
Pvgovwk‡í Pvgovi U¨vwbs Ki‡Z, gvLb I cwb‡ii

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
wk‡ívrcv`‡b, Kvco KvPvi †mvWv I Lvevi †mvWv •Zwi
Ki‡Z, †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi Zwor we‡kølY BZ¨vw`
Kv‡R Lvevi jeY e¨eüZ nq| †ek wKQz jeY †hgb- o e¨vL¨v : 01 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb|
Kcvi mvj‡dU ( ), gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU
( ), wmjfvi mvj‡dU ( ), wkí-
KviLvbvq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
‡R‡b ivLyb
→ wdUwKwii ms‡KZ- hv
gqjv cvwb cwi®‥v‡ii Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| A¨vjywgwbqvg
mvj‡dU‡K PjwZ fvlvq wdUwKwi ejv nq|
→ K‡ji cvwb‡Z mvaviYZ †K¬vwib (Cl) _v‡K|
→ Li cvwb ej‡Z mvaviYZ mvev‡bi ‡dbv nq bv| cvwbi ev®ú Xz‡K ‡jvnvi c„ô‡K µgvMZ ÿq Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e
LiZvi KviY K¨vjwmqvg evBKve©‡bU . †jvnvi •Zwi cy‡iv wRwbmwUB GK mgq bó n‡q hvq|
→ kvgyK I wSby‡Ki †Lvjm Ges Avgiv †h PK w`‡q †jwL
Zv K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU ( w`‡q •Zwi|
→ A¨vm‡emUm- AwMœwb‡ivaK LwbR c`v_©|
→ Kvco KvPvi †mvWv-
→ cøv÷vi Ae c¨vwim ejv nq- GK AYy cvwb mn‡hv‡M
MwVZ K¨vjwmqvg mvj‡dU ( AYy‡K|
→ wMÖb wfwUªqj-
→ 7 Aby cvwbhy³ g¨vM‡bwkqvg mvj‡dU‡K
( ejv nq Bcmg jeY|
≜ c`v‡_©i ÿq ≜ o B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs : Zwor we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g †jvnvi •Zwi
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z †Kvb GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq?
(32Zg I 24Zg evwZj wewmGm)
K. mvBwUªK GwmW L. bvBwUªK GwmW
M. nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW N. UviUvwiK GwmW
o e¨vL¨v : 1 AvqZwbK Mvp nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW I 3
AvqZwbK Mvp bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY‡K ivRv¤ø ev
A¤øivR ev GKzqv wiwRqv e‡j| †mvbv, iƒcv, BwiwWqvg
ev cøvwUbv‡gi gZ AwfRvZ avZz¸‡jv‡K †h‡Kvb o wR AvB wk‡U cÖ‡jc : N‡ii Pv‡ji wR. AvB wk‡U `¯Ívi
NbgvÎvi †Kvb Zxeª GwmW ØvivI `ªexf~Z Kiv hvq bv|
wKš‘ GKzqv wiwRqv mn‡RB GB AwfRvZ avZz¸‡jv‡K
`ªexf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| Lv`mn ¯^Y© G‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q hvq|
d‡j Lv` ¯^Y© †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q hvq| Gfv‡e GKzqv
wiwRqv ¯^‡Y©i Lv` `~i K‡i| †h‡nZz GKzqv wiwRqv‡Z 3
AvqZwbK Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW _v‡K| ZvB mwVK DËi
bvBwUªK GwmW|
02. ÔA¨v‡Kvqv wiwRqvÕej‡Z †evSvq- (17Zg wewmGm)
K. Kb‡mb‡Uª‡UW mvjwdDwiK GwmW
L. Kb‡mb‡Uª‡UW bvBwUªK GwmW
480
M. Kb‡mb‡Uª‡UW mvjwdDwiK Ges bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY
N. Kb‡mb‡Uª‡UW bvBwUªK I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY
֍ 01 (L) DËigvjv
‡jvnvq gwiPv cov 02 (N) ֍
‡jvnvi (Avqib ev Fe) ‣Zwi wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ †hgb: Qzwi,
KvuwP, euwU, `v BZ¨vw` hš¿cvwZ gy³ Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`‡j G‡`i
c„‡ô gwiPv c‡o| GLv‡b Avqib evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb I Rjxq
ev‡®úi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Av`ª© †dwiK A·vBW ev gwiPv •Zwi
K‡i| G‡Z avZzi c„ôZj ÿq nq| gwiPv SvuSiv RvZxq
c`v_© nIqvq Gi wfZi w`‡q evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb Ges Rjxq
2Fe + +3 →
→
gwiPv
gwiPvq cvwbi AYy i msL¨v wbw`© ó bq| myZivs gwiPvi
ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ | n Gi gvb 1, 2, 3
BZ¨vw` †h‡Kvb c~ Y © msL¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
gwiPv cov †iva Kivi Dcvq
o gwiPvi ÿq †_‡K Avqib‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †jvnvi •Zwi
`ªe¨vw`i Dci is Ki‡j †mwU Avi evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k©
Avm‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j gwiPv co‡Z cv‡i bv|
`ª‡e¨i Dci †jvnv A‡cÿv Kg mwµq Aci GKwU avZzi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q B‡jK‡Uªv‡cøwUs K‡i †jvnvi •Zwi `ªe¨vw`‡K
(‡hgb- Nwoi †PB‡b †µvwgqv‡gi cÖ‡jc †`qv nq)
gwiPvi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv hvq|
g‡b ivLyb : †Kvb avZzi Dci wRs‡Ki cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K
M¨vjfvbvBwRs Ges wU‡bi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K wUb †cøwUs e‡j|
o ‡jvnvi myP‡K iÿvi Dcvq : ‡mjvB Kivi Rb¨ myP‡K
bvi‡Kj †Z‡ji wfZi Wzwe‡q ivLv nq| KviY myP hv‡Z
evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb I Rjxq ev‡®úi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ÿq bv
nq| Gfv‡e †jvnvi •Zwi my‡P gwiPv cov †iva Kiv hvq|
cÖ‡jc _v‡K| `¯Ívi cÖ‡j‡ci Kvi‡Y wR. AvB wk‡Ui
mv‡_ cvwb ev Aw·‡Rb mivmwi wµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
‡mRb¨ gwiPv c‡o bv|
o cvwbi cvB‡c `¯Ívi cÖ‡jc : cvwbi cvB‡c `¯Ívi cÖ‡jc
†`qv nq gwiPvi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨| G cÖ‡jc
†jvnvi cvBc‡K cvwb I evZv‡mi ms¯ú‡k© Avmv †_‡K
iÿv K‡i|
Zvgv (Cu) I A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) Gi ÿq‡iva
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
‡jvnvi •Zwi `ªe¨vw` QvovI Avgiv •`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡b Kcvi- o
A¨vjywgwbqvg Gi `ªe¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _vwK| Cu I Al Gi
`ªe¨vw` evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i
Dci CuO I Gi GKwU Av¯ÍiY c‡o| cieZ©x‡Z
evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb D³ Av¯ÍiY †f` K‡i Avi Cu ev Al Gi o
ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Avi wewµqv mvwaZ nq bv|
myZivs Cu ev Al Gi ÿq mvwaZ nq bv| Giƒ‡c CuO I
h_vµ‡g Cu I Al †K iÿv K‡i|
GwmW e„wó (Acid Rain)
AavZzi A·vBW¸‡jv cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i wewfbœ GwmW
Drcbœ K‡i| weky× evqy‡Z wKQz cwigvY Kve©b WvB-A·vBW
( ) Ges bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi wewfbœ A·vBW _v‡K| cÖvYx k^vm
wµqvi mgq evqy‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW ( ) wbtmiY
K‡i| Avevi †h ¯’v‡b eRªcvZ nq †mB ¯’v‡b evqyi ZvcgvÎv
30000 C nq| G ZvcgvÎvq evqy‡Z Dcw¯’Z I mvevb n‡jv D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi †mvwWqvg jeY (R-COONa)
wewµqv K‡i NO Drcbœ K‡i| NO evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv
RvwiZ n‡q Drcbœ K‡i| `~wlZ evqy‡Z , CO
_v‡K| e„wói cvwb‡Z G mKj A·vBW `ªexf~Z n‡q GwmW
Drcbœ K‡i| GB GwmW e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ cwZZ nq| e„wói
cvwb‡Z GwmWhy³ n‡q e„wó cvwbi pH Gi gvb 4 ev ZviI
Kg n‡q †M‡j †m e„wó‡K GwmW e„wó e‡j|
+ (l) → ‡mvWv A¨vk
2 + (l) → +
→ (NaOH)| Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Gi mv‡_
e„wói cvwbi pH Gi gvb 5 ‡_‡K 6 Gi g‡a¨ nq| wKš‘ gbyl¨
m„ó wKQz KviY †hgb-
 wewfbœ hvbevnb †_‡K, we`y¨r †K›`ª †_‡K,
KjKviLvbv †_‡K cÖPzi cwigvY Kve©b-WvB-
A·vBW ( ) evZv‡m P‡j Av‡m, hv e„wói
cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©wbK GwmW
( ) Drcbœ K‡i|
 GQvovI BUfvUv cÖf…wZ‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I
mvjdvihy³ Kqjv ev †c‡U&ªvwjqvg e¨envi Ki‡j
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I mvjdv‡ii wewfbœ A·vBW Drcbœ
K‡i| Giv e„wói cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q wewfbœ GwmW
•Zwi K‡i Ges GB GwmWmg~n e„wói cvwbi mv‡_
gvwU‡Z cwZZ nq|
Z_¨KwYKv
o Mvp GwmW I Mvp ÿvi AZ¨šÍ ÿqKviK c`v_©| G¸‡jv
Kvco-‡Pvco‡K ÿq Ges Z¡‡K jvM‡j kixi‡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
o A¨vKzqv wiwRqv : 01 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb|
481
hy³iv‡óªi ÷¨vPz Ae wjevwU©‡Z Zvgvi Dci meyR Av¯ÍiY
covq GwU ‡`L‡Z Clr meyR e‡Y©i n‡q‡Q| G Av¯Íi‡Yi
bvg Zv¤ª gj| GwU fv¯‥h©wU‡K ÿ‡qi nvZ †_‡K iÿv
K‡i P‡j‡Q|
e„wói cvwb‡Z gv‡e©j cv_‡ii •Zwi ZvRgn‡ji ÿwZ nq
KviY bvBwUªK GwmW gv‡e©j cv_‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq K¨vjwmqvg bvB‡UªU I Kve©b WvBA·vBW
Drcbœ K‡i|
o avZz‡K ÿq‡iva Kivi Rb¨ Zvi Dci Zwor cÖ‡jcb
Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡K bvBwUªK GwmW w`‡q cwi®‥vi Ki‡Z
nq|
∓ mvev‡bi KvR ±
mvevb
ev cUvwkqvg jeY (R-COOK)| GLv‡b R ‡K A¨vjKvBj g~jK
ejv nq| ‡Zj ev Pwe©i (mvevb ‣Zwivi KvuPvgvj) mv‡_ †mvwWqvg
nvB‡Wªv·vBW I cUvwkqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW wewµqv K‡i mvevb I
wMømvwib •Zwi K‡i| mvevb I wMømvwib (DcRvZ wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq)
•Zwii G cÖwµqv‡K mvevbvqb e‡j|
bvg ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ
Kvco KvPv †mvWv
Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
†mvwWqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW (NaOCl) wgwkÖZ _v‡K|
mvevb (‡mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU)
mvevb (cUvwkqvg w÷qv‡iU)
wWUvi‡R›U
→ mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui cwi®‥vi Kivi †K․kj
mvevb I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui g~j KvR n‡jv Kvco-‡Pvco
†_‡K †Zj‡K AcmviY Kiv Ges cvwb w`‡q a~‡q
a~jvevwj‡K AcmviY Kiv| Avgv‡`i kixi †_‡K •Zjv³
c`v_© †ei n‡q Kvc‡o †j‡M hvq| GQvov evZvm †_‡K
wKQz •Zjv³ c`v_© Kvc‡o †j‡M hvq| Gici a~jvevwj
GB •Zjv³ c`v‡_©i Dci †j‡M gqjv •Zwi K‡i|
Z_¨KwYKv
o cÖmvabx mvevb : Z¡K‡K cwi®‥vi Kivi Rb¨ †hme mvevb
e¨envi Kiv nq †mme mvevb‡K cÖmvabx mvevb e‡j|
o jwÛª mvevb : Kvco-‡Pvco cwi®‥vi Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv
†hme mvevb e¨envi Kwi Zv‡`i‡K Kvco KvPv mvevb ev
jwÛª mvevb ejv nq|
o mvevb Li cvwb‡Z fvj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wWUvi‡R›U
Li cvwb‡Z fvj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvev‡bi †P‡q
wWUvi‡R‡›Ui cwi®‥viKi‡Yi ÿgZv †ewk|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 482
o mvevb‡K k³ K‡i- †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU| → m„wóRM‡Zi mKj e¯‘ Zv‡`i f‡ii Kvi‡Y G‡K Aci‡K
o ‡kwfs mvev‡bi Dcv`vb- Kw÷K cUvk| †h ej w`‡q AvKl©Y K‡i, †mUvB n‡jv gnvKl© ej| `ywU
e¯‘i GKwU c„w_ex n‡j Zv‡K AwfKl© e‡j|
≜ ‡f․Z ivwk Ges Gi cwigvc ≜ → wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~‡Îi D`vniY- GKRb gvbyl
nvuUvi mgq cv w`‡q hLb gvwU‡K av°v †`q, ZLb gvwUI
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ gvbylwU‡K av°v †`q; gvwSi jwM w`‡q †b․Kv †V‡j wb‡q
01. M.K.S c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK- (33Zg wewmGm) hvIqv|
K. wK‡jvMÖvg L. cvDÛ → e‡ji GKK wbDUb (N)| c„w_ex‡Z Ny‡iwd‡i Pvi
M. MÖvg N. AvDÝ ai‡bi ej i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K †g․wjK ej ejv nq|
e¨vL¨v : M. K. S c×w‡Z‡Z f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg, h_v- gnvKl© ej, Zwor †P․¤^K ev we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq ej,
•`‡N©¨i GK wgUvi, mg‡qi GKK †m‡KÛ| `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej I mej wbDwK¬q ej|
→ GK eM©Bw = = 6.45 eM©‡mw›UwgUvi|
02. KvR I e‡ji GKK h_vµ‡g- (31Zg wewmGm)
→ GK KzB›Uvj = 100 wK‡jvMÖvg|
K. wbDUb I wgUvi L. Ryj I WvBb
M. IqvU I cvDÛ N. c¨vm‡Kj I wK‡jvMÖvg → GK wgUvi = 39.37 BwÂ|
→ Zij c`v‡_©i cÖPwjZ cwigvcK GKK = wjUvi|
֍ 01 (K) DËigvjv 02 (L) ֍ → ‣e`y¨wZK ÿgZvi GKK = IqvU|
‡g․wjK ivwk → Zvc I Kv‡Ri GKK = Ryj|
‡g․wjK ivwk¸‡jv n‡”Q •`N©¨, fi, mgq, •e`y¨wZK cÖevn, → ‡Mvj‡Ki AvqZ‡bi m~Î- NbGKK|
ZvcgvÎv, c`v‡_©i cwigvY I `xcb ZxeªZv| GB mvZwU → AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z AvqZ‡bi GKK- NbwgUvi|
†g․wjK ivwki AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z mvZwU GKK‡K e‡j SI → GK gvBj = 1.61 wK‡jvwgUvi| GK wK‡jvwgUvi =
GKK (SI G‡m‡Q divwm fvlvi Systeme International 0.62 gvBj|
d’ Unites K_vwU †_‡K)| Pvjy nq 1960 wLª÷v‡ã| → GK wK‡jvMÖvg = 2.20 cvDÛ|
ivwk Unit GKK Symbol → GK †n±i = 10 nvRvi eM©GKK|
‣`N©¨ meter wgUvi m → wmwRGm c×wZ‡Z •`‡N©i GKK ‡mw›UwgUvi|
fi kilogram wK‡jvMÖvg kg → GK NbwgUvi cvwbi fi = 1000 †KwR ev 1000
mgq second ‡m‡KÛ s wjUvi|
we`y¨r cÖevn ampere A¨vw¤úqvi A
ZvcgvÎv kelvin ‡Kjwfb K
c`v‡_©i cwigvY mole ‡gvj mol ≜ ‡f․Z weÁv‡bi Dbœqb ≜
`xcb ZxeªZv candela K¨v‡Ûjv cd weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
Z_¨KwYKv 01. †jRvi iwk¥ †K KZ mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib? (evwZjK„Z
24Zg wewmGm)
→ wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m~Î †_‡K aviYv cvIqv hvq- RoZv I K. †evi, 1963 L. iv`vi‡dvW©, 1919
ej m¤ú‡K©| ÔÔevB‡i †_‡K ‡Kv‡bv ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j M. nvBM¨vb, 1919 N. gvBg¨vb, 1960
w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vKv e¯‘ 02. d‡bvMÖvd Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- (23Zg wewmGm)
mg‡e‡M Pj‡Z _vK‡e|Ó K. gvK©wb L. d¨viv‡W
→ RoZv : ej cÖ‡qvM bv Kiv ch©šÍ e¯‘ †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q M. i›U‡Rb N. GwWmb
†mB Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z PvIqvi †h cÖeYZv, †mUvB RoZv| 03. e¨v‡ivwgUvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib-
→ Z¡iY : Z¡iY n‡”Q mg‡qi mv‡_ †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi| K. GwWmb L. M¨vwjwjI
A_©vr †Kvb e¯Íi †eM hw` t mg‡q u ‡_‡K cwiewZ©Z M. U‡iwmwj N. RR© †Kwj
n‡q v nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Z¡iY a n‡”Q- 04. we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb
→ wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Î n‡jv- e¯‘i fi‡e‡Mi •eÁvwb‡Ki Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk?
cwieZ©‡bi nvi cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvbycvwZK Ges GB K. †eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb L. AvBR¨vK wbDUb
cwieZ©b cÖhy³ e‡ji mij‡iLv eivei wµqv K‡i| M. Ugvm GwWmb N. †fvëv
→ wbDU‡bi MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î- cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB mgvb 05. cvigvYweK †evgv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib †K?
wecixZ cÖwZwµqv i‡q‡Q| K. AvBb÷vBb L. I‡cb‡nBgvi
M. A‡Uvn¨vb N. †iv‡RbevM©

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
GB cÖkœ¸‡jv gyL¯’ Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv ‡evSv‡bvi welq
bv| ZvB e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jv bv|
֍ DËigvjv ֍ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
01 (N) 02 (N) 03 (M) 04 (M) 05 (L)
c`v_©weÁv‡bi µgweKvk
(Development of Physics)
Avw`ce©
o eZ©gv‡b c`v_©weÁvb ej‡Z Avgiv †h welqwU‡K ‡evSvB
cÖvPxbKv‡j †mwU ïiæ n‡qwQj †R¨vwZwe©`¨v,
Av‡jvKweÁvb, MwZwe`¨v Ges MwY‡Zi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kvLv
R¨vwgwZi mgš^‡q|
o wMÖK weÁvbx †_wjm (BC 584-624) cÖ_g Kvh©KviY
Ges hyw³ Qvov ïay ag©, AZxw›`ªq Ges †c․ivwYK
KvwnwbwfwËK e¨vL¨v MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb|
†_wjm me©cÖ_g m~h©MÖn‡Yi fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
†jvW‡÷v‡bi †P․¤^K ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Zb|
o MwYZwe` I weÁvbx wc_v‡Mvivm (BC- 527) R¨vwgwZ
QvovI K¤úgvb Zv‡ii Ici †g․wjK KvR K‡iwQ‡jb|
o wMÖK `vk©wbK †W‡gvwµUvm (460 BC) cÖ_g aviYv †`b
†h, Òc`v‡_©i AwefvR¨ GKK Av‡Q, hvi bvg †`Iqv
n‡qwQj GUg (GB bvgwU AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb e¨envi
K‡i _v‡K)|
o gvwU, cvwb, evZvm I Av¸b w`‡q mewKQz •Zwi nIqvi
gZev`wU wQj- Gwi÷U‡ji|
o Avwi¯ÍvKm (310 BC) cÖ_‡g m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi
aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zvui Abymvix †m‡jDKvm hyw³ZK©
w`‡q ‡mwU cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb, hw`I †mB hyw³¸‡jv GLb
Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q|
o wMÖK weÁvb Ges MwYZ Zvui m‡e©v”P wkL‡i D‡VwQj-
me©Kv‡ji GKRb †kÖô weÁvbx AvwK©wgwW‡mi (287
BC) mgq| Zij c`v‡_© EaŸ©gyLx e‡ji (cøeZv)
welqwU GL‡bv weÁvb eB‡qi cvV¨m~wP‡Z _v‡K| †Mvjxq
Avqbvq m~h©iwk¥‡K †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i `~i †_‡K kÎæi
hy×Rvnv‡R Av¸b awi‡q wZwb hy‡× mnvqZv K‡iwQ‡jb|
o Biv‡Zvw¯’wbm (276 BC) : mwVKfv‡e c„w_exi e¨vmva©
‡ei K‡iwQ‡jb|
wMÖK‡`i Ae`v‡bi ci †`o nvRvi eQi Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©v
cÖvq eÜ wQj| ïay fviZxq, gymwjg Ges Pxbv avivi mf¨Zv
wMÖK avivi GB ÁvbPP©v‡K evuwP‡q †i‡LwQj|
o fviZe‡l© Avh©fÆ (476), eªþ¸ß Ges fv¯‥ivPvh© MwYZ
I ‡R¨vwZwe©`¨vi A‡bK g~j¨evb KvR K‡i‡Qb| k~b¨‡K
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© e¨envi Kivi welqwUI fviZe‡l©
(Avh©fÆ) Kiv n‡qwQj|
483
o gymwjg MwYZwe` Avj †LvqvwiRwgi †jLv ÔAvj Rvwei Iqvj
†gvKvwejvÕ eB †_‡K eZ©gvb ÔGj‡ReivÕ bvgwU G‡m‡Q|
o Be‡b Avj nvBqvg (965) ‡K Av‡jvKweÁv‡bi ¯’cwZ
o Avj gvmyw` (896) cÖK…wZi BwZnvm wb‡q 30 L‡Ð
GKwU GbmvB‡K¬vwcwWqv wj‡LwQ‡jb|
o Igi •Lqv‡gi bvg mevB Kwe wn‡m‡e Rvb‡jI, wZwb
wQ‡jb DuuPzgv‡ci MwYZwe`, †R¨vwZwe©` Ges `vk©wbK|
o Pxbv weÁvbx †kb Kz‡qvi (1031) Pz¤^K wb‡q KvR
K‡i‡Qb Ges åg‡Yi mgq K¤úvm e¨envi K‡i w`K
wba©viY Kivi welqwU D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb|
weÁv‡bi DÌvbce©
o BD‡ivcxq †iu‡bmvi hy‡M A_©vr †lvok Ges mß`k
kZvãx‡Z BD‡iv‡c c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z GKwU
we¯§qKi wecø‡ei ïiæ nq|
o ‡Kvcvwb©Kvm : 1543 mv‡j †Kvcvwb©Kvm Zvui GKwU eB‡q
m~h©‡Kw›`ªK GKwU †m․iRM‡Zi e¨vL¨v †`b (eB‡qi cÖKvkK
ag©hvRK‡`i f‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb †h GwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii e¨vL¨v
bq, ïay GKwU MvwYwZK mgvavb gvÎ)|
o M¨vwjwjI (1564-1642) : ‡Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi ZË¡wU
†jvKPÿzi Avov‡j c‡o wQj Ges †mwU mevi mvg‡b wb‡q
Av‡mb M¨vwjwjI| M¨vwjwjI‡K A‡bK mgq AvaywbK
weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi
cÖe³v nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pv‡P©i †Kvcvb‡j c‡owQ‡jb Ges †kl
Rxe‡b Zvu‡K M„ne›`x n‡q KvUv‡Z nq|
o wbDUb : 1687 wLªóv‡ã weÁvbx wbDUb ejwe`¨vi wZbwU
Ges gnvKl© e‡ji m~Î cÖKvk K‡ib, †hwU ej Ges
MwZwe`¨vi wfwË •Zwi K‡i †`q|
o K¨vjKzjvm Avwe®‥vi : weÁvbx wbDUb wjewb‡Ri mv‡_
MwY‡Zi GKwU kvLv K¨vjKzjvm Avwe®‥vi K‡iwQ‡jb|
o Zvc m¤úwK©Z : Aóv`k kZvãxi Av‡M Zvc‡K finxb
GK ai‡bi Zij wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv| 1798
mv‡j KvD›U ivg‡dvW© †`Lvb, Zvc GK ai‡bi kw³
Ges hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| AviI
A‡bK weÁvbxi M‡elYvi Ici wfwË K‡i jW© †Kjwfb
1850 mv‡j Zvc MwZweÁv‡bi (_v‡g©vwWbvwg‡·i) `ywU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~Î w`‡qwQ‡jb|
o we`y¨r I Pz¤^K : 1778 mv‡j Kzj¤^ •e`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i
†fZiKvi e‡ji Rb¨ m~Î Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| 1800 mv‡j
†fvëv •e`y¨wZK e¨vUvwi Avwe®‥vi Kivi ci we`y¨r wb‡q
bvbv ai‡bi M‡elYv ïiæ nq| 1820 mv‡j I‡qi‡÷W
†`Lvb we`y¨r cÖevn w`‡q Pz¤^K •Zwi Kiv hvq| 1831
mv‡j d¨viv‡W Ges †nbwi wVK Zvi wecixZ cÖwµqvwU
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| Zviv †`Lvb †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi cwieZ©b
K‡i we`y¨r •Zwi Kiv hvq| 1864 mv‡j g¨v·I‡qj Zvi
weL¨vZ g¨v·I‡q‡ji mgxKiY w`‡q cwieZ©bkxj we`y¨r
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 484
I †P․¤^K‡ÿ·K GKB m~‡Îi gv‡S wb‡q G‡m †`Lvb †h
Av‡jv Avm‡j GKwU we`y¨r ‡P․¤^Kxq Zi½| we`y¨r I
Pz¤^K Avjv`v wKQz bq, Avm‡j G `ywU GKB kw³i `ywU o
wfbœ iƒc| GwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx GKwU Avwe®‥vi wQj, KviY
1801 mv‡j Bqs cixÿvi gva¨‡g Av‡jvi Zi½ a‡g©i
cÖgvY K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb|
AvaywbK c`v_©weÁv‡bi m~Pbv
o 1803 mv‡j Wvëb cvigvYweK ZË¡ w`‡q‡Qb, 1897
mv‡j _gmb †mB cigvYyi †fZi B‡jKUªb Avwe®‥vi
K‡i‡Qb|
o 1911 mv‡j iv`vi‡dvW© †`wL‡q‡Qb,ÔcigvYyi †K‡›`ª LyeB
ÿz`ª wbDwK¬qv‡m cwRwUf PvR©¸‡jv _v‡KÕ| wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj
wbDwK¬qvm‡K wN‡i NyišÍ B‡jKUª‡bi g‡WjwU †Kv‡bvfv‡e
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv, KviY we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq m~Î Abyhvqx GB
Ae¯’vq B‡jKUªb Zvi kw³ weKxiY K‡i wbDwK¬qv‡mi
†fZi c‡o hv‡e wK¯‘ ev¯Í‡e KL‡bv N‡U bv|
o ‡Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ : 1900 mv‡j g¨v· cø¨v¼ †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GB ZË¡ e¨envi K‡i cieZx©‡Z
cigvYyi w¯’wZkxjZv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj|
o m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy : wewKiY msµvšÍ †Kvq›Uvg msL¨vqb
Z‡Ë¡i mwVK MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb cÖ‡dmi
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy hv †evm AvBb÷vBb msL¨vqb ZË¡ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z wZwb †h Ae`vb
†i‡LwQ‡jb Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc GK‡kÖwYi ‡g․wjK KYv‡K
†evmb (†evm) bvg †`Iqv nq|
1900-1930 mv‡ji GB mgqwU‡Z A‡bK eo eo weÁvbx
wg‡j †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡wU‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
o w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU : 1905 mv‡j AvBb÷vB‡bi
w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU †_‡K me©Kv‡ji me‡P‡q PgKcÖ`
m~Î ‡ei n‡q Av‡m, †hLvb †_‡K †`Lv‡bv
nq e¯‘i fi‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv m¤¢e|
o ‡Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ w_Iwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU e¨envi
K‡i wWivK 1931 mv‡j cÖwZ c`v‡_©i (Anti
Particle) Aw¯ÍZ¡ †NvlYv K‡ib, †hwU c‡ii eQ‡iB
Avwe®‥…Z n‡q hvq|
o 1895 mv‡j i›U‡Rb G·-‡i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| 1896
mv‡j †eK‡ij †`Lvb †h, cigvYyi †K›`ª †_‡K †ZRw¯…q
wewKiY n‡”Q|
o 1899 mv‡j wcqv‡i Kzwi I gv`vg †gwi Kzwi †iwWqvg
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Ges weÁvbxiv eyS‡Z cv‡ib cigvYy¸‡jv
Avm‡j Awebk^i bq, †m¸‡jv †f‡½ ‡ZRw¯¿q wewKiY
n‡Z cv‡i|
mv¤úªwZK c`v_©weÁvb
o B‡jKUªwbKm Ges AvaywbK cªhyw³i Avwe®‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y
kw³kvjx G‡·‡j‡iUi •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges A‡bK
†ewk kw³‡Z G‡·‡j‡iU K‡i bZzb KYv Avwe®‥…Z n‡Z
_v‡K|
Standard Model e¨envi K‡i bZzb KYv¸‡jvi fi
e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq e‡j f‡ii Rb¨ wnMm †evmb bv‡g
GKwU bZzb KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ fwel¨ØvYx Kiv nq| 2013
mv‡j cixÿvMv‡i wnMm †evmb kbv³ KivwU ZvwË¡K
c`v_©weÁv‡bi weivU mvdj¨ wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB
Avwe®‥viK wU‡g evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx Rvwn` nvmvb wQ‡jb|
→ w÷‡db nwKÝ GKRb-
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we`
M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe DËi L
o 1924 mv‡j nvej †`wL‡qwQ‡jb wek^eªþv‡Ði me¸‡jv
M¨vjvw· G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q, †hwU cÖ`k©b
K‡i †h wek^eªþvÐ ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| weÁvbxiv
†`Lvb cÖvq †P․Ï wewjqb eQi Av‡M ÔweM e¨vsÕ bv‡g
GKwU cÖPÐ we‡ùvi‡Y wek^eªþvÐ •Zwi nIqvi ci †mwU
cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| AwZ m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb,
GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g hv‡e bv Ges wek^eªþv‡Ði
mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e| wR
j¨v‡gUi weM e¨vs ZË¡wUi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i| AwZ
m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb, GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g
hv‡e bv Ges wek^eªþv‡Ði mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K
`~‡i m‡i hv‡e| ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wUi AvaywbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb
K‡ib w÷‡db nwKÝ|
o WvK© g¨vUvi I WvK© GbvwR© : c`v_©weÁvbxiv `„k¨gvb MÖn
bÿÎ M¨vjvw·i gvÎ 4 kZvsk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡ib,
evwK e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡j inm¨gq WvK© g¨vUvi I WvK©
GbvwR©i aviYv †g‡b wb‡Z nq| hvi MVb wb‡q weÁvbxiv
M‡elYv K‡i hv‡”Qb|
o KwVb c`v‡_©i weÁvb (Solid State) wb‡q M‡elYv
Aa©cwievnx c`v‡_©i Rb¥ †`q, †h¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i
eZ©gvb B‡j±ªwbKm M‡o D‡V‡Q, †hwU eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi
wfwËg~j|
℉ ‡P․¤^KZ¡ I Zwor †P․¤^K ℃
01. †Kvb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. UªvÝdg©vi L. Wvqbv‡gv
M. ‣e`y¨wZK gUi N. ûBj DËi L
o e¨vL¨v :
hš¿ KvR
UªvÝdg©vi wb¤œwefe‡K D”Pwef‡e Ges D”Pwefe‡K
wb¤œwef‡e iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
Wvqbv‡gv hvwš¿K kw³‡K ‣e`y¨wZK kw³‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
•e`y¨wZK ‣e`y¨wZK kw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ
gUi K‡i|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 485
02. †KvbwU Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq?- B¯úvZ| (33Zg → w¯úKv‡i ev Gqvi‡dv‡b †h kã †kvbv hvq †mLv‡b
wewmGm) ZvwoZPz¤^K e¨envi Kiv nq| GLv‡b k‡ãi K¤úb Ges
03. cvi¯úvwiK Av‡ek‡K e¨envi Kiv nq- UªvÝdg©v‡i| ZxeªZvi mgvb we`y¨r cÖevn cvVv‡bv nq, †mB we`y¨r GKUv
(32Zg wewmGm) ZvwoZPz¤^K ev B‡j‡±ªvg¨vM‡b‡Ui †P․¤^KZ¡ k‡ãi K¤úb ev
04. ‡Uc †iKW©vi I Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq e¨envi Kiv ZxeªZvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i •Zwi K‡i †mUv Wvqv‡d«g‡K Kvucvq
nq- ¯’vqx Pz¤^K ev wmivwgK Pz¤^K| (28Zg wewmGm) Ges †mB Wvqvd«vg mwVK kã •Zwi K‡i|
05. K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvi kã iwÿZ _v‡K- Pz¤^K‡ÿÎ wn‡m‡e| → c„w_ex GKwU weivU `Ð Pz¤^K : f~-c„‡ôi †Kv_vI GKwU `Ð
(23Zg wewmGm) Pz¤^K Szwj‡q w`‡j Zv me©`v DËi-`wÿY eivei Ae¯’vb
06. †P․¤^K c`v_© bq- A¨vjywgwbqvg (20Zg wewmGm) K‡i| G Kvi‡Y ejv nq c„w_ex GKwU e„nr Pz¤^K|
07. ‡P․¤^K c`v_©- †Kvevë (13Zg wewmGm) W. wMjevU© 1600 mv‡j cÖgvY K‡ib †h, c„w_ex GKwU
→ Pz¤^‡Ki bvgKiY Kxfv‡e n‡jv? weivU Pz¤^K| f~-Pz¤^‡Ki `wÿY †giæ †f․‡MvwjK DËi †giæ
DËi : cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m g¨vM‡bwkqv bvgK cÖ‡`‡k g¨vMbvm n‡Z 2500 wK.wg. KvbvWvi Dˇi eyw_qv DcØx‡c Ges f~-
bv‡g GK ivLvj evjK evm KiZ| †gl Pov‡bv †k‡l †m Pz¤^‡Ki DËi †giæ †f․‡MvwjK `wÿY †giæ n‡Z 200 wK.wg.
GKw`b evwo †divi mgq Zvi jvwVwU Zzj‡Z wM‡q †`Lj cwð‡g A¨v›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`‡ki wf‡±vwiqv A‡j Aew¯’Z|
jvwVwU DVv‡bv hv‡”Q bv, jvwVi gv_v GKwU cv_‡ii mv‡_ → `yB †giæ‡Z Pz¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y †ewk|
AvU‡K Av‡Q| †m jÿ¨ Kij, jvwVi gv_vq †jvnvwU‡K → ‡h ZvcgvÎvq GKwU Pz¤^‡Ki Pz¤^KZ¡ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wejyß nq
cv_iwU †U‡b a‡i Av‡Q| A_©vr g¨vMbvm †`Lj †jvnv Zv‡K D³ Pz¤^‡Ki Kzix we›`y e‡j| †hgb- †jvnvi Kzix we›`y
GB A‡Pbv cv_iwU‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Q| g¨vMbv‡mi ‡mjwmqvm|
bvgvbymv‡i GB cv_‡ii bvg Kiv nj g¨vM‡bU| → gUi, †Rbv‡iUi, Kwjs †ej, UªvÝdg©vi BZ¨vw`‡Z KvuPv
o g¨vM‡b‡Ui cÖwZkã n‡jv Pz¤^K| Pz¤^‡Ki †jvnv‡K AvKl©Y †jvnvi •Zwi A¯’vqx ev †Kvgj Pz¤^K e¨envi Kiv nq|
Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q| AvKl©Y GK cÖKvi ej| ej w`‡q → ‡Uc †iKW©vi ( ) Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvq
KvR Kiv hvq| AZGe, Pz¤^‡Ki KvR Kivi mvg_©¨ †P․¤^K (wmivwgK Pz¤^K) c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K|
Av‡Q| myZivs Pz¤^K GK cÖKvi kw³| → ‡d‡iv‡P․¤^K, Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK Ges c¨viv‡P․¤^K c`v_©
o Pz¤^‡Ki mg‡giæ ci¯úi‡K weKl©Y K‡i Ges Pz¤^‡Ki ‡d‡iv‡P․¤^K Wvqv‡P․¤^K c¨viv‡P․¤^K
wecixZ †giæ ci¯úi‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| ‡jvnv, †jvnvi †h․M, Zvgv, `¯Ív, A¨vjywgwbqvg,
→ ‡P․¤^K I A‡P․¤^K c`v_© †jvnvi msKi avZz, iƒcv, mxmv, †mvwWqvg,
†P․¤^K c`v_© A‡P․¤^K c`v_© wb‡Kj Ges †Kvevë wemgv_, cvwb, A¨vw›Ugwb cÖf…wZ
Pz¤^K †hmKj c`v_©‡K ‡hmKj c`v_©‡K Pz¤^K †mvbv BZ¨vw`
AvKl©Y K‡i †mmKj AvKl©Y K‡i bv †mmKj → ‡d‡iv‡P․¤^K c`v‡_© †P․¤^K †Wv‡gBb Qwo‡q _v‡K wewÿß
c`v_©‡K ejv nq †P․¤^K c`v_©‡K A‡P․¤^K c`v_© fv‡e|
c`v_©| e‡j| → ‡jvnvi g‡a¨ 0.8% Gi †ewk Kve©b _vK‡j Zv‡K ¯’vqx
‡hgb- †jvnv, wb‡Kj, †hgb-‡mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, Pz¤^K e‡j| B¯úvZ, Gjwb‡Kv msKi, †divBU bvgK
†Kvevë Ges AwaKvsk `¯Ív, Kcvi, A¨vjywgwbqvg, c`v_© e¨eüZ nq ¯’vqx Pz¤^K •Zwi‡Z|
B¯úvZ| wcZj, KvV, wmjfvi,
cøvw÷K, iveviz BZ¨vw`|
→ †P․¤^K c`v_©‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
≈ Zi½ Ges kã ≈
Dcvqmg~n- Nl©Y c×wZ Ges •e`y¨wZK c×wZ| 01. k~b¨ gva¨‡g k‡ãi †eM KZ? (37Zg wewmGm)
→ mwjb‡qW K. 280 L. 0
GKwU KvuPv †jvnvi M. 332 N. 1120 DËi L
`ЇK U AvKv‡i
evuwK‡q j¤^v AšÍwiZ wewfbœ gva¨‡g k‡ãi MwZ‡eM
Zvi Øviv Rwo‡q Gi nxiv (KwVb gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk) 12000 m/s
ga¨w`‡q Zwor ‡jvnv‡Z 5130 m/s
cÖevwnZ Ki‡j Zv cvwb‡Z 1493 m/s
GKwU Pz¤^‡Ki b¨vq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 1284 m/s
AvPiY K‡i| G‡K
cvi` 1450 m/s
mwjb‡qW e‡j|
evqy‡Z (me‡P‡q Kg) 330 m/s
k~b¨ gva¨‡g (k~b¨ A_© Kg bq) 0

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi c`v_©weÁvb (mßg Aa¨vq t Zi½ I kã)
 k‡ãi †e‡Mi ZxeªZvi µg : KwVb ˃ Zij ˃ evqexq |
o Zi‡½i msÁv : Zi½ n‡”Q GKUv gva¨‡gi ‡fZi w`‡q
GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kw³ cvVv‡bvi cÖwµqv,
†hLv‡b gva¨‡gi KYv¸‡jv Zvi wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡b ¯úw›`Z
n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K m¤ú~Y© m‡i hv‡e bv|
o me Zi‡½B GKUv †eM _v‡K †mB †eM Zvi gva¨‡gi cÖK…wZi
Ici wbf©i K‡i| evZv‡m k‡ãi †eM 330 m/s, cvwb‡Z GB
k‡ãi †eM 1493 m/s. wXj K‡i evuav GKwU `wo‡Z Zi‡½i
†eM hZ n‡e Uvb K‡i ivLv `wo‡Z Zvi †_‡K †ewk n‡e|
o Zi‡½i cÖKvi‡f` : Zi½ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- K. jw¤^K ev
Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ Ges L. Avo ev AbycÖ¯’ Zi½|
o Zi½ •`N¨© : GKwU K¤úgvb KYv ev e¯‘i GK `kv †_‡K
cieZx© GKB `kvi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡‡K ejv nq Zi½
•`N¨©| Zi½ ‣`N¨© cÖKvk Kiv j¨vgWv (  ) Øviv|
o K¤úv¼ : GKwU K¤úgvb KYv GK †m‡K‡Û hZwU c~Y©
K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼ e‡j| K¤úv‡¼i
GKK nvR© (Hz)| K¤úv¼‡K f Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
o Zi½ †eM, K¤úv¼ I Zi½ •`‡N©¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK©-
v  f |
o Avëªvm‡bvMÖvwd- †QvU Zi½ •`‡N©¨i Øviv m„wó B‡gwRs|
kã
kã GK ai‡bi Aby‣`N¨© Zi½ (ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY NUvq) hv
K¤ú‡bi d‡j Drcbœ n‡q Avgv‡`i Kv‡b kÖe‡Yi Abyf~wZ
RvMvq|
wPÎ t evZv‡mi Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y k‡ãi ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY
k‡ãi `~lY
k‡ãi `~lY ej‡Z mnbkxj gvÎvi AwZwi³ Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi k‡ãi cwigvY-
‡RU BwÄb 110-140 dB
UªvwdK 80-90 dB
Mvwo 60-80 dB
‡Uwjwfkb 50-60 dB
K_vevZ©v 40-60 dB
wbtk^vm 10 dB
486
o 105 dB Gi Dc‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i|
o gvby‡li kÖve¨Zvi mxgv- 20-20000 Hz.
o AvëªvmwbK ev k‡ãvËi Zi½ : †h k‡ãi K¤úv¼
20,000 nvR© Gi †ewk Zv‡K k‡ãvËi ev AvëªvmwbK
Zi½ e‡j| ev`yo GB Zi½ e¨envi K‡i Lv`¨ A‡š^lY
K‡i| KzKzi, weovj GB kã e¨envi K‡i| ÿwZKi
e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm Ki‡ZI GB Zi½ e¨envi Kiv nq|
o Bbd«vmwbK ev k‡ãZi Zi½ : †h Zi‡½i K¤úv¼ 20
nv‡R©i Kg Zv‡K k‡ãZi ev Bbd«vmwbK Zi½ e‡j|
nvwZ GB Zi‡½i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM
K‡i|
wewfbœ cÖvYxi EaŸ© mxgv
cÖvYxi bvg EaŸ© mxgv
KzKzi 35000 Hz
ev`yo 100,000 Hz
weovj 50,000 Hz
o cÖwZaŸwb : †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K kã Drcbœ n‡q `~ieZx©
†Kv‡bv gva¨‡g evuav †c‡q Dr‡mi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avm‡j
g~jaŸwbi †h cybive„wË N‡U, Zv‡K g~j k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb
e‡j| Avgiv hLb wKQz ïwb Zvi Abyf~wZUv 0.1s ch©šÍ
gw¯Í‡®‥ †_‡K hvq| Drm n‡Z cÖwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZx© wbY©q
Kiv hvK-
aiv hvK, `~iZ¡ = h (hvIqv + Avmv = 2h), g~jaŸwb I
cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi ga¨eZ©x mgq = t Ges k‡ãi †eM = v|
Avgiv Rvwb,
`~iZ¡ = †eM mgq

 evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªæwZ
330 s

 wgUvi
AZGe, cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm I cÖwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZ©x
`~iZ¡ Kgc‡ÿ wgUvi n‡Z nq|
→ ‡jvKfwZ© njN‡i k~b¨ N‡ii †P‡q ÿxY nevi KviY- k~b¨
N‡i k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq|
→ cyiæ‡li Mjvi ¯^i †gvUv I †g‡q‡`i Zxÿè nevi KviY-
cyiæ‡liv Kg K¤úv‡¼i kã •Zwi K‡i, †g‡qiv †ewk
K¤úv‡¼i kã •Zwi K‡i|
→ kã mÂvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb- Ro gva¨g hv cÖgvY K‡ib
A‡Uvfb ‡MwiK| Pvu‡` †Kvb kã Ki‡j Zv †kvbv hvq bv
KviY Pvu‡` evqygÐj †bB|
→ k‡ãi ZxeªZv cwigvc Kiv nq- IwWIwgUvi Øviv|
→ GKwU k~b¨ cv·K AvNvZ Ki‡j cvwbfiv cv‡Îi †P‡q
kã †ewk nq KviY evZv‡m kã Zi‡½i we¯Ívi †ewk|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 487
→ ‡ij ‡÷k‡b AvMgbiZ Bwćb evuwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j o e¨vL¨v : cvLvi evZv‡m †`‡ni Ng© (cvwb) ev‡®ú cwiYZ
d¬vUd‡g© `vuov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q evuwki K¤úbv¼ Avm‡ji n‡Z †h cwigvY Zvc cÖ‡qvRb Zv kixi †_‡K MÖnY
†P‡q †ewk n‡e| K‡i| d‡j kixi VvÛv nq Ges Avivg †eva nq|
04. †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i K‡¤úªmv‡ii KvR- †dqb‡K ev‡®ú cwiYZ
℉ Zvc I ZvcMwZwe`¨v ℃ Kiv|
01. Zvc Bwćbi KvR- (37Zg wewmGm) Zvc
K. hvwš¿K kw³‡K Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi → Zvc GK ai‡bi kw³| kw³ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_©vr ej
L. Zvckw³‡K hvwš¿Kkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi cÖ‡qvM K‡i e¯‘‡K e‡ji w`‡K miv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †Uªb
M. we`y¨rkw³‡K hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi ev Mvwo‡Z R¦vjvwb †Zj R¦vwj‡q Zvc •Zwi Kiv nq hv
N. Zvckw³‡K we`y¨rkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi DËi L †Uªb ev Mvwo‡K QzwU‡q wb‡q hvq|
kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii K‡qKwU D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv- → Zvc †h‡nZz kw³, †m‡nZz kw³i g‡ZvB Zv‡ci GKK
NUbv kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ kw³ Ryj (J)| Zv‡ci Av‡iv GKwU GKK Av‡Q, Zvi bvg
‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ev †gvUi Zwor hvwš¿K K¨vjwi (Cal)|
‣e`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ ev wnUvi Zwor Zvc
evj¦, wUDejvBU Zwor Av‡jvK 05. 1 MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv ‡mjwmqvm †_‡K
w¯úKvi Zwor kã †mjwmqvm e„w× Kivi Rb¨ KZ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb? (28Zg
‡gvevBj Zwor ivmvqwbK wewmGm) DËi : K
M¨v‡mi Pzjv ivmvqwbK Zvc K. 10 K¨vjwi L. 20 K¨vjwi
e¨vUvwi ivmvqwbK Zwor M. 30 K¨vjwi N. 40 K¨vjwi
RxešÍ cÖvYxi kixi ivmvqwbK hvwš¿K/Zwor e¨vL¨v : 1 MÖvg cvwbi ZvcgvÎv †mjwmqvm evov‡Z
Zvcxq hš¿ Zvckw³ hvwš¿K n‡j †h cwigvY Zv‡ci `iKvi †mUv n‡”Q 1 K¨vjwi|
‡Rbv‡iUi hvwš¿K Zwor
gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡fb Zwor Zvc → 1 K¨vjwi = 4.20 Ryj|
‡mvjvi c¨v‡bj Av‡jvK Zwor 06. Kvey©‡iUi _v‡K- †c‡Uªvj Bwćb| (27Zg wewmGm)
d‡UvMÖvwdK †cøU Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK 07. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i ivbœv ZvovZvwo nq KviY D”PPv‡c
wbDwK¬qvi †evgv* fi Zvc/Av‡jvK/kã Zi‡ji ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| (10g I 27Zg wewmGm)
08. cvnv‡oi Dc‡i ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M- evqyi Pvc
AvBb÷vB‡bi m~‡Îi gva¨‡g fi‡K kw³‡Z
Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y| (24Zg wewmGm)
iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| wbDwK¬qvi †evgv‡Z Ges wbDwK¬qvi we`y¨r
09. gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÛv _v‡K KviY gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi
†K‡›`ª fi †_‡K kw³ iƒcvšÍi K‡i cÖPÐ Zvc, Av‡jv Ges kã
ev®úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| (23Zg wewmGm)
kw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq mivmwi fi †_‡K Zvckw³
10. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jvMvi KviY †gN c„w_ex
•Zwi Kiv nq Ges †mB Zvc e¨envi K‡i ev®ú Drcbœ Kiv
c„ô †_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Dc‡i †h‡Z evuav †`q|
nq| GB ev®ú e¨envi K‡i Uve©vBb Nywi‡q †Rbv‡iU‡ii
(23Zg wewmGm)
gva¨‡g we`y¨r •Zwi Kiv nq|
02. we`y¨r kw³‡K kã kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv nq †Kvb h‡š¿i ZvcgvÎv
gva¨‡g? ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v
K. jvDW w¯úKvi L. A¨vgwcødvqvi hv Ab¨ e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡j Zvc MÖnY Ki‡e bv eR©b
M. †Rbv‡iUi N. gvwëwgUvi DËi K Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi
e¨vL¨v : (11 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb)| GKK †Kjwfb (K)| c~‡e© ZvcgvÎvi cÖPjwZ GKK wQj wWwMÖ
†mjwmqvm|
03. Ng©v³ †`‡n cvLvi evZvm Avivg †`q †Kb? (35Zg
wewmGm) ‡R‡b ivLyb : Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨-
K. Mv‡qi †jvg Nvg †ei n‡Z †`q bv Zvc n‡jv GK ai‡bi kw³, hvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K VvÛv
L. ev®úvqb kxZjZvi m„wó K‡i ev Mig jv‡M| Ab¨w`‡K KZUzKz VvÛv ev Mig jvM‡Q Zv
cÖKvk Kivi gvÎv‡K ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
M. cvLvi evZvm kxZj Rjxqev®ú aviY K‡i DËi L
N. cvLvi evZvm mivmwi †jvgK~c w`‡q kix‡i Xz‡K ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci †¯‥j : †Kvb wKQz cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU
wbw`©ó Av`k©gvb wVK K‡i †bqv nq| Zvici †mB Av`k©

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 488
gv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i bZzb ‡Kv‡bv wKQzi cwigvc ‡ei Kiv Dc‡i D‡V hvq Ges Dc‡ii VvÛv cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wb‡P
nq| ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Av`k© gv‡bi me©wb¤œ gvb‡K wb¤œ P‡j Av‡m| Gfv‡e cy‡iv cv‡Îi cvwbB Mig n‡Z _v‡K|
w¯’iv¼ Ges m‡ev©”P gvb‡K D”P w¯’iv¼ ejv nq| ZvcgvÎv G‡ÿ‡Î cvwbi KYv¸‡jv Zvc MÖnY K‡i kw³ AR©b
cwigv‡ci K‡qKwU †¯‥j Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb- K‡i| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g mKj KYv Zvc MÖnY K‡i DËß
‡¯‥j me©wb¤œ gvb m‡e©v”P gvb ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ nq, Zvc GK ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b mÂvwjZ nq| Gfv‡e
‡mjwmqvm KYv‡`i ¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Zvc mÂvj‡bi cÖwµqvi
†Kjwfb bvg cwiPjb| kx‡Zi mgq Av¸‡bi cv‡k `vuov‡bv‡Z
dv‡ibnvBU Mig jvMvi KviY n‡jv Zvc cwiPjb|
wewfbœ ZvcgvÎv †¯‥‡ji m¤úK© o Zvc wewKiY :
m~h© Zv‡ci g~j Drm| m~h© †_‡K Zvc wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
= = c„w_ex‡Z †c․uQvq| †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Ro gva¨g ‡bB (k~b¨
gva¨g) †mLv‡b Zvc wewKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mÂvwjZ nq| m~h©
GKwU wewKiK ZvB Zvc wewKiY K‡i| iv‡Zi †ejv
 = = DËß c„w_ex Zvc wewKiY K‡i kxZj nq|
wPÎ t †mjwmqvm, †Kjwfb I Z_¨KwYKv
dv‡ibnvBU ZvcgvÎv †¯‥j → Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq evqexq c`v_©
g‡b ivLyb : wWwMÖ Ges me‡P‡q Kg cÖmvwiZ nq KwVb c`v_©|
†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq → wkwk ev †evZ‡ji wQwc †Lvjvi Rb¨ Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv
†mjwmqvm I dv‡ibnvBU nq, G‡Z KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi NUbv N‡U|
†¯‥‡ji gvb GKB nq| → ‡ij jvB‡bi ‡jvnvi cv‡Zi gv‡S dvuK ivLv nq KviY
†i‡ji †jvnvi PvKvi msN‡l© †ij jvB‡bi cvZ cÖmvwiZ
Zv‡ci mÂvjb : n‡q `yN©Ubv m„wó bv nq| GwU KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi
D`vniY|
o Zvc †ewk ZvcgvÎv wewkó ¯’vb †_‡K Kg ZvcgvÎv
wewkó A‡j hvq, G‡K Zvc mÂvjb e‡j| Zvc → Kv‡jv i‡½i Pv‡qi Kv‡c Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq|
mÂvjb wZb fv‡e nq| h_v- K. cwienb, L. cwiPjb (14Zg wewmGm)
Ges M. wewKiY| → ce©‡Zi P~ovq Av‡ivnYKv‡j bvK w`‡q i³ co‡Z cv‡i|
o Zvc cwienb : KviY DuPz ce©‡Zi P~ovq evqyi Pvc Kg _v‡K| (13Zg
KwVb c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jv wb‡Riv ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wewmGm)
bv| Zviv †Kej wb‡R‡`i ¯’v‡b †`vj Lvq| KwVb c`v‡_©i → ‡mjwmqvm ZvcvgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk|
Mig KYv¸‡jv ‡`vj †L‡q cv‡ki VvÛv KYv‡K Zvc w`‡q → ZvcgvÎv ‡mwjqvm †¯‥‡j †mwjwmqvm|
†`q| Gfv‡e KYv¸‡jv ¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i Zvc‡K Mig → mv`v i‡½i e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ÿgZv me‡P‡q Kg|
cÖvšÍ †_‡K VvÛv cÖv‡šÍ wb‡q hvq| Zvc mÂvj‡bi G NUbv‡K → Kvc‡oi Kvj i‡½i Zvc weKxiY I †kvlY Kivi ÿgZv
Zvc cwienb e‡j| Mig ZiKvwii evwU †_‡K Pvg‡Pi
me‡P‡q †ewk| G Kvi‡Y MÖx®§Kv‡j Avgiv Kvj Kvco
gva¨‡g Zvc cwienb c×wZ‡Z mÂvwjZ nq| G c×wZ‡K
KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc mÂvwjZ nq| cwiavb Kwi bv|
→ kxZKv‡j kix‡ii Pvgov dvUvi KviY- Av`ª©Zvi Afve|
KwVb c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ avZe AavZz †hgb KvV, mywZ Kvco, → ev®úxq Bwćbi RbK- †Rgm IqvU|
c`v_©¸‡jv ‡hgb- ‡jvnv, gvwU Gme Zvc cwienb K‡i → cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎvq M¨v‡mi AvqZb- k~b¨|
wcZj, A¨vjywgwbqvg, `¯Ív LyeB Kg| ZvB Mig nvuwo
G¸‡jv `ªæZ Zvc cwienb aivi Rb¨ Avgiv Kvc‡oi → ‡mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j ei‡di Mjbv¼- †mjwmqvm|
K‡i| G Kvi‡YB avZzi UzKiv e¨envi Kwi| GKB → kxZKv‡j evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY Kg _v‡K|
•Zwi ivbœvi nvuwo e¨envi Kvi‡Y ivbœvi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi → GKwU e× N‡i GKwU Pvjy wd«‡Ri `iRv Ly‡j ivL‡j
Kiv nq| bvovwb e¨envi myweavRbK| N‡ii ZvcgvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
→ kx‡Z kixi Kvucvi KviY- kix‡ii ZvcgvÎvi †P‡q
o Zvc cwiPjb :
evwn‡ii ZvcgvÎv Kg|
Zij I evqexq c`v‡_© G cÖwµqvq Zvc mÂvwjZ nq|
GKwU cv‡Î cvwb wb‡q Pzjvi Dc‡i ewm‡q w`‡j cÖ_‡g → el©Kv‡j †fRv Kvco ïKv‡Z †`ix nevi KviY- evZv‡m
cv‡Îi Mv msjMœ cvwbi KYv¸‡jv DËß n‡q nvjKv n‡q Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY ‡ewk _v‡K|

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
→ GK LÐ eid‡K DËß K‡i cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡j Gi
AvqZb K‡g hvq|
→ Gfv‡i÷ ce©‡Zi Dc‡i cvwb dzU‡Z kyiæ K‡i-
†mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq|
→ cyiæ Kv‡Pi Møv‡m Mig cvwb ivL‡j Zv †d‡U hvq KviY
Møv‡mi ‡fZ‡i I evwn‡i Amg AvqZb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨|
→ ‡Kjwfb †¯‥‡j wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ ( ) me‡P‡q Kg nq|
→ Avgiv hLb cÖ¾¡wjZ Av¸‡bi mvg‡b hLb Avgiv ewm
ZLb Avgiv Mig Abyfe Kwi- Zv‡ci wewKiY Øviv|
→ UªvwdK cywjk mv`v Kvco c‡o _v‡K _v‡K Zv‡ci
489
e¨vL¨v : Av‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½| mijc‡_
P‡j| wbw`©ó iO I wbw`©ó gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM wbw`©ó|
k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM | Av‡jv KL‡bv
Zi‡½i g‡Zv (nvB‡Mb, 1678), KL‡bv KYvi g‡Zv
(wbDUb, 1672) AvPiY K‡i| Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb,
cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, we”QziY, AceZ©b I mgeZ©b N‡U|
Zi½ •`N¨© (m)

Mvgv-‡i

G·-‡i
Avëªv fv‡qv‡jU

Bbd«v‡iW
gvB‡µvI‡qf

‡iwWI I‡qf
wewKiY ‡_‡K iÿvi Rb¨|
→ ‡gvUi Mvwoi BwÄb‡K VvÛv ivLvi Rb¨ cvwb e¨envi Kiv
nq- KviY cvwb Zvc A‡bK ‡kvlY Ki‡jI cvwbi
DòZv Aí e„w× cvq|
→ ‡c‡Uªvj BwÄb mdjfv‡e cÖ_g Pvjy K‡ib- W. A‡Uv|
→ GKRb my¯’ e¨w³ †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv-
→ Zvc cwievnK‡Z¡i gvb wbf©i K‡i- cwievn‡Ki `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi
Dcv`v‡bi Dci| g‡a¨ me‡P‡q Kg
Zi½‣`N¨©- ‡e¸wb
Av‡jvi Ges me‡P‡q
☼ Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ ☼ †ewk- jvj Av‡jvi
01. AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY- (37Zg wewmGm)
K. a~wjKYv L. evqy¯Íi
M. e„wói KYv N. AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥ D. M
wPÎ : †Pv‡Li †¯úKUªvg Ges wfbœ is‡q †Pv‡Li ms‡e`bkxjZv
o e¨vL¨v : e„wói KYvi Kvi‡Y AvKv‡k isaby m„wó nq| Zi½ •`N©¨ we‡ÿcY wePz¨wZ
e„wói KYvq hLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ c‡o, ZLb e„wói KYv me‡P‡q Kg me‡P‡q †ewk me‡P‡q †ewk
wcÖR‡gi gZ KvR K‡i m~h©iwk¥ (mv`v Av‡jv) †K 7wU me‡P‡q †ewk me‡P‡q Kg me‡P‡q Kg
i‡O wef³ K‡i hv isaby bv‡g cwiwPZ| m~‡h©i wecixZ
w`‡K isaby m„wó nq| `„k¨gvb Av‡jvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨ me‡P‡q
†ewk Ges we‡ÿcY me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq me‡P‡q eû`~i ch©šÍ
Av‡jv : Av‡jv GK cÖKvi kw³ hv †Pv‡L (†iwUbv) cÖ‡ek †`Lv hvq|
K‡i gw¯Í‡®‥ `k©‡bi Abyf~wZ RvMvq wKš‘ wb‡R A`„k¨ wewfbœ iwk¥i Zi½‣`N©¨
_v‡K| Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N©¨ 400nm ‡_‡K 700nm iwk¥ Zi½‣`N©¨
Gi †fZ‡i n‡j Avgiv we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½ †`L‡Z cvB Mvgv iwk¥ wgUv‡ii Kg (me‡P‡q †QvU)
Ges †mUv‡K Avgiv Av‡jv ewj| G· iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi
Av‡jvi cÖK…wZ : Av‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½| AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi
mijc‡_ P‡j| wbw`©ó iO I wbw`©ó gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †eM `„k¨gvb iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi
wbw`©ó| k~b¨¯’v‡b Av‡jvi †eM |
gvB‡µvI‡qf †_‡K 1 wgUvi
Av‡jv KL‡bv Zi‡½i g‡Zv (nvB‡Mb, 1678), KL‡bv
‡eZvi Zi½ 1 ‡_‡K wgUvi
KYvi g‡Zv (wbDUb, 1672) AvPiY K‡i| Av‡jvi
cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, we”QziY, AceZ©b I o AwZ‡e¸bx Av‡jv : Zi½‣`N¨© hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi
mgeZ©b N‡U| me‡P‡q †QvU Zi½‣`N©¨ †_‡KI †QvU (‡e¸bx) nq,
Zv‡K AwZ†e¸bx Av‡jv (Ultraviolet Light) e‡j|
02. ‡Kvb is †ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq? (36Zg wewmGm) o Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv : Zi½‣`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi
K. mv`v L. Kv‡jv me‡P‡q eo Zi½‣`N©¨ (jvj) †_‡KI eo nq Z‡e
M. njy` N. jvj DËi N

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 490
gvB‡µvI‡qf Av‡jv †_‡K †QvU nq Z‡e Zv‡K → isaby m„wói mgq cvwbi KYv¸‡jv wcÖR‡gi b¨vq KvR
Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jv (Infrared Light) e‡j|
Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi me‡P‡q †QvU nq Zi½
•`N© †_‡KI †QvU nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj AvjUªv
fv‡qv‡jU Av‡jv, Av‡iv †Qv n‡j G· ‡i, Av‡iv †QvU
n‡j Mvgv †i †hUv †ZRw¯…q wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †ei nq|
Avevi Zi½ •`N©¨ hw` `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi †P‡q eo Zi½
•`N©¨ †_‡KI eo nq, †mUv‡K Avgiv ewj Bbd«v‡iW,
Av‡iv eo n‡j †iwWI I‡qf|
Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, †kvlY I we”QziY
cÖwZdjb (Reflection) : Av‡jv cÖwZmiY
hLb k~b¨ ev evqy ev Ab¨ †Kvb
gva¨‡gi †fZi w`‡q hvIqvi cÖwZdjb < r ‡kvlY
mgq wØZxq †Kvb gva¨‡g evav
cvq, ZLb wKQz cwigvY Av‡jv
<i
cÖ_g gva¨‡g wd‡i Av‡m| GB
AvcwZZ
NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb e‡j| iwk¥
cÖ_g gva¨g wØZxq gva¨g
o cÖwZmiY (Refraction) : Av‡jvKiwk¥ GK ¯^”Q gva¨g
†_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ekKv‡j Awfj‡¤^i
w`‡K ev Awfj¤^ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| G NUbv‡K
Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| D‡jøL¨ ‡h. nvjKv gva¨g †_‡K
Nb gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv Awfj‡¤^i w`‡K †eu‡K hvq
Ges Nb gva¨g ‡_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq Av‡jv
Awfj¤^ †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq|
→ Pvu` w`M‡šÍi Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq evqygÛjxq
cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y|
o ‡kvlY (Absorbtion) : Av‡jv GK gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨
gva¨‡g cª‡ek Ki‡j wKQz Av‡jv nvwi‡q hvq, GB
NUbv‡K †kvlY e‡j|
→ jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡½i e¯‘ ‡`Lvq- Kvj|
→ w`‡bi †ejv Mv‡Qi cvZv meyR †`Lvi KviY cvZvi
†K¬v‡ivwdj meyR e¨wZZ mKj eY© †kvlY K‡i|
o Av‡jvi we”QziY : ‡h․wMK Av‡jvKiwk¥i wewfbœ e‡Y©
wef³ nIqv‡K Av‡jvK ‡Kv‡bv ÿz`ªZg KwYKvi Dci
Av‡jvK Zi½ co‡j Av‡jvK Zi½ wewfbœ w`‡K Qwo‡q
c‡o, GB NUbv‡K Av‡jvi we”QziY e‡j| 1666 mv‡j
AvBR¨vK wbDUb Av‡jvK we”Qzi‡Yi cÖgvY †`b| Av‡jvi
we”Qzi‡Yi mvZwU is wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
g‡b ivLvi Dcvq- VIBGYOR (‡ebxAvmnKjv)
V (‡e)- †e¸bx (Violet) Y (n)- njy` (Yellow)
I (bx)- bxj (Indigo) O (K)- Kgjv (Orange)
B (Av)- Avmgvwb (Blue) R (jv)- jvj (Red)
G (m)- meyR (Green)
K‡i|
→ AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY- e„wói KYv|
→ iOaby mvZwU i‡½i g‡a¨ ga¨ eY© meyR|
→ Av‡jvi eY© wba©viY K‡i- Zi½ •`N¨©|
→ eY©vjxi cÖvšÍxq eY© †e¸bx I jvj|
cÖwZdj‡bi m~Î
01. AvcwZZ iwk¥, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ Ges AvcZb we›`y‡Z
Aw¼Z Awfj¤^ GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i|
02. cÖwZdjb †KvY (< r) = AvcZb †KvY (< i)
→ eid mv`v †`Lvq KviY Av‡jvi me iwk¥ cÖwZdjb K‡i|
cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î
01. AvcZb iwk¥ Ges Awfj¤^ w`‡q †h mgZjwU Kíbv Kiv
nq, cÖwZdwjZ iwk¥ †mB GKB mgZ‡j _vK‡e|
02. GK †Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨‡g GK wbw`©ó e‡Y©i Av‡jvKiwk¥i
Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I cÖwZmiY ‡Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi
AbycvZ me©`v aªæeK| GB aªye msL¨vwU‡K cÖwZmiYv¼
ejv nq Ges wØZxq m~ÎwU‡K †¯ø‡bi m~Î ejv nq|
→ cvwb‡Z †b․Kvi ‣eVv evuKv †`Lv hvevi KviY- Av‡jvi
cÖwZmiY|
→ iv‡Zi AvKv‡k Zviv¸‡jv wgU wgU K‡i R¦‡j Av‡jvi
cÖwZmi‡Yi Kvi‡Y|
→ wcÖR‡g cwZZ Av‡jv mvaviYZ cÖwZmwiZ nq|
m¼U †KvY
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvevi mgq
AvcZb ‡Kv‡Yi †h gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi gvb
nq, Zv‡K m¼U †KvY e‡j| †hgb- cvwbi mv‡c‡ÿ
evZv‡mi m¼U †KvY |
c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb :
Av‡jvKiwk¥ Nb gva¨g †_‡K nvjKv gva¨‡g hvIqvi mgq
AvcZb †Kv‡Yi gvb msKU †Kv‡Yi †P‡q †ewk n‡j
Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ bv n‡q cybivq Nb gva¨‡g wd‡i
Av‡m| GB NUbv‡K c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb e‡j|
m¼U †KvY c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
wPÎ. m¼U †KvY I c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 491
o c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb †Kv‡Yi e¨envi I D`vniY hš¿ e¨envi
 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY G¨vwgUvi we`y¨r cÖevn gvcK hš¿
cÖwZdjb e¨envi Kiv nq| AYyexÿY hš¿ ‡QvU e¯‘‡K eo K‡i †`Lvq
 giæf~wg‡Z evZv‡mi Nb‡Z¡i cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y †fvëvwgUvi •e`y¨wZK wefe ev Pvc cwigvcK hš¿
gwiPxKv †`Lv hvq| ZworexÿY hš¿ e¯‘i Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©qK hš¿
Z_¨KwYKv → B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‥vc t B‡jK‡Uªv‡¯‥vc w¯’i we`y¨r cixÿvi GKwU hš¿|
→ wec` ms‡K‡Zi Rb¨ jvj Av‡jv e¨envi Kiv nq KviY GLv‡b Pv‡R©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ ‡evSvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q LyeB nvjKv †mvbv,
jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ •`N¨© me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq A‡bK`~i A¨vjywgwbqvg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv avZzi `ywU cvZ|
ch©šÍ †`Lv hvq| → Kzj‡¤^i m~Î t weÁvbx Kzj¤^ `ywU Pv‡R©i gv‡S KZLvwb ej KvR
→ iv‡Zi †ejv weovj I KzKz‡ii †PvL R¦jR¦j K‡i- KviY K‡i †mUv †ei K‡iwQ‡jb| GiKg GKUv e‡ji m~Î i‡q‡Q hv
KzKz I weov‡ji †Pv‡L †U‡cUvg bvgK iÄK †Kvl _v‡K| weÁvbx wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y e‡ji m~Î| ‡mwU wQj G iKg-
→ Zi½ZË¡ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib- nvB‡Mb| | Kzj‡¤^i m~ÎwU - | `ywU
→ GKwU Mwo‡Z njy` evwZ R¦vjv‡bv nq MwowU †gvo Nyievi m~‡Îi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨- fi ( ) Gi cwie‡Z© PvR©
mgq| ( ) Ges aªæeK G Gi cwie‡Z© K| Kzj¤^ n‡”Q Pv‡R©i
→ meyR Av‡jv‡Z njy` i‡½i e¯‘‡K Kvj †`Lvq| GKK|
→ ‡mvwWqvg jvB‡Ui wb‡P iv‡Z jvj Kvco Kvj †`Lvq| → w¯’i we`y¨‡Zi e¨envi t d‡UvKwc †gwk‡b mv`v KvM‡R Kvwji
→ ‡g․wjK eY© (Prime Colour) : `vM emv‡Z, f¨vb wW MÖvd †gwk‡b, R¦vjvwb Uªv‡K, eRªcvZ I
eRªwb‡ivaK h‡š¿, Mvwo, mvB‡Kj, w÷‡ji Avjgvwi ev Ab¨vb¨
‡h mKj eY© Ab¨ e‡Y©i
jvj avZe wRwbm is Kivi Rb¨ w¯’i ‣e`y¨wZK is †¯úª cÖf…wZ‡Z
mgš^‡q •Zwi Kiv hvq bv
e¨envi Kiv nq|
Zv‡`i‡K †g․wjK eY© ejv
nq| †g․wjK e‡Y©i mgš^‡q → cwievnx c`v_© t †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, A¨vjywgwbqvg BZ¨vw`
Ab¨ me is •Zwi Kiv nq| g¨v‡R›Uv njy`
we`y¨r mycwievnx|
†g․wjK eY© wZbwU| g‡b ivLvi mv`v → Acwievnx c`v_© t Zwor ev we`y¨r cwien‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv gy³
Dcvq- Avmj (Avmgvwb, B‡jKUªb †bB †mB c`v_©¸‡jv n‡”Q we`y¨r Acwievnx ev
meyR, jvj)/ bxjvm (bxj, AšÍiK c`v_©| †hgb- cøvw÷K, ivevi, KvV, KvP| g~jZ
jvj, meyR)| Avmgvbx/bxj gqyiKÉx meyR AavZz¸‡jv we`y¨r Acwievnx nq|
bxj → Aa©cwievnx c`v_© t wKQz wKQz c`v‡_©i we`y¨r cwienb ÿgZv
→ kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK jvBU †h µg Abymv‡i R¦‡j- jvj, mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq cwievnx Ges Acwievnx c`v‡_©i gvSvgvwS,
njy`, meyR, njy`, jvj (jvnmnjv) Z‡e ZvcgvÎv eov‡j cwienb ÿgZv ‡e‡o hvq| GB ai‡bi
c`v_©‡K Aa©cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i e‡j|
→ In‡gi m~Î : In‡gi m~Î †_‡K Rvbv hvq, †iva (R) †ewk
n‡j we`y¨r cÖevn (I) Kg n‡e, †iva (R) Kg n‡j we`y¨r
☼ w¯’i Zwor I Pj Zwor ☼ cÖevn (I) †ewk n‡e| m~ÎwUi MvwYwZK iƒc-
01. †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- (36Zg → ‡iva : †iva n‡”Q we`y¨r cªev‡ni evav| ZvB †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i
wewmGm) •`N¨© hZ †ewk n‡e Zvi evav ZZ †ewk n‡e| |
K. kãkw³ L. Zworkw³ cÖ¯’‡”Q` (A) hZ †ewk n‡e †iva (R) A_©vr |
M. Av‡jvKkw³ N. †P․¤^Kkw³ DËi L
Gfv‡e †jLv hvq- | †gvUv Zv‡ii Zzjbvq wPKb
o e¨vL¨v : †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q kã kw³ Zwor Zv‡ii Zzjbvq ‡iva Kg|
kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq hv †kÖvZvi wbKU kã kw³‡Z → evmvevwo‡Z mieivnK…Z we`y¨‡Zi wd«Kz‡qwÝ n‡jv- 50
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q †kÖvZvi Kv‡b †c․uQvq| Hz.
02. ‡Kvb e¯‘‡Z Avav‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wbY©‡qi hš¿ n‡jv- (35Zg → ‣e`y¨wZK wgUv‡i GK BDwbU ej‡Z †evSvq- GK
wewmGm) wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv|
K. G¨vwgUvi L. AYyexÿY hš¿ → AvKv‡k we`y¨r PgKvq †g‡Ni AmsL¨ RjKYv I eid
M. †fvëvwgUvi N. ZworexÿY hš¿ DËi N KYvi g‡a¨ PvR© mwÂZ n‡j|
→ ‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡jI we`y¨r LiP GKB nq|
o e¨vL¨v : cÖkœwUi Ack‡bi hš¿mg~‡ni e¨envi

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 492
→ we`y¨revnx Zvi cvwL em‡j mvaviYZ we`y¨r ¯ú„ó nq bv Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi
KviY- gvwUi mv‡_ ms‡hvM nq bv| gvB‡µvI‡qf †_‡K 1 wgUvi
→ AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi e¨envi Kiv nq ‡eZvi Zi½ 1 ‡_‡K wgUvi
AwZgvÎvq we`y¨rcÖevnRwbZ `yN©Ubv †iv‡ai Rb¨|
02. K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm n‡jv-
→ evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨‡Zi K¤úv¼ cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 50 mvB‡Kj (36Zg wewmGm)
Gi A_©- we`y¨r cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 evi w`K K. AvB‡mv‡Uvb L. AvB‡mv‡Uvc DËi L
e`jvq| M. AvB‡mvevi N. ivmvqwbK c`v_©
→ ‡m․i †Kv‡li we`y¨r iv‡ZI e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e hw` Gi
m‡½ _v‡K †÷v‡iR e¨vUvwi| o e¨vL¨v : †ZRw¯…q †g․‡ji iwk¥ n‡Z Avjdv, weUv I Mvgv
→ WªvB †m‡ji B‡j±ªW wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q Kve©b `Ð I `¯Ívi iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨envi K‡i
†K․Uv| wb‡¤œv³ ‡ivMmg~‡ni wbivgq Kiv hvq-
→ `~‡ii we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª n‡Z we`y¨r wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ AvB‡mv‡Uvc ‡iv‡Mi bvg
nvB‡fv‡ëR e¨envi Kiv nq KviY G‡Z we`y¨r AcPq Av‡qvwWb- 131 [ I] _vBi‡qW K¨vÝvi
Kg nq| ‡Kvevë- 60 [ Co] wUDgvi
→ AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i- †cvjvi‡qW BwiwWqvg ‡eªBb K¨vÝvi
d‡UvMÖvwd c×wZ‡Z| dmdivm- 32 [ p] i‡³i wjD‡Kvwgqv
→ ‡Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq- Zwor kw³|
→ Gwm Kv‡i‡›Ui •ewkó¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ w`‡Ki cwieZ©b| 03. ‡Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M wb‡¤œi †Kvb iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq? (35Zg
wewmGm)
evsjv‡`‡ki evmvevwo‡Z mvcøvBK…Z we`y¨‡Zi †fv‡ëR
K. †eK‡ij iwk¥ L. G·-iwk¥
220 †fvë Gwm|
M. Mvgv iwk¥ N. weUv-iwk¥ DËi L
→ ‣e`y¨wZK wnUvi I ¯¿x‡K e¨eüZ nq- bvB‡µvg Zvi|
→ ‡h hš¿ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn, wefe cv_©K¨ I ‡iva gvcv nq o e¨vL¨v : †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡M †PvivPvjbxi †c‡U †mvbvmn
Zv‡K e‡j gvwëwgUvi| Ab¨vb¨ g~j¨evb avZz kbv³ Ki‡Z G·-‡i e¨envi Kiv
→ ‣e`y¨wZK wdD‡R e¨envi Kiv nq- mxmv I wUb| nq|
→ K¨vcvwmU‡ii cÖavb KvR kw³ msiÿY Kiv|
→ Kgy‡UUi _v‡K wWwm †Rbv‡iU‡i| ‡ZRw¯…qZv
→ we`y¨r‡K mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q → 1896 mv‡j †nbwi †eK‡ij cÖ_g BD‡iwbqvg †_‡K †ZRw¯…q
‡ewk Ae`vb- Ugvm Avjfv GwWm‡bi| iwk¥i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Av‡b©÷ iv`vi‡dvW©,
wcqv‡i Kzwi, †gwi Kzwi I Ab¨vb¨ weÁvbxiv Ab¨vb¨ †g․‡ji
☼ AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb I B‡jKUªwbKm ☼ →
†ZRw¯…qZv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
‡ZRw¯…qZvi Kvi‡Y ‡ZRw¯…q iwk¥ wbM©Z n‡q wbDwK¬qv‡mi
01. Rxe RM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ †KvbwU? MVb cwiewZ©Z n‡q †mwU wfbœ GKwU †g․‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q
(36Zg wewmGm) hvq|
K. Avjdv iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ DËi M → ‡g․‡ji wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †h wZbwU cÖavb †ZRw¯…q iwk¥ †ei nq
M. Mvjv iwk¥ (Mvgv) N. Avëªvfv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ †m¸‡jv n‡jv- Avjdv ( ), weUv ( ) Ges Mvgv ( ) iwk¥|
o e¨vL¨v : Rxe RM‡Zi me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ Mvgv (cÖ‡kœ → Avjdv iwk¥ ev Avjdv KYv GKwU wnwjqvg wbDwK¬qvm|
BD‡iwbqv‡gi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc Avjdv KYv wewKiY K‡i
wQ‡j Mvjv) iwk¥| KviY Ab¨vb¨ mKj iwk¥i †P‡q Mvgv †_vwiqv‡gi GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uv‡c cwiYZ nq|
iwk¥i Zi½•`N¨© Kg| Zi½‣`N¨© me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq | weUv iwk¥ ev weUv KYv n‡jv B‡jKUªb|
K¤úv¼ ev †f`b ÿgZv me‡P‡q †ewk| Mvgv iwk¥ Avm‡j kw³kvjx we`yy¨r †P․¤^Kxq Zi½|
B‡jKUªwbKm µgweKvk
wewfbœ iwk¥i Zi½‣`N©¨ → Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb mf¨ZvwUi †cQ‡b me‡P‡q eo Ae`vb
iwk¥ Zi½‣`N©¨ †i‡L‡Q B‡jKUªwbKm| B‡jKUªwbK‡mi µgweKvk‡K †gvUvgywU
Mvgv iwk¥ wgUv‡ii Kg wZbwU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq- f¨vKzqvg wUDe, UªvbwR÷i Ges
G· iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U|
AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ n‡Z wgUvi → f¨vKzqvg wUDe t 1883 mv‡j GwWmb †`‡LwQ‡jb jvBU
`„k¨gvb iwk¥ †_‡K wgUvi ev‡j¦i †fZ‡i wdjv‡g›U †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU avZe †cø‡U dvuKv

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 493
RvqMv w`‡qI we`y¨r cwienb n‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwµqvwU
GwWmb wµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1904 mv‡j Rb †d¬wgs GwWmb ☼ kw³i Drm Ges Gi cÖ‡qvM ☼
wµqv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖ_g `yB B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi GKwU f¨vKzqvg
wUDe •Zwi K‡ib †hwU ‡iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e KvR KiZ A_©vr 01. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- (35Zg wewmGm)
cwieZ©bkxj we`y¨rcÖevn‡K GKw`‡K cÖevwnZ KiZ| GB K. wg‡_b
f¨vKzqvg wUDe‡K B‡jKUªwbK‡mi m~Pbv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv L. †cÖv‡cb
hvq| M. weD‡Ub
→ UªvbwR÷i t UªvbwR÷i n‡jv p-UvBc Ges n-UvBc †mwg N. Kve©b WvB-A·vBW DËi K
KÛv±i w`‡q •Zwi GK ai‡bi wWfvBm †hwU Zvi wfZi w`‡q o e¨vL¨v :
we`y¨‡Zi cÖevn wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| p-n-p Ges n-p-n `y
ai‡bi UªvbwR÷i i‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖvK…wZK M¨vm (Natural Gas)
cÖ_g UªvbwR÷i •Zwi Kiv nq| GB Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Rb cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b| cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi
eviwWb, Iqvëvi eªvB‡UBb Ges DBwjqvg kKwj‡K †bv‡ej Dcv`vbmg~‡ni kZKiv cwigvY wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv-
cyi¯‥vi †`Iqv nq| UªvbwR÷i f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei g‡ZvB KvR
wg‡_b- 80% B‡_b- 7%
Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Zzjbvq GwU Aí ÿz`ª,
IRb LyeB Kg, GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z Lye Aí we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb †cÖv‡cb- 6% weD‡Ub I AvB‡mvweD‡Ub-4%
nq| UªvbwR÷i e¨env‡ii d‡j c„w_exi gvbyl ¯^í g~‡j¨ †c‡›Ub- 3% Z_¨m~Î- beg-`kg †kÖwYi imvqb (GKv`k
Aa¨vq t LwbR m¤ú` : Rxevk¥)
B‡jKUªwbKm hš¿cvwZ †c‡Z ïiæ Kij| UªvbwR÷‡ii MVb
A‡bKUv m¨vÛDB‡Pi g‡Zv| Rvwg©qvg †mwgKÛ±i wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ †h cÖvK…wZK M¨vm cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z
e¨eüZ nq| 99.99% wg‡_b _v‡K|
→ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U t GKvwaK •e`y¨wZK eZ©bx ev mvwK©U GKwU 02. ‡KvbwU bevqb†hvM¨ kw³i Drm? (38Zg wewmGm)
wmwjK‡bi cvZjv †cø‡U mvwR‡q •Zwi Kiv nq Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW K. ‡Zj L. mgy‡`ªi †XD
mvwK©U| 1952 mv‡ji w`‡K Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wb‡q K_v ïiæ M. M¨vm N. Kqjv DËi L
n‡jI •Zwi ïiæ nq lv‡Ui `k‡K| UªvbwR÷‡ii mv‡_ Wv‡qvW
wKsev †iwR÷vi Ges K¨vcvwmUi ewm‡q c~Y©v½ GKwU mvwK©U o e¨vL¨v : kw³i
•Zwi Kiv nq hv ciewZ©‡Z Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ev AvBwm bv‡g Drm
cwiwPwZ cvq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi, wPwKrmvi hš¿cvwZ, wfwWI
K¨v‡giv Ges †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni g‡Zv AZ¨vaywbK AvBwm
Qvov KL‡bvB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| D™¢veK †R Gm †Kjwe|
fwel¨‡Zi B‡jKUªwbKm: B‡jKUªwbKm cÖhyw³ GL‡bv GwM‡q Abevqb‡hvM¨ bevqb‡hvM¨
hv‡”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z B‡jKUªwbKm mvwK©‡U AcwUKm ev
Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ wewbgq msµvšÍ AvBwm †`L‡Z cvIqv
hv‡e| GKB mv‡_ ‡cÖvMÖvg K‡i wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv mvwK©U ‡Zj M¨vm Kqjv wbDwK¬qvi
•Zwi Kivi AvBwm (FPGA- Field Programmable
Gate Array) AviI †ewk †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ n‡e|
→ Wv‡qvW me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq- †iKwUdvqvi wn‡m‡e| Rjwe`y¨r ev‡qvgvm ‡m․ikw³ evqykw³ wRI_vg©vj
→ AvaywbK gy`ªY e¨e¯’vq avZz wbwg©Z Aÿ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dz‡ivevi 03. bevqb‡hvM¨ R¦vjvbxi Drm – (40Zg wewmGm)
KviY- d‡Uvwj‡_vMÖvwd| K. †Zj L. M¨vm
→ wi‡gvU †mwÝs ev `~i Abyaveb ej‡Z †evSvq DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ M. Kqjv N. ev‡qvM¨vm DËi N
`~i †_‡K f~gЇji Ae‡jvKb|
→ gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi gva¨‡g †h †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v Avgv‡`i e¨vL¨v : 02 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb|
†`‡k cÖPwjZ Zv‡Z gvB‡µvI‡q‡fi AwaKvsk `~iZ¡ AwZµg 03. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m wg‡_b wK cwigvY _v‡K (37Zg
K‡i- I‡qf MvB‡Wi ga¨ w`‡q| wewmGm)
→ eø¨vK e· hš¿wU e¨envi Kiv nq D‡ovRvnv‡R| K. 40-50 fvM L. 60-70 fvM
→ Rb †jvwR †eqvW© †Uwjwfkb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| M. 80-90 fvM N. 30-25 fvM DËi M
→ ‡iwWI Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- wR gv‡K©vwb| o e¨vL¨v : 01 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi jÿ¨ Kiæb|
→ ‡h wWfvBm ev †K․k‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zwor cÖevn‡K GKgyLx Kiv
hvq ev Gwm‡K wWwm Kiv hvq Zv‡K e‡j †iKwUdvqvi|
Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm
→ B‡j±ªwb· wk‡í wmwjK‡bi e¨envi me‡P‡q †ewk|
→ LASER Gi c~Y©iƒc- Light Amplification by
o R¦vjvwb kw³ (†Zj, M¨vm Ges Kqjv) n‡”Q dwmj
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. R¦vjvwb, A_©vr jÿ-‡KvwU eQi Av‡M MvQcvjv gvwUi

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb)
wb‡P Pvcv c‡o `xN©w`‡bi Zvc Avi Pv‡c GB iƒc
wb‡q‡Q|
o gvwUi wbP †_‡K †h †Zj †Zvjv nq (Crude Oil) o
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †m¸‡jv A‡bK Nb _v‡K, widvBbvwi‡Z
†m¸‡jv cwi‡kvab K‡i †c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj ev †K‡ivwm‡b
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Av‡iv e¨envi‡hvM¨
c`v_© †ei n‡q Av‡m|
o gvwUi wbP †_‡K †h M¨vm †ei nq †mwU g~jZ wg‡_b
, Gi mv‡_ Rjxqev®ú Ges Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm †gkv‡bv o
_vK‡Z cvi Ges †m¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i wb‡Z nq|
o aviYv Kiv nq, c„w_exi kw³i Drm †Zj, M¨vm, Kqjv,
BD‡iwbqvg 200 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †kl n‡q hv‡e| Gi ci
wbDwK¬qvi wdDkb e¨envi K‡i kw³ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e|
†hgb- wdDk‡bi Rb¨ R¦vjvwb Av‡m nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi o
GKwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc †_‡K, Avi cvwbi cÖ‡Z¨KUv AYy‡Z
`y‡Uv K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kv‡RB †mUv dzwi‡q hvevi †Kv‡bv
Avk¼v †bB|
o Abevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ `n‡b Kve©b WvBA·vBc evZv‡m
Qovq| d‡j †Møvevj Iqvwg©s ev ‣ewk^K DòZv e„w×
cv‡”Q|
☼ bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm ☼ ☼
o ‡h mKj kw³ KL‡bvB dzwi‡q hv‡e bv, †mmKj kw³‡K
bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ (Renewable Energy) ejv nq|
†hgb- m~‡h©i Av‡jv, mgy‡`ªi †Rvqvi-fuvUv wKsev †XD,
Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ‡ii evZvm, c„w_exi Mfx‡ii g¨vMgv, b`xi
engvb cvwb cÖf…wZ|
o GB gyn~‡Z© c„w_exi me gvbyl †h cwigvY kw³ e¨envi
K‡i Zvi cvuP fv‡Mi GK fvM n‡”Q bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³|
gvby‡li cwi‡ek m‡PZb nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ bevqb‡hvM¨
kw³i e¨envi evo‡Q|
o Rjwe`y¨r : bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ
kw³i bvg Rjwe`y¨r| b`x‡Z evua w`‡q cÖej †¯ªv‡Zi kw³
e¨envi K‡i Uve©vBb Nywi‡q we`y¨r •Zwi Kiv nq|
o ev‡qvgvm : Rjwe`y¨‡Zi ci me‡P‡q ‡ewk bevqb‡hvM¨
kw³ Av‡m ev‡qvgvm (Biomass) †_‡K| ev‡qvgvm
n‡jv jvKwo, LoKz‡Uv BZ¨vw`| `wi`ª gvby‡liv GwU
‡ewk e¨envi K‡i| hw`I ïK‡bv MvQ, LoKz‡Uv cywo‡q
†dj‡j ‡kl n‡q hvq ZeyI GUv bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ KviY
MvQcvjv Avevi bZzb K‡i R‡b¥| †Zj, M¨vm ev Kqjvi
g‡Zv GwU c„w_ex †_‡K wPiw`‡bi g‡Zv A`„k¨ n‡q hvq
bv|
o ‡m․ikw³ : wbf©ikxj bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³i Drm n‡”Q m~h©|
m~‡h©i Zvc‡K e¨envi K‡i we`y¨r Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
Avevi m~‡h©i Zvc‡K mivmwi we`y¨‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY n‡jv- †mvjvi c¨v‡bj| m~h© †_‡K
494
†h cwigvY kw³ Zvi Av‡kcvk Qwo‡q c‡o Zvi 20
†KvwU fv‡Mi GK fvM ‡c․Qvq c„w_ex‡Z|
evqykw³ : ‡m․ikw³i ci me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bevqb‡hvM¨
kw³i Drm n‡”Q evqykw³| evqyi MwZ‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
wekvj wekvj Uve©vBb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b
Kiv n‡”Q| GKUv evqy Uve©vBb †_‡K K‡qK †gMvIqvU
ch©šÍ we`y¨r cvIqv m¤¢e Ges cÖwZeQi evqykw³‡K Kv‡R
jvwM‡q we`y¨r Drcv`b 30 kZvsk nv‡i evo‡Z‡Q|
ev‡qvdz‡qj : f~Æv, AvL G ai‡bi Lvevi †_‡K R¦vjvwbi
Rb¨ A¨vj‡Kvnj •Zwi Kiv nq| c„w_exi A‡bK MvQcvjv
†_‡K mivmwi R¦vjvwb cvIqv hvq| c„w_exi A‡bK †`k
†hgb eªvwRj G ai‡bi ev‡qvdz‡qj †ek eo AvKv‡i
e¨envi Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡Q|
f~Zvcxq : bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡iKwU n‡”Q
wRI_vg©vj ev f~Zvcxq kw³| c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡i
Zvckw³i GK wekvj fvÐvi Aew¯’Z| Av‡MœqwMwii
AMœy¨rcv‡Z jvfvi mv‡_ GB Zvc wbM©Z nq| c„w_exi f~-
Af¨šÍ‡i K‡qK wK‡jvwgUvi MZ© K‡i †h‡Z cvi‡jB GB
Zvckw³i mÜvb cvIqv hvq wKš‘ cÖwµqvwU mnR bq e‡j
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi ïiæ nqwb|
cvigvYweK kw³ ☼
GKwU cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm †f‡½ A_ev `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
wbDwK¬qvm‡K GKÎ K‡i wbDwK¬q kw³ ev cvigvYweK kw³
cvIqv hvq| cvigvYweK kw³ cvIqvi Dcvq `ywU-
 wbDwK¬q wdDkb
 wbDwK¬q wdmvb
wbDwK¬q wdDkb : †h wbDwK¬q ev cvigvYweK cÖwKqvq GKvwaK
cigvYy hy³ n‡q bZzb cigvYy MVb K‡i Zv‡K wbDwK¬q
wdDkb e‡j| m~‡h©i cvigvYweK wewKiY, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvi
g~j Drm n‡jv wdDkb wewµqv|
+ →
GLv‡b GKwU †cÖvUb GKwU wbDUªb‡K MÖvm K‡i ‣Zwi K‡i‡Q
GKwU wWD‡Uib| MÖv‡mi mgq 0.00239amu nvwi‡q hv‡”Q
Ges 2.23 MeV kw³ Avwef©~Z nq|
wbDwK¬q wdmvb : fvix cigvYy wbDwK¬qvm †h cÖwµqvq wewkøó
n‡q cÖvq mgvb f‡ii `ywU wbDwK¬qvm •Zwi nq, Zv‡K wbDwK¬q
wdmvb ejv nq| wdmvb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Rvg©vb weÁvbx A‡Uv
n¨vb 1939 mv‡j|
+ → + + 3( )
☼ kw³i iƒcvšÍi ☼
kw³i wbZ¨Zvi m~Î : kw³i m„wó ev webvk †bB| kw³ GK
iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ nq gvÎ|
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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 495
kw³ iƒcvšÍ‡ii K‡qKwU D`vniY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv- → Kqjvi g~j Dcv`vb- Kve©b|
NUbv kw³ iƒcvšÍwiZ kw³ → ‡÷Bb‡jm w÷‡j †jvnvi mv‡_ wb‡Kj I ‡µvwgqvg
‣e`y¨wZK cvLv ev †gvUi Zwor hvwš¿K †gkv‡bv nq|
‣e`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ ev wnUvi Zwor Zvc → ‡jvnvi cÖavb AvKwiK- †ngvUvBU|
evj¦, wUDejvBU Zwor Av‡jvK → A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cÖavb AvKwiK e·vBW|
w¯úKvi/‣e`y¨wZK NÈv Zwor kã → D‡ovRvnvR •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq Wzivjywgb| GwU
‡gvevBj Zwor ivmvqwbK A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi GKwU msKi avZz|
M¨v‡mi Pzjv ivmvqwbK Zvc
e¨vUvwi ivmvqwbK Zwor K‡qKwU mvaviY LwbR c`v‡_©i e¨envi
RxešÍ cÖvYxi kixi ivmvqwbK hvwš¿K/Zwor LwbR c`v_© e¨envi
mij Zwor †Kvl ivmvqwbK Zwor g¨vM‡bUvBU ‡jvnv
Zvcxq hš¿ Zvckw³ hvwš¿K ( )
‡Rbv‡iUi hvwš¿K Zwor Pzbvcv_i ( ) Nievwo •Zwi‡Z Ges wm‡g›U,
Kj‡gi Kvwj‡Z dzu w`‡j hvwš¿K kã †mvWv, Møvm, †jvnv I w÷j
nv‡Z nvZ Nl‡j hvwš¿K Zvc Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq|
gvB‡µvI‡qf I‡fb Zwor Zvc †KvqvU©R ( ) KvuP, wmwiP KvMR, †iwWI ev
‡mvjvi c¨v‡bj Av‡jvK Zwor Nwo ‣Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
d‡UvMÖvwdK †cøU Av‡jvK ivmvqwbK wmjfvi ev iƒcv (Ag) Mnbv I avZe gy`ªv •Zwi‡Z
gvBKv (Mica) •e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z we`y¨r
wbDwK¬qvi †evgv* fi Zvc/Av‡jvK/kã wb‡ivaK wn‡m‡e|
AvBb÷vB‡bi m~‡Îi gva¨‡g fi‡K kw³‡Z wRcmvg wm‡g›U I cøv÷vi Ae c¨vwim
iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| wbDwK¬qvi †evgv‡Z Ges wbDwK¬qvi we`y¨r ( ) •Zwii KvuPvgvj|
†K‡›`ª fi †_‡K kw³ iƒcvšÍi K‡i cÖPÐ Zvc, Av‡jv Ges kã avZe cvBivBUm mvjdvi Ges bvbv iKg avZz
kw³ Drcbœ Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq mivmwi fi †_‡K Zvckw³ •Zwi‡Z|
•Zwi Kiv nq Ges †mB Zvc e¨envi K‡i ev®ú Drcbœ Kiv ‡mvbv I nxiv Mnbv •Zwi‡Z|
nq| GB ev®ú e¨envi K‡i Uve©vBb Nywi‡q †Rbv‡iU‡ii M¨vm, Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e, ivbœvi Kv‡R,
gva¨‡g we`y¨r •Zwi Kiv nq| Mvwo I wkíKviLvbvq|

☼ LwbR Drm ☼ Ͽ Av‡jvK hš¿cvwZ ʘ

‡ewki fvM LwbR c`v_©B KwVb Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq| G‡`i
wbw`©ó ivmvqwbK mshyw³ _v‡K| GLb ch©šÍ cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvq
2500 iK‡gi LwbR c`v_© cvIqv †M‡Q|
→ LwbR c`v_© avZe wKsev AavZe `y‡UvB n‡Z cv‡i|
avZe LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv †jvnv (Fe),
Zvgv (Cu), ‡mvbv (Au) wKsev iƒcv (Ag)| AavZe
LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †KvqvU©R (Quartz), gvBKv
(Mica) wKsev LwbR jeY|
→ Kqjv, M¨vm, †c‡Uªvj G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq- ‣Re LwbR
c`v_©|
→ avZz‡K M¨vjfvbvBwRs Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq `¯Ív|
→ msKZ avZz wcZ‡ji Dcv`vb n‡”Q- Zvgv I `¯Ív|
→ CNG Gi c~Y© iƒc Compressed Natural Gas.
→ me‡P‡q k³ c`v_©- nxiv|
→ f~c„‡ô me‡P‡q †ewk i‡q‡Q- A¨vjywgwbqvg|
`c©Y
‡h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©Y
e‡j| `c©‡Y Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| Kvu‡Pi Dci avZzi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q (cviv jvMv‡bv ev wmjfvwis) `c©Y •Zwi Kiv nq|
`c©‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
`c©Y cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- mgZj `c©Y I †Mvjxq
`c©Y| ‡Mvjxq `c©Y `yB cÖKvi| h_v- DËj `c©Y I
AeZj `c©Y|
→ mgZj `c©Y : e¯‘ †hgb †ZgbB †`Lvq| †hgb- mij
†cwi‡¯‥vc e¨envi K‡i jÿ¨e¯‘‡K †`Lv, Avqbvq wb‡Ri
†Pnviv †`Lv cÖf…wZ|
→ AeZj `c©Y : ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi ‡P‡q eo †`Lvq| †hgb-
wPwKrmK KZ©„K bvK, Kvb, Mjv ch©‡eÿY|
→ DËj `c©Y : e¯‘‡K ev¯Í‡ei †P‡q †QvU †`Lvq| †hgb-
Mvwoi jywKs Møv‡m jÿ¨e¯‘‡K †`Lv|

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 496
wbivc` WªvBwfs 50 †mwg `~‡ii †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Acm„Z n‡”Q e‡j g‡b
o Mvwoi WªvBfv‡ii wm‡Ui `iRvi mvg‡bi w`‡K mvBW nq| = ev 50 ‡mw›UwgUvi|
wfD wgii bv‡g `ywU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K|
o ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU DËj Ges
o Mvwoi wfZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K gvSLv‡bI wiqvi wfD wgii GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi 1 wgUvi `~‡i Av‡jvKiwk¥¸”Q‡K
bv‡g Av‡iKwU Avqbv ev `c©Y _v‡K|
G¸‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges wgwjZ Ki‡e| ev 1 wgUvi|
‡cQ‡bi w`‡K †`Lvi Kv‡R
mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi ‡Pv‡Li wµqv
gv_v bv Nywi‡qB Pvicv‡k → †Pv‡Li Ask¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †iwUbv, †Pv‡Li †jÝ,
†`L‡Z cv‡i| A¨vKzqvm wnDgvi, wfwUªqvm wnDgvi Ges KwY©qv|
wPÎ : Mvwoi wZbwU Avqbv ev `c©Y → †Pv‡Li †jÝ DËj ev Awfmvix †j‡Ýi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
cvnvwo iv¯Ívi A`„k¨ evuK Awfmvix †jÝ me mgq D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i|
cvnvwo iv¯Ívi wewfbœ evu‡K eo → Avgv‡`i mvg‡b e¯‘ _v‡K, ZLb H e¯‘ †_‡K Av‡jvKiwk¥
mvB‡Ri †Mvjxq `c©Y ÷¨v‡Û GB †jÝ Øviv cÖwZmvwiZ nq Ges †iwUbvi Dci GKwU
`vuo Kwi‡q ivLv nq| iv¯Ívi D‡ëv cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i|
euvK n‡jI G `c©Y †`‡L → ‡iwUbvi Dci Av‡jv co‡j ¯œvqyi mv‡_ mshy³ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iW
wfbœ w`K n‡Z Avmv Mvwoi Ges †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv †mB Av‡jv MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Zwor ev
Ae¯’vb Rvbv hvq| we`y¨r wmMb¨v‡j cwiYZ K‡i| ¯œvqy GB we`y¨r ev Zwor
wPÎ. cvnvwo iv¯Ívq †Mvjxq `c©‡Yi e¨envi wmMb¨vj‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e AcwUK bvf© ev Awÿ ¯œvqyi
‡jÝ mv‡_ gw¯Í‡®‥ cvVvq|
`ywU †Mvjxq c„ô w`‡q mxgve× †Kvb ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK → ‡KvY †Kvl¸‡jv Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z mvov †`q Ges i‡Oi
gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j| †jÝ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- DËj ev Abyf~wZ I i‡Oi cv_©K¨ eywS‡q †`q| Ab¨w`‡K
Awfmvix †jÝ (Convex lens) Ges AeZj ev iW‡Kvl¸‡jv Lye Kg Av‡jv‡Z ms‡e`bkxj nq| G Kvi‡Y
Acmvix †jÝ (Concave lens)| †R¨vr¯œvi Av‡jv‡Z Avgiv ÔÔiWÕÕ †Kvl¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y †`L‡Z
cvB wKš‘ †Kvb is eyS‡Z cvwi bv| gw¯Í®‥ †iwUbvq m„ó D‡ëv
DËj †jÝ AeZj †jÝ cÖwZwe¤^‡K †mvRv K‡i †`q e‡j Avgiv e¯‘wU‡K †h iKg
Pkgv, AvZkx KvuP wn‡m‡e, Pkgv, M¨vwjwjIi `~iexÿY hš¿ _v‡K †miKgB †`wL|
K¨v‡givq, AYyexÿY h‡š¿ Ges I wm‡bgv‡¯‥vc cÖ‡R±‡i e¨eüZ
Av¸b R¦vjv‡bvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
nq| ‡iwUbv

‡jÝ

wPÎ. DËj †jÝ I †dvKvm we›`y wPÎ. AeZj †jÝ I †dvKvm we›`y
o Dc‡ii wPÎ n‡Z mn‡RB †evSv hvq, DËj ev Awfmvix
†j‡Ý Av‡jvKiwk¥ †j‡Ýi †cQ‡b GK we›`y‡Z wgwjZ
nq| AeZj ev Acmvix †j‡Ý Av‡jvKiwk¥ Acmvix
A_©vr ci¯úi †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hvq| G NUbv cwigvc
Kivi Rb¨ †j‡Ýi ÿgZv msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
o ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv (P) I †dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i (f) g‡a¨ m¤úK©,
| ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi GKK WvqvÞi (D)|
o ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq, †jÝwU AeZj Ges
GwU cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj GK¸”Q Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K
Ggbfv‡e AcmvwiZ K‡i †h, G¸‡jv †Kvb †jÝ †_‡K
wPÎ. Avgiv Kxfv‡e †`wL
¯úó `„wói b~¨bZg `~iZ¡ : †Pv‡Li me‡P‡q Kv‡Q †h we›`y
ch©šÍ jÿ¨e¯‘‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L ¯úó †`Lv hvq, Zv‡K ¯úó
`„wói wbKU we›`y e‡j| GB `~iZ¡ eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½
cwiewZ©Z nq| GKRb wkïi GB `~iZ¡ 5 †mw›UwgUv‡ii
KvQvKvwQ Ges GKRb ¯^vfvweK eq¯‥ †jv‡Ki 25
†mw›UwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡Pv‡Li ÎæwU Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi
my¯’ Ges ¯^vfvweK †PvL ÔÔwbKU we›`yÕÕ (Near point)
‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i Amxg `~i‡Z¡i Ò`~i we›`yÓ-Gi gvSLv‡b
†h ¯’v‡bB †Kv‡bv e¯‘ _vKzK bv †Kb †mUv ¯úó †`L‡Z

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 497
cv‡i| GUvB †Pv‡Li ¯^vfvweK `„wókw³| GB ¯^vfvweK wewfbœ avZy I Zv‡`i AvKwiK
`„wókw³ e¨vnZ n‡jB Zv‡K †Pv‡Li ÎæwU ejv nq| avZzi bvg AvKwiK
GwU `yB cªKvi| h_v- – gvK©vwi wmbœvevi (HgS)
o n«¯^`„wó ev ÿxY`„wó (Myopia) : hLb †PvL Kv‡Qi e¯‘ wRsK wRsK †eøÛ (ZnS), K¨vjvgvBb ( )
†`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ `~‡ii e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, ZLb †Pv‡Li ‡jW M¨v‡jbv (PbS)
GB ÎæwU‡K n«¯^`„wó e‡j| `ywU Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU n‡q Kcvi Kcvi cvB‡iBU ( ),
_v‡K- Pj‡KvmvBU ( )
 ‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix kw³ e„w× ‡c‡j ev A¨vjywgwbqvg e·vBW (
†dvKvm `~iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j I
 ‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w× ‡mvwWqvg mvM‡ii cvwb (NaCl)
†c‡j| K¨vjwmqvg Pzbvcv_i ( )
Gi d‡j `~‡ii e¯‘ †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li → me‡P‡q nvjKv avZz wjw_qvg (Li)|
†j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi Dc‡i cÖwZwe¤^ → me‡P‡q fvix Zij c`v_©- cvi` (Hg)| Gi Mjbv¼
•Zwi bv K‡i GKUz mvg‡b cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi K‡i| d‡j me‡P‡q Kg| GwU ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K|
†PvL e¯‘wU ¯úó †`L‡Z cvq bv| → me‡P‡q †ewk cvIqv hvq A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) avZz|
cÖwZKvi t GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AeZj †j‡Ý → ‡h avZzi Dci AvNvZ Ki‡j kã nq bv- A¨vw›Ugwb|
Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| → me‡P‡q g~j¨evb avZz- cøvwUbvg (Pt)|
→ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ avZz- †jvnv (Fe)|
o `xN©`„wó ev `~i`„wó (Hypermetropia) : hLb †Kvb → me‡P‡q mwµq avZz- cUvwkqvg (K)|
†PvL `~‡ii e¯‘ †`‡L wKš‘ Kv‡Qi e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq bv, → me‡P‡q `ªæZ ÿq nq †h avZ- `¯Ív (Zn)|
ZLb GB ÎæwU‡K `xN©`„wó ÎæwU e‡j| mvaviYZ eq¯‥ → ‡h avZz cvwb‡Z fv‡m- †mvwWqvg (Na)|
e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ GB ÎæwU †`Lv hvq| wb¤œwjwLZ `ywU → Nwoi †PBb iƒcvi g‡Zv D¾¡j †`Lvq- †jvnvi (Fe)
Kvi‡Y GB ÎæwU N‡U- Dci †µvwgqvg (Cr) Gi cÖ‡jc _vKvq|
‡Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ÿgZv n«vm †c‡j A_ev → ‡mvwWqvg (Na) avZz‡K †cvov‡j- D¾¡j njy` i‡½i
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j| wkLv Drcbœ nq| cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z Zvc cwievnK
‡Kvb Kvi‡Y Awÿ-‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© K‡g †M‡j| wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †mvwWqvg avZz|
Gi d‡j `~i †_‡K Avmv Av‡jv mwVKfv‡e †Pv‡Li †iwUbv‡Z
cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Ki‡jI KvQvKvwQ we›`y †_‡K Avmv Av‡jvKiwk¥
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbvi wVK Dc‡i ∓ AavZe c`v_© ±
bv n‡q wcQ‡b wgwjZ nq|
cÖwZKvi t GB ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi o AavZe c`v_©mg~n Zvc I we`y¨r Acwievnx|
o AavZzi †h․Mmg~n-
Ki‡Z n‡e|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb bvBwUªK GwmW ( )- ¯^‡Y©i Lv` ‡ei
( ) Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| jvwds M¨vm ( )-
∓ avZe c`v_© I Zv‡`i †h․Mmg~n ± nvwmi D‡`ªK NUvq|
mvjdvi mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW ( )- GwmW e„wó m„wó
wewfbœ msKi avZz I Zvi Dcv`v‡bi kZKiv mshyw³ (S) K‡i, mvjwdDwiK GwmW ( )- mvevb I
msKi avZz Dcv`vb I mshyw³ wWUvi‡R›U (26%), iÄK c`v_© Drcv`‡b
w÷j ‡jvnv- 99%, Kve©b- 1% (26%), ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ (28%) Drcv`‡b
gwiPvwenxb B¯úvZ ‡jvnv- 74%, †µvwgqvg- 18%, e¨eüZ nq|
(‡÷Bb‡jm w÷j) wb‡Kj- 8% Aw·‡Rb nvmcvZv‡j e¨eüZ Aw·‡R‡b 93%
wcZj (eªvm Kcvi- 65%, wRsK- 35% ( ) Aw·‡Rb _v‡K|
Wzivjwgb A¨vjywgwbqvg- 95%, Kcvi- 4%, wmwjKb (Si) - KvuP •Zwii cÖavb Dcv`vb
g¨vM‡bwmqvg, g¨v½vwbR I †j․n- 1%
24 K¨v‡iU ¯^Y© ¯^Y-© 100% → ivmvqwbK AwMœ wbe©vcK KvR K‡i- AwMœ‡Z Aw·‡Rb
22 K¨v‡iU ¯^Y© ¯^Y-© 87.5%, Kcvi- 12.5% Ges mieiv‡n evavi m„wó K‡i|
Ab¨vb¨ avZz → ï®‥ eid ejv nq- wngvwqZ Kve©b WvBA·vBW‡K|
21 K¨v‡iU ¯^Y© ¯^Y-© 61.97%, Kcvi- 8.33% Ges → KvP •Zwii cÖavb KvuPvgvj wmwjKb|
Ab¨vb¨ avZz → w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwVi g‡a¨ _v‡K- †jvwnZ dmdivm|

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 498
→ Bu`yi gvivi wel •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq- dmdivm| → NaCl
→ cPv wW‡gi M‡Üi Rb¨ `vqx- GB wewµqvq Na B‡jKUªb Z¨vM Ki‡Q, myZivs Na weRviK
→ jvwds M¨vm ( ) nvwmi D‡`ªK m„wó K‡i| c`v_©| Aciw`‡K, Cl B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i‡Q ZvB Cl RviK
→ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm wb‡R R¦‡j wKš‘ Ab¨‡K R¦j‡Z mvnvh¨ c`v_©|
K‡i bv|
→ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wb‡R R¦‡j bv wKš‘ Ab¨‡K R¦j‡Z mvnvh¨
o RviY (Oxidation) t †h wewµqvq †Kvb cigvYyi
K‡i| B‡jKUªb `vb N‡U A_©vr H cigvYyi abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i
msL¨v e„w× cvq ev FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i msL¨v n«vm cvq †mB
→ Kve©b WvB A·vBW ( ) wb‡RI R¦‡j bv Ab¨‡K wewµqv‡K RviY wewKqv e‡j| ‡hgb-
R¦j‡ZI mvnvh¨ K‡i bv|
→ +
→ wmu`y‡ii ivmvqwbK bvg- UªvB cøvw¤^K †UUªv A·vBW
( | → +
→ ‡evKvi ¯^Y©- AvqiY cvBivBU| o weRviY t †h wewµqvq B‡jKUªb MªnY N‡U A_©vr H
cigvYyi abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i msL¨v n«vm cvq ev FYvZ¥K
Pv‡R©i msL¨v e„w× cvq †mB wewµqv‡K weRviY wewµqv
∓ RviY-weRviY ± e‡j| †hgb-
+ →
04. †Kvb RviK c`v_© bq? (37Zg wewmGm)
+ →
K. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb L. Aw·‡Rb
M. †K¬vwib N. †eªvwgb DËi K → RviK : Aw·‡Rb, †eªvwgb, ‡d¬vwib, bvBwUªK GwmW,
cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU, †K¬vwib, Av‡qvwWb cÖf…wZ|
o e¨vL¨v : nvB‡Wªv‡Rb GKwU weRviK c`v_©| KviY †h → weRviK : Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖf…wZ|
mKj c`v_© B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Zv‡`i‡K weRviK Ges
†hmKj c`v_© B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K RviK → RviY msL¨v
e‡j| wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i Ab¨ ‡Kvb AYy ev †h․Mg~j‡Ki g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z cigvYy¸‡jvi
c`v_©‡K RvwiZ K‡i Ges wb‡R RvwiZ nq| wewµqvwU †KvbwUi B‡jKUªb †Q‡o †`Iqvi Avevi †KvbwUi
B‡jKUªb MÖnY Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lvq| AYy ev †h․Mg~j‡Ki
jÿ¨ Kiæb- | GLv‡b
g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †Kvb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb Qvovi cÖeYZv‡K
, CuO ‡K weRvwiZ K‡i‡Q| abvZ¥K wPýhy³ GKwU msL¨v w`‡q Avi †Kv‡bv cigvYyi
05. A¨v‡bv‡W †Kvb wewµqv m¤úbœ nq? (40Zg wewmGm) B‡jKUªb MÖnY Kivi cÖeYZv‡K FYvZ¥K wPýhy³ GKwU
K. RviY L. weRviY msL¨v w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq| AYy ev †h․Mg~j‡Ki g‡a¨
M. cÖkgb N. cvwb †hvRb DËi K Aew¯’Z †Kvb cigvYyi GB abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K wPýhy³
msL¨v‡KB Zvi RviY msL¨v (Oxidation Number)
e¨vL¨v : Zwor ivmvqwbK †Kvl MV‡b `ywU ZworØvi e‡j| RviY msL¨v wbY©‡qi c×wZ jÿ¨ Kiæb-
cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU‡K K¨v‡_vW Ges Ab¨wU‡K A¨v‡bvW ejv AYyi Mn Gi RviY msL¨v = x
nq| FYvZ¥K ZworØvi A¨v‡bv‡W RviY Ges abvZ¥K
=0
ZworØvi K¨v‡_v‡W weRviY wewµqv m¤úbœ nq|
 x=  x=7
B‡j±ªb ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i ivmvqwbK wewµqv‡K G S Gi RviY msL¨v wbY©q
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- awi, G S Gi RviY msL¨v = x
 ‡iW· ev RviY-weRviY wewµqv
 bb-‡iW· (‡hLv‡b B‡j±ªv‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq bv)  
→ ‡iW· (Redox) wewµqv → RviY-weRviY GKwU hyMcr wµqv
Reduction (weRviY) k‡ãi cÖ_gvsk (Red) Ges †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi `vb N‡U Zv‡K RviY
Oxidation (RviY) k‡ãi cÖ_gvsk (ox) Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ wewµqv Ges †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq B‡jKUª‡bi MÖnY N‡U
kã n‡jv Redox| Zv‡K weRviY wewµqv ejv nq| Avevi, †hmKj c`v_©
B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K‡i Zv‡`i‡K weRviK Ges †hmKj c`v_©
o RviY-weRviY wewµqvq †h wewµqKwU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i‡K RviK e‡j| GB NUbv¸‡jv
K‡i Zv‡K weRviK c`v_© ejv nq Ges †h wewµqKwU GKB wewµqvq GK mv‡_ N‡U e‡jB ejv nq, RviY-weRviY
B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K RviK c`v_© ejv nq|

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 499
GKwU hyMcr cÖwµqv (Simultaneous process)| GKwU Kv- K¨vjwmqvg (Ca)- 4%
wewµqv we‡ePbv Kiv hvK- g‡b ivLvi Dcvq t Awm G‡m wd‡i †M‡j Kvbv (CaNa)
KvKv (K) gvij|
→ NaCl
RviY Aa©wewµqv :
weRviY Aa©wewµqv : ☼ AvaywbK c`v_©weÁvb I G·‡i
GB `yB Aa©-wewµqv‡K †hvM Ki‡j RviY-weRviY wewµqv
cvIqv hvq- ‡ivM wbY©‡q e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ
‡ek wKQz wewµqv Av‡Q †hLv‡b RviY-weRviY wewµqv N‡U| 1950 mv‡j c„w_exi gvby‡li Mo Avqy wQj 50 eQ‡ii
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q- ms‡hvRb wewµqv, we‡qvRb wewµqv, cÖwZ¯’vcb KvQvKvwQ| 60 eQ‡i †mB Avqy 20 eQi e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
wewµqv Ges `nb wewµqv| c„w_exi gvby‡li Rxebavi‡Yi gvb DbœZ nIqv, †ivM
cÖwZ‡laK e¨envi, ¯^v¯’¨m‡PZb nIqv Ges wPwKrmvi gvb
→ Zwor we‡køl¨ (Electrolyte) Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
†hme c`v_© KwVb Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienb K‡i bv wKš‘ MwjZ G·-‡i
ev `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq we`y¨r cwienb K‡i Ges we`y¨r cwien‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ H c`v‡_©i ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NUvq Zv‡`i‡K
o i›U‡Rb 1885 mv‡j DBj‡n‡jvg i›U‡Rb
D”Pkw³m¤úbœ GK ai‡bi iwk¥ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib, †hwU
Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v_© e‡j| Zwor we‡køl¨ `yB cÖKvi| h_v kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk †f` K‡i wM‡q d‡UvMÖvwdK †cø‡U Qwe
⁂ Zxeª Zwor we‡køl¨ : †hgb †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW Zzj‡Z cviZ| GB iwk¥i bvg ZLb Rvbv wQj bv e‡j
(NaCl), Kcvi mvj‡dU ( ), Gi bvg †`Iqv n‡qwQj G·-‡i|
mvjwdDwiK GwmW ( ) BZ¨vw`| o Kvh©c×wZ :
nvB †fv‡ëR
⁂ g„`y Zwor we‡køl¨ : †hgb cvwb ( ),
B_vbwqK GwmW ( ) BZ¨vw`| nvB †fv‡ëR
A¨v‡bvW
→ ZworØvi (Electrode) : ‡h ZworØv‡i RviY wewµqv K¨v‡_vW
N‡U Zv‡K A¨v‡bvW ev abvZ¥K ZworØvi Avi †h
ZworØv‡i weRviY N‡U Zv‡K K¨v‡_vW ev FYvZ¥K
ZworØvi e‡j| Uvs‡÷b wdjv‡g›U
→ Zwor we‡kølY m~Î Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W| G·-‡i
→ B‡j±ª‡cøwUs : Zwor we‡kølY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU
avZzi Dci Ab¨ GKwU avZzi cvZjv cÖ‡jc ‡`qv nq,
Zv‡K B‡j±ª‡cøwUs ejv nq| wPÎ. G·-‡i wUD‡ei Kvh© c×wZ
GKwU Kv‡Pi †Mvj‡K `yB cv‡k `ywU B‡jK‡UªvW _v‡K- GKwU
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm (Natural Gas) K¨v‡_vW Ab¨wU A¨v‡bvW| Uvs‡÷‡bi •Zwi K¨v‡_v‡Wi †fZi
cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b| cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn K‡i †mwU DËß Kiv nq| Zv‡ci Kvi‡Y
Dcv`vbmg~‡ni kZKiv cwigvY wb‡P cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv- wdjv‡g›U †_‡K B‡j±ªb gy³ nq Ges A¨v‡bv‡Wi abvZ¥K
†fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y †mwU Zvi w`‡K Qz‡U hvq| K¨v‡_vW †_‡K
wg‡_b- 80% B‡_b- 7% cÖPÐ kw³‡Z Qz‡U Avmv B‡jKUªb¸‡jv A¨v‡bvW‡K AvNvZ K‡i|
†cÖv‡cb- 6% weD‡Ub I AvB‡mvweD‡Ub-4% GB kw³kvjx B‡jKUª‡bi AvNv‡Z A¨v‡bv‡Wi cigvYyi †fZi
†c‡›Ub- 3% Z_¨m~Î- beg-`kg †kÖwYi imvqb (GKv`k w`‡Ki Kÿc‡_i †Kvb GKwU B‡jKUªb †mB RvqMvUv c~iY K‡i|
Aa¨vq t LwbR m¤ú` : Rxevk¥)
Gi Kvi‡Y †h kw³UzKz DØ„Ë n‡q hvq †mwU kw³kvjx G·‡-i
evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ †h cÖvK…wZK M¨vm cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z wn‡m‡e †ei n‡q Av‡m|
99.99% wg‡_b _v‡K|
o G·-‡i A‡bK fv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| wb‡P K‡qKwU
f~-Z¡‡Ki cÖavb LwbR Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv-
A- Aw·‡Rb- 46% bv - †mvwWqvg (Na)- 3%  ¯’vbPz¨Z nvo, nv‡o dvUj, †f‡½ hvIqv nvo
wm- wmwjKb- 27% Kv- cUvwkqvg (K) – 3% BZ¨vw` Lye mn‡R kbv³ Kiv hvq|
G‡m- A¨vjywgwbqvg- 8.4% gvij- g¨vM‡bwmqvg- 2%  `vu‡Zi K¨vwfwU Ges Ab¨vb¨ ÿq †ei Kivi Rb¨
wd‡i- ‡divm(‡jvnv)- 5% Ab¨vb¨- 2% (cÖvq) G·-‡i e¨envi Kiv nq|

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Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 500
 ‡c‡Ui G·-‡i K‡i A‡š¿i cÖwZeÜKZv
(Intestinal Obstruction) kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 G·-‡i w`‡q wcË_wj I wKWwb‡Z cv_‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ o
†ei Kiv hvq|
 ey‡Ki G·-‡i K‡i dzmdz‡mi †ivM †hgb h²v,
wbD‡gvwbqv, dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
 G·-‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K †g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i, ZvB
GwU †iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z wPwKrmvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv
nq|
AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd
o AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd w`‡q kix‡ii †fZ‡ii A½cÖZ¨½,
gvsm‡cwk BZ¨vw`i Qwe †Zvjv nq| GwU Kivi Rb¨ Lye
D”P K¤úv‡¼i kã e¨envi K‡i Zvi cÖwZaŸwb‡K kbv³
Kiv nq| k‡ãi K¤úv¼ 1-10 ‡gMvnvU©R n‡q _v‡K
e‡j G‡K AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd ejv n‡q _v‡K|
o AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd w`‡q wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq-
 AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwdi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi ¯¿x‡ivM
Ges cÖm~wZweÁv‡b| Gi mvnv‡h¨ 僇Yi AvKvi,
MVb, ¯^vfvweK ev A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` Rvbv
hvq| cÖm~wZweÁv‡b GwU GKwU `ªæZ, wbivc` Ges
wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ|
 Avëªvm‡bvMÖvwd w`‡q Rivqyi wUDgvi Ges Ab¨vb¨
†cjwfK gv‡mi (Pelvic Mass) Dcw¯’wZI
kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 wcËcv_i, ü`h‡š¿i ÎæwU Ges wUDgvi †ei Kivi
Rb¨I AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv nq| ürwcÐ
cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ hLb AvëªvmvDÛ e¨envi Kiv
nq ZLb GB cixÿv‡K B‡KvKvwW©IMÖvwd e‡j|
wmwU ¯‥¨vb (CT Scan)
o wmwU ¯‥¨vb kãwU Bs‡iwR Computed
Tomography Scan Gi mswÿß iƒc| U‡gvMÖvwd
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq wÎgvwÎK e¯‘i GKwU dvwji ev
wÎgvwÎK As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ •Zwi Kiv| wPwKrmv weÁv‡b
GB h‡š¿ G·-‡i e¨envi Kiv nq|
o wmwU ¯‥¨vb K‡i wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Kiv m¤¢e-
 wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ kix‡ii big wUmy¨, i³evnx
wkiv ev agbx, dzmdzm, †eªb BZ¨vw`i c~Y©v½ Qwe
cvIqv hvq|
 hK…r, dzmdzm Ges AMœ¨vk‡qi K¨vÝvi kbv³ Kivi
Kv‡R wmwU ¯‥¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|
 gv_vi wmwU ¯‥¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ gw¯Í‡®‥i †fZi †Kvb
i³cvZ n‡q‡Q wK bv, agbx dz‡j ‡M‡Q wK bv,
†mwU e‡j †`Iqv hvq|
 kix‡i i³ mÂvj‡b mgm¨v Av‡Q wK bv †mwUI wmwU
¯‥¨vb †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
GgAviAvB (MRI: Magnetic Resonance
Imaging)
gvby‡li kix‡ii cÖvq mËifvM cvwb, hvi A_© gvby‡li
kix‡ii cÖvq me A½cÖZ¨‡½ cvwb _v‡K| cvwbi cÖwZwU
AYy‡Z _v‡K _v‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges nvB‡Wªv‡R wbDwK¬qvm
n‡”Q †cÖvUb| kw³kvjx †P․¤^K †ÿÎ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
‡cÖvUb¸‡jv †mB Zi½ †_‡K kw³ MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i w`K
cwieZ©b K‡i Ges GB cÖwµqvwU‡K e‡j wbDwK¬qvi
g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡bÝ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi GB PgKcÖ`
NUbvi Dci wfwË K‡i g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rv‡iÝ ev
GgAvivB •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wmwU¯‹¨vb I Gg Avi AvB Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
o wmwU¯‥¨vb w`‡q hv wKQz Kiv m¤¢e, GgAviAvB w`‡qI
†m¸‡jv Kiv m¤¢e| Z‡e GgAviAvB w`‡q kix‡ii
†fZiKvi †Kvgj wUmy¨I †fZiKvi cv_©K¨¸‡jv fvM
K‡i †evSv m¤¢e|
o wmwU¯‥¨vb Ki‡Z cvuP †_‡K `k wgwb‡Ui †ewk mg‡qi
`iKvi nq bv, †mB Zzjbvq GgAviAvB Ki‡Z GKUz
†ewk mgq †bq|
o wmwU¯‥¨v‡b G·‡-i e¨envi Kivq †ZRw¯…qZvi SzuwK
_v‡K, Gg Avi AvB G †ZRw¯…qZvi SzuwK _v‡K bv|
g‡b ivLyb : kix‡ii †fZ‡i †Kvb avZe wKQz _vK‡j (‡hgb-
†cm‡gKvi) GgAviAvB Kiv hvq bv, KviY Avi Gd (RF)
Zi½ avZz‡K DËß K‡i wec¾bK cwiw¯’wZ ‣Zwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
BwmwR (ECG)
BwmwR n‡jv B‡jK‡UªvKvwW©IMÖvg (Electro cardiogram)
k‡ãi mswÿß iƒc| BwmwR K‡i gvby‡li ürwc‡Ði •e`y¨wZK
Ges †cwkRwbZ KvRKg©¸‡jv ch©‡eÿY Kiv hvq|
o Avgiv Rvwb, evB‡ii †Kvb DÏxcbv QvovB ürwcÛ ÿz`ª
•e`y¨wZK ms‡KZ •Zwi K‡i| Ges GB ms‡KZ †cwki
†fZi Qwo‡q c‡o, hvi Kvi‡Y ür¯ú›`b nq| BwmwR
hš¿ e¨envi K‡i Avgiv ürwc‡Ûi GB •e`y¨wZK
ms‡KZ¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvwi|
o Ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v BwmwR Kiv hvq,
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q
 Ürwc‡Ûi †hme A¯^vfvweK ¯ú›`b, A_©vr
¯ú›`‡bi nvi †ewk ev Kg n‡j
 nvU© GUvK n‡q _vK‡j
 ürwc‡Ûi AvKvi eo n‡q _vK‡j
G‡ÛvmKwc (Endoscopy)
wPwKrmvi Kvi‡Y kix‡ii †fZ‡ii †Kv‡bv A½ ev MnŸi‡K
evB‡i †_‡K mivmwi †`Lvi cÖwµqvwUi bvg G‡ÛvmKwc|
www.preparationsbd.com
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷ (‡f․ZweÁvb) 501
G‡ÛvmKwc h‡š¿i gva¨‡g kix‡ii dvucv A½¸‡jvi †fZ‡i
cixÿv Kiv hvq|
o ‡h A½¸‡jv cixÿvi Rb¨ G‡ÛvmKwc e¨envi Kiv nq
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q
01. dzmdzm Ges ey‡Ki †K›`ªxq wefvRb Ask
02. cvK¯’jx, ÿz`ªvš¿, e„n`š¿ ev †Kvjb
03. ¯¿x cÖRbb A½
04. D`i Ges †cjwfm
05. gyÎbvwji Af¨šÍi fvM
06. bvmv MnŸi, bv‡Ki Pvicv‡ki mvBbvm Ges Kvb
G‡ÛvmKwc Kivi mgq †h‡nZz GKwU bj mivmwi ÿZ¯’v‡b
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq †mwU w`‡q †mB ÿZ ¯’v‡bi Sample wb‡q
Avmv m¤¢e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b GUv e¨envi K‡i wKQz wKQz mvR©vwi
Kiv m¤¢e|
BwUwU (ETT)
Bs‡iwR Exercise Tolerance Test Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡jv
BwUwU| e¨vqvg ev Abykxjb Kivi mgq BwmwR Kiv‡KB BwUwU
ejv n‡q _v‡K|
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq ürwcÛ ‡_‡K †h •e`y¨wZK ms‡KZ Av‡m
†mLv‡b A‡bK mgq ürwc‡Ði cÖK…Z Ae¯’vwU †evSv hvq bv|
†ivMx‡K evowZ kvixwiK cwikÖg ev e¨vqvg Kiv‡bv n‡j
ürwc‡Ði Ici evwoZ Pvc c‡o, ZLb ürwc‡Ði •e`y¨wZK
mwµqZv Ges ¯ú›`‡bi nvi Ges Q›`gqZv †`‡L ürwc‡Ûi
K‡ivbvwi agwb‡Z AvswkK Aeiæ× Ae¯’v _vK‡j †mwU A‡bK
mgq BwUwU K‡i kbv³ Kiv hvq|
‡ivM wbivg‡q c`v_©weÁvb (Physics in Treatment)
‡iwWI‡_ivwc (Radio Therapy)
‡iwWI‡_ivwc kãwU Bs‡iwR Radiation Therapy kãwUi
mswÿß iƒc| †iwWI‡_ivwc n‡”Q †Kvb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq
‡ZRw¯¿q wewKi‡Yi e¨envi|
☼ GwU g~jZ K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨envi Kiv
nq| †iwWI‡_ivwc‡Z mvaviYZ D”P ÿgZvi G·-
‡i e¨envi K‡i K¨vÝvi †Kvl‡K aŸsm Kiv nq|
GB G·-‡i e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡li †fZiKvi wWGbG
(DNA) aŸsm K‡i †Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× Kivi
ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q|
☼ GKwU wUDgvi‡K mvR©vwi Kivi Av‡M †QvU K‡i
†bIqvi Rb¨ wKsev mvR©vwii ci wUDgv‡ii Aewkó
Ask aŸsm Kivi Rb¨I †iwWI‡_ivwc Kiv nq|
AvB‡mv‡Uvc Ges Gi e¨envi
GKwU †g․wjK c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qvm wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ
n‡j Zv‡K †mB †g․wjK c`v‡_©i AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j|
cÖK…wZ‡Z A‡bK †g․‡ji wewfbœ AvB‡mv‡Uvc‡K
¯^vfvweKfv‡e †ZRw¯…q wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq Avevi
wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv K‡i ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc evbv‡bv
m¤¢e|
☼ ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvcmg~n †ivM wbY©q Kivi Rb¨
†hiKg e¨envi Kiv hvq wVK ‡miKg †ivM wbivg‡qi
Rb¨I e¨envi Kiv hvq|
☼ kix‡ii ‡Kvb †Kv‡bv A‡½ gv‡S gv‡S Avjv`vfv‡e
we‡k‡l †Kv‡bv †h․wMK c`v_© hy³ nq| †mB †h․wMK
c`v‡_©i cwigvY †`‡L A½wU m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYv
cvIqv hvq| †h․MwUi cwigvY †evSvi Rb¨ †h․MwUi
†Kv‡bv GKwU cigvYy‡K Zvi GKwU †ZRw¯…q
AvB‡mv‡Uvc w`‡q cv‡ë †`Iqv nq Ges †mB †ZRw¯…q
AvB‡mv‡UvcwUi wewKiY †_‡K wbw`©ó A‡½ †h․‡Mi
cwigvY †evSv hvq| mvaviYZ Mvgv †i wewKiY K‡i
Ges evB‡i †_‡KB GB Mvgv †i kbv³ Kiv hvq|
☼ ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨env‡ii GKwU PgKcÖ`
D`vniY PET ev Positron Emission
Tomography ‡hLv‡b †ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡UvcwU
cwRUªb wewKiY K‡i| cwRUªb B‡j±ª‡bi cÖwZwU Kbv
(anti-particle) Ges GwU B‡j±ª‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GB kw³ Mvgv †i wn‡m‡e
wecixZ w`‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m| Kv‡RB wecixZ w`‡K
`ywU wbw`©ó kw³ Mvgv †i kbv³ K‡i cwRUªbwU †Kv_v
†_‡K †ei n‡q‡Q †mwU †ei K‡i †bIqv hvq|
☼ ‡Kvevë 60 (60Co) GKwU Mvgv †i wewKiYKvix
AvB‡mv‡Uvc, GB AvB‡mv‡Uvc e¨envi K‡i K¨vÝvi
AvµvšÍ †Kvl‡K Mvgv †i aŸsm Kiv nq|
☼ Av‡qvwWb 131 (131I) _vBi‡qW wPwKrmvq e¨envi
Kiv nq, _vBi‡qW wPwKrmvq GwU GZB Kvh©Ki, hv
AvRKvj _vBi‡q‡Wi mvR©vwi †miKg cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
☼ wjD‡Kvwgqv bv‡g i‡³i K¨vÝv‡ii wPwKrmvq †ZRw¯…q
AvB‡mv‡Uvc dmdivm 32 (32P) hy³ dm‡dU
e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡ZRw¯…qZv
→ Gi Gm AvB GKK †eK‡ij|
→ cÖKw… Z‡Z cÖvß †ZRw¯…q †g․j- BD‡iwbqvg, †_vwiqvg,
†cv‡jvwbqvg, †iWb cÖf…wZ| ‡hme †g․‡ji cvigvYweK
msL¨v 82 Gi AwaK ‡mme †g․‡j ‡ZRw¯…q ag©
cwijwÿZ nq|
→ ‡Zmw¯…qZv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib †nbwi †eK‡ij (1896)|
→ gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvMZ iwk¥‡K e‡j- KmwgK
iwk¥|
→ me©cÖ_g †ZRw¯…q c`v_© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq- BD‡iwbqvg|
www.preparationsbd.com
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 1 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv

‡U÷ - 11 (RxeweÁvb)

wm‡jevm : weÁvb - 02
c`v‡_©i RxeweÁvb-welqK ag©, wUmy¨, †R‡bwU·,
Rxe‣ewPΨ, G¨vwb‡gj WvBfviwmwU, G¨vwbg¨vj
wUmy¨, AM©vb Ges AM©vb wm‡÷g, mv‡jvKms‡kølY,
fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, Ry‡jvwRK¨vj †bv‡gb‡K¬Pvi,
cÖvwYRMr, Dw™¢`, dzj, dj, i³ mÂvjb, i³Pvc,
ürwcÛ Ges û`‡ivM, ¯œvqy Ges ¯œvqy‡ivM, Lv`¨ I
cywó, wfUvwgb, gvB‡µvev‡qvjwR, cøv›U wbDwUªkb,
civMvqb BZ¨vw`|

www.preparationsbd.com
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
c`v‡_©i RxeweÁvb welqK ag©
gvbemf¨Zv weKv‡k eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ
n‡”Q Lv`¨ Drcv`b, wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿i Dbœqb Ges weiƒc
cwi‡e‡k Rxe‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv| Gme †ÿ‡Î RxeweÁv‡bi
f~wgKv Acwimxg|
Biology kãwU G‡m‡Q wMÖK kã Ôbios’ I Ôlogos’ kã
†_‡K| wMÖK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj‡K ejv nq ÔRxeweÁv‡bi
RbKÕ| weÁv‡bi †h kvLvi Rx‡ei MVb, •RewbK wµqv Ges
RxebaviY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K •eÁvwbK Ávb cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB
RxeweÁvb (Biology) e‡j|
RxeweÁv‡bi kvLvmg~n
‡f․Z RxeweÁvb
ভবৌত জীফবফজ্ঞান ঱াখায় তত্ত্বীয় বফলয় বনয়য় অয়রাচনা কযা ঴য়য়
থায়ক। এয়ত ঳াধাযণত বনয়চ উয়েবখত বফলয়গুয়রা অয়রাচনা কযা
঴য়।
঄ঙ্গ঳ংস্থান (Morphology) : জীয়ফয ঳াবফিক ঄ঙ্গ঳ংস্থাবনক ফা
দদব঴ক গঠন ফণিনা।
ভেবণবফন্যা঳বফদযা ফা ট্যায়সানবভ (Taxonomy) : জীয়ফয
ভেবণবফন্যা঳ ও যীবতনীবত঳ভূ঴ এ ঱াখায অয়রাবচত বফলয়।
঱যীযবফদযা (Physiology) : জীফয়দয়঴য নানা ঄ঙ্গপ্রতযয়ঙ্গয
দজফযা঳ায়বনক কামিাবদ এ ঱াখায় অয়রাবচত ঴ম। এছাড়াও
মাফতীয় ঱যীযফৃত্তীয় কায়জয বফফযণ এ ঱াখায় ঩াওয়া মায়।
ব঴য়টারবজ (Histology) : জীফয়দয়঴য বট্স্যয঳ভূয়঴য গঠন,
বফন্যা঳ ও কামিাফবর এ ঱াখায় অয়রাচনা কযা ঴য়।
ভ্রূণবফদযা (Embryology) : জীয়ফয ভ্রূয়ণয ঩বযস্ফুট্ন ঳ম্পয়কি
এ ঱াখায় অয়রাচনা কযা ঴য়।
ভকালবফদযা (Cytology) : জীফয়দয়঴য একক ভকায়লয গঠন,
কামিাফবর ও বফবাজন ঳ম্পয়কি এ ঱াখায় অয়রাচনা কযা ঴য়।
ফং঱গবতবফদযা ফা ভজয়নবট্স (Genetics) : বজন ও ফং঱গবতধাযা
঳ম্পয়কি এ ঱াখায় অয়রাচনা কযা ঴য়।
বফফতিনবফদযা (Evolution) : ঩ৃবথফীয়ত প্রায়ণয বফকা঱, জীয়ফয
বফফতিন এফং ক্রভবফকায়঱য তথয঳ভূয়঴য অয়রাচনা এ ঱াখায
বফলয়।
ফস্তুবফদযা (Ecology) : প্রাকৃবতক ঩বযয়ফয়঱য ঳ায়থ জীয়ফয
অন্তঃ঳ম্পকি বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
এয়্ডাক্রাআয়নারবজ (Endocrinology) : জীফয়দয়঴ ঴যয়ভায়নয
(hormone)- এয কামিকাবযতা বফলয়ক জ্ঞান অয়রাচনা এ ঱াখায
বফলয়।
জীফবূয়গার (Biogeography) : জীয়ফয ভবৌয়গাবরক বফস্তায়যয
঳ায়থ বূভ্ডয়রয ভেবণবফবাগ ঳ম্পবকিত বফদযা।
dwjZ RxeweÁvb
জীফন- ঳ংবিষ্ট প্রায়য়াবগক বফলয়঳ভূ঴ এ ঱াখায ঄ন্তবুিক্ত। কয়য়কবট্
উয়েখয়মাগয ঱াখা বনয়চ উয়েখ কযা ঴য়রা:
www.preparationsbd.com
2 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
প্রত্নতত্ত্ববফদযা (Palaeontology) : জীফবফজ্ঞায়নয এ ঱াখায়
প্রাগগবত঴াব঳ক জীয়ফয বফফযণ এফং জীফাশ্ম ঳ম্পয়কি অয়রাচনা কযা
঴য়।
জীফ঩বয঳ংখযান বফদযা (Biostatistics) : জীফ ঩বয঳ংখযান
বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
঩যজীফীবফদযা (Parasitology) : ঩যজীবফতা, ঩যজীফী জীয়ফয
জীফন- প্রণাবর এফং ভযাগ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
ভৎস্যবফজ্ঞান (Fisheries) : ভাছ, ভাছ উৎ঩াদন, ভৎস্য ঳ম্পদ
ফযফস্থা঩না ও ঳ংযক্ষণ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
কীট্তত্ত্ব (Entomology) : কীট্঩তয়ঙ্গয জীফন, উ঩কাবযতা,
঄঩কাবযতা, ক্ষয়ক্ষবত, দভন আতযাবদ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
঄ণুবফজ্ঞান (Microbiology) : বাআযা঳, ফযাকয়ট্বযয়া, ছত্রাক
এফং ঄ন্যান্য ঄ণুজীফ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
কৃবলবফজ্ঞান (Agriculture) : কৃবল বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
বচবকৎ঳াবফজ্ঞান (Medical Sceience) : ভানফ জীফন, ভযাগ,
বচবকৎ঳া আতযাবদ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
বজন প্রমুবক্ত (Genetic Engineering) : বজন প্রমুবক্ত ও এয
ফযফ঴ায ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
প্রাণয঳ায়ন (Biochemistry) : জীয়ফয প্রাণ যা঳ায়বনক
কামিাফবর, ভযাগ আতযাবদ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
ভৃবত্তকা বফজ্ঞান (Soil Science) : ভাবট্, ভাবট্য গঠন ও ঩বযয়ফ঱
আতযাবদ ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
঩বযয়ফ঱ বফজ্ঞান (Environmental Science) : ঩বযয়ফ঱
঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
঳ভুদ্র বফজ্ঞান (Oceanography) : ঳ভুদ্র ও ঳ভুদ্র ঳ম্পদ
঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
ফন বফজ্ঞান (Forestry) : ফন, ফন ঳ম্পদ ফযফস্থা঩না ও ঳ংযক্ষণ
঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
পায়ভিব঳ (Pharmacy) : ঔলধ ব঱ল্প ও প্রমুবক্ত বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
জীফ প্রমুবক্ত (Biotechnology) : ভানফ ও ঩বযয়ফয়঱য করযায়ণ
জীফ ফযফ঴ায়যয প্রমুবক্ত ঳ম্পবকিত বফজ্ঞান।
ফন্য প্রাবনবফদযা (Wildlife) : ফন্যপ্রাণী বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
ফায়য়াআনপযয়ভবট্ক঳ (Bioinformatics) : কবম্পউট্ায প্রমুবক্ত
বনবিয জীফবফজ্ঞান বববত্তক তথয ভমভন: কযান্সায আতযাবদ বফয়িলণ
বফলয়ক বফজ্ঞান।
Z_¨KwYKv
® KxUcZ½ m¤úwK©Z we`¨v n‡jv - Gb‡UvgjwR|
® cÖvwYRM‡Zi DrcwË I eskm¤^Üxq we`¨v‡K e‡j -
†R‡bwU·|
® ÔwcwmKvjPviÕ ej‡Z ‡evSvq - grm¨ Pvl|
® ‡cwbwmwjqvg Avwe®‥vi K‡ib - Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs|
® ÔExtentialism’ n‡jv - GKwU `vk©wbK gZev`|
® Av‡qvwWb cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq - mvgy`ªwK •kev‡j|
® ‡cvwjI wUKvi Avwe®‥viK †Rvbvm mK (Jonas Salk)
hy³iv‡óªi GKwU kn‡i gviv hvb, kniwUi bvg - La
Zola.
® ÔGwfKvjPviÕ ej‡Z †evSvq - cvwLcvjb welqvw`|
® ‡cÖvwU‡bi g~j Dcv`vb n‡”Q - bvB‡Uªv‡Rb|
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 3 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
® cvwb (H2O) Gi g~j Dcv`vb - nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb 03. ‡hme A½vYy Abycw¯’Z _v‡K : gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷W,
® gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡Rb (O2) Av‡m - G‡ÛvcøvRwgK ‡iwUKzjvg BZ¨vw`|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq| 04. ‡hme A½vYy Dcw¯’Z _v‡K: ivB‡ev‡Rvg|
® i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvweb - Avwgl RvZxq c`v_©| 05. ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †Kej DNA _v‡K|
® ‡`‡ni R¦vjvbxiƒ‡c KvR K‡i - Kve©nvB‡WªU| 06. D`vniY : bxjvf meyR •kevj, e¨vK‡Uwiqv|
® cÖ_g Rxe‡bi D™¢e nq - RjR cwi‡e‡k| cÖK…Z‡Kvl ev my‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl (Eukaryotic cell)
® Dw™¢` gvwUi •KwkK cvwb †kvlY K‡i - g~j‡iv‡gi 01. ‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm myMwVZ|
gva¨‡g| 02. wbDwK¬qvi wSjøx w`‡q wbDwK¬I-e¯‘ cwi‡ewóZ I
mymsMwVZ|
‡Kvl I wUmy¨ 03. ‡hme A½vYy Abycw¯’Z _v‡K : Abycw¯’Z _v‡K bv|
04. mKj A½vYy Dcw¯’Z _v‡K: gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷W,
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg, ivB‡ev‡mvg|
Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I GKvwaK †Kvl wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 05. ‡Kv‡gv‡Rv‡g DNA, ‡cÖvwUb, wn‡÷vb Ges Ab¨vb¨
Kv‡Ri GKK n‡jv †Kvl wgwjZfv‡e •Zwi K‡i Kjv| Dcv`vb Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
06. D`vniY : AwaKvsk Rxe‡Kvl|
Z_¨KwYKv
Kv‡Ri wfwˇZ cÖK…Z‡Kvl ev my‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl `y ai‡bi|
® Rxe‡`‡ni MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK n‡jv - †Kvl| K. †`n‡Kvl L. Rbb‡Kvl
® weÁvbx ievU© ûK 1665 mv‡j wb‡Ri •Zwi AYyexÿY
h‡š¿ K‡K©i cvZjv †Q` ‡_‡K cÖ_g †Kvl Avwe®‥vi ‡`n‡Kvl Rbb‡Kvl
K‡ib| eû‡Kvlx Rx‡ei †`n MV‡b ‡h․b cÖRb‡b AskMÖnY
® †Kvl Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K - ¯œvB‡Wb I †mvqvb| Gme †Kvl AskMÖnY K‡i| K‡i|
® cÖvwY‡`‡ni `xN©Zg †KvlwUi bvg - gvby‡li ¯œvqy‡Kvl gvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq †Kvl wg‡qvwmm cÖwµqvq †Kvl
ev wbDib| wefvRb nq| wefvRb nq|
® GKwU c~Y©v½ ¯œvqy‡Kvl‡K ejv nq - wbDib| ¯œvqy‡Kvl, Z¡K‡Kvl, †jvwnZ i³ Rbb‡Kv‡li D`vniY
KwYKv †`n‡Kv‡li D`vniY| ïµvYy, wW¤^vYy|
® ‡`n‡Kv‡li cybiæ¾xe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb - †cÖvwUb|
® me‡P‡q e„nr †Kvl - DU cvwLi wWg|
® gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q ‡QvU ‡Kvl - †k^Z i³ KwYKv| Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡Kv‡li cÖavb A½vYy I Zv‡`i KvR
® GKwU gvÎ †Kvl wb‡q MwVZ Rxe‡K ejv nq GK‡Kvlx
Rxe| D`vniY - A¨vwgev, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, cøvR‡gvwWqvg
cÖf…wZ|
® GKvwaK †Kvl w`‡q MwVZ Rxe‡K eû‡Kvlx Rxe e‡j|
® fvBivm‡K ejv nq A‡Kvlxq Rxe|
® ‡Kvl cwigv‡ci GKK n‡jv wgwjwgUvi (10-3 m),
gvB‡µvwgUvi (10-6 m), b¨v‡bvwgUvi (10-9 m),
A¨vs÷ªg (1 A0 = 10-10 m).
® GKvwaK †Kvl wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wgwjZfv‡e •Zwi wb
K‡i - Kjv| D
wK¬
‡Kv‡li cÖKvi‡f` qv
wbDwK¬qv‡mi MV‡bi wfwˇZ †Kvl `yB ai‡bi| h_v - Avw` m
†Kvl Ges cÖK…Z †Kvl|
Avw`‡Kvl ev cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK †Kvl (Prokaryotic Cell)
01. myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| G Rb¨ G‡`i Avw`
wbDwK¬vqvmhy³ †Kvl ejv nq|
02. ‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm †Kvb c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K bv|
ZvB wbDwK¬I-e¯‘ mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Qov‡bv _v‡K| wPÎ : GKwU Av`k© Dw™¢` †Kv‡li wewfbœ Ask

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 Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 4 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv

‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg‡K †Kv‡li g~j MVb Dcv`vb ejv nq|

‡KvlwSjøx
® ‡cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi evB‡ii w`‡Ki Ask hv‡K w¯’wZ¯’vcK
c`©v ejv nq| GB c`©vwU wدÍiwewkó| GB wدÍiwewkó
c`©vwU wjwcW I †cÖvwUb Øviv MwVZ|
® ‡KvlwSwjø‡K ejv nq ‣elg¨‡f`¨| KviY †KvlwSwjøi
ga¨ w`‡q Awf¯ªeY cÖwµqvq ïay cvwb I LwbR jeY
wb PjvPj K‡i| A_©vr mKj e¯‘‡K cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`q bv|
D
wK¬ †R‡b ivLyb : Dw™¢` †Kv‡l †KvlcÖvPxi I †Kvl wSwjø `y‡UvB
qv _v‡K| cÖvwY‡Kv‡l ïay †Kvl wSwjø _v‡K| A_©vr cÖvwY‡Kv‡l
m †KvlwSwjø GKUv †Kvl †_‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU †Kvl‡K Avjv`v
K‡i| AviI mnR K‡i ejv hvq, Dw™¢`‡`‡n †KvlcÖvPxi †h
KvRwU K‡i cÖvwY‡`‡n †KvlwSwjø ‡m iKgB KvR K‡i|
mvB‡UvcøvRg
AZ¨šÍ mn‡R wkLyb, ‡cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi wZbwU As‡ki ga¨ †_‡K
†KvlwSwjø I wbDwK¬qvm‡K ev` w`‡j ‡h †Rwji g‡Zv Ask
_v‡K †mwU‡K ejv nq mvB‡UvcøvRg|

‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg ‡KvlwSwjø wbDwK¬qvm mvB‡UvcøvRg

wPÎ : GKwU Av`k© cÖvwY‡Kv‡li wPÎ mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi g‡a¨ A‡bK ai‡bi A½vYy _v‡K| GB
cÖvwY‡Kvl I Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li cv_©K¨ A½vYymg~‡ni cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KvR Avjv`v n‡jI G‡K Ac‡ii Dci
wbf©ikxj| mKj mwRe ‡Kv‡l _v‡K mvB‡UvcøvRg|
‣ewkó¨ cÖvwY†Kvl Dw™¢` †Kvl wSwjøhy³ A½vYy
‡Kvl cÖvPxi ‡bB †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYymg~n
cøvw÷W ‡bB _v‡K `yB ai‡bi wSwjøwenxb A½vYy
‡Kvl MnŸi wb¤œ †kÖwYi cÖvYx GK ev GKvwaK †Kvl
e¨vZxZ _v‡K bv MnŸi _v‡K wSwjøhy³ mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy
‡m‡›Uªv‡mvg me©`v _v‡K mvaviYZ _v‡K bv
mwÂZ Lv`¨ MøvB‡Kv‡Rb ÷vP©/‡k^Zmvi wSwjøhy³ A½vYymg~‡ni bvg¸‡jv †R‡b wbb -
K. gvB‡UvKwÛªqv L. cøvw÷W
‡Kvl cÖvPxi M. MjwR e¯‘ N. G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg
‡h me Dcv`vb †mjy‡jvR, †nwg‡mjy‡jvR, wjMwbb, O. †KvlMnŸi P. jvB‡mv‡Rvg
w`‡q MwVZ †cKwUb, my‡ewib bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_© g‡b ivLyb : gv cøvw÷K Mwj‡q †iwUbvi †Kv‡l jvMv‡jv
e¨vK‡Uwiqv ‡cÖvwUb, wjwcW, cwjm¨vKvivBW gv = gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷K = cøvw÷W, Mwj‡q = MjwR e¯‘,
QÎvK KvBwUb †iwUbvi = G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg, †Kv‡l = †KvlMnŸi,
g‡b ivLyb : e¨Kv‡Uwiqvi cÖ‡jc QÎvK Kv‡U| jvMv‡jv = jvB‡mv‡Rvg|
cÖ‡jc - ‡cÖvwUb, wjwcW, cwjm¨vKvivBW Kv‡U - KvBwUb
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg
‡Kv‡li wfZ‡i Aa©¯^”Q, _K_‡K †Rwji g‡Zv e¯‘ _v‡K Zv‡K gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K ejv nq †Kv‡li cvIqvi nvDR (Power
†cÖv‡UvcøvRg e‡j| A_©vr †KvlcÖvPxi Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Ask hvi House). cvIqvi nvDR ejvi KviY, GB A½vYywU k^m‡b
Kvi‡Y †KvlUv‡K RxweZ ejv nq Zv‡K †cÖv‡UvcøvRg e‡j| AskMÖnY K‡i| Avgiv Rvwb, k^m‡b kw³ Drcv`b nq|
†cÖv‡UvcøvR‡gi Ask 3 (wZb) wU (‡evSvi myweav‡_©)| ® 1898 mv‡j †ebWv (Benda) gvB‡UvKwÛªqv Avwe®‥vi
‡cÖv‡UvcøvRg mvB‡UvcøvRg ‡KvlwSwjø wbDwK¬qvm K‡ib| (gva¨wgK RxeweÁvb eB Abymv‡i)

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 5 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
® ïiæ‡ZB e‡jwQ, gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi wSwjømg~n A½vYymg~‡ni cøvw÷W (Plastid)
GKwU| gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi GB wSwjøwU `yB ¯Íiwewkó|
® ¯Íi `yBwUi evB‡iiUv gm„Y Ges †fZ‡iiUv Agm„Y| cøvw÷‡Wi Lv`¨ mÂq Kiv
†fZ‡iiUv Agm„Y nevi KviY †fZ‡ii ¯Í‡ii Mv‡q GK cÖavb
ai‡bi e¯‘ jvMv‡bv _v‡K| GB e¯Ímg~n‡K ejv nq Dw™¢`‡K eY©gq Ges AvKl©Yxq K‡i
KvR civMvq‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv
Aw·‡Rvg| †fZ‡ii ¯ÍiwU †fZ‡ii w`‡K fvuR n‡q
_v‡K| GB fvuRmg~n‡K e‡j wµw÷| wb‡Pi wPÎUv jÿ¨ ‡K¬v‡ivcøv÷
Kiæb| cøvw÷W
wZb ‡µv‡gvcøv÷
cÖKvi wjD‡Kvcøv÷
wPÎ:
gv K. †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
B
® meyR i‡Oi cøvw÷W‡K †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ e‡j|
‡Uv
K ® cvZv, KwP KvÛ I Ab¨vb¨ meyR As‡k †K¬v‡ivcøv÷
cvIqv hvq|
wÛª
qv ® ‡K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i MÖvbv (Grana) Ask m~h©v‡jvK‡K Ave×
K‡i ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i|
® MÖvbv‡Z Ave× †m․ikw³, †÷ªvgv‡Z Aew¯’Z Dr‡mPK
mgwó, evqy †_‡K M„nxZ Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW (CO2)
® gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi †fZ‡i _v‡K g¨vwUª·| Dc‡ii wP‡Î Ges ‡Kv‡li †fZiKvi cvwb (H2O) e¨envi K‡i kK©iv
g¨vwUª‡·i Ae¯’vb jÿ¨ Kiæb| •Zwi K‡i| GB cÖwµqvwU‡K ejv nq mv‡jvKms‡kølY|
® ïiæ‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q GwU †Kv‡li cvIqvi nvDR KviY
k^m‡b mvnvh¨ KivB Gi cÖavb KvR| Avi k^m‡bi
gva¨‡gB kw³ Drcbœ nq|

k^m‡bi cÖm½ †h‡nZz P‡j Avmj, ZvB mnR K‡i k^m‡b

gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi f~wgKv GKUz †R‡b †bB,
Ôk^mb wµqvi avc PviwU; MøvB‡KvjvBwmm, A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G
m„wó, ‡µem Pµ Ges B‡j±ªb cÖevn Zš¿| k^m‡bi cÖ_g avc
(MøvB‡KvjvBwm‡mi wewµqv¸‡jv) gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq N‡U bv|
Z‡e wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq avc (‡µem Pµ; AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
avc) Gi wewµqv¸‡jv gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq m¤úbœ nq| Z…Zxq avc
†µem P‡µ me‡P‡q †ewk kw³ Drcbœ nq| GRb¨
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K †Kv‡li cvIqvi nvDR e‡j|
® ‡K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ †K¬v‡ivwdj _v‡K, ZvB G‡`i meyR †`Lvq|
‡R‡b ivLyb : ® ‡K¬v‡ivwdj AYyi Dcv`vb g¨vM‡bwmqvg|
® cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK †Kv‡l gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K bv| GQvovI
wKQz my‡Kw›`ªK †Kv‡lI (‡hgb : Trichomonas,
Monocercomonoides BZ¨vw` †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv‡Z)
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv _v‡K bv|
® gvB‡UvKwÛªqvq †cÖvwUb _v‡K kZKiv 73 fvM| wjwcW
_v‡K kZKiv 25-30 fvM| kZKiv 0.5 fvM RNA
Ges mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y DNA _v‡K|
® bxjvf meyR •kevj Ges e¨vK‡Uwiqvq gvB‡UvKwÛªqv
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| KviY e¨vK‡Uwiqvi †Kvl
cÖvK‡Kw›`ªK|
® gvB‡UvKwÛªqvi †Kv‡l _v‡K k^mb A½vYy| wPÎ : †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷i wewfbœ Ask

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
L. †µv‡gvcøv÷
® meyR e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ i‡Oi cøvw÷W‡K ejv nq
†µv‡gvcøv÷|
® iwOb dzj, cvZv, MvR‡ii g~‡j †µv‡gvcøv÷ cvIqv hvq|
†µv‡gvcøv‡÷i Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y dzj, cvZv I Dw™¢‡`i
Ab¨vb¨ Ask AvKl©Yxq n‡q I‡V|
® Gi cÖavb KvR dzj‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i civMvq‡b mvnvh¨
Kiv|
® ‡µv‡gvcøv‡÷ R¨v‡š’vwdj, K¨v‡ivwUb, dvB‡KvGwiw_ªb,
dvB‡Kvmvqvwbb, jvB‡Kvwcb cÖf…wZ iÄK c`v_©| cvKv
d‡ji is nq R¨v‡š’vwd‡ji Avwa‡K¨i Kvi‡Y,
K¨v‡ivwU‡bi Rb¨ Kgjv, jvBwc‡bi Rb¨ jvj nq|
® U‡g‡Uv ev †h †Kvb dj ev mewR cÖ_g w`‡K meyR _v‡K
†K¬v‡ivwd‡ji Kvi‡Y| G mgq mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y
jvB‡Kvwcb, K¨v‡ivwUb, R¨vš’wdjI _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i
bZzb K‡i †K¬v‡ivwdj •Zwi eÜ n‡q hvq, Avi
c~‡e©i¸‡jvI bó n‡q hvq| U‡g‡Uv‡Z jvB‡cvwc‡bi
AvwaK¨ GK mgq U‡g‡Uv‡K jvj K‡i †d‡j|
M. wjD‡Kvcøv÷
® ‡hme cøvw÷‡W †Kvb iÄK c`v_© _v‡K bv, Zv‡`i
wjD‡Kvcøv÷ e‡j|
® ‡hme †Kv‡l m~‡h©i Av‡jv †c․uQvq bv, †hgb g~j, åæY,
Rbb‡Kvl BZ¨vw` †mLv‡b G‡`i cvIqv hvq|
® wjD‡Kvcøv‡÷i cÖavb KvR Lv`¨ mÂq Kiv|
® Av‡jvi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j wjD‡Kvcøv÷ †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|
MjwR e¯‘ (Golgi body)
GwU wm÷vwb© I K‡qK
ai‡bi †fwmKj wb‡q
•Zwi| Gi c`©vq wewfbœ
Dr‡mP‡Ki cvwb we‡qvRb
m¤úbœ nq| ni‡gvb
wbtmi‡Y Gi f~wgKv jÿ¨
Kiv hvq| KL‡bv KL‡bv
‡cÖvwUb mÂq K‡i iv‡L|
MjwR e¯‘‡K ejv nq
‡Kv‡li Ôc¨v‡KwRs †K›`ªÕ|
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg (Endoplasmic reticulum)
® Avgiv Rvwb, ‡cÖvwUb d¨v±ix ejv nq ivB‡ev‡mvg‡K|
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK ‡iwUKzjv‡gi AveiYxi Mv‡q cÖvqB
ivB‡ev‡Rvg †j‡M _v‡K| ZvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GB me
¯’v‡b †cÖvwUb ms‡køl‡Yi NUbv N‡U _v‡K|
® ‡Kv‡l Drcvw`Z Ab¨vb¨ c`v_©mg~‡ni cÖevn c_ wn‡m‡e
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg e¨eüZ nq|
® Dw™¢` I cÖvYx Dfq †Kv‡lB G‡ÛvcøvRwgK †iwUKzjvg
Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
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6 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
‡KvlMnŸi (Vacuole)
mvB‡UvcøvR‡g †Kv‡li g‡a¨ †h AvcvZ dvuKv ¯’vb †`Lv hvq,
†m¸‡jvB n‡”Q †KvlMnŸi| e„nr †KvlMnŸi Dw™¢` †Kv‡li
•ewkó¨| Gi cÖavb KvR †Kvlim aviY Kiv| †Kvli‡m _v‡K
wewfbœ ai‡bi A‣Re c`v_©, kK©iv, Pwe©RvZxq c`v_©, •Re
GwmW, iÄK c`v_©, cvwb BZ¨vw`| cÖvwY‡Kv‡l mvaviYZ
†KvlMnŸi Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| Dc‡ii Dw™¢` †Kvl I
cÖvYx‡Kv‡li wPÎ †`‡Lb mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb ‡Kvl MnŸ‡ii
Ae¯’vb|
jvB‡mv‡Rvg (Lysosome)
jvB‡mv‡Rvg Rxe‡Kvl‡K RxevYyi nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡i| Gi
Dr‡mPK AvMZ RxevYy¸‡jv‡K nRg K‡i †d‡j| ZvB
jvB‡mv‡Rvg‡K †Kv‡li myBmvBWvj †¯‥vqvW ejv nq|
wSwjøwenxb mvB‡UvcøvRgxq A½vYy
wSwjøwenxb mvB‡UvcøRgxq A½vYymg~‡ni bvgmg~n †R‡b ivLyb
K. †KvlK¼vj L. ivB‡ev‡Rvg
M. †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg
g‡b ivLyb t †Kvivm Mvb
†Kv - †KvlK¼vj, iv - ivB‡ev‡mvg, m - †m‡›Uªv‡Rvg
K. ‡KvlK¼vj (Cytoskeleton)
‡KvlwSwjø AwZµg K‡i †Kv‡li wfZ‡i XzK‡j cÖ_‡gB †Kvl
K¼vj bR‡i co‡e|
L. ivB‡ev‡mvg (Ribosome)
cÖvYx I Dw™¢` Dfq ai‡bi †Kv‡lB cvIqv hvq| ivB‡ev‡m‡gi
cÖavb KvR †cÖvwUb ms‡køl Kiv| ZvB GwU‡K †cÖvwUb d¨v±ix
ejv nq| †cÖvwU‡bi cwj‡ccUvBW †PB‡bi ms‡hvRb GB
ivB‡ev‡mv‡g n‡q _v‡K|
M. †m‡›Uªv‡mvg (Centrosome)
cÖvwY‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi Kv‡Q `ywU dvucv bjvKvi ev `ÛvKvi
A½vYy †`Lv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K ‡mw›UªIj e‡j| †mw›UªI‡ji
Pvicv‡k Aew¯’Z Mvp Zij‡K †m‡›Uªvwùqvi Ges
†m‡›Uªvwùqvimn ‡mw›UªIj‡K †m‡›Uªv‡mvg e‡j|
wbDwK¬qvm ev †Kw›`ªKv (Necleus)
Rxe‡Kv‡li ‡cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g wbw`©ó c`©‡Niv †µv‡gv‡Rvg
enbKvix my¯úó †h e¯‘wU †`Lv hvq †mwU‡K wbDwK¬qvm ejv
nq| wbDwK¬qv‡m eskMwZi •ewkó¨ wbwnZ _v‡K| GwU †Kv‡l
msMwVZ wecvKxq Kvh©vewjmn me wµqv-wewµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i|
wmf‡Kvl I †jvwnZ i³ KwYKvq wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv
myMwVZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi PviwU Ask _v‡K| K. wbDwK¬qvi
wSwjø, L. wbDwK¬IcøvRg, M. wbDwK¬Ijvm, N. †µvgvwUb
RvwjKv| wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb -
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 7 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv

¯’vqx wUmy¨ mij wUmy¨ RwUj wUmy¨ wbt¯ªvex wUmy¨

Z_¨KwYKv
® GKvwaK ‡Kvl wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wgwjZfv‡e ‣Zwi K‡i
wUmy¨ ev Kjv|
® Dw™¢‡`i ea©bkxj A‡½ fvRK Kjv Ae¯’vb K‡i|
Dw™¢‡`i e„w× me‡P‡q †ewk nq g~j I Kv‡Ði AMÖfv‡M|
® Lv`¨ Drcv`b, Lv`¨ mÂq, Lv`¨-cvwb-LwbR jeY
cwienb, wewfbœ A‡½i `„pZv cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` ¯’vqx Kjvi
KvR|

mij wUmy¨ ev Kjv

wPÎ : wbDwK¬qvm ‡h ¯’vqx wUmy¨i cÖwZwU †Kvl AvKvi, AvK…wZ I MV‡bi w`K
†_‡K Awfbœ, Zv‡K mij wUmy¨ e‡j| †Kv‡li cÖK…wZi Dci
ɸ Z_¨KwYKv ɸ wfwË K‡i mij wUmy¨‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
® wbDwK¬qv‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb †cÖvwUb I wbDwK¬K GwmW|
® ‡cwk †Kv‡l GKvwaK wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K| c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨
® wbDwK¬qvm‡K ejv nq †Kv‡li gw¯Í®‥| mij
® cÖvwYi eû wbDwK¬qvmhy³ ‡Kvl‡K ejv nq wm‡bvmvBU| wUmy¨ ev ‡Kv‡jbKvBgv wUmy¨
® wbDwK¬qvm‡K †Kv‡li cÖvYkw³I ejv nq| Kjv ‡¯‥¬‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨
® 1831 mv‡j me©cÖ_g AwK©W Mv‡Qi c·Kv‡l wbDwK¬qvm
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib ievU© eªvDb| c¨v‡ibKvBgv : Dw™¢`‡`‡ni me As‡k G‡`i Dcw¯’wZ jÿ¨
® wbDwK¬qv‡mi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g eskaviv enbKvix wRb Kiv hvq| Gme †Kv‡l hLb †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K
Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges es‡ki •ewkó¨ eskci¤úivq enb Kiv †K¬v‡ibKvBgv e‡j| RjR Dw™¢‡`i eo eo evqyKzVzwihy³
‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi KvR| c¨v‡ibKvBgv‡K A¨v‡ibKvBgv e‡j| c¨v‡ibKvBgv wUmy¨i
® wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬Ijvm ivB‡ev‡Rvg ms‡kølY K‡i| cÖavb KvR †`n MVb Kiv, Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, Lv`¨ mÂq Kiv
® wbDwK¬K Gwm‡Wi fvÐviiƒ‡c KvR K‡i wbDwK¬Ijvm| Ges Lv`¨`ªe¨ cwienb Kiv|
® wbDwK¬Ijvm enbKvix ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K e‡j SAT ‡Kv‡jbKvBgv : Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Ges Dw™¢`‡`‡ni `„pZv cÖ`vb
‡µv‡gv‡Rvg| Kiv G‡`i cÖavb KvR| KwP I bgbxq KvÐ †hgb Kzgov I
`ÐKj‡mi Kv‡Ð G wUmy¨ `„pZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
wUmy¨
‡¯‥¬‡ibKvBgv : Dw™¢`‡`‡n `„pZv cÖ`vb Ges cvwb Ges LwbR
jeY cwienb Kiv Gi g~j KvR| †Kvl¸‡jv cÖavbZ `yB
‡Kvl wUmy¨ wUmy¨Zš¿ A½ A½Zš¿ Rxe‡`n
ai‡bi, K. dvBevi I L. †¯‥¬ivBW|
GKB ev wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii GK¸”Q †Kvl GKwÎZ n‡q hw` GKB
KvR K‡i Ges Zv‡`i DrcwËI hw` Awfbœ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i
wUmy¨ ev Kjv e‡j| Bb‡mckb cvewj‡Kk‡Ýi eBmg~n
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Dw™¢‡`i Bb‡mckb mycvi g‡Wj †U÷ GÛ mvwcø‡g›Uvwi
fvRK wUmy¨ ev Kjv
wUmy¨ ev
Kjv `yB Bb‡mckb wi‡m›U
¯’vqx wUmy¨ ev Kjv
cÖKvi Better Sound through Research

fvRK wUmy¨i †Kvl¸‡jv wefvR‡b mÿg wKš‘ ¯’vqx wUmy¨i

†Kvl¸‡jv wefvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯’vqx wUmy¨mg~n wZb
ai‡bi|

www.preparationsbd.com
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
RwUj wUmy¨ (Complex tissue)
ভম স্থায়ী করা একাবধক প্রকায ভকাল বদয়য় গবঠত এফং
঳বিবরতবায়ফ একআ ধযয়নয কাজ ঳ম্পন্ন কয়য তায়ক জবট্র
করা ফয়র। কাজ, ঄ফস্থান ও গঠন প্রকৃবত ঄নুমায়ী জবট্র
করা দুআ প্রকায। মথা :
RvB‡jg wUmy¨
RwUj
wUmy¨ ‡d¬v‡qg wUmy¨
জোইয়঱ম
ফ্লোয়েম
একাবধক উ঩াদান বনয়য় গবঠত জাআয়রভ
K. RvB‡jg wUmy¨ ev Kjv (Xylem Tissue)
জাআয়রভ ঱য়েয উদ্ভফ ঴য়য়য়ছ বিক ঱ে Xylos ভথয়ক মায
আংয়যবজ প্রবত঱ে wood, ফাংরায় মায়ক ফরা ঴য় কাঠ।
বফজ্ঞানী নাগাবর ১৮৫৮ ঳ায়র এ ঱য়েয প্রচরন কয়যন। কাঠ
তথা জাআয়রভআ ঴র উবদ্ভয়দয দৃঢ়তা প্রদানকাযী ঄ন্যতভ প্রধান
঄ং঱। বফববন্ন কাজকয়ভি ভম কাঠ ঩াওয়া মায় তায়ক ভ঳য়ক্ডাবয
জাআয়রভ ফয়র।
 একাবধক প্রকায উ঩াদান বনয়য় গবঠত ফয়র জাআয়রভ
একবট্ জবঠর করা। বনম্নবরবখত চায প্রকায উ঩াদান
বনয়য় জাআয়রভ করা গবঠত।
ক. ট্রাবকড খ. ভবয়঳র
গ. জাআয়রভ পাআফায ঘ. জাআয়রভ ঩যায়যনকাআভা
L. †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ ev Kjv (Phloem tissue) :
Dw™¢` Kv‡Ð Giv RvB‡j‡gi mv‡_ GK‡Î cwienb wUmy¨¸”Q
•Zwi K‡i| wmfbj, m½x‡Kvl, †d¬‡qg c¨v‡ibKvBgv, †d¬‡qg
Zš‘ wb‡q †d¬v‡qg wUmy¨ MwVZ nq|
RvB‡jg Lv‡`¨i KvuPvgvj cvwb mieivn K‡i
‡d¬v‡qg cvZvq cÖ¯‘Z Lv`¨ Dw™¢` †`‡ni wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cwienb K‡i
Bb‡mckb cvewj‡Kk‡Ýi eBmg~n
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Bb‡mckb mycvi g‡Wj †U÷ GÛ mvwcø‡g›Uvwi
Bb‡mckb wi‡m›U
Better Sound through Research
www.preparationsbd.com
8 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
cÖvwYwUmy¨
cÖvwY wUmy¨ Zvi MVbKvix †Kv‡li msL¨v, •ewkó¨ Ges Zv‡`i
wbtm„Z c`v‡_©i ‣ewk‡ó¨I wfwˇZ Pvi ai‡bi nq -
K. AveiYx wUmy¨ L. †hvRK wUmy¨
M. †cwk wUmy¨ N. ¯œvqy wUmy¨
Z_¨KwYKv
® Dw™¢‡`i gvwU †_‡K cvwb I LwbR jeY cwienb K‡i
†Kvb Kjvi gva¨‡g? - RvB‡jg Kjv|
® †d¬v‡qg Zš‘ †_‡K cv‡Ui Avuk cvIqv hvq|
® AvK…wZ, Ae¯’vb I Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ‡f‡` AveiYx wUmy¨ KZ
ai‡bi? - 3 ai‡bi| h_v- ‡¯‥vqvgvm AveiYx wUmy¨,
wKDeqWvj AveiYx wUmy¨ Ges Kjvgbvi AveiYx wUmy¨|
® cÖvwY‡`‡n wfwËc`©vi Dci mw¾Z †Kvl¸‡jvi msL¨vi
wfwˇZ Gwc‡_wjqvj ev AveiYx wUmy¨‡K 3 fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v – mvaviY AveiYx wUmy¨, ÷ª¨vwUdvBW
AveiYx wUmy¨ I wmD‡Wv-÷ª¨vwUdvBW AveiYx wUmy¨|
® ürwcÛ we‡kl ai‡bi A‣bw”QK †ckx|
‡Kvl wefvRb
1882 mv‡j Triturus maculosa (mvgyw`ªK m¨vjvgvÛvq) -
‡Z †Kvl wefvRb cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib W. Flemming.
Rxe‡`‡ni †Kvl wefvRb wZb ai‡bi|
A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm gvB‡Uvwmm wg‡qvwmm
A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm : A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b GKwU †_‡K
`yÕwU †Kv‡li m„wó nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv, C÷ I bxjvf meyR
•kev‡j A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm ‡Kvl wefvRb nq|
gvB‡Uvwmm : gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b †Kv‡li gvZ…‡Kvl Ges
AcZ¨ †Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v, Z_v DNA Gi cwigvY
mgvb _v‡K| cÖvYxi †`n‡Kv‡l Ges Dw™¢‡`I ea©bkxj As‡ki
fvRK wUmy¨, †hgb: KvÐ, g~‡ji AMÖfvM, åæYgyKzj Ges
åæYg~j, ea©bkxj cvZv, gyKzj BZ¨vw`‡Z G ai‡bi wefvRb
†`Lv hvq| gvB‡Uvwm‡mi wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvRb cÖwµqv‡K
cvuPwU ch©v‡q fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K - K. †cÖv‡dR, L. †cÖv-
‡gUv‡dR, M. †gUv‡dR, N. A¨vbv‡dR O. †U‡jv‡dR|
wg‡qvwmm :
® AcZ¨‡Kv‡l ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K nq
wg‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡b|
® gvby‡li kix‡ii †Kvb As‡k K¨vÝvi n‡j †mLv‡b `ªæZ
‡Kv‡li msL¨v e„w× cvq|
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
‡R‡bwU·
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. cÖvYx RM‡Z DrcwË I esk m¤^Üxq we`¨v‡K e‡jÑÑÑ
DËi: †R‡bwU·| 34 Zg wewmGm
02. ‡mvbvwjKvÕ I ÔAvKeiÕ evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl †ÿ‡Î wK‡mi
bvg? DËi: DbœZ Rv‡Zi M‡gi bvg| 32Zg wewmGm
03. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl‡Z Ô‡`v‡qjÕÑÑ DËi: DbœZ Rv‡Zi
M‡gi bvg| 32Zg wewmGm
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DNA-Gi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em? DËi:
†Mvqvwbb| 27Zg wewmGm
05. ÔBivUgÕ wK? DËi: DbœZ Rv‡Zi avb| 26Zg wewmGm
06. ÔAdult Cell' ‡K¬vb K‡i †h †fovi Rb¥ nq Zvi bvg
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q- DËi: Wwj| 18, 19, 25 I 26Zg wewmGm
07. Rx‡ei eskMwZi •ewkó¨ enb K‡i-
DËi: †µv‡gv‡mvg| 23Zg wewmGm
08. 'Adult cell' ‡K¬vb K‡i †Kvb †`‡k GKwU †fovi
Rb¥ n‡q‡Q? DËi: hy³iv‡R¨| 18Zg wewmGm
09. me©cÖ_g †h Ddwk avb G †`‡k Pvjy n‡q GL‡bv
eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv- DËi: Bwi-8| 11Zg wewmGm
eskMwZ (Heredity)
wcZvgvZvi ‣ewk󨸇jv eskvbyµ‡g mšÍvb-mšÍw`i †`‡n
mÂvwiZ nIqvi cÖwµqvB n‡jv ÔÔeskMwZÕÕ (Heredity)|
RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq eskMwZ m¤^‡Ü wek` Av‡jvPbv I
M‡elYv Kiv nq Zv‡K eskMwZwe`¨v (Genetics) ejv nq|
Z_¨KwYKv
® gvZvwcZvi •ewk󨸇jv Zv‡`i mšÍvb mšÍwZ‡Z
mÂvwiZ nq eskMwZe¯‘i (Hereditary material)
gva¨‡g|
® eskMwZe¯‘mg~n n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg, wRb, wWGbG
(DNA), AviGbG (RNA)
wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msÁv
wgD‡Ukb ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg ev wWGbGi †Kvb MVbMZ
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j wR‡bi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡j
†`‡ni •ewk󨸇jv nVvr ¯’vqx Avi eskMZ
cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq| GB NUbv‡K ejv nq
wgD‡Ukb|
wRb Rx‡ei me `„k Ges A`„k¨gvb jÿY ev •ewkó¨
wbqš¿YKvix GK‡Ki bvg wRb| mvaviYZ GKwU
•ewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ GKwU wRb _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb
mgq GKvwaK wRb wgwjZfv‡e GKwU •ewkó¨
cÖKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i| wewfbœ M‡elYvi Z˦
†_‡K Rvbv †M‡Q, wRbB eskMwZi wbqš¿K|
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9 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
‡jvKvm ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †h ¯’v‡b wRb _v‡K Zv‡K
†jvKvm e‡j|
wd‡bvUvBc Rx‡ei evwn¨K jÿY‡K wd‡bvUvBc e‡j| GwU
Rx‡ei AvKvi, AvK…wZ, eY© cÖf…wZ cÖKvk
K‡i|
wR‡bvUvBc ‡Kvb wR‡bi jÿY wbqš¿YKvix wRbhyM‡ji
MVb‡K wR‡bvUvBc e‡j| GKwU Rx‡ei
wR‡bvUvBc Zvi DËi cyiæl ev c~e© cyiæl n‡Z
Rvbv hvq|
‡µv‡gv‡Rvg Rxe †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi wbDwK¬Icøv‡R‡g
A‡bK †µvgvwUb dvBevi ev Zš‘ _v‡K|
G¸‡jv †Kv‡li ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wek„•Ljfv‡e
_v‡K| ‡Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq cvwb we‡qvR‡bi
d‡j G¸‡jv ¯úó AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges myZvi
g‡Zv nq| G¸‡jv‡KB †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg
eskMwZi cÖavb Dcv`vb ejv nq †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K
‡µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †f․ZwfwË (Physical basis of
heredity) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq
weÁvbx Strusburger 1875 mv‡j cÖ_g †µv‡gv‡Rvg
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
cÖRvwZi •ewkó¨‡f‡` †Kv‡l Gi wWcø‡qW (`yB †mU †µv‡gv‡Rvg
hvi GK‡mU wcZv †_‡K Av‡m Ges Avi GK‡mU gvZv ‡_‡K
Av‡m) msL¨v 2 †L‡e 1600 ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU cÖRvwZi
†ÿ‡Î †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wbw`©ó|
‡Kvl wefvR‡bi cÖ‡dR I †gUv‡dR `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg ¯úó nq|
‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi cÖKvi‡f`
‡m· ‡`n‡Kv‡l hZ¸‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K, Zv‡`i
†µv‡gv‡Rvg g‡a¨ GK †Rvov wfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K,
G¸‡jv‡K †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j|
A‡Uv‡mvg ‡m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Qvov evKx †µv‡gv‡Rvg
¸‡jv‡K ejv nq A‡Uv‡mvg|
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 10 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
wewfbœ cªvYxi †`n‡Kv‡l †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v GKwU wWGbG AYy wØm~Î wewkó j¤^v k„•L‡ji
cÖvYxi bvg ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg cÖvYxi bvg ‡µv‡gv‡Rvg cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW (A‡bK¸‡jv wbDwK¬IUvB‡Wi mgš^‡q MwVZ
gvbyl 23 †Rvov weovj 19 ‡Rvov nIqvi Kvi‡Y cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW ejv nq)|
gyiwM/iæKzi 39 †Rvov e¨vO 11 †Rvov
Miæ/QvMj 30 †Rvov gvwQ 6 †Rvov dm‡dU wPÎ : wbDwK¬IUvBW
‡fov 27 †Rvov wcucov 1/2wU
avbMvQ 12 †Rvov

‡µvg‡Rvgmg~‡ni g‡a¨ bvix I cyiæ‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg

kK©iv ‡em
wfbœZi| hveZxq •ewkó¨ A‡Uv‡mv‡g Aew¯’Z wRb Øviv
wbqwš¿Z n‡jI wj½ wba©vwiZ nq †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Øviv|
gvby‡li wjO wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ Kiæb -

wWGbG AYy A‡bKUv c¨vuPv‡bv wmuwoi g‡Zv| c¨vuPv‡bv wmuwoi

`ycv‡k^©i g~j KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq cvuP Kve©bhy³ kK©iv I
dm‡dU Øviv| `y cv‡ki kK©ivi mv‡_ Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
ÿvi‡Ki g‡a¨ `ywU K‡I ÿviK †Rvo †eu‡a •Zwi K‡i wmuwoi
avc¸‡jv| wWGbG AYyi Pvi ai‡bi ÿviK n‡”Q -

GwWwbb ¸qvwbb mvB‡Uvwmb _vBwgb

g‡b ivLyb : GwWwbb _vBwg‡bi mv‡_ Ges mvB‡Uvwmb

¸qvwb‡bi mv‡_ †Rvo evu‡a|

AviGbG (RNA)
AviGbG n‡jv ivB‡evwbDwK¬K GwmW| GwU GKwUgvÎ
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW †kK‡j fvuR n‡q _v‡K| wWGbG Gi g‡ZvB
AviGbG †Z Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ÿviK _v‡K hviv cvuP
Kve©b wewkó ivB‡evR kK©iv I dm‡dU Øviv hy³ _v‡K|
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK MVb DNA Gi mv‡_ RNA Gi cv_©K¨
‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK MV‡b †`Lv hvq, Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q DNA ‡Z cvBwiwgwWb RNA ‡Z _vBwg‡bi
wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb (wn‡÷vb I bb wn‡÷vb) I Ab¨vb¨ ÿviK _vBwgb (T) _v‡K cwie‡Z© _v‡K BDivwmj (U)
Dcv`vb (wjwcW, K¨vjwmqvg, Avqib, g¨vM‡bwmqvg)|
wbDwK¬K GwmW `y ai‡bi nq| h_v - Rxe‡Kv‡l AviGbG wZb ai‡bi nq| h_v - evZ©vevnK
AviGbG (messenger RNA ev mRNA),
wWGbG (DNA) AviGbG (RNA) ivB‡ev‡Rvgvj AviGbG (Ribosomal RNA ev rRNA)
wWAw·ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW Ges UªvÝdvi AviGbG (Transfer RNA ev tRNA)

wWGbG (DNA)
wWGbG-Gi c~Y©bvg wW Aw·ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW Bb‡mckb cvewj‡Kk‡Ýi eBmg~n
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)| wWGbG mKj Rx‡ei Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Avw`e¯‘ hvi Ae¯’vb mKj cÖKvi Rxe‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qv‡mi
Bb‡mckb mycvi g‡Wj †U÷ GÛ mvwcø‡g›Uvwi
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡g| G Z_¨wU D`NvwUZ nIqvi ci weÁvbxiv m‡Pó
n‡jb wWGbG Gi MvVwbK Dcv`vb Rvbvi Kv‡R| 1953 Bb‡mckb wi‡m›U
mv‡j IqvUmb I wµK weÁvbxØq Avwe®‥vi K‡ib wWGbG Better Sound through Research
(DNA). GB hyMvšÍKvix Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Zvuiv 1962 mv‡j
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
eskMwZi †f․Z wfwË
‡µv‡gv‡R‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb AviGbG (RNA)
wWGbG (DNA)| wWGbG Rx‡ei •ewkó¨ wbqš¿Y
(DNA) Gi Ask we‡kl Rx‡ei Ki‡Z wWGbG
PvwiwÎK •ewk‡ó¨i cÖK…Z aviK, (DNA) †K mvnvh¨
hv‡K wRb ejv nq K‡i
‡µv‡gv‡Rvg wWGbG (DNA) I AviGbG (RNA) †K mivmwi
enb K‡i wcZv-gvZv ‡_‡K cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kvl
wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwUK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g eskMwZi G aviv Ae¨vnZ
_v‡K| G Kvi‡YB †µv‡gv‡Rvg eskMwZi †f․Z wfwË|
Z_¨KwYKv
® ‡eUmb 1908 mv‡j †g‡Û‡ji d¨v±‡ii bvg †`b wRb|
® 1909 mv‡j †Rvnvb‡mb eskci¤úivq †Kv‡bv •ewk‡ó¨i
wba©viK GKK‡K wRb AvL¨v †`b|
® 1944 mv‡j G‡fwi, g¨vKwjIW Ges g¨vKKviwU gvby‡li
wbD‡gvwbqv †ivM m„wóKvix wbD‡gvK°vm e¨vK‡Uwiqvi
ivmvqwbK MVb †hgb - †cÖvwUb, kK©iv, d¨vU Ges
wbDwK¬K GwmWmg~n c„_K K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcv`vb
wb‡q c„_Kfv‡e cixÿvi gva¨‡g Zvuiv wbwðZ n‡jb ïay
wWGbG eskMZ •ewkó¨ wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
® hLb †Kvb mšÍv‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva m„wó nq
ZLb wWGbG (DNA) ‡U÷ Kiv nq| mšÍv‡bi wWGbG
Gi mv‡_ wcZvgvZvi wWGbG Gi wP‡Îi 50% wgj cvIqv
‡M‡j, †mB wcZvgvZv‡K •Re wcZvgvZv (Biological
Parents) A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZvgvZv ejv nq|
® gvby‡li †R‡bwUK wek„•Ljv NU‡Z cv‡i -
K. c‡q›U wgD‡Ukb ev wR‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
L. ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨
M. ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †Kvb Ask n«vm ev e„w×i Rb¨
N. gv‡qvwmm †Kvl wefvR‡bi mgq †nv‡gv‡jvMvm
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wew”QbœKiY (Non-
disjuntion) bv NUvi Rb¨|
® Dc‡iv³ Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ gvby‡li wb‡¤œv³ eskMZ
†ivM¸‡jv nq -
wmwKj †mj †ivM, nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM, WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg,
wK¬wb‡djUviÕm wmb‡Wªvg, UvbviÕm wmb‡Wªvg
® wRb Z‡Ë¡I K‡qKwU aviYv wb¤œiƒc -
cÖ”Qbœ wRb : †h wR‡bi •ewk‡ó¨I cÖKvk N‡U bv
cÖKU wRb : †h wR‡bi •ewkó¨ cÖKvk N‡U
‡nv‡gvRvBMvm : hLb `ywU cÖ”Qbœ wRb A_ev `ywU cÖKU
wRb GKmv‡_ _v‡K|
‡nUv‡ivRvBMvm : hLb `ywU wR‡bi GKwU cÖ”Qbœ AciwU
cÖKU nq|
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11 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
Rxe cÖhyw³ I ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
Av‡gwiKvi National Science Foundation
cÖ`Ë msÁvbyhvqx RxecÖhyw³ ej‡Z eySvq,
ÔÔgvbeKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Rxe cÖwZwbwaw‡`i, †hgb
Rxe cÖhyw³
AYyRxe ev Rxe‡Kv‡li †Kvlxq Dcv`v‡bi wbqwš¿Z
e¨envi|Ó `B, wmiKv, cvDiæwU, g`, cwbi BZ¨vw`
Drcv`b Rxe cÖhyw³i dmj| ev¯ÍweK A‡_© AvaywbK
Rxe cÖhyw³ wZbwU wel‡qi mgš^q| h_v : K. AYyRxe
weÁvb, L. wUmy¨ KvjPvi, M. wRb cÖ‡K․kj|
mnR fvlvq, GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb
enbKvix wWGbG LÐ c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rx‡e
‡R‡bwUK BwÂwbqvwis
¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †K․kj‡K wRb cÖ‡K․kj (Genetic
Engineering) e‡j| AviI mn‡R ejv hvq,
ÔÔKvw•ÿZ bZzb •ewkó¨ m„wói Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei
wWGbG Gi cwieZ©b NUv‡bv‡K wRb cÖ‡K․kj e‡j|Ó
‡hme †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wRb ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡`i
GK‡Î wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG †K․kj e‡j|
gvby‡li A‡š¿ emevm K‡i GKai‡bi e¨v‡±wiqv hvi bvg
ÒEscheretia coli’’. GB e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Dci M‡elYv K‡i
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis †K․kj Avwe®‥…Z n‡q‡Q|
‡K¬vwbs
GKwU Rxe A_ev GK `j Rxe, hv‡`i D™¢e N‡U A‡h․b
A½R cÖRb‡bi Øviv Zv‡K †K¬vwbs e‡j| GKwU †Kvl ev
GK¸”Q †Kvl hLb GKwUgvÎ †Kvl †_‡K DrcwË nq Ges
†m¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ gvZ…‡Kv‡li g‡Zv nq ZLb Zv‡KI †K¬vwbs
e‡j| cÖK…wZ‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv, A‡bK •kevj, †ewki fvM
†cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv, †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv Ges B÷ QÎvK eske„w× K‡i
†K¬vwbs Øviv| ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a
†Kvb we‡kl wR‡bi msL¨ve„w× NwU‡q Zvi cÖwZwjwc •Zwi Kiv
nq| ‡K¬vwbs wZb ai‡bi nq -
wRb †K¬vwbs ‡mj †K¬vwbs Rxe †K¬vwbs
® m¤ú~Y© cÖvwYi †K¬vwbs‡K e‡j wi‡cÖvWvKwUf †K¬vwbs|
†hgb - ÔWwjÕ bvgK †fovi †ÿ‡Î N‡U‡Q| W. Bqvb
DBjgyU cÖ_g †K¬vb c×wZ‡Z †fovi Rb¥ †`b|
® cï‡`i ‡K¬vwbs wb‡q †Kvb weZK© bv m„wó n‡jI gvby‡li
†K¬vwbs wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| GUv‡K A‡b‡K
•bwZKZvi w`‡K e¨vcvi e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx I Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢`
Uªv݇RwbK gvby‡li wRb we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Bu`y‡i cÖ‡ek
cÖvYx Kwi‡q Uªv݇RwbK Bu`yi Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q,
hv gvby‡mi A¨vw›UewW¸‡jv ‣Zwi Ki‡Z mÿg|
GKB c×wZ‡Z Uªv݇RwbK Mevw`cï, †fov,
QvMj, cvwL I gvQ Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
Uªv݇RwbK wRb cÖ‡K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi NwU‡q
Dw™¢` †hme Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv nq, ‡m¸‡jv‡K
Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` e‡j| wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG
‡K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKwU Kvw•ÿZ wRb
Dw™¢`‡`‡ni †Kv‡li †cÖv‡UvcøvR‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv
nq|
Uªv݇RwbK U‡g‡Uv D™¢veb K‡i cvKv U‡g‡Uvi Z¡K big
nIqv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q| ïay ZvB bq, G¸‡jv‡K wej‡¤^
cvKv‡bv Ges my‡µv‡Ri cwigvY e„w× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡R‡b ivLyb...
‡÷ivBj Rxe cÖhyw³i Øviv kvK-mewR, dj I ïuUwKi
Bb‡m± ÿwZKi cZ½, gkv BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y Kivi
†UKwbK GKwU AvaywbK †UKwbK|
d‡ibwmK i³, exh©, g~Î, AkÖæ, jvjv BZ¨vw`i wWGbG
†U÷ A_ev A¨vw›UewW †_‡K Acivax‡K kbv³ Kiv
nq d‡ibwmK †U‡÷i Øviv| Rxe cÖhyw³
e¨envi K‡i d‡ibwmK †U÷ Kivi c×wZ
wb¤œiƒc -
cÖvß DcvË I
AvjvgZ Avjvg‡Zi ‡m‡iv‡jvwR wWGbG djvdj we‡kølY
cÖvwß w¯…wbs we‡kølY Ges wm×všÍ
wRb ‡cÖv‡K․kj cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i ÔÔwnDg¨vb wR‡bvg cÖ‡R±ÕÕ
Gi gva¨‡g gvbe‡`‡ni wewfbœ ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Aew¯’Z
wRb¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I KvR Rvbv hvq| Gi d‡j gvbe‡`‡n
ÿwZKi wRb‡K AcmviY K‡i my¯’ wRb cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
GK wRb †_ivwc e‡j|
Bb‡mckb cvewj‡Kk‡Ýi eBmg~n
Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Bb‡mckb mycvi g‡Wj †U÷ GÛ mvwcø‡g›Uvwi
Bb‡mckb wi‡m›U
Better Sound through Research
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12 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
Rxe‣ewPΨ
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. evsjv‡`k GKwU জীešÍ Rxev‡k¥i bvg-
DËi: ivR KuvKov| 17Zg wewmGm
02. evsjv‡`‡ki White gold ‡KvbwU?
DËi: বচংবড়| 32Zg wewmGm
03. cvwbi Rxe n‡q evZv‡m wbtk^vm †bqÑÑ
DËi: ïïK| 16, 21 I 34Zg wewmGm
04. ‡KvbwU ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx bq? DËi: Kzwgi
05. gy³v n‡jv wSby‡Ki-
DËi: cÖ`v‡ni dj| 17Zg wewmGm
Rx‡ei †kÖwYweb¨vm
AvR ch©šÍ wewfbœ Dw™¢‡`i cÖvq Pvi jÿ Ges cÖvYxi cÖvq †Zi
jÿ cÖRvwZi bvgKiY I eY©bv Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G
msL¨v P~ovšÍ bq, †Kbbv cÖvq cÖwZw`bB AviI bZzb bZzb
cÖRvwZi eY©bv mshy³ n‡”Q| (gva¨wgK RxeweÁvb)
K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm
‡kÖwYweb¨v‡mi RbK ejv nq myBwWm
cÖK…wZwe` K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm‡K| wZwb
1735 mv‡j Avcmvjv wek^we`¨vjq
†_‡K wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ wWwMÖ jv‡fi ci H
wek^we`¨vj‡qi A¨vbvUwgi Aa¨vcK
wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb|
wZwbB cÖ_g Rx‡ei c~Y© †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi Ges bvgKi‡Yi wfwË
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm 1753 mv‡j Species
Palntarum MÖš’wU cÖYqb K‡ib| AmsL¨ bgybv Rx‡ei
•ewkó¨ ch©‡eÿY K‡i wZwb RxeRMr‡K `ywU fv‡M web¨¯Í
K‡ib -
Dw™¢`RMr cÖvwYRMr
‡kÖwYweb¨v‡mi D‡Ïk¨
RxeRM‡Zi wfbœZvi w`‡K Av‡jvKcvZ K‡I AvnwiZ Ávb‡K
mwVKfv‡e msiÿY Kiv, c~Y©v½ Ávb‡K mswÿßfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
Kiv Ges cÖwZwU Rxe‡K kbv³ K‡i Zvi bvgKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v
Kiv, m‡e©vcwi RxeRMr Ges gvbeKj¨v‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq
Rxe¸‡jv‡K kbv³ K‡i Zv‡`i msiÿ‡Y m‡PZb nIqv|
Avi. GBP. ûB‡ÆKvi (R. H. Whittaker) 1969 mv‡j
RxeRMr‡K cvuPwU ivR¨ ev dvBf wKsW‡g fvM Kivi cÖ¯Íve
K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z gvi¸wjm (Margulis) 1974 mv‡j
Whittaker Gi †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi cwiewZ©Z I we¯ÍvwiZ iƒc
†`b| wZwb mg¯Í RxeRMr‡K `ywU mycvi wKsW‡g fvM K‡ib
Ges cvuPwU ivR¨‡K `ywU wKsW‡gi AvIZvfz³ K‡ib|
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 13 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
gm (Moss) : g‡mi KvÐ I cvZv _v‡K wKš‘ g~j _v‡K bv|
ivR¨ 01
g‡biv g~‡ji cwie‡Z© ivBR‡qW _v‡K| GwU Afv¯‥zjvi Acy®úK
Dw™¢`| Gi cÖavb †`n M¨v‡g‡UvdvBU| M¨v‡g‡UvdvB‡Ui
mycvi wKsWg 1 ivR¨ 2 DciB Gi †¯úv‡ivdvBU m„wó nq| †hgb - Riccia,
‡cÖvwU÷v Bryum, Barbula BZ¨vw`|
‡cÖvK¨vwiIUv
RxeRMr ivR¨ 3
dvbRvB
mycvi wKsWg 2
ivR¨ 4
BDK¨vwiIUv cøvw›U

ivR¨ 5
A¨vwbg¨vwjqv
dvb©
mycvi wKsWg 1
‡cÖvK¨vwiIUv (Prokaryotae) : Giv Avw`‡Kvl (wbDwK¬qvm
myMwVZ bq) wewkó GK‡Kvlx, AvYyexÿwYK Rxe| gm
K. ivR¨ GK : g‡biv (Monera)
‣ewkó¨ :
01. myMwVZ wbDwK¬qvm _v‡K bv| G Rb¨ G‡`i Avw` dvb© (Fern) : dvb©eMxq Dw™¢` Acy®úK Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨
wbDwK¬vqvmhy³ †Kvl ejv nq| cÖvPxbZg| dvb© GKwU fv¯‥zjvi Acy®úK Dw™¢`| Gi cÖavb
02. ‡Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm †Kvb c`©v w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K bv| †`n †¯úv‡ivdvBU| †hgb - dwbgbmv, †XuwKkvK|
ZvB wbDwK¬I-e¯‘ mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Qov‡bv _v‡K|
03. ‡hme A½vYy Abycw¯’Z _v‡K : gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cøvw÷W, bMœexRx Dw™¢` (Gymnosperm) : ‡h mKj mcy®úK
G‡ÛvcøvRwgK ‡iwUKzjvg BZ¨vw`| Dw™¢‡`i exR nq wKš‘ dj nq bv Zv‡`i‡K bMœexRx Dw™¢`
04. ‡hme A½vYy Dcw¯’Z _v‡K: ivB‡ev‡Rvg| e‡j| G‡`i dz‡ji wW¤^vkq (Mfv©kq) bv _vKvq wW¤^K bMœ
05. ‡µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †Kej DNA _v‡K| _v‡K| Gme wW¤^K cwiYZ n‡q exR Drcbœ K‡i| †hgb -
06. D`vniY : bxjvf meyR •kevj, e¨vK‡Uwiqv| mvBKvm (Cycus), cvBbvm (Pinus) BZ¨vw`|

mycvi wKsWg 2
BDK¨vwiIUv (Eukaryota): Giv cÖK…Z‡Kvl (wbDwK¬qvm
myMwVZ) wewkó GK‡Kvlx ev eû‡Kvlx Rxe|
ivR¨ D`vniY
ivR¨ `yB: A¨vwgev, c¨viv‡gwmqvg,
†cÖwU÷ (Protista) GK‡Kvlx I eû‡Kvlx •kevj|
ivR¨ wZb : B÷, Penicillium, gvkiæg
dvbRvB (Fungi) BZ¨vw`| bMœexRx Dw™¢`
ivR¨ Pvi : DbœZ meyR Dw™¢` Ave„ZRxex Dw™¢` (Angiosperms): ‡h mKj mcy®úK
cøvbwU (Plantae) Dw™¢‡`i dj I exR nq, Zv‡`i‡K Ave„ZRxex Dw™¢` e‡j|
ivR¨ cvuP : †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv e¨ZxZ mKj Gme Dw™¢‡`i dz‡j wW¤^vkq _v‡K| wW¤^K¸‡jv wW¤^vk‡qi
A¨vwbg¨vwjqv(Aniamlia) A‡giæ`Ûx I †giæ`Ûx cÖvYx| wfZ‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| wb‡l‡Ki ci wW¤^K ex‡R I wW¤^vkq
d‡j cwiYZ nq| G Kvi‡Y exR¸‡jv d‡ji g‡a¨ Ave„Z
gmeMx©q Dw™¢` cøvbwU Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢` Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Ave„ZRxex Dw™¢` `yB cÖKvi| h_v -
GKexRcÎx Dw™¢` Ges wØexRcÎx Dw™¢`|
dvb©eMx©q Dw™¢` bMœexRx Dw™¢`

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 14 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv

dzj dj

exR
Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i dzj I dj wPÎ : GKexRcÎx (Dc‡i) I wØexRcÎx (wb‡P) Dw™¢‡`i cv_©K¨

bMœexRx I Ave„ZexRx Dw™¢‡`i cv_©K¨ dzj I dj aviY Abyhvqx উবদ্ভদ঳ভূ঴য়ক প্রধানত দুআবায়গ বাগ
কযা মায়
cv_©‡K¨i bMœexRx Ave„ZexRx
welq ১. ঄঩ুস্পক উবদ্ভদ: এয়দয পুর ঴য় না। ভযণু ফা ভস্পায দ্বাযা
Mf©vkq bvB Av‡Q এয়দয ফং঱ফৃবি ঘয়ট্। ভমভন : ঳ভাঙ্গ ফা থযায়রাপাআট্া
dj bvB Av‡Q (স্পাআয়যাগাআযা, ভলায়যরা আতযাবদ), ভ঳ ফগি ফা ব্রায়য়াপাআট্া
(ভ঳ ফা বযবসয়া) এফং পানি ফগি ফা ভট্বযপাআট্া (য়ঢেঁবক঱াক ফা
exR bMœ Ave„Z
পানি ফা ভট্বয঳) আতযাবদ।
AvwK©‡Mvwbqv Av‡Q bvB
২. ঳঩ুষ্ঢক উবদ্ভদ : এয়দয পুর ঴য়। ভমভন : নগ্নজীফী
wb‡lK wb‡lK GK evi nq wØwb‡lK †`Lv hvq
(঳াআকা঳, ঩াআনা঳) এফং অফৃতজীফী (একফীজ঩ত্রী : তার,
GKexRcÎx Dw™¢` : †h mKj Dw™¢‡`I ex‡R GKwU gvÎ স্য঩াবয, ধান, গভ, বূট্টা আতযাবদ এফং বদ্বফীজ঩ত্রী : অভ,
exRcÎ _v‡K Zv‡`i GKexRcÎx Dw™¢` e‡j| †hgb- Mg, ভছারা, ভট্য, ব঱ভ আতযাবদ)।
avb, Bÿz, bvwi‡Kj, Zvj, mycvwi, †LRyi BZ¨vw`|
Z_¨ KwYKv
 Taxonomy ঄থি ভেবণবফন্যা঳তত্ত্ব
 Taxonomy ঱েবট্ প্রথভ ফযফ঴ায কয়যন পযাব঳
বফজ্ঞানী Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.
 ভেবণবফন্যায়঳য ঳য়ফিাচ্চ একক ঴য়রা বকংডভ
(Kingdom)
 ঱াখাপ্র঱াখা কয়য ভঝায়঩য ঳ৃবষ্ট কয়য গুল্ম
 ভূয়রয ঩বযফয়তি যাআজয়য়ড থায়ক ভ঳ফয়গিয উবদ্ভয়দয
 ঩ুবষ্টয জন্য ঄য়ন্যয উ঩য বনবিয঱ীর ছত্রাক
 নগ্নফীজী ও অফৃতফীজী ঴য়রা ঩ুষ্ঢক ফা ঳ফীজী উবদ্ভদ
 ভমৌন বভরন ছাড়া হ্যা঩রয়য়ড ভমৌন ভকাল ঴য়ত একবট্
঩ূণিাঙ্গ উবদ্ভয়দ ঩বযণত ঴ওয়ায়ক ফয়র ঩ায়থিয়নায়জয়নব঳঳
 Polysiphonia এক ধযয়নয ঳াভুবদ্রক ভরাব঴ত দ঱ফার
GKexRcÎx Dw™¢`  ঄঳ংখয ঳ফুজ ফা নীর ভস্পায উৎ঩ন্ন কয়য ফয়র
wØexRcÎx Dw™¢`
ভ঩বনব঳বরয়াভ ভক ফরা ঴য় ঳ফুজ ফা নীর ছত্রাক
 ফযায়ঙয ছাতা ফা ভা঱রুভ নায়ভ ঩বযবচত এগাবযকা঳
wØexRcÎx Dw™¢` : †h mKj Dw™¢‡`i ex‡R `ywU exRcÎ _v‡K  ভযৌয়দ্র জন্মায়ত ঩ায়য ফয়র ‘঳ান পাণি’ ফরা ঴য়
Zv‡`i wØexRcÎx Dw™¢` e‡j| †hgb: KvuVvj, Avg, wjPz,
Pteris ভক
wkg, my›`ix, †gnMwb BZ¨vw`|  ঳াআকা঳ ঴য়রা একবট্ জীফন্ত জীফাশ্ম

GKexRcÎx I wØexRcÎx Dw™¢‡`i cv_©K¨ †evSvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi

wPÎUv jÿ¨ Kiæb....

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 15 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
w_Id«v÷vm উদো঵রণ : ধোন, গম, ঴বর঳ো, কুচু রী঩োনো, ঱োউ, কুমড়ো ইতযোবদ। বীরুৎ
 বথওফ্রাটা঳ তােঁয Historia উবিদয়ক বতন ভোয়গ ভোগ করো যোে। যথো:
plantarum িয়ে ৪৮০বট্ উবদ্ভয়দয ক. একফলিজীফী উবদ্ভদ খ. বদ্বফলিজীফী উবদ্ভদ
ফণিনা ভদন। গ. ফহুফলিজীফী উবদ্ভদ
 উবদ্ভদজগয়তয ভেবণবফন্যা঳ বতন ক. একব঳বজীবী উবিদ : ধোন, ভূ ট্টো, গম ইতযোবদ।
঩িবতয়ত কযা ঴য়। কৃবত্রভ, খ. বিব঳বজীবী উবিদ : মু঱ো, বোাঁধোকব঩ ইতযোবদ।
প্রাকৃবতক, জাবতগত ভেবণবফন্যা঳।
গ. বহুব঳বজীবী উবিদ : দু ববো ঘো঴, আদো, ঵঱ু দ ইতযোবদ।
 বথওফ্রাটা঳ ও বরবনয়ায়঳য ভেবণবফন্যা঳ ঴য়রা কৃবত্রভ
ভেবণবফন্যা঳। ফাংরায়দয়঱য প্রধান ফনগুবরয ভয়ধয উয়েখয়মাগয
 ভাআয়কর ঄যাডন঳ন ও ভফোভ হুকায়যয ভেবণবফন্যা঳ ঴য়রা ১. িীষ্ডভ্ডরীয় বচয঳ফুজ ও অধা- বচয঳ফুজ;
প্রাকৃবতক ভেবণবফন্যা঳। Genera Plantarum ফআ- এ ২. িীষ্ডভ্ডরীয় অদ্রি- ঩ত্রয়ভাচী ( ভদয়঱য ঄বযন্তযীণ ফন) ;
প্রকা঱ কয়যন। ৩. ভজায়াযয়ধৌত ফন;
 ৪. স্বাদু঩াবন বফয়ধৌত ফন।
এঙ্গরায- প্রা্ট্য়রয ভেবণবফন্যা঳ ঴য়রা জাবতজবন
ভেবণবফন্যা঳।
 বথওপাটা঳য়ক উবদ্ভদবফজ্ঞায়নয জনক ফরা ঴য়। বতবন ‡kÖwYweb¨v‡mi wewfbœ avc
উবদ্ভদকায়েয প্রকৃবতয উ঩য বববত্ত কয়য উবদ্ভদজগতয়ক GKwU Rxe‡K ‡kÖwYweb¨vm K‡i wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖRvwZ
বাগ কয়যন ৪ বায়গ ch©v‡q g~jZ AvšÍR©vwZK †KvW wPwýZ mvZwU avc Av‡Q|
ivR¨ (Kingdom)
e„ÿ (Tree) ¸j¥ (Shrubs)
ce© (Phylum) / wefvM (Division)
exiær (Hurbs) ‡kÖwY (Class)
Dc¸j¥ (Undershurbs)
eM© (Order)
‡MvÎ (Family)
ক. বৃ ক্ষ (Tree)
MY (Genus)
কােবফব঱ষ্ট উেঁচু কাষ্ঠর উবদ্ভদয়ক ফৃক্ষ (Tree)
ফয়র। এয়দয কাে ভভাট্া, দীঘি ও ঱ক্ত। এআ
cÖRvwZ (Species)
জাতীয় উবদ্ভয়দয কাে ভথয়ক ঱াখা- প্র঱াখা
এফং ঩াতা ভফয ঴য়। gvby‡li •eÁvwbK bvg Homo sapiens. †kÖwYweb¨vm
উদা঴যণ : কােঁঠার, নাবযয়কর, অভ, জাভ প্রবৃবত ফৃক্ষ। c×wZwU wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv -
ivR¨ (Kingdom) : Animalia
খ. গুল্ম (Shrubs) KviY, my‡Kw›`ªK ‡Kvlwewkó, eû‡Kvlx, ci‡fvRx Ges RwUj
ভম ঳কর উবদ্ভদ কাষ্ঠর, ঳াধাযণত wUmy¨Zš¿ Av‡Q|
কাে঴ীন এফং ভগাড়া ঴য়ত ঄বধক Ce© (Phylum) / wefvM (Division) : Chordata
঱াখা- প্র঱াখা ভফয ঴য়য় ভঝােঁয়঩ KviY, Rxe‡bi †Kvb GK ch©v‡q b‡UvKW© _v‡K|
঩বযণত ঴য় তায়দযয়ক গুল্ম জাতীয় ‡kÖwY (Class) : Mammalia
উবদ্ভদ ফয়র। এআ জাতীয় উবদ্ভয়দয KviY, ev”Pv‡K ey‡Ki `ya LvIqvq Ges †jvg/Pzj Av‡Q|
ভ঱কড় ভাবট্য গবীয়য মায় না। eM© (Order) : Primate
উদা঴যণ : জফা, যঙ্গন, গন্ধযাজ, ভগারা঩ ভরফু আতযাবদ। KviY, AvuK‡o aivi Dc‡hvMx nvZ Ges NªvY A‡cÿv `„wókw³
গ. উ঩গুল্ম (Undershrubs) †ewk DbœZ|
গুল্ম ঄য়঩ক্ষা ভছাট্ অকায়যয ‡MvÎ (Family) : Hominidae
কাষ্ঠর উবদ্ভদয়ক উ঩গুল্ম উবদ্ভদ KviY, wk¤úvwÄ, Mwijv, evbi cÖf…wZi mv‡_ mv`„k¨ Av‡Q|
ফয়র। MY (Genus) : Homo
উদা঴যণ : কল্কাস্যন্দা, অেঁ঱য়঱ওড়া আতযাবদ। KviY, †`‡ni Abycv‡Z gw¯Í®‥ me‡P‡q eo Ges Lvovfv‡e `yB
cv‡q nvuU‡Z cv‡i|
ঘ. বীরুৎ (Herbs) cÖRvwZ (Species) : sapiens
নরম কোণ্ডবববলষ্ট বীরুৎ বো ঵োবব KviY, PIov Ges Lvov Kcvj, Lywji nvi Homo M‡Yi Ab¨
উবিদ বয়঱। এই জোতীে cÖRvwZi Zzjbvq cvZjv Ges eyw×e„wËKfv‡e DbœZ|
উবিয়দর ফ্লকড় মোবির গভীয়র
যোে নো।

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Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ
cÖvYxRMr
A¨vwbg¨vwjqv ev cÖvwYRM‡Zi cÖvYx‡`i‡K 10wU cÖavb c‡e©
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v -
঄যাবনভযাবরয়া ফা প্রাবণজগয়তয প্রাণীয়দযয়ক দ঱বট্ প্রধান ঩য়ফি বাগ
কযা ঴য়য়য়ছ। মথা :
১. ভপ্রায়ট্ায়জায়া (Protozoa) : একয়কালী জীফ। ভমভন :
঄যাবভফা, ভযায়রবযয়া জীফাণু, ফযাকয়ট্বযয়া আতযাবদ।
২. ঩বযয়পযা (Porifera) : ঳যরতভ ফহুয়কালী প্রাণী।
রযাবট্ন ঱ে Por us ঄থি বছদ্র এফং Ferre ঄থি ফ঴ন
কযা। এ দুবট্য ঳ভন্বয়য় ঩বযয়পযা (Porifera) ঱েবট্য
দতবয ঴য়য়য়ছ। ১৮৩৬ ঳ায়র বফজ্ঞানী িা্ট্ (Grant) প্রথভ
঩বযয়পযা ঩ফিবট্য নাভকযণ কয়যন। ভমভন : স্পঞ্জ, স্কাআপা।
এযা ঳াধাযণত ঳াভুবদ্রক এফং ঄বপ্রত঳ভ প্রাণী।
৩. ব঳য়র্ট্ায়যট্া (Coelenterata) : Ctenophora এফং
Cnidaria এয প্রাণী঳ভূয়঴য ঳ভন্বয়য় এ ঩ফিবট্। ভমভন :
঴াআড্রা, ভজরী বপ঳ আতযাবদ। ‡Rwj wdk (mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx)
mvg‡bi w`‡K mvuZvi KvuU‡Z cv‡i bv|
৪. প্লাবট্য়঴রবভনয়থ঳ (Platyhelminthes) : †`‡n RxevYy msµgY NUvq Zv‡`i †f±i e‡j|
বপতাকৃবভ, মকৃতকৃবভ প্রবৃবত। বপতাকৃবভ ঄ন্তঃ঩যজীফী।
৫. ভনভায়ট্াড (Nematoda) : ভমভন : ভগারকৃবভ,
পাআয়রবযয়া কৃবভ আতযাবদ। dvB‡jwiqv K…wg †Mv` †iv‡Mi
Rb¨ `vqx| wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡Mi c‡ivÿ KviY
†Mvjwµwg| mKj K…wg AšÍ:ciRxex| ‡MvjK…wgi
wW¤^bvwj ùxZ n‡q cwiYZ nq - †mwgbvj
wi‡mÞ¨vK‡j|
৬. ঄যাবনবরডা (Annelida) : ভমভন : ভকেঁয়চা, ভজােঁক
আতযাবদ।
৭. অয়্িায়঩াডা (Arthropoda) : প্রাবণজগয়তয ফৃ঴ৎ
঩ফি। GB c‡e©I cÖvYx‡`i cv¸‡jv mwÜhy³ nq| †hgb –
wPswo, Avi‡kvjv, cÖRvcwZ, gvKomv, KvuKov,
†g․gvwQ, †ikg †cvKv BZ¨vw`| cÖRvcwZ I gvwQi 3
†Rvov K‡i cv _v‡K| gvKomvi cv _v‡K 8wU|
†g․gvwQi gay FZz emšÍ Kvj| GKwU ivYx †g․gvwQ 1000
evi wWg cv‡o| ‡g․gvwQ‡K cÖK…wZi gy³v ejv nq|
c~Y©v½ †g․gvwQ‡K ejv nq Bgv‡Mv| m¨vi †ivbvì im
e‡jb, Ô¯¿x G¨v‡bvwdwjm gkvB g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy enb
K‡iÕ|
৮. ভরাস্কা (Mollusca) : ঱ক্ত ভখারয়঳ অফৃত থায়ক।
ভমভন: ঱াভুক, বঝনুক আতযাবদ। RjR kvgyK/wSby‡Ki
†Lvjm MwVZ nq K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU (CaCO3)
w`‡q| wSbyK GK ai‡bi `yB ‡LvjK wewkó cÖvYx| gyy³v
n‡j wSby‡Ki cÖ`v‡ni dj|
৯. একাআয়নাডাভিাট্া (Echinodermata) : তাযা ভাছ,
঳ভুদ্র kkv, একাআনা঳ আতযাবদ।
১০. কডিাট্া (Chordata) : ভানুল, নীরবতবভ, গরু, ছাগর,
ফযাঙ প্রবৃবত।
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16 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
Z_¨KwYKv
® A‡±vcvm AvU evû wewkó GKwU mvgyw`ªK cÖvYx|
A‡±vcvm‡K †Wwfj wdm ejv nq| KviY G‡`i †`n
n‡Z wbtm„Z nq GK ai‡bi wel hvi ms¯ú‡k© g„Zz¨
nIqvi m¤¢vebv LyeB †ewk|
® gvKomvi †PvL 8wU, †g․gvwQi †PvL 5wU|
® K¨vUj wdm I nvO‡ii ürwcÛ wZbwU K‡i|
® Kzwg‡ii ürwcÛ Pvi cÖ‡Kvôwewkó|
® KW I nvO‡i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb G I wW _v‡K|
® gvQ cvwbi g‡a¨ `ªexf~Z Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i|
® cvwbi Rxe n‡qI evZvm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i -
ïïK I nvOi|
® e¨O, mvc, gvQ kxZj i³wewkó cªvYx|
® me©fzK cÖvYx - †h mKj cÖvYx mKj ai‡bi Lvevi MÖnY
K‡i| †hgb- Avi‡kvjv, KzKzi, weovj, gvbyl, KvK|
® gkv GKwU †f±i| †h mKj evnK Ab¨ GKwU Rx‡ei
†f±i ‡ivM
A¨v‡bvwdwjm gkv g¨v‡jwiqv
Sand fly KvjvR¦i
GwWm gkv †W½y R¦i, wPKb¸wbqv, wRKv
wKD‡j· dvB‡jwiqv/‡Mv` †ivM
® ‡Ku ‡ Pv k^ v mKvh© Pvjvq Z¡ ‡ Ki mvnv‡h¨| †Ku‡Pv‡K cÖK…wZi
jvOj ejv nq|
® cvwb‡Z evm Ki‡jI bxj wZwg ¯Íb¨cvqx|
® ‡ikg †cvKv GKwU DcKvix cZ½| †ikg †cvKvi ¸wU
†_‡K DbœZ gv‡bi myZvi •Zwi nq| †ikg †cvKv ev g_
ZzuZ Mv‡Qi cvZv †L‡q †eu‡P _v‡K| wecyj I †mvbvwj
DbœZ Rv‡Zi †ikg †cvKv|
® iv‡Zi †ejv weovj I KzKz‡ii †PvL R¦j R¦j K‡i -
†U‡cUvg bvgK iÄK †Kv‡li Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y|
® ÿwZKviK †cvKv-gvKo‡K ejv nq †c÷|
® nwiqvYv, wmwÜ, n‡j‡÷Bb wd«wmqvb DbœZ Rv‡Zi
Mvfx|
® Mvu‡qi iO cwieZ©b K‡i AvZ¥iÿv K‡i wMiwMwU|
® B‡jw±ªK kK †`q B‡jw±ªK †i, Bj gvQ|
® gv‡Qi ürwc‡Û cÖ‡Kvô Av‡Q `yBwU|
® wcivbnv‡K gvby‡l †L‡Kv gvQ ejv nq| grm¨ AvBb
Abymv‡i, Avwd«Kvb gv¸i I wcivbnv gv‡Qi Pvlvev`,
µq-weµq evsjv‡`‡k wbwl×|
® ¯Íb¨cvqx cÖvYx n‡jI wWg †`q cvøwUcvm|
® B‡qwZ n‡jv GK ai‡Yi gvbe AvK…wZi cÖvYx hv‡`i‡K
D”P wngvjq A‡j †`Lv hvq| 1832 mv‡j me©cÖ_g
G‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq| Giv Zzlvi gvbe bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
® me‡P‡q †ewk w`b evu‡P - K”Qc (500 eQi ch©šÍ)
Bb‡mckb Ux‡gi D‡`¨v‡M 40 w`‡b 40Zg wewmGm cÖ¯‘wZ 17 cy‡iv wm‡jevm wiwfkb †`qvi m‡e©vËg cwiKíbv
wØc` bvgKiY
GKwU Rx‡ei •eÁvwbK bvg `ywU Ask ev c` wb‡q MwVZ nq|
cÖ_g AskwU Zvi M‡Yi bvg Ges wØZxq AskwU Zvi cÖRvwZi
bvg| †hgb - †Mvj Avjyi •eÁvwbK bvg Solanum
tuberosum. wØc` bvgKi‡Yi jÿ¨ GKUvB,Zv n‡”Q GB
•ewPΨgq RxeRM‡Zi cÖwZwU Rxe‡K Avjv`v bv‡g mwVKfv‡e
Rvbv| AvšÍR©vwZK wKQz mywbw`©ó wKQz wbqgbxwZ †g‡b Rx‡ei
•eÁvwbK bvg wba©viY Kiv nq| Dw™¢‡`i bvg
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN) Ges cÖvYxi bvg International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z
wbqgvbymv‡i n‡Z n‡e| myBwWk weÁvbx K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm‡K
wØc` bvgKi‡Yi RbK ejv nq| 1753 mv‡j K¨v‡ivjvm
wjwbqvm Zvi Species Plantarum eBwU‡Z wØc` bvgKiY
cÖeZ©b K‡ib Ges MY I cÖRvwZi msÁv †`b|

K‡qKwU Rx‡ei •eÁvwbK bvg

mvaviY bvg ‣eÁvwbK bvg
avb Oryza sativa
cvU Corchorus capsularis
Avjy Solanum tuberosum
Avg Mangifera indica
KvuVvj Artocarpus heterophyllus
kvcjv Nymphaea nauchali
Rev Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
K‡jiv RxevYy Vibrio cholera
g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy Plasmodium vivax
Avi‡kvjv Periplaneta americana
‡g․gvwQ Apis indica
Bwjk Tenualosa ilisha
Kz‡bv e¨O Bufo melanostictus
‡`v‡qj Copsychus saularis
i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi Panthera tigris
gvbyl Homo sapiens

Bb‡mckb cvewj‡Kk‡Ýi eBmg~n

Bb‡mckb WvB‡R÷
Bb‡mckb mycvi g‡Wj †U÷ GÛ mvwcø‡g›Uvwi
Bb‡mckb wi‡m›U
Better Sound through Research

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (1) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ

⋰ cÖ‡kœi Dr‡mi mÜv‡b ⋱ bZzb wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K wewmGm

wcÖwjwgbvwi cixÿvi cÖkœ we‡kølY
AvaywbK weÁvb
Uwc‡Ki bvg KZ Zg wewmGm ???
01. evqygЇji †h ¯Í‡i ‡eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq
35 36 37 38
K. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi L. Uª‡cvwùqvi
M. Av‡qv‡bvwùqvi N. I‡Rvb¯Íi ‡f․ZweÁvb
†iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi 1 1
Z_¨m~Î beg-`kg †kÖwYi f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek eB‡qi cÂg
Aa¨vq (wm‡jev‡mi UwcK : evqygÐj)| evqygÐj 1 1 2
evwigÐj 1
02. eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek-evÜe †Kvb M¨vmwU †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii
GwcKvjPvi 1
K‡¤úªm‡i e¨envi Kiv nq?
K. WvB‡K¬v‡ivUªvBd¬z‡iv B‡_b L. ‡UUªvd¬z‡iv B‡_b gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ 1
M. WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvBd¬y‡iv B‡_b N. AvM©b c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm 1 1
Z_¨m~Î mivmwi †Kvb Uwc‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq Z‡e wMÖb mybvwg, mvB‡K¬vb 1
nvDm UwcK †_‡K cÖvqB cÖkœ Av‡m| f~‡Mvj As‡ki mv‡_ wMÖb nvDR M¨vm 2 1
wg‡j hvq|
03. evqygЇji †h ¯Í‡i eRªcvZ N‡U ‡iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi
K. Uª‡cvgÐj L. ÷ªv‡UvgÐj 01. gw¯Í‡®‥i †Wvcvwgb †Kvl¸‡jv bó n‡j wK †ivM nq?
M. †g‡mvgÐj N. ZvcgÐj (38Zg wewmGm)
Z_¨m~Î beg-`kg †kÖwYi f~‡Mvj eB‡qi 5g Aa¨vq K. Gwc‡jcwm L. cviwKbmb
(wm‡jev‡mi UwcK : evqygÐj)| f~‡Mvj As‡kI c‡o| M. c¨vivjvBwmm N. _ªg‡evwmb DËi : L
04. c„w_exi evwigЇj Rjivwki kZKiv KZfvM Rj f~M‡f© o e¨vL¨v :
aviY K‡i? cviwKbmb t cviwKbmb †ivMvµvšÍ †ivMxi gw¯Í‡®‥
K. 2.05% L. 0.68% †Wvcvwgb •Zwii †Kvl¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i bó n‡q hvq|
M. 0.01% N. 0.001% cviwKbm †ivM gw¯Í‡®‥i Ggb GK Ae¯’v, ‡hLv‡b nv‡Z I
Z_¨m~Î beg-`kg †kÖwYi f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek eB‡qi 6ô cv‡qi Kvucywb nq Ges AvµvšÍ †ivMxi bovPov, nvuUvnvuwU
Aa¨vq (wm‡jev‡mi UwcK : evwigÐj) Ki‡Z mgm¨v nq| ¯œvqy †Kvl wewfbœ ai‡bi ivmvqwbK
c`v_© •Zwi K‡i _v‡K, hvi GKwU n‡jv †Wvcvwgb|
05. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e †g․gvwQ cvjb‡K ejv nq - †Wvcvwgb kix‡ii †cwki bovPovq mvnvh¨ K‡i|
K. wcwmKvjPvi L. GwcKvjPvi
c¨vivjvBwmm t c¨vivjvBwmm nq †÷ªv‡Ki Kvi‡Y| GQvov
M. †gwiKvjPvi N. †mwiKvjPvi
†giæ`‡Ði ev Nv‡oi myly¤œvKvÐ AvNvZ ev `yN©UbvRwbZ
Z_¨m~Î GUvi DËi ûeû wm‡jev‡mi UwcK : GwcKvjPvi Kvi‡Y c¨vivjvBwmm n‡Z cv‡i| ¯œvqy †ivM, myly¤œKv‡Ði
06. gv-Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm-we (Hepatitis-B) fvBivm wKsev K‡kiæKvi ÿq †ivMI c¨vivjvBwm‡mi KviY n‡Z
_vK‡j beRvZ‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨SyuwK wK nIqv DwPr? cv‡i|
K. 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ f¨vKwmb w`‡Z n‡e Gwc‡jcwm t Gwc‡jcwm gw¯Í‡®‥i †ivM, hv‡Z AvµvšÍ
L. 7 w`b BbwKD‡eU‡i ivL‡Z n‡e e¨w³i kix‡I wLuPzwb ev Kvucywb w`‡Z _v‡K| A‡bK
M. R‡b¥i 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ f¨vKwmb I GBPweAvBwR †ÿ‡Î †ivMx AÁvb n‡q c‡o| GB ‡ivM‡K g„Mx †ivMI
(HBIG) kU w`‡Z n‡e ejv nq|
N. R‡b¥i 1 gvm ci †KejgvÎ (HBIG) kU w`‡Z n‡e
02. gvbe‡`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖv_wgK cÖwZiÿv ¯Í‡ii
wm‡jev‡mi UwcK : gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨
(First Line of Defence) AšÍf©y³ bq (37Zg
wewmGm)
K. jvB‡mv‡Rvg (LYSOSYME)
∴ DËigvjv ∴ L. M¨vmwUªK Rym (GASTRIC JUICE)
M. wmwjqv (CILIA)
01 (M) 02 (L) 03 (K)
04 (L) 05 (L) 06 (M) N. wj‡çvmvBU (LYMPHOCYTES)

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (2) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o e¨vL¨v : gvbe‡`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖwZiÿv¯Í‡ii AšÍfz©y³ 06. evqygЇj bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY kZKiv KZ fvM?
welq¸‡jv n‡jv- (35Zg wewmGm)
cÖv_wgK Z¡K, †Pv‡Li wmwjqv (cvZv), gy‡Li K. 78.01 L. 0.80
cÖwZiÿv¯Íi jvjv, k^vmbvwji wmwjqv I wgDKvm, M. 0.41 N. 0.30 DËi : K
M¨vw÷ªK Rym BZ¨vw`| 03 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb
wØZxq cÖwZiÿv¯Íi wj‡çvmvBU (GKcÖKvi †k&¦Z i³KwYKv)
evwigÐj
evqygÐj 07. c„w_exi evwigЇji Rjivwki kZKiv KZfvM f~Mf©
03. evqygЇji †Kvb ¯Í‡i eRªcvZ N‡U? (38Zg wewmGm) aviY K‡i? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. Uª‡cvgÐj (Troposphere) K. 2.05% L. 0.68%
L. ÷ªv‡UvgÐj (Stratosphere) M. 0.01% N. 0.001% DËi : L
M. †g‡mvgÐj (Mesosphere) o e¨vL¨v : Rjivwki Ae¯’vbwfwËK we¯ÍiY I kZKiv nvi
N. ZvcgÐj (Thermosphere) DËi : K Rjwefv‡Mi bvg kZKiv nvi
o e¨vL¨v : mgy`ª 97.25
Uª‡cvgÐj : GB ¯ÍiwU evqygЇji me‡P‡q wb‡Pi ¯Íi, wngevn 2.05
f~c„‡ôi m‡½ †j‡M Av‡Q| †gN, e„wócvZ, eRªcvZ, f~Mf©¯’ cvwb 0.68
evqycÖevn, So, ZzlvicvZ, wkwki, Kzqvkv mewKQzB GB n«` 0.01
¯Í‡i m„wó nq| gvwUi Av`ª©Zv 0.005
÷ªv‡UvgÐj : GB ¯Í‡ii evqy‡Z AwZ m~² a~wjKYv Qvov evqygÐj 0.001
†KvbiKg Rjxqev®ú _v‡K bv| d‡j AvenvIqv _v‡K b`x 0.0001
ï®‥ I kvšÍ| Soe„wó _v‡K bv e‡jB GB ¯Í‡ii ga¨ w`‡q RxegÐj 0.00004
†RU wegvb¸‡jv PjvPj K‡i| Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek (lô Aa¨vq : evwigÐj)
‡g‡mvgÐj : GB ¯Í‡i ZvcgvÎ Kg‡Z Kg‡Z 83 wWwMÖ
†mjwmqvm ch©šÍ †b‡g hvq| †g‡mvgÐj evqygЇji 08. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e †gŠgvwQ cvjb‡K ejv nq – (38Zg
me‡P‡q kxZjZg ZvcgvÎv aviY K‡i| gnvKvk †_‡K wewmGm)
†hme Dév c„w_exi w`‡K Qz‡U Av‡m †m¸‡jvi AwaKvskB K. wcwmKvjPvi L. GwcKvjPvi
GB ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ G‡m cy‡o hvq| M. †mwiKvjPvi N. †gwiKvjPvi DËi : L
ZvcgÐj : ZvcgЇji wb¤œ Ask‡K AvqbgÐj e‡j| f~- o e¨vL¨v : wcwmKvjPvi (grm¨ Pvl), GwcKvjPvi
c„ô †_‡K cvVv‡bv wewfbœ †eZviZi½ AvqbgЇji wewfbœ (‡g․gvwQi Pvl), †mwiKvjPvi (‡ikg Pvl)|
Avq‡b evav †c‡q cybivq f~-c„‡ô wd‡i Av‡m| 09. gv Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm we (Hepatitis B)
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi cwi‡ek I f~‡Mvj (Aa¨vq cvuP : evqygÐj) fvBivm _vK‡j beRvZ‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨SzuwK e¨e¯’vcbv wK nIqv
04. evqygЇji †h ¯Í‡i †eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq DwPr? (38Zg wewmGm)
(38Zg wewmGm) K. 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ f¨vw·b w`‡Z n‡e
K. ÷ªv‡Uvwùqvi L. Uª‡cvwùqvi L. 7 w`b BbwKD‡eU‡i ivL‡Z n‡e
M. Av‡qv‡bvwùvi N. IRb¯Íi DËi : M M. R‡b¥i 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ f¨vw·b I GBPweAvBwR kU
03 bs cÖ‡kœi e¨vL¨v jÿ¨ Kiæb w`‡Z n‡e|
05. evqygЇj kZKiv KZfvM AvM©b we`¨gvb (36Zg wewmGm) o e¨vL¨v : gv Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm-we (Hepatistis-B)
K. 78.0 L. 0.80 fvBivm _vK‡j R‡b¥i 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ wkïi kix‡i
M. 0.41 N. 0.30 DËi : L cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv •Zwii Rb¨ f¨vw·‡bi cvkvcvwk
o e¨vL¨v : evqygЇji wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi ZvwjK GBeweAvBwR (HBIG) kU w`‡Z n‡e| gv Gi i‡³
Dcv`v‡bi kZKiv Dcv`v‡bi bvg kZKiv †ncvUvBwUm-we fvBivm bv _vK‡j R‡b¥i 24 NÈvi
bvg nvi nvi g‡a¨ f¨vw·b w`‡jI mgm¨v bvB|
78.02 Rjxqev®ú 0.41
20.71 a~wjKYv I KwYKv 0.01 c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm
0.80 Ab¨ M¨vmmg~n (He, Ne, 10. w÷‡db nwKÝ GKRb (38Zg wewmGm)
0.02
0.03 Kr, Xe, I‡Rvb, ) K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we`
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi cwi‡ek I f~‡Mvj (Aa¨vq cvuP : evqygÐj) M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷
o e¨vL¨v : 1924 mv‡j nvej †`wL‡qwQ‡jb wek^eªþv‡Ði
me¸‡jv M¨vjvw· G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q,
†hwU cÖ`k©b K‡i †h wek^eªþvÐ ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
weÁvbxiv †`Lvb cÖvq †P․Ï wewjqb eQi Av‡M ÔweM e¨vsÕ
bv‡g GKwU cÖPÐ we‡ùvi‡Y wek^eªþvÐ •Zwi nIqvi ci
†mwU cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wUi cÖe³v nj
RR© j¨v‡gUvi| wZwbB cÖ_g ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wU m¤ú‡K©
aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| AwZ m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb,
GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g hv‡e bv Ges wek^eªþv‡Ði
mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e| weªwUk
c`v_© I †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx w÷‡db nwKÝ Zvui weL¨vZ ÔA
Brief History of Time’ bvgK eBwU‡Z ÔweM e¨vsÕ
Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib|
mybvwg, mvB‡K¬vb I †UK‡UvwbK †cøU
11. mybvwgi KviY n‡jv (34Zg I 36Zg wewmGm)
K. N~wY©So
L. P›`ª I m~‡h©i AvKl©Y
M. mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k f~wgK¤úb
N. Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ DËi : M
o e¨vL¨v : mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k f~wgK¤ú n‡j mybvwg m„wó nq|
f~wgK‡¤úi †K›`ª †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mgy`ª AwZµg K‡i
mybvwg DcK~‡j †c․uQv‡Z LvwbKUv mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
GB mgqUzKzi †fZ‡i mvaviYZ DcK~j GjvKvq
mZK©evYx cÖPvi Kiv nq| (Z_¨m~Î : gva¨wgK weÁvb)
Ab¨vb¨
12. P‡›`ª †Kvb e¯‘i IRb c„w_exi IR‡bi (37Zg
wewmGm)
K. `k fv‡Mi GKfvM L. Qq fv‡Mi GKfvM
M. wZb fv‡Mi GKfvM N. Pvi fv‡Mi GKfvM
o e¨vL¨v : P‡›`ª †Kvb e¯‘i I‡Rvb c„w_exi IR‡bi Qq
fv‡Mi GKfvM| KviY P›`ªc„‡ô AwfKl©R Z¡iY (g)
c„wv_exi Qq fv‡Mi GKfvM| myZivs DËi n‡e L|
c„w_ex m„wói BwZnvm
Z_¨m~Î lô †kÖwYi weÁvb (Øv`k Aa¨vq t c„w_exi DrcwË
I MVb) + Aóg †kÖwYi weÁvb (Øv`k Aa¨vq t gnvKvk I
DcMÖn- c„ôv bs- 121-122) + beg-`kg †kÖwYi weÁvb
(PZz_© Aa¨vq t beRxe‡bi m~Pbv- c„ôv bs- 100-102)
01. weM e¨vO Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v †K? (33Zg wewmGm)
K. AvBb÷vBb L. wR.j¨v‡gUvi
M. w÷‡db nwKÝ N. M¨vwjwjI DËi : L
02. w÷‡db nwKÝ we‡k^i GKRb AwZkq weL¨vZ (18Zg
I 30Zg wewmGm)
(3) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
K. `vk©wbK L. c`v_©we`
M. imvqbwe` N. Kwe DËi : L
o e¨vL¨v : 1924 mv‡j nvej †`wL‡qwQ‡jb wek^eªþv‡Ði
me¸‡jv M¨vjvw· G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q,
†hwU cÖ`k©b K‡i †h wek^eªþvÐ ax‡i ax‡i cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q|
weÁvbxiv †`Lvb cÖvq †P․Ï wewjqb eQi Av‡M ÔweM e¨vsÕ
bv‡g GKwU cÖPÐ we‡ùvi‡Y wek^eªþvÐ •Zwi nIqvi ci
†mwU cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K| ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wUi cÖe³v nj
RR© j¨v‡gUvi| wZwbB cÖ_g ÔweM e¨vsÕ ZË¡wU m¤ú‡K©
aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib| AwZ m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †`wL‡q‡Qb,
GB cÖmviY KL‡bvB †_‡g hv‡e bv Ges wek^eªþv‡Ði
mewKQzB GKwU Ab¨wU †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e| weªwUk
c`v_© I †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx w÷‡db nwKÝ Zvui weL¨vZ ÔA
Brief History of Time’ bvgK eBwU‡Z ÔweM e¨vsÕ
Z‡Ë¡i AvaywbK e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib|
o gnvwe‡ùvi‡Yi mg_©‡b cÖgvY : gnvwek^ GLbI we¯Í…Z
n‡”Q| gnvKv‡ki M¨vjvw·/Qvqvc_ I Zvivmg~n G‡K
Ac‡ii †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡”Q| Kv‡RB Giv nq‡Zv
GKmv‡_ ÿz`ª GKwU RvqMvq wQj; we‡ùvi‡Yi gva¨‡g
Avjv`v n‡q‡Q| (Z_¨m~Î- lô †kÖwYi weÁvb: Øv`k Aa¨vq)
o AwZ m¤úªwZ Rvbv hvq, ÔweM e¨vsÕ ev gnvwe‡ùviY
msNwUZ n‡qwQj cÖvq 13.75 wewjqb eQi (1375 †KvwU
eQi) c~‡e© Ges GUvB gnvwe‡k^i eqm| (Z_¨m~Î- Aóg
†kÖwYi weÁvb: Øv`k Aa¨vq: c„ôv bs- 122)
03. BDwi M¨vMvwib gnvk~‡b¨ hvb- (33Zg wewmGm)
K. 1956 L. 1961
M. 1964 N. 1969 DËi : L
Z_¨KwYKv
o Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg : ‡R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Rvgvj bRiæj
Bmjvg evsjv‡`‡ki wSbvB`‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb
gnvwe‡k^I D™¢e I cwiYwZ wel‡q †g․wjK M‡elYvi Rb¨
L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| ‡KgweªR BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm †_‡K
Zvui weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔThe Ultimate Fate of the
Universe’ (1983) cÖKvwkZ n‡j weÁvbx gn‡j
e¨vcK mvov †dj‡Z mÿg nq|
o c„w_ex‡Z Kxfv‡e Rx‡ei m„wó n‡qwQj? : cÖvq 260 †KvwU
eQi Av‡M c„w_exi evqygЇj cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wg‡_b
( ), A¨v‡gvwbqv ( ), nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW
( ) Ges Rjxq ev®ú; bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ( ) I Kve©b
WvB-A·vBW ( ) M¨vm wQj| Anin Av‡MœqwMwii
AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j evqygЇji ZvcgvÎvi e„w× NUZ Ges
eRªcv‡Zi d‡j I AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i cÖfv‡e GB †h․M
c`v_©¸‡jv wgwjZ n‡q A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I wbDwK¬K
GwmW •Zwi K‡i| c‡i A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I wbDwK¬q
GwmW wgwjZ nIqvq wbDwK¬q‡cÖvwUb AYyi m„wó nq| Zvi
c‡ii NUbv¸‡jv aviYv Kiv nq
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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (4)
wbDwK¬q‡cÖvwUb → †cÖv‡UvfvBivm → fvBivm
wPÎ. ivmvqwbK I •Re cwieZ©‡bi avcmg~n
KmwgK †i
01. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i Avwe®‥viK †K? (20Zg I 33Zg
wewmGm)
K. †nm L. AvBb÷vBb
M. U‡jwg N. nvej
o e¨vL¨v : ‣e`y¨wZK PvR©hy³ †h iwk¥ Av‡jvi †e‡Mi
KvQvKvwQ †e‡M gnvk~b¨ †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z AvNvZ nv‡b
Zv‡K gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ e‡j| weÁvbx †nm gnvRvMwZK
iwk¥ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K 1936 mv‡j †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥vi †`qv nq|
Z_¨KwYKv
o gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i ‣ewkó¨ n‡jv
 Giv we`y¨r PvR©hy³ KYv
 G‡`i †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi KvQvKvwQ Ges
 Giv c„w_exi ‡P․¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq
o wMÖK weÁvbx †_wjm (BC 584-624) cÖ_g Kvh©KviY
Ges hyw³ Qvov ïay ag©, AZxw›`ªq Ges †c․ivwYK
KvwnwbwfwËK e¨vL¨v MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jb|
†_wjm me©cÖ_g m~h©MÖn‡Yi fwel¨ØvYx K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
†jvW‡÷v‡bi †P․¤^K ag© m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Zb|
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Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o Avwi¯ÍvKm (310 BC) cÖ_‡g m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi
aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zvui Abymvix †m‡jDKvm hyw³ZK©
w`‡q ‡mwU cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb, hw`I †mB hyw³¸‡jv GLb
Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q|
o 1543 mv‡j †Kvcvwb©Kvm Zvui GKwU eB‡q m~h©‡Kw›`ªK
GKwU †m․iRM‡Zi e¨vL¨v †`b (eB‡qi cÖKvkK
ag©hvRK‡`i f‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb †h GwU mwZ¨Kv‡ii e¨vL¨v
bq, ïay GKwU MvwYwZK mgvavb gvÎ)| ‡Kvcvwb©Kvm‡K
AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi RbK ejv nq|
o M¨vwjwjI (1564-1642) : ‡Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi ZË¡wU
†jvKPÿzi Avov‡j c‡o wQj Ges †mwU mevi mvg‡b wb‡q
Av‡mb M¨vwjwjI| M¨vwjwjI‡K A‡bK mgq AvaywbK
weÁv‡bi RbK ejv nq| wZwb m~h©‡Kw›`ªK †m․iRM‡Zi
cÖe³v nIqvi Kvi‡Y Pv‡P©i †Kvcvb‡j c‡owQ‡jb Ges †kl
Rxe‡b Zvu‡K M„ne›`x n‡q KvUv‡Z nq|
Z_¨m~Î- beg-`gk †kÖwYi c`v_© weÁvb : cÖ_g Aa¨vq
☼ ‡mjd †U÷
Ôc„w_ex m„wói BwZnvmÕ I ÔKmwgK †iÕ
01. AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi RbK ejv nq Kv‡K?
K. M¨vwjwjI L. †Kvcvwb©Kvm
M. Avwi¯ÍvKm N. wbDUb
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i •ewkó¨?
K. Giv we`y¨r PvR©hy³ KYv
L. G‡`i †eM Av‡jvi †e‡Mi KvQvKvwQ Ges
M. Giv c„w_exi ‡P․¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq
N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv
03. ÔA Brief History of Time’ bvgK eBwUi †jLK †K?
K. wR j¨v‡gUvi L. w÷‡db nwKÝ
M. †Kvcvwb©Kvm N. AvBb÷vBb
04. ÔweM e¨vsÕ ev gnvwe‡ùviY msNwUZ n‡qwQj cÖvq
wewjqb eQi c~‡e©?
K. 13.75 wewjqb L. 14.75 wewjqb
K 12.50 wewjqb N. 4.5 wewjqb
05. ÔThe Ultimate Fate of the Universe’ (1983)
cÖKvwkZ n‡j weÁvbx gn‡j e¨vcK mvov †dj‡Z mÿg
nb †K?
K. Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg L. Rvwn` nvmvb
M. w÷‡db nwKÝ N. Rvdi BKevj
ʘ DËigvjv ʘ
01 (L) 02 (N) 03 (L) 04 (K) 05 (K)
eø¨vK †nvj
১৯৬৯ ঳ালর ভার্কিন র্ফজ্ঞানী জন হুইরায ঳ফিপ্রথভ K…òMnŸi ফা
ব্ল্যাক হ঴ার (BLACK HOLE) ঱ব্দর্ি ফযফ঴ায কলযন। এই ধাযণা
অনুমাযী K…òMnŸi ভ঴ার্ফলেয এভন একর্ি ফস্তু মা এত ঘন
Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷
঳র্ির্ফষ্ট ফা অর্ত ক্ষুদ্র আযতলন এয বয এত হফর্঱ হম এয
ভ঴াকলিীয ঱র্ি হকান র্কছুলকই তায র্বতয হথলক হফয ঴লত হদয
না, এভনর্ক তার়্িতল ৌম্বক র্ফর্কযণলকও (লমভন: আলরা) নয।
প্রকৃত঩লক্ষ এই স্থালন ঳াধাযণ ভ঴াকলিীয ফলরয ভান এত হফর্঱ ঴লয
মায হম এর্ি ভ঴ার্ফলেয অন্য ঳কর ফরলক অর্তক্রভ কলয। পলর এ
হথলক হকান র্কছুই ছুলি হমলত ঩ালয না। অষ্টাদ঱ ঱তাব্দীলত প্রথভ
তৎকারীন ভ঴াকললিয ধাযণায র্বর্িলত কৃণ গহ্বলযয অর্িলেয
র্ফলযর্ি উত্থার্঩ত ঴য।
Z_¨KwYKv
o হজনালযর র্থওর্য অপ র্যলরর্ির্বর্ি অনু঳ালয, কৃণগহ্বয
ভ঴াকাল঱য এভন একর্ি র্ফল঱ল স্থান হমখান হথলক হকান
র্কছু, এভনর্ক আলরা ঩মিন্ত হফয ঴লয আ঳লত ঩ালয না।
o এিা ততর্য ঴য খুফই হফর্঱ ঩র্যভাণ ঘনে র্ফর্঱ষ্ট বয হথলক।
o প্রর্তর্ি গারার্িয স্থালন স্থালন কভ- হফর্঱ K…òMnŸi অর্িলেয
কথা জানা মায। ঳াধাযণত হফ঱ীযবাগ গযারার্িই তায ভধযস্থ
কৃণ র্ফফযলক হকন্দ্র কলয ঘূণিাযভান।
o eø¨vK‡nv‡ji অর্িলতয প্রভাণ হকান স্থালনয তাযা নক্ষলেয
গর্ত এফং র্দক হদলখ ঩াওযা মায।
o ভ঴াকা঱র্ফদগণ ১৬ ফছয ধলয আল঱- ঩াল঱য ZviKvgÐwji
গর্ত- র্ফর্ধ ঩মিলফক্ষণ কলয ২০০৮ ঳ালর প্রভাণ হ঩লযলছন
অর্তভাোয বয র্ফর্঱ষ্ট একর্ি eø¨vK‡nv‡ji মায বয ঳ূমি
হথলক ৪ র্ভর্রযন গুন হফর্঱ এফং এর্ি আকা঱গঙ্গায ভাঝখালন
অফর্স্থত।
o `ywU eø¨vK‡nvj wgwjZ n‡j †h AkvšÍ eø¨vK‡nvj •Zwi nq,
†mLvb †_‡K Av‡m e„ËvwqZ gnvKl© Zi½| 1915 mv‡j
weÁvbx AvBb÷vBb Zvui Av‡cwÿKZv Z‡Ë¡ GB
gnvKl©xq Zi‡½i K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| 2015 mv‡ji 14
†m‡Þ¤^i hy³iv‡óªi jvB‡Mvi (LIGO The Laser
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory) mbv³KiY h‡š¿ GKwU ms‡KZ aiv
c‡o| GB ms‡KZ wQj 130 †KvwU Av‡jvKel© `~‡ii
`ywU eø¨vK‡nv‡ji wgj‡bi d‡j m„ó gnvKl© Zi‡½iB
ms‡KZ|
o evsjv‡`wk es‡kv™¢zZ cvebv †Rjvi †mwjg kvnwiqvi Ges
ei¸bvi `xc¼i ZvjyK`vi wQ‡jb gnvKlx©l Zi½
mbv³Kvix M‡elK `‡ji Ab¨Zg m`m¨| `xc¼i
ZvjyK`vi XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi c`v_© weÁv‡bi QvÎ
wQ‡jb|
wn‡Mi KYv
o m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy : wewKiY msµvšÍ †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vqb
Z‡Ë¡i mwVK MvwYwZK e¨vL¨v w`‡qwQ‡jb cÖ‡dmi
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy hv †evm AvBb÷vBb msL¨vqb ZË¡ bv‡g
cwiwPZ| c`v_©weÁv‡bi RM‡Z wZwb †h Ae`vb
†i‡LwQ‡jb Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc GK‡kÖwYi ‡g․wjK KYv‡K
†evmb (†evm) bvg †`Iqv nq|
(5) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o B‡jKUªwbKm Ges AvaywbK cªhyw³i Avwe®‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y
kw³kvjx G‡·‡j‡iUi •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges A‡bK
†ewk kw³‡Z G‡·‡j‡iU K‡i bZzb KYv Avwe®‥…Z n‡Z
_v‡K|
o Standard Model e¨envi K‡i bZzb KYv¸‡jvi fi
e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq e‡j f‡ii Rb¨ wnMm †evmb bv‡g
GKwU bZzb KYvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ fwel¨ØvYx Kiv nq| 2013
mv‡j cixÿvMv‡i wnMm †evmb kbv³ KivwU ZvwË¡K
c`v_©weÁv‡bi weivU mvdj¨ wn‡m‡e aiv nq| GB
Avwe®‥viK wU‡g evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx Rvwn` nvmvb wQ‡jb|
Z_¨m~Î beg-`kg ‡kÖwYi c`v_©weÁvb : cÖ_g Aa¨vq
o weªwUk weÁvbx wcUvi wnMm 1964 mv‡j kw³ wn‡m‡e
Ggb GKwU KYvi aviYv †`b hv e¯‘i fi m„wó K‡i Ges
Gi d‡j gnvwek^ m„wó m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| G KYvwUB nj
wn‡Mi KYv| wnMm KYv GKwU †evmb KYv nIqvq GwU‡K
c`v_©weÁv‡b ÔwnMm †evmb KYvÕ ejv nq| c`v_© weÁvbx
wcUvi wnMm I m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy ev m‡Z¨b †evm Gi
bv‡g GB KYvi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
o হকাযান্িাভ ঩দাথি র্ফজ্ঞালনয বালায হমলকালনা ঩দালথিয ভূর
‣ewkó¨ এয বয bvB। হ঳ ঳কর কণাযই বয থাকলফ মালদয
঳ালথ র্঴গ঳ হফা঳ন কণা ঳ংমুি থাকলফ। এ Kvi‡YB এলক
Ôঈেয কণাÕ ফরা ঴য।
o এলক বয মুিকযণ কণাও ফরা ঴য। হম ঳কর কণায ঳ালথ
এর্ি থালক না তাযা বয঴ীন ঴য।
o gnvwe‡k^ Pvi ai‡bi ej i‡q‡Q| h_v- gnvKl©,
Zvwor‡P․¤^K, `ye©j wbDwK¬qvi ej Ges kw³kvjx
wbDwK¬qvi ej| G ej¸‡jv wµqvkxj nq ejevnK
KYv¸‡jvi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| ejevnK G
KYv¸‡jv n‡”Q MÖvwfUªb, †dvUb, WweøD‡RW I Møyqb|
☼ ‡mjd †U÷
Ôeø¨vK ‡nvjÕ I Ôwn‡Mi KYvÕ
01. †Kvb weÁvbx me©cÖ_g Ôeø¨vK †nvjÕ ev K…ò MnŸi K_vwU
cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib?
K. m‡Z¨b †evm L. AvBb÷vBb
M. Rb ûBjvi N. `xc¼i ZvjyK`vi
02. hy³iv‡óªi jvB‡Mvi (LIGO The Laser
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
Observatory) mbv³KiY h‡š¿ AvBb÷vB‡bi
Av‡cwÿKZv Z‡Ë¡ ewY©Z gnvKl©xq Zi‡½i GKwU ms‡KZ
aiv c‡o
K. 2015 mv‡j L. 2014 mv‡j
M. 2013 mv‡j N. 2012 mv‡j
03. wn‡Mi KYv n‡jv GK ai‡bi kw³ hv e¯‘i fi m„wó K‡i
Ges hvi d‡j GB gnvwek^ m„wó n‡q‡Q †K me©cÖ_g
e‡jb?
K. m‡Z¨b †evm L. AvBb÷vBb
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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (6) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
M. wcUvi wnMm N. Rb ûBjvi evqygÐj
04. ‡KvbwU‡K Ck^i KYv ejv nq? 01. evqygЇji I†Rvb¯Íi ÿ‡q †Kvb M¨vmwUi f~wgKv m‡e©v”P?
K. B‡jKUªb L. †cÖvUb (21Zg wewmGm)
M. wbDUªb N. wnMm-‡evmb K. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW L. Rjxq ev®ú
05. Ô‡evm AvBb÷vBb msL¨vqb ZË¡Õ – Gi mv‡_ RwoZ M. CFC N. bvBwUªK A·vBW D. M
†Kvb ev½vwj weÁvbxi bvg? 04. e¨vL¨v : I‡Rvb¯Í‡ii dvU‡ji Rb¨ cÖavbZ †K¬v‡iv‡døv‡iv
K. Rvgvj bRiæj Bmjvg L. m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy Kve©b M¨vm `vqx| †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii
M. RM`xkP›`ª emy N. myfvl P›`ª emy I‡Rvb ( ) I‡Rvb‡K M¨vmxq Aw·‡R‡b iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j I‡Rvb¯Íi nvjKv ev dz‡Uv n‡q hvq|
02. `~wlZ evZv‡mi †Kvb M¨vmwU gvbe‡`‡n i‡³i Aw·‡Rb
ʘ DËigvjv ʘ cwienb ÿgZv Le© K‡i? (21Zg wewmGm)
K. Kve©b WvB A·vBW L. Kve©b g‡bv·vBW
01 (M) 02 (K) 03 (M) 04 (N) 05 (L) M. bvBwUªK A·vBW N. mvjdvi WvB A·vBW
05. e¨vL¨v : evZv‡m Kve©b g‡bv A·vBW (CO) M¨vmwUi
Dcw¯’Z _vKvq i‡³i Aw·‡Rb cwienb ÿgZv K‡g
evwigÐj I mvgyw`ªK Rxeb hvq| i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvweb Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv bv
K‡i Kve©b g‡bv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©b
01. c„w_exi evwigЇji Rjivwki kZKiv KZfvM f~Mf© g‡bv·vBW cwienb K‡i|
aviY K‡i? (38Zg wewmGm) 03. AvenvIqvi 90% Av`ª©Zv gv‡b (16Zg wewmGm)
K. 2.05% L. 0.68% K. e„wócv‡Zi m¤¢vebv 90%
M. 0.01% N. 0.001% DËi : L L. 100 fvM evZv‡m 90 fvM Rjxq ev®ú
o e¨vL¨v : Rjivwki Ae¯’vbwfwËK we¯ÍiY I kZKiv nvi M. evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY m¤ú„³ Ae¯’vq 90%
Rjwefv‡Mi bvg kZKiv nvi N. evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY e„wócv‡Zi mg‡qi 90%
mgy`ª 97.25 o e¨vL¨v : AvenvIqvi 90% Av`©ªZv ej‡Z eySvq, evqy
wngevn 2.05 hZUzKz Rjxqev®ú aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i evqy‡Zi Zvi 90%
f~Mf©¯’ cvwb 0.68 i‡q‡Q|
n«` 0.01 04. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK? (12Zg wewmGm)
gvwUi Av`ª©Zv 0.005 K. evqy GKwU †h․wMK c`v_©
evqygÐj 0.001 L. evqy GKwU †g․wjK c`v_©
b`x 0.0001 M. evqy GKwU wgkÖ c`v_©
RxegÐj 0.00004 N. evqy ej‡Z Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡KB eySvq
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek (lô Aa¨vq : evwigÐj) o e¨vL¨v : evqygÐj cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi Dcv`vb Øviv
02. †Kv_vq mvuZvi KvUv mnR? (13Zg wewmGm) MwVZ| †hgb- wewfbœ cÖKvi M¨vm, Rjxqev®ú Ges
K. cyKz‡i L. we‡j a~wjKYv I KwYKv|
M. b`x‡Z N. mvM‡i Dcv`v‡bi bvg kZKiv nvi
o e¨vL¨v : mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi jeY wgwkÖZ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ( ) 78.02 (35Zg wcÖwjwgbvwi)
_vKvq mgy‡`ªi cvwbi NbZ¡ †ewk| ZvB mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z Aw·‡Rb ( ) 20.71
mvuZvi KvUv mnR| AvM©b (Ar) 0.80
03. cÖvK…wZK †Kvb Drm †_‡K me‡P‡q †ewk g„`y cvwb cvIqv Kve©b WvB-A·vBW ( ) 0.03
hvq? (34Zg wewmGm) Ab¨ M¨vmmg~n* 0.02
K. b`x L. mvMi
Ab¨ M¨vmmg~n : wbqb, wnwjqvg, wµÞb, †Rbb, I‡Rvb,
M. ü` N. e„wócvZ DËi : N
wg‡_b I bvBUªvm A·vBW
o e¨vL¨v : cÖvK…wZK Drm e„wócvZ †_‡K me‡P‡q †ewk g„`y Rjxq ev®ú 0.41
cvwb cvIqv hvq| b`x, n«` I mvM‡i g„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq a~wjKYv I KwYKv 0.01
bv| evqy‡Z wewfbœ M¨vm wgwkÖZ _vKvq evqy GKwU wgkÖ c`v_©
G UwcKwU m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ f~‡Mvj As‡ki G UwcKwU m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ f~‡Mvj As‡ki
272-274 c„ôv (Bb‡mckb cøvm) jÿ¨ Kiæb| 266-271 c„ôv (Bb‡mckb cøvm) jÿ¨ Kiæb|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (7) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
wbP †_‡K f~-c„ô †f` K‡i †ewi‡q Av‡m| G‡KB
↔ Av‡MœqwMwii D`MxiY e‡j| †ewi‡q Avmv Zij c`v_©
evqygÐj I evwigÐj g¨vMgv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
01. evqygЇj Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY KZ? o ‡cøU¸‡jv GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ av°v †L‡j c„w_ex †Ku‡c
K. 0.80 fvM L. 0.03 fvM I‡V| G‡KB f~wgK¤ú e‡j|
M. 0.41 fvM N. 0.01 fvM Z_¨m~Î : lô †kÖwYi weÁvb (Øv`k Aa¨vq t c„w_exi DrcwË I MVb- c„ôv
bs- 108)
02. evqygЇj Rjivwki cwigvY KZ fvM?
K. 0.001 fvM L. 0.0001 fvM Z_¨KwYKv
M. 0.005 fvM N. 0.68 fvM
03. evqyi †Kvb ¯Íi me©wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv ( ) aviY K‡i
o ‡UK‡UvwbK ZË¡ Øviv f~wgK¤ú I Av‡MœqwMwii D`MxiY
e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
K. Uª‡cvgÐj L. †g‡mvgÐj
M. ZvcgÐj N. G‡·vgÐj o 1912 mv‡j Rvg©vb AvenvIqvwe` Avj‡d«W I‡q‡Mbv‡ii
04. ‡Kvb ¯ÍiwU bv _vK‡j eid RgZ bv; †gN, e„wó, Kzqvkv, ÔgnxmÂviY ZË¡Õ †_‡KB †UK‡UvwbK †cøU aviYvwUi
wkwki, wkjve„wó BZ¨vw`i m„wó n‡Zv bv DrcwË nq| GB ZË¡wUi Dci wfwË K‡i weÁvbxiv
K. †g‡mvgÐj L. G‡·vgÐj cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ M‡elYv I Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ 1968
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L. P›`ª c„w_exi me‡P‡q Kv‡Q _v‡K
M. c„w_ex m~‡h©i me‡P‡q Kv‡Q _v‡K
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A‡bK mgq Lvj Lbb K‡i †Rvqv‡ii cvwb AvUwK‡q †mP
01. ‡Kvb RviK im cvK¯’jx‡Z `y» RgvU evuavq? (30Zg
Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
wewmGm)
o kxZ cÖavb †`‡k mgy‡`ªi jeYv³ cvwb †Rvqv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ K. †ccwmb L. A¨vgvB‡jR
b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges Gi d‡j b`xi cvwb mn‡R R‡g M. ‡iwbb N. wUªcwmb DËi : M
bv|
o e¨vL¨v :
o ‡Rvqvi-fvUvi d‡j †b․hvb PjvP‡ji gva¨‡g e¨emv- Lv`¨ cwicvK wµqv (Digestion of Food) :
evwY‡R¨ myweav nq| †Rvqv‡ii mgq b`xi †gvnbvq I gy‡L cwicvK : gyLMnŸ‡i `vuZ I wRnŸvi mvnv‡h¨ Lv`¨
Zvi Af¨šÍ‡i cvwb AwaK nq e‡j eo eo mgy`ªMvgx wPev‡bvi d‡j Lv`¨e¯‘ †QvU †QvU UzK‡ivq cwiYZ nq|
Rvnv‡Ri c‡ÿ b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv myweav nq| Avevi G mgq jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K jvjv wgwkÖZ n‡q Lv‡`¨i mv‡_
†Rvqv‡ii Uv‡b H RvnvR Abvqv‡m mgy‡`ª †b‡g Avm‡Z wg‡k hvq| jvjvq Uvqvwjb ev m¨vjvBfvwi A¨vgvB‡jR
cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki `ywU cÖavb mgy`ªe›`i c‡Z½v I gsjv bvgK Dr‡mPK ev GbRvBg _v‡K| GwU †k^Zmvi‡K
Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcK~jeZx© b`xe›`i mPj ivL‡Z †Rvqvi- gj‡Uv‡R cwiYZ K‡i| gy‡L Avwgl ev †¯œnRvZxq
fvUvi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Lv‡`¨i †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b nq bv|
cvK¯’jx‡Z cwicvK : cvK¯’wj‡Z Lv`¨ Avmvi ci
۞ ‡mjd ‡U÷ ۞ AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii M¨vw÷ªKMÖwš’ †_‡K M¨vw÷ªK im ÿwiZ nq|
weeZ©b, UvBW, †Rvqvi-fvUv M¨vw÷ªK i‡m _v‡K HCl I †ccwmb|
01. Agvem¨v I c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z c„w_ex, Pvu` I m~h© GKB mij wbw®…q †ccwm‡bv‡Rb → mwµq †ccwm‡bv‡Rb
†iLvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡j, P›`ª I m~‡h©i wgwjZ e‡ji cÖej
AvKl©‡Y †h Zxeª †Rvqv‡ii m„wó nq, Zv‡K ÑÑÑÑ e‡j? Avwgl → cwj‡ccUvBW
K. †ZR KUvj L. †M․Y †Rvqvi cwj‡ccUvBW `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW w`‡q
M. gyL¨ †Rvqvi N. giv KUvj MwVZ †h․M|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (11)
RviK i‡mi †iwbb cvK¯’wj‡Z `y»RvZxq Lv`¨
RgvU evuavq|
cvK¯’wj‡Z kK©iv I Avwgl RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwicvK nq
bv|
ÿz`ªv‡š¿ cwicvK : Gici gÐ AvKv‡i Lvevi ÿz`ªv‡š¿i
wWI‡Wbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|
‡¯œnc`v_© → d¨vwU GwmW + wMøvmij
cwj‡ccUvBW → A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW + mij
‡ccUvBW|
‡k^Zmvi → Møy‡KvR
g‡b ivLyb :
Avwgl cwicvK : cvK¯’wj‡Z M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ n‡Z wbtm„Z im
†ccwmb Avwgl‡K †f‡½ cwj‡ccUvB‡W cwiYZ K‡i| Zvici
ÿz`ªv‡š¿ wUªcwmb cwj‡ccUvBW cwicvK K‡i|
kK©iv cwicvK : ÿz`ªv‡š¿ A¨vgvB‡jR †k^Zmvi cwicvK K‡i|
‡¯œnc`v_© cwicvK : ÿz`ªv‡š¿ jvB‡cR ‡¯œnc`v©_‡K cwicvK
K‡i|
Lv`¨ cwicvK
‡`‡n `yB fv‡M Lv`¨ †kvwlZ nIqvi Dc‡hvMx nq, 01. hvwš¿K
cÖwµqv Ges 02. ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv|
01. hvwš¿K cÖwµqv t Lv`¨ `ªe¨ gyL MnŸ‡i `vu‡Zi mvnv‡h¨
wPev‡bv nq| cÖ_gZ wPev‡bvi d‡j Lv`¨e¯‘ †QvU †QvU
UzKivq cwiYZ nq| cvK¯’jx Ges A‡š¿i g‡a¨ GB UzyKiv
Lv`¨e¯‘¸‡jv g‡Ð cwiYZ nq|
02. ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv t ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv cwicv‡Ki wØZxq
avc| cwicvK i‡mi GbRvBg Lv‡`¨i ivmvqwbK
wµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G‡Z Lv‡`¨i
RwUj Dcv`vb¸‡jv †f‡½ †`‡ni MVb‡hvM¨ mij
Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ nq| ZvQvov †Kv‡li wfZiKvi Kg©KvÐ
GB GbRvB‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cwicvKZš¿ ev †c․wóKZš¿ : Lv`¨ `ªe¨ cwicv‡Ki Rb¨
gvbe‡`‡ni cwicvKš¿ ev †c․wóK Zš¿ bv‡g GKwU Avjv`v
Zš¿ Av‡Q †h Z‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Lv`¨`ªe¨ †f‡½ †`‡ni
MÖn‡Yi Dc‡hvMx Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ I †kvwlZ nq Zv‡K
†c․wóKZš¿ e‡j| GB Zš¿wU wb‡¤œv³ A½ wb‡q MwVZ
nq
 ‡c․wóK bvwj
 K‡qKwU MÖwš’
o ‡cŠwóK bvwj : gyL MnŸi †_‡K cvqy c_ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
GB bvwjc_ †Kv_vI miæ, †Kv_vI cÖk¯Í| Gi cÖavb
Ask¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc
 gyL : gyL †_‡K †c․wóKbvwji ïiæ nq| GwU
bv‡K wb‡P AvovAvwo GKwU eo wQ`ª, †hwU
Dc‡i Ges wb‡P †VvuU w`‡q †ewóZ _v‡K|
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Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
 gyL MnŸi : gy‡Li wfZ‡ii jvjMÖwš’ †_‡K
GbRvBg ÿiY nq| GB MÖwš’¸‡jv Kv‡bi wb‡P
†Pvqv‡ji cv‡k Ges wRnŸvi wb‡P Aew¯’Z|
jvjMÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z jvjvi‡mi wgDwmb Lv`¨‡K
wcw”Qj K‡i MjvatKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 `vuZ : gvbe‡`‡n me‡P‡q kw³ Ask `vuZ| cÖvß
eq‡m gyLMnŸ‡i Dc‡i I wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡j
mvaviYZ 16wU K‡i †gvU 32wU `vuZ _v‡K|
gvbe‡`‡n `vuZ `yevi MRvq| cÖ_gevi wkïKv‡j
`ya`vuZ, `ya`vuZ c‡o wM‡q 18 eQi eq‡m
wØZxqevi ¯’vqx `vuZ MRvq| gvby‡li Pvi ai‡bi
`vuZ _v‡K| cÖwZwU cÖvß eq¯‥ gvby‡li
i. KZ©b `vuZ : 8wU
ii. ‡Q`b `vuZ : 4wU GQvovI 0-
iii. AMÖ‡clY `vuZ : 8wU 4wU Av‡°j
iv. †clY `vuZ : 8wU `vu Z _v‡K|
 Mjwej : gyL MnŸ‡ii c‡ii GKwU Ask Mjwej|
gyL MnŸi †_‡K Lv`¨e¯‘ Mjwe‡ji ga¨ w`‡q
Abœbvwj‡Z †c․u‡Q|
wPÎ. cwicvKZš¿
 Abœbvwj : Mjwej †_‡K cvK¯’wj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z
bvwjwUi bvg Abœbvwj| Lv`¨e¯‘ GB bvwji ga¨
w`‡q cvK¯’wj‡Z †c․u‡Q|
 cvK¯’wj : Abœbvwj Ges ÿz`ªv‡š¿i gvSLv‡b GKwU
_wji g‡Zv Ask hvi cÖvPxi cy‡iv I †cwkeûj|
cvK¯’wji cÖvPx‡i AmsL¨ M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ _v‡K|
cvK¯’wji †cwk ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g
Lv`¨e¯‘‡K wc‡l g‡Ð cwiYZ K‡i| M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’
†_‡K wbtm„Z im Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷
 Aš¿ : cvK¯’wji c‡ii AskB n‡jv Aš¿| GwU
GKwU j¤^v c¨vuPv‡bv bvwj| Aš¿ `yBwU cÖavb
As‡k wef³| ÿz`ªvšÍ Ges e„n`š¿|
 cvqy : †c․wóKbvwji ‡kl cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z wQ`ªc_B
n‡jv cvqy|
o ‡c․wóK MÖwš’ (Digestive glands) :
‡hme MÖwš’i im Lv`¨ cwicv‡K Ask †bq Zv‡`i‡K
cwicvKMÖwš’ ev †c․wóKMÖwš’ e‡j| gvbe‡`‡n
†c․wóKMÖwš’¸‡jv n‡jv jvjvMÖwš’, hK…r, AMœ¨vkq,
M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’, Avwš¿K MÖwš’|
 jvjvMÖwš’ : gvby‡li wZb †Rvov jvjMÖwš’ _v‡K| `yB
Kv‡bi mvg‡b Ges wb‡P GK ‡Rvov (c¨v‡ivwUW
MÖwš’), †Pvqv‡ji wb‡P GK ‡Rvov (mve-g¨vw·jvwi)
Ges wPey‡Ki wb‡P GK ‡Rvov (mve-wj½yqvj MÖwš’)|
G¸‡jv c„_K c„_K bvwji gva¨‡g gyL MnŸ‡i Db¥y³
nq| jvjvi‡m Uvqvwjb bvgK GbRvBg Ges cvwb
_v‡K|
02. wewjiæweb •Zwi nq (27Zg wewmGm)
K. wcË_wj‡Z L. wKWwb‡Z
M. cøxnvq N. hK…‡Z DËi : M
o e¨vL¨v : w¯úøb ev cøxnv n‡jv i³ msenbZ‡š¿i GKwU
A½| i‡³i †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv cøxnvq aŸsmcÖvß n‡q
wewjiæweb •Zwi nq| hK…‡Z wewjiæwe‡bi KbRy‡Mkb
nq| hK…‡Z cÖ`vn n‡j wewjiæwe‡bi KbRy‡Mkb evavMÖ¯’
nq| d‡j i‡³ wewjiæwe‡bi gvÎv †e‡o hvq| G‡K
RwÛm e‡j| Z‡e wcËim ev (bile) ‣Zwi nq hK…‡Z|
03. RwÛ‡m AvµvšÍ nq (32Zg I 33Zg wewmGm)
K. hK…Z L. wKWwb
M. cvK¯’wj N. ürwcÐ DËi : K
 hK…Z : GwU gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo MÖwš’| Gi is
jvj‡P L‡qwi| hK„‡Zi Wvb LÐwU evg LÐ †_‡K
AvKv‡i wKQzUv eo| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ PviwU Am¤ú~Y© LÐ
wb‡q hK…Z MwVZ| cÖwZwU LÐ ÿz`ª ÿz`ª ‡jvweDj
w`‡q •Zwi| cÖwZwU †jvweD‡j AmsL¨ †Kvl _v‡K|
G †Kvl wcËim (bile) •Zwi K‡i| wcËim ÿvixq
¸Y m¤úbœ| hK…‡Zi wb‡Pi As‡k wcË_wj ev
wcËvkq msjMœ _v‡K| GLv‡b wcËim Rgv nq|
04. AwZwi³ Lv`¨ †_‡K wjfv‡i mwÂZ myMvi n‡jv
(32Zg wewmGm)
K. MøvB‡Kv‡Rb L. Møy‡KvR
M. d«z‡±vR N. my‡µvR DËi: K
hK…‡Zi KvR t hK…r wcËim ‣Zwi K‡i| hK…r DØ„Ë Møy‡KvR
wbR‡`‡n MøvB‡Kv‡Rb iƒ‡c mÂq K‡i iv‡L| i‡³ KL‡bv
Møy‡Kv‡Ri gvÎv K‡g †M‡j hK…‡Zi mwÂZ MøvB‡Kv‡R‡bi
wKQzUv Ask Møy‡Kv‡R cwiYZ nq Ges i³‡¯ªv‡Z wg‡k hvq|
(12) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
wPÎ. †c․wóKMÖwš’
 AMœ¨vkq : GwU GKvav‡i cwicv‡K GbRvBg i‡³
Møy‡KvR wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb wbtm„Z K‡i A_©vr
AMœ¨vkq ewntÿiv I AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’i g‡Zv KvR
K‡i| AMœ¨vkq im AMœ¨vkq bvwji gva¨‡g
hK…r AMœ¨vkq bvwj w`‡q wWIwWbv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i|
AMœ¨vk‡q wUªcwmb, jvB‡cR, A¨vgvB‡jR bvgK
GbRvBg _v‡K| Gme GbRvBg kK©iv, Avwgl Ges
†¯œnRvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| GQvovI
A¤ø-ÿv‡ii mvg¨Zv, cvwbi mvg¨Zv, †`nZvc cÖf…wZ
wbqš¿Y K‡i|
 M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ : M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ cvK¯’wji cÖvPx‡i
_v‡K| M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z im (wUªcwmb,
jvB‡cR, A¨vgvB‡jR) M¨vw÷ªK im ev cvPK im
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Avwš¿K MÖwš’ : ÿz`ªv‡š¿i cÖvPx‡i wfjvB‡q Avwš¿K MÖwš’
_v‡K| G MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z i‡mi bvg Avwš¿K im|
05. gvbe‡`‡n kw³ Drcv`‡bi cÖavb Drm n‡jv (34Zg
wewmGm)
K. cwicvK L. Lv`¨ MÖnY
M. k^mb N. i³ msenb DËi : M
o e¨vL¨v : cwicvK RwUj Lvevi †f‡½ mij K‡i;
k^mb Kve©b WvBA·vBW †f‡½ kw³ I Kve©b WvB
A·vBW •Zwi K‡i; i³ msenb Kve©b WvB A·vBW,
Aw·‡Rb I ni‡gvb cwienb K‡i|
gvbe k^mbZš¿
gvbyl evqyi Aw·‡Rb †_‡K Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ Acwinvh©
Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i| evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb gvbe‡`‡ni
dzmdz‡m cª‡ek K‡i Ges Zv i‡³i gva¨‡g †`‡ni me A‡½
†c․uQvq| †`n‡Kv‡l cwicvK nIqv Lv‡`¨i mv‡_ Aw·‡R‡bi
wewµqv N‡U, d‡j Zvc I kw³ Drcbœ nq| GB Zvc †`n‡K
Dò iv‡L Ges cª‡qvRbxq kw³ †hvMvq| k^m‡bi mij
wewµqvwU GiKg :
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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (13) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
09. gvbe‡`‡n mvaviYfv‡e †µv‡gv‡mvg _v‡K (11Zg,
Møy‡KvR Aw·‡Rb Kve©b WvB-A·vBW cvwb kw³ 19Zg, 26Zg Ges 31Zg wewmGm)
‡h cÖwµqvq †h •RweK cÖwµqv cÖvwY‡`‡ni K. 25 †Rvov L. 26 †Rvov
Aw·‡Rb MÖnY Ges Lv`¨e¯‘‡K evqyi Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ M. 23 †Rvov N. 24 †Rvov
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW RvwiZ K‡i gRyZ kw³‡K e¨envi‡hvM¨ o e¨vL¨v : gvby‡li ‡µv‡gv‡mvg msL¨v 46wU ev 23 †Rvov|
wb®‥vkb nq, Zv‡K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i Ges Kve©b WvB- Gi g‡a¨ 44wU ev 22 †Rvov A‡Uv‡mvg Ges 1 †Rvov
k^vmKvh© e‡j| A·vBW wb®‥vkb K‡i, Zv‡K k^mb †m· †µv‡gv‡mvg|
e‡j|
o k^mbZš¿ (Respiratory system) : ‡iPbZš¿
‡h A½¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ k^vmKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq, †m¸‡jv‡K ‡iPb gvbe‡`‡ni GKwU •RweK cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g
GK‡Î k^mbZš¿ e‡j| wb¤œwjwLZ k^mbZ‡š¿i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †`n wecvK cÖwµqvq Drcbœ bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ
A½¸‡jv n‡jv bvmviÜ« Ges bvmvc_, Mjbvwj ev ÿwZKi eR©¨ c`v_©¸‡jv †ei K‡i †`Iqv nq| †h
Mjwej, ¯^ihš¿, k^vmbvwj ev UªvwKqv, evqybvwj ev eªsKvm, Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g †`‡ni welv³ c`v_© wb®‥vwkZ nq,
dzmdzm Ges ga¨”Q`v| Zv‡K †iPbZš¿ e‡j| gvbe‡`‡ni †iPb A½ n‡jv
wKWwb A_ev e„°| Avi e„‡°i GKK n‡jv †bd«b|

wPÎ. gvbe k^mbZš¿

06. Anatomy k‡ãi A_© (30Zg wewmGm)
K. mv`„k¨ L. ¯œvqyZš¿
M. kixiwe`¨v N. A½ mÂvjb DËi : bvB
o e¨vL¨v : Anatomy k‡ãi A_© kixi¯’vb we`¨v;
Physiology A_© kixi¯’vb we`¨v; Nervous
system A_© ¯œvqyZš¿ Ges Morphology A_© A½-
ms¯’vbwe`¨v|
07. gvby‡li ¯úvBbvj K‡W©i •`N¨© KZ? (28Zg wewmGm)
K. 15 Bw (cÖvq) L. 17 Bw (cÖvq)
M. 18 Bw (cÖvq) N. 20 Bw cÖvq DËi : M wPÎ. gvbe †iPbZš¿
o e¨vL¨v : †Q‡j‡`i ¯úvBbvj K‡W©i ‣`N©¨ 45 †m.wg. ev o ‡iPb c`v_© :
17.72 Bw (cixÿvq Av‡m 18 BwÂ) Ges †g‡q‡`i 43 ‡iPb c`v_© ej‡Z g~jZ bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_©‡K
†m.wg. ev 16.93 BwÂ| †evSvq| gvbe‡`‡ni †iPb c`v_© g~‡Îi gva¨‡g kixi
08. gvby‡li Mv‡qi is †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i? †_‡K †ei n‡q Av‡m| g~‡Îi 90 fvM cvwb| Ab¨vb¨
(27Zg wewmGm) Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Av‡Q BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW,
K. †gjvwbb L. _vqvwgb wµ‡qwUwbb I wewfbœ ai‡bi jeY| BD‡iv‡µvg bv‡g
M. K¨v‡ivwUb N. wn‡gv‡Møvweb DËi : K GK ai‡bi iÄK c`v‡_©i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z g~‡Îi is nvjKv
o e¨vL¨v : †gjvwb‡bi cwigvY †ewk n‡j Mv‡qi iO Kv‡jv njy` nq| Avwgl-RvZxq Lv`¨ †L‡j g~‡Îi A¤øZv e„w×
nq| †gjvwb‡bi cwigvY Kg n‡j Mv‡qi iO dm©v nq| cvq Avevi djg~j Ges ZwiZiKvwi †L‡j mvaviYZ
ÿvixq g~Î •Zwi nq|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (14) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o e„° (Kidney) :
gvbe‡`‡ni D`iMnŸ‡ii wcQ‡bi As‡k, †giæ`‡Ði
`yw`‡K eÿwcćii wb‡P wcV-msjMœ Ae¯’vq `ywU e„°
Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZwU e„° wk‡gi wewPi g‡Zv Ges Gi is
jvj‡P nq| e„° GK ai‡bi Zš‘gq AveiY w`‡q †ewóZ
_v‡K, G‡K †ibvj K¨vcmyj e‡j| e„‡°i BDwiwb‡divm
bvwjKvi ÿiYKvix Ask Ges KvR Kivi GKK‡K †bd«b
e‡j|
o ‡bd«b :
gvbe‡`‡ni cÖwZwU e„‡° cÖvq 10-12 jÿ †bd«b _v‡K|
cÖwZwU †bd«b GKwU †ibvj Kicvmj (Renal
corpuscle), ev gvjwcwRqvb A½ Ges †ibvj wUDey¨j
(Renal tubule) wb‡q MwVZ|
cÖwZwU †ibvj Kicvmj Avevi †Møv‡giæjvm Ges †evg¨vÝ
K¨vcmyj G `ywU As‡k wef³|

wPÎ. gvbe K¼vj

K¼vj gvbe‡`n‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †`q| ürwcÐ, dzmdzm,
cvK¯’wj, Aš¿, gw¯Í®‥ GiKg †`‡ni †Kvgj Ask¸‡jv‡K
Aw¯’ w`‡q •Zwi AveiY myiwÿZ iv‡L| gvbe‡`‡ni
K¼vjZš¿‡K `ywU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
 ewntK¼vj (Exoskeleton) : K¼v‡ji G
Ask¸‡jv evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡I, bL, Pzj wKsev †jvg
Gi AšÍf©y³|
wPÎ. †bd«b  AšÍtK¼vj (Endoskeleton) : K¼vj ej‡Z
o e„‡°i KvR : GKRb ¯^vfvweK gvbyl cÖwZw`b cÖvq Avgiv kix‡ii wfZiKvi AšÍtK¼vjB eywS|
1500 wgwjwjUvi g~Î Z¨vM K‡i| Gme AcÖ‡qvRbxq K¼v‡ji G Ask¸‡jv Avgiv evB‡i †_‡K ‡`L‡Z
Ges ÿwZKi eR©¨ c`v_© (BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW, cvB bv| Aw¯’ I ZiæYvw¯’ w`‡q GB K¼vjZš¿
A¨v‡gvwbqv, wµ‡qwUwbb BZ¨vw` bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ c`v_©) MwVZ|
g~‡Îi gva¨‡g Acmvi‡Y e„° AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv o K¼v‡ji KvR : †`nKvVv‡gv MVb, iÿYv‡eÿY I
cvjb K‡i| fvienb, bovPov I PjvPj, †jvwnZ i³ KwYKv
Drcv`b (Aw¯’g¾vq Drcbœ nq), LwbR jeY mÂq
10. GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li †`‡n †gvU KZ UzKiv nvo (K¨vjwmqvg, cUvwkqvg, dmdivm BZ¨vw` LwbR jeY
_v‡K? (13Zg wewmGm) Aw¯’ mÂq K‡i iv‡L)|
K. 206 L. 306 o Aw¯’, ZiæYvw¯’ Ges Aw¯’mwÜ :
M. 406 N. 506 Aw¯’ (Bone): Aw¯’ †hvRK Kjvi iƒcvšÍwiZ iƒc| GwU
o e¨vL¨v : †`‡ni me‡P‡q `„p Kjv| Aw¯’ g~jZ dmdivm,
K‡ivwU‡Z 29wU nvo _v‡K ‡giæ`‡Ð 33wU nvo _v‡K †mvwWqvg, cUvwkqvg Ges K¨vjwmqv‡gi wewfbœ †h․M
EaŸv©½ I wb¤œv‡½ 144 wU nvo _v‡K w`‡q •Zwi| GQvov Aw¯’‡Z 40-50 fvM cvwb _v‡K|
‡gvU nv‡oi msL¨v- (29 + 33 + 144 ) = 206wU Aw¯’ e„w×i Rb¨ wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ I K¨vjwmqvg mg„× Lv`¨
cÖ‡qvRb|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (15) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o ZiæYvw¯’ (Catlilage) : ZiæYvw¯Í Aw¯’i g‡Zv k³ bq| 02. ‡jvwnK i³KwYKv Drcbœ nq †Kv_vq?
G¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z big I w¯’wZ¯’vcK| GwU †hvRK K. A‡š¿ L. Aw¯’g¾vq
Kjvi wfbœiƒc| ZiæYvw¯’ wewfbœ Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’‡j wKsev M. hK…‡Z N. wKWwb‡Z
Aw¯’i wKQz As‡k Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| 03. ‡giæ`‡Ð KZwU nvo _v‡K?
o Aw¯’mwÜ (Bonejoint ev Joint) : `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK K. 29wU L. 25wU
Aw¯’i ms‡hvM¯’j‡K Aw¯’mwÜ e‡j| mwܯ’j wewfbœ A½- M. 33wU N. 62wU
cÖZ¨½ mÂvj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avgv‡`i kix‡ii wKQz 04. e„‡°i BDwiwb‡divm bvwjKvi ÿiYKvix Ask Ges KvR
Aw¯’mwÜ Abo, †hgb- AvšÍ:K‡kiæKxq Aw¯’mwÜ, Kivi GKK‡K wK e‡j|
†Kv‡bvwU Avevi mn‡R mÂvjb Kiv hvq, †hgb nvZ Ges K. †bd«b L. wbDib
cv‡qi Aw¯’mwÜ| M. †Kvl N. wbDwK¬qvm
05. †h •RweK cÖwµqv cÖvwY‡`‡ni Lv`¨e¯‘‡K evqyi
Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ RvwiZ K‡i gRyZ kw³‡K
weGgAvi (BMR) Ges weGgAvB (BMI) e¨envi‡hvM¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i Ges Kve©b WvB-
o weGgAvi (Basal Metabolic Rate) c~Y© wekÖvgiZ A·vBW wb®‥vkb K‡i, Zv‡K ÑÑÑÑ e‡j|
Ae¯’vq gvbe kix‡i e¨eüZ kw³i cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i| K. k^mb L. mv‡jvKms‡kølY
weGgAv‡ii aviYv †c‡Z eûj e¨eüZ n¨vwim †e‡bwW± M. k^vmKvh© N. †iPb
m~ÎwU e¨envi Kiv hvq 06. M¨vw÷ªK MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z im bq †KvbwU?
 ‡g‡q‡`i weGgAvi = 655 + (9.6 IRb K. wUªcwmb L. jvB‡cR
M. A¨vgvB‡jR N. Avwš¿K im
†KwR) + (1.8 D”PZv †m.wg.) – (4.7 eqm
eQi) 07. wcËim ev (bile) ‡Kv_vq ‣Zwi nq?
K. cøxnvq L. wcË_wj‡Z
 ‡Q‡j‡`i weGgAvi = 66 + (13.7 IRb
M. hK…‡Z N. e„‡°
†KwR) + (5 D”PZv †m.wg.) – (6.8 eqm 08. gvby‡li KZ †Rvov jvjvMÖwš’ _v‡K?
eQi) K. `yB †Rvov L. wZb †Rvov
o weGgAvB (Body Mass Index) gvbe‡`‡ni Mob I M. Pvi †Rvov N. cvuP †Rvov
Pwe©i GKwU m~PK wb‡`©k K‡i| 09. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †c․wóKMÖwš’i A½ bq?
o weGgAvB = †`‡ni IRb (‡KwR)/ †`‡ni D”PZv K. jvjvMÖwš’ L. hK…r,
(wgUvi)2 M. AMœ¨vkq N. cøxnv
weGgAvB gvb KiYxq 10. gvby‡li AMÖ‡clY `vuZ _v‡K
18.50 Gi wb‡P kix‡ii IRb Kg| cwiwgZ Lv`¨ MÖnY K. 4wU L. 6wU
K‡i IRb evov‡Z n‡e| M. 8wU N. 10wU
18.5-24.9 my¯^v‡¯’¨i Av`k© gvb|
25.0-29.9 kix‡ii IRb AwZwi³| e¨vqvg K‡i ʘ DËigvjv ʘ
AwZwi³ IRb Kgv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|
01 (L) 02 (L) 03 (M) 04 (K) 05 (K)
30.0-34.9 †gvUv nIqvi cÖ_g ¯Íi| †e‡Q MÖnY Kiv I
e¨vqvg Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| 06 (N) 07 (M) 08 (L) 09 (N) 10 (M)
35.0-39.9 †gvUv nIqvi wØZxq ¯Íi| cwiwgZ Lv`¨
MÖnY I e¨vqvg Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ‡iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi, ‡ivM-RxevYyi Rxeb aviY
40.0 Gi Dc‡i AwZwi³ †gvUv| g„Zz¨i SzuwK Avk¼v| 01. Wvqv‡ewUm †ivM m¤ú‡K© †h Z_¨wU mwVK bq Zv
Wv³v‡ii civgk© cÖ‡qvRb| n‡jv (21Zg, 30Zg I 34Zg wewmGm)
kix‡ii my¯’Zv I ¯’~jZvi gvb wbY©‡q GB gvb`Û `ywU LyeB K. wPwb RvZxq Lvevi †L‡j GB †ivM nq
Dc‡hvMx| L. GB †ivM n‡j i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri cwigvY e„w× cvq
M. GB †ivM gvbe‡`‡ni wKWbx webó K‡i
†mjd †U÷ N. Bbmywjb bvgK GKwU ni‡gv‡bi Afv‡e GB †ivM nq
gvbe‡`n o e¨vL¨v : AMœ¨vkq n‡Z wbtm„Z Bbmywjb bvgK ni‡gv‡bi
01. my¯^v¯’¨i Rb¨ Av`k© weGgAvB Gi gvb KZ? Afv‡e Wvqv‡ewUm †ivM nq| G †iv‡M i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri
K. 18.50 Gi wb‡P L. 18.50-24.90 gvÎv †e‡o hvq Ges gy‡Îi mv‡_ kixi †_‡K Møy‡KvR †ei
M. 25.0-29.90 N. 30.0-34.90 n‡Z _v‡K| wPwb RvZxq Lvevi †ewk †L‡j G †ivM nq,

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (16) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
G aviYv mZ¨ bv n‡jI i‡³ Møy‡Kv‡Ri gvÎv ¯^vfvweK cÖfv‡eI dzmdzm Amy¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq AÁZv I
ivL‡Z Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡`i wPwb RvZxq Lvevi cwinvi AmveavbZvi Kvi‡Y dzmdz‡m bvbv RwUj †ivM †`Lv hvq Ges
Ki‡Z civgk© †`qv nq| msµgY N‡U|
02. ‡Kvb Wv‡ji mv‡_ j¨v_vivBRg †iv‡Mi m¤úK© Av‡Q? o ‡iv‡Mi bvg : A¨vRgv ev nvucvwb (Asthma)
(34Zg wewmGm) ‡iv‡Mi msÁv : ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva-e¨e¯’vi AwZwi³
K. Aoni L. †Qvjv cÖwZwµqvi d‡j n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr †Kv‡bv GKwU ewnt¯’
M. †Lmvix N. gUi DËi : M c`v_© dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †mwU‡K wbw®…q Ki‡Z †`‡ni
o e¨vL¨v : AwZwi³ †Lmvixi Wvj Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡j cÖwZ‡iva-e¨e¯’vi †hUzKz cÖwZwµqv †`Lv‡bvi K_v, Zvi
j¨v_vBwiRg †ivM nq| G †iv‡M gvby‡li cv APj n‡q †P‡q A‡bK Zxeªfv‡e cÖwZwµqv NU‡j A¨vRgv n‡Z
‡h‡Z cv‡i| cv‡i|
03. RwÛ‡m AvµvšÍ nq (33Zg wewmGm) o ‡iv‡Mi bvg : eªsKvBwUm (Bronchitis)
K. hK…Z L. wKWwb ‡iv‡Mi msÁv : k^vmbvwji wfZ‡i Ave„Z cÖ`vn‡K
M. cvK¯’wj N. ürwcÐ DËi : K eªsKvBwUm e‡j|
06. e¨vL¨v : RwÛ‡m AvµvšÍ nq hK…Z| A¨v‡cwÛmvBwU‡m ‡iv‡Mi KviY : e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y wSwjøMv‡Î cÖ`vn
AvµvšÍ nq cvK¯’wj Ges nvU© A¨vUv‡K AvµvšÍ nq n‡Z cv‡i| A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek, m¨vuZ‡mu‡Z a~wjKYv
ürwcÛ| wgwkÖZ AvenvIqv, VvÛv jvMv Ges a~gcvb †_‡KI G
04. ‡W½y R¦‡ii evnK †Kvb gkv? (30Zg wewmGm) †ivM nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K| mvaviYZ wkï Ges eq¯‥
K. wKD‡j· L. GwWm e¨w³iv G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq|
M. A¨v‡bvwdwjm N. me ai‡bi gkv DËi : L
o e¨vL¨v : †W½y R¦‡ii evnK gkv GwWm| dvB‡jwiqvi o ‡iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ
bvg : wbD‡gvwbqv (Pneumonia)
A½ : wbD‡gvwbqv dzmdz‡mi †ivM|
evnK wKD‡j· Ges g¨v‡jwiqvi evnK A¨v‡bvwdwjm|
05. K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi KviY Kx? (28Zg wewmGm) ‡iv‡Mi KviY : wbD‡gvK°vm (Pneumococcus)
K. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv G ‡iv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KviY| GQvov
L. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w× AviI wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm I QÎv‡Ki
M. †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK RgvU evuav Avµg‡Y wbD‡gvwbqv n‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK welg †L‡q
N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv Lv`¨bvwji im k^ vmbvwj‡Z XzK‡j †mLvb †_‡KI
wbD‡gvwbqv n‡Z cv‡i|
o e¨vL¨v : Rxe‡`‡n †Kvl c¨vwc‡jvgv fvBiv‡mi wR‡bi
mv‡_ GKxf~Z n‡q A¯^vfvweK †Kvl wefvRb NUvq hvi
d‡j K¨vÝvi †ivM nq| o ‡iv‡Mi bvg : dzmdz‡mi K¨vÝvi (Lung cancer)
06. Rxe RM‡Zi me‡P‡q ÿwZKviK iwk¥ †KvbwU? (28Zg me ai‡bi K¨vÝv‡ii g‡a¨ dzmdzm K¨vÝv‡ii cÖv`yf©ve
wewmGm) me‡P‡q †ewk| Avgv‡`i †`‡k cyiæ‡li K¨vÝviRwbZ
K. Avëªvfv‡qv‡jU iwk¥ L. weUv iwk¥ g„Zz¨i cÖavb KviY dzmdzm K¨vÝvi|
M. Avjdv iwk¥ N. Mvgv iwk¥ DËi : N o dzmdzm K¨vÝv‡ii KviY : dzmdzm K¨vÝv‡ii Ab¨Zg
o e¨vL¨v : RxeRM‡Zi me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ Mvgv iwk¥| KviY aygcvb|
KviY Mvgv iwk¥i K¤úv¼ me‡P‡q †ewk| evqy I cwi‡e‡k`~lY Ges evm¯’vb A_ev Kg©‡ÿ‡Î `~lY
07. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq gvbe‡`‡ni (26Zg NU‡Z cv‡i Ggb me e¯‘i (‡hgb : G¨vm‡e÷vm,
wewmGm) Av‡m©wbK, †µvwgqvg, wb‡Kj, KwVb avZzi ¸uov BZ¨vw`)
K. dzmdzm L. hK…Z ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi Kvi‡Y dzmdz‡m K¨vÝvi nq|
M. wKWwb N. cøxnv
h²v ev †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wbD‡gvwbqv dzmdz‡m GK ai‡bi
o e¨vL¨v ÿZ m„wó K‡i hv cieZx©‡Z K¨vÝv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
AvµvšÍ A½ ‡iv‡Mi bvg AvµvšÍ A½ ‡iv‡Mi bvg
dzmdzm wbD‡gvwbqv hK…Z ‡ncvUvBwUm 08. welai mv‡c Kvgov‡j ÿZ¯’v‡b _v‡K (22Zg I
wKWwb ‡bd«vBwUm cøxnv RwÛm 24Zg wewmGm)
K. cvkvcvwk `y‡U `vu‡Zi `vuM
k^vmbvwj-msµvšÍ †ivM L. A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU `vu‡Zi `vuM
dzmdzm k^mbZ‡š¿i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½| fvBivm Ges M. ÿZ¯’v‡b cÖPzi wel †j‡M _v‡K
e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y A‡bK mgq G A½wU ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq| N. ÿZ¯’vb †_‡K cÖPzi i³cvZ n‡Z _v‡K DËi : K
evqy`~lY Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi fvmgvb KYv Ges ivmvqwb‡Ki

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷
o e¨vL¨v : welai mvc KvU‡j cvkvcvwk `ywU `vu‡Zi `vM
_v‡K| wKš‘ welnxb mv‡c KvuU‡j e„ËvKvi A‡bK¸‡jv
†QvU †QvU `vu‡Zi `vuM _v‡K|
09. fvqvMÖv wK? (19Zg wewmGm)
K. GKwU RjcÖcvZ L. bZzb GKwU Jla
M. bZzb Rvnv‡Ri bvg N. mvov RvMv‡bv Pjw”P‡Îi bvg
o e¨vL¨v: fvqvMÖv Gi cÖK…Z bvg wmj‡Wbvwdj| gvwK©b
†Kv¤úvwb dvBRvi Gi cÖ¯‘ZKviK| fvqvMÖv n‡jv †h․b
D‡ËRK Jla| (DËi : L)
hvimv¸¤^v (Yarsagumba) bv‡g cwiwPZ ïu‡qv‡cvKv
QÎv‡Ki g~j¨ g~j¨evb A‡bK avZzi †P‡qI †ewk| †Kvb
QÎvK †Kvb ïu‡qv‡cvKv‡K AvµgY K‡i †g‡i †dj‡j
hvimv¸¤^v cvIqv hvq| wngvj‡qi 3-5 nvRvi wgUvi DuPz
cvnvox gvwU‡Z hvimv¸¤^v cvIqv hvq| GwU bcysmZv fvj
Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L| ZvB hvimv¸¤^v‡K wngvj‡qi fvqvMÖv
ejv nq|
10. Ô‡÷ªvKÕ AvKw¯§K AÁvb ev g„Zz¨i KviY n‡Z cv‡i
(15Zg wewmGm)
K. ürwc‡Ði m‡Rv‡i ms‡KvPb ev eÜ n‡q hvIqv
L. gw¯Í‡®‥ i³ÿiY Ges i³ cÖev‡n evav
M. ürwc‡Ði Askwe‡k‡li AmvoZv
N. dzmdzm nVvr weKj n‡q hvIqv
o e¨vL¨v : gw¯Í‡®‥i agbx wQ‡o i³cvZ nIqv Ges gw¯Í‡®‥
i³ cÖevnRwbZ evavi Kvi‡Y †÷ªvK nq| †÷ªv‡Ki
Kvi‡Y †ivMx AÁvb n‡q hvq Ges †ivMxi †`‡ni GKcvk
c¨vivjvBwmm n‡Z cv‡i|
cywói Afve RwbZ †ivM
o MqUvi (Goiter) : cÖPwjZ A‡_© MjMÛ ej‡Z
_vBi‡qW MÖwš’i †h‡Kvb †dvjv‡K †evSvq| Z‡e MjM‡Ûi
wKQz we‡kl aib‡K wPwKrmvweÁv‡b MqUvi bv‡g WvKv
nq A_©vr me MjMÛ MqUvi bq|
wUDgvi, K¨vÝvi, cÖ`vnmn bvbv Kvi‡Y _vBi‡qW dz‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i, †m¸‡jv MqUvi bq| Avevi MqUvi _vBi‡qW
MÖwš’i †Kvb wbw`©ó †ivM †evSvq bv, eis _vBi‡q‡Wi
wewfbœ †iv‡Mi GK mvaviY ewntcÖKvk‡K †evSvq|
bvbv Kvi‡Y MqUvi n‡Z cv‡i| Lvev‡i Av‡qvwW‡bi
Kvi‡Y MqUvi Z_v MjM‡Ûi Ab¨Zg KviY|
mgy`ª †_‡K `~‡i DËie½ Ges GjvKvi gvwU‡Z Av‡qvwWb
Kg _vKvq IB me A‡ji gvby‡li GB mgm¨v †ewk
†`Lv hvq|
o ivZKvbv (Night Blindness) : wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Gi
Afv‡e †PvL ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡q †R‡ivd_¨vjwgqv
(Xerophthalmia) bvgK †ivM nq|
†R‡ivd_¨vjwgqvi mvZ †_‡K AvUwU gvÎv i‡q‡Q, hvi
me©wb¤œ gvÎv n‡”Q ivZKvbv| mvaviYZ `yB †_‡K cvuP
eQ‡ii wkï‡`i g‡a¨ G †ivM †ewk †`Lv †`q| G‡Z
(17) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
†Pv‡Li ms‡e`x ÔiWÕ †Kvl¸‡jv ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq, ¯^í
Av‡jv‡Z fv‡jv †`L‡Z cvq bv|
o wi‡KUm (Rikets) : wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ Gi Afv‡e wi‡KUm
†ivM nq| A‡š¿ K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm †kvlY, `vuZ I
nvo MVb cÖf…wZ kixie„Ëxq Kv‡R GB wfUvwgb cÖ‡qvRb|
m~‡h©i AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥i cÖfv‡e gvby‡li Z¡‡K R‡g _vKv
‡Kv‡j‡÷ij †_‡KI GwU •Zwi nq| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î
wfUvwgb wW •Zwii †kl avcwU msNwUZ nq wKWwb‡Z|
‡`‡ni nvo¸‡jv `ye©j nIqv, wMU dz‡j hvIqv, nvo¸‡jv
we‡kl K‡i cv‡qi nvo †eu‡K hvIqv BZ¨vw` G ‡iv‡Mi
jÿY| GQvov GB †iv‡M A‡bK mgq †`‡ni KvVv‡gv
wVK _v‡K bv, nvo¸‡jv f½yi n‡q hvq Ges eÿ‡`k miæ
n‡q hvq|
beRvZK wkï‡`i ‡PvL ev Rbbv½ ‡X‡K †i‡L wKQzÿY
†iv‡` ivLv fvj | G‡Z m~h©‡jv‡K AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥i
cÖfv‡e kix‡ii †Kv‡j‡÷ij †_‡K wfUvwgb wW •Zwi
nq|
o i³k~b¨Zv (Anemia) : i³k~b¨Zv n‡jv eqm ev
wj½‡f‡` gvbe‡`‡ni i‡³i wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi NbZ¡
¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq K‡g hvq|
Lv‡`¨i gyL¨ Dcv`vb †j․n, dwjK GwmW, wfUvwgb we-
12 BZ¨vw`i Afve NU‡j G †ivM †`Lv †`q|
wkï‡`i, cÖRb‡bi Dchy³ eqmx bvix‡`i (15-45
eQi) Ges Mf©eZx‡`i GB †ivM †ewk nq|
wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Qvov i³¯^íZvi wPwKrmv Kiv
wec¾bK n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv i³¯^íZvi Ggb wKQz aiY
(‡hgb _¨vjv‡mwgqv) i‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b cÖPwjZ gvÎvq
†j․nRvZxq Ilya ev Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡j †ivMx AviI †ewk
Amy¯’ n‡q c‡o|
Avwš¿K mgm¨v
o ARxY©Zv (Dyspepsia) : G‡K Avgiv e`nRg e‡j
_vwK| bvbv Kvi‡Y e`nRg ev nR‡gi e¨vNvZ nq|
†hgb cvK¯’wj‡Z msµgY, welYœZv, AMœ¨vkq †ivM,
_vBi‡q‡Wi mgm¨v|
o Avgvkq (Dysentery) : Entameoba histolytica
bvgK GK ai‡bi ‡cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv, wm‡Mjv (Shigella)
bvgK GK ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv BZ¨vw` RxevYyi msµg‡Y
Avgvkq nq|
cÖwZ‡iv‡a hv Ki‡Z n‡e : weï× cvwb cvb Kiv,
kvKmewR I djg~j DËgiƒ‡c cvwb w`‡q ‡a․Z Kiv, gj
Z¨v‡Mi ci nvZ mvevb w`‡q fvjfv‡e †avqv, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z
cvqLvbv e¨envi Kiv, LvIqvi Av‡M nvZ I _vjvevmb
fv‡jvfv‡e ay‡q †bIqv|
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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (18) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o †KvôKvwVb¨ (Constipation) : hLb Kv‡iv k³ o Wvqwiqv (Diarrhoea) : Wvqwiqv n‡j †ivMxi †`n
cvqLvbv nq wKsev `yB ev ZviI †ewk w`b cvqLvbv nq †_‡K cvwb Ges jeY †ewi‡q hvq, †`‡ni cvwb K‡g
bv, G Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq †KvôKvwVb¨| hvq, †ivMx `ye©j n‡q c‡o| d‡j †`‡n cvwb I je‡Yi
cÖwZ‡iv‡a hv Ki‡Z n‡e : Avukhy³ Lvevi LvIqv, cÖPzi ¯^íZv †`Lv ‡`q|
cvwb cvb Kiv, wbqwgZ kvKmewR, Av‡cj, bvi‡Kj, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv, †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv cÖf…wZ RxevYy Øviv
†LRyi, Avg, Kgjv, †cu‡c, Avbvim, Kjv BZ¨vw` Wvqwiqv n‡Z cv‡i| †ivUv fvBivm, Wvqwiqvi Rb¨ `vqx
LvIqv| RxevYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wek^e¨vcx †ivUv
o M¨vw÷ªK I †ccwUK Avjmvi (Gastric and Peptic Ulcer) : fvBivmRwbZ †gvU g„Zz¨I 82 kZvsk nq nZ`wi`ª
Avjmvi ej‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv Gwc‡_wjqvg ev AveiYx wUmy¨i †`k¸‡jv‡ZB|
GKai‡bi ÿZ †evSvq| ‡ccwUK Avjmvi ej‡Z cÖwZKvi : Wvqwiqv †iv‡Mi jÿY †`Lv w`‡j hZ
Lv`¨bvwji †Kv‡bv As‡ki Avjmvi †evSvq| †mwU hw` ZvovZvwo m¤¢e Lvevi m¨vjvBb LvIqv‡bv ïiæ Ki‡Z
cvK¯’wj‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K M¨vw÷ªK Avjmvi, n‡e| m¤úªwZ km¨ m¨vjvBb bv‡g GKwU m¨vjvBb
wWI‡Wbv‡g n‡j wWI‡Wbvj Avjmvi ejv nq| `xN©w`b D™¢vweZ n‡q‡Q| GK wjUvi cvwb, 50 MÖvg Pv‡ji ¸uov,
a‡i Lv`¨MÖn‡Y Awbqg n‡j cvK¯’wj‡Z A‡¤øi AvwaK¨ GK wPgwU jeY wgwk‡q evwo‡Z G m¨vjvBb •Zwi Kiv
N‡U Ges A‡bK w`b a‡i G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _vK‡j GB A¤ø hvq|
ev GwmW w`‡q cvK¯’jx ev A‡š¿ ÿ‡Zi m„wó n‡q †ccwUK Aw¯’msµvšÍ †ivM
Avjmvi n‡Z cv‡i| o ‡iv‡Mi bvg : Aw÷I‡cv‡ivwmm (Osteoporosis)
wPwKrmv weÁvbx iweb Iqv‡ib (1951- eZ©gvb) I e¨vwi
‡iv‡Mi KviY : †`‡n LwbR jeY we‡kl K‡i
gvk©v‡ji (1937-eZ©gvb) M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, Lv‡`¨
K¨vjwmqv‡gi NvUwZi Kvi‡Y G †ivMwU nq| bvix‡`i
Awbqg, fvRv‡cvov Lvevi LvIqv, welYœZv I DrKÉv †g‡bvcR nIqvi ci Aw¯’i NbZ¡ Ges cyiæZ¡ Kg‡Z
BZ¨vw` †ccwUK Avjmv‡ii wbqvgK n‡jI Ab¨Zg cÖavb _v‡K|
KviY Helicobacter pylori bv‡gi GKwU
e¨vK‡Uwiqv| GRb¨ Zvuiv 2005 mv‡j †h․_fv‡e †bv‡ej o ‡iv‡Mi bvg : wiDgvU‡qW Av_©ªBwUm ev †Mu‡UevZ
cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| (Rheumatoid Arthritis) | kZvwaK cÖKv‡ii
evZ‡iv‡Mi g‡a¨ wiDgvU‡qW Av_©ªBwUm Ab¨Zg|
cÖwZKvi : †KD hw` Helicobacter pylori w`‡q Kviv AvµvšÍ nq : mvaviYZ eq¯‥iv G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq|
msµwgZ nq, Zvi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡iv³ wbqg cvj‡b cy‡ivcywi Kg eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i †ejvq wMu‡U e¨_v ev hš¿Yv nIqv
fv‡jv n‡e bv| ZLb c~Y© Av‡iv‡M¨i Rb¨ wbqg †g‡b wiD‡gwUK wdfvi ev evZR¦i RvZxq †iv‡Mi jÿY n‡Z
Avnvi Kivi cvkvcvwk wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© †gvZv‡eK cv‡i|
mwVK †Wv‡R mwVK A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya †L‡Z n‡e|
o A¨v‡cbwWmvBwUm (Appendicitis) : ‡c‡Ui Wvb †mjd †U÷ (†iv‡Mi KviY I cÖwZKvi)
w`‡Ki wb‡P e„n`‡š¿i wmKv‡gi mv‡_ A¨v‡cbwW· hy³ 01. wb‡Pi †Kvb †ivMwU Aw¯’msµvšÍ?
_v‡K| GwU Av½y‡ji AvKv‡ii GKwU _‡j| K. wiDgvU‡qW L. A¨v‡cbwWmvBwUm
A¨v‡cbwW‡·i msµg‡Yi Kvi‡Y A¨v‡cbwWmvBwUm nq| M. †ccwUK Avjmvi N. ARxY©Zv
‡iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi : G †iv‡Mi cÖwZKv‡i †ivMx‡K hZ`ªæZ 02. ‡ivUv fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y †Kvb †ivMwU nq?
m¤¢e Wv³vi †`Lv‡Z n‡e| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx K. GBWm L. nvg
†ivMx‡K nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b kj¨wPwKrmvi M. Wvqwiqv N. †cvwjI
gva¨‡g A¨v‡cbwW· Acmvi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| 03. Entameoba histolytica Gi Kvi‡Y †Kvb †ivM nq?
A¨v‡cbwW‡·i msµgY gvivZ¥K n‡j GwU ‡d‡U †h‡Z K. wi‡KUm L. MqUvi
cv‡i Ges †ivMxi Rb¨ gvivZ¥K Ae¯’v m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡I, M. Avgvkq N. Wvqwiqv
GgbwK g„Zz¨I n‡Z cv‡i| 04. †R‡ivd_¨vjwgqv (Xerophthalmia) bvgK †ivM
o K…wgRwbZ †ivM : K…wg ciRxex wn‡m‡e †cvlK‡`‡n evm nq| †R‡ivd_¨vjwgqvi mvZ †_‡K AvUwU gvÎv i‡q‡Q,
K‡i| gvbe‡`n A‡bK cÖRvwZi K…wgi †cvlK| we‡kl hvi me©wb¤œ gvÎv n‡”Q
K‡i gvby‡li A‡š¿ †MvjK…wg, myZvK…wg I wdZvK…wg K. A¨v‡cbwWmvBwUm L. ivZKvbv
ciRxex wn‡m‡e evm K‡i| M. †KvôKvwVb¨ N. nvg
wPwKrmv : †ivMxi gj cixÿv K‡i †c‡U K…wg Av‡Q wK bv 05. wfUvwgb wW Gi Afv‡e †Kvb †ivM nq?
Zv Rvbv hvq| gj cixÿvq K…wgi wWg cvIqv †M‡j K. wi‡KUm L. ivZKvbv
Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx K…wgbvkK Jla †L‡Z nq| M. †ccwUK Avjmvi N. ARxY©Zv
01 (K) 02 (M) 03 (M) 04 (L) 05 (K)

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (19) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨
01. gv Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm we (Hepatitis B)
fvBivm _vK‡j beRvZ‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨SzuwK e¨e¯’vcbv wK nIqv
DwPr? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ f¨vw·b w`‡Z n‡e
L. 7 w`b BbwKD‡eU‡i ivL‡Z n‡e
M. R‡b¥i 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ f¨vw·b I GBPweAvBwR kU
w`‡Z n‡e|
o e¨vL¨v : gv Gi i‡³ †ncvUvBwUm-we (Hepatistis-B)
fvBivm _vK‡j R‡b¥i 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ wkïi kix‡i
cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv •Zwii Rb¨ f¨vw·‡bi cvkvcvwk
GBeweAvBwR (HBIG) kU w`‡Z n‡e| gv Gi i‡³
†ncvUvBwUm-we fvBivm bv _vK‡j R‡b¥i 24 NÈvi
g‡a¨ f¨vw·b w`‡jI mgm¨v bvB|

eqtmwÜKvj
o eqtmwÜKv‡j †g‡q‡`i †`‡n †hme cwieZ©b †`Lv hvq Zv
n‡jv: †`nZ¡K †Kvgj nq, †Pnvivq KgbxqZv e„w× cvq
Ges FZz¯ªve ev gvwmK nq|
o eqtmwÜKvj †_‡K †g‡q‡`I wbw`©ó mgq cici i³¯ªve
nq| G‡K gvwmK ev FZz¯ªve e‡j|
o eqtmwÜKv‡ji 1-2 eQi ci †g‡qiv cÖRbb ÿgZv jvf
K‡i| mvaviYZ 40-50 eQi eqm ch©šÍ Pµ Pj‡Z
_v‡K| †g‡q‡`i 40-50 eQi eqm ch©šÍ FZz¯ªve Pµ
Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gici FZz¯ªve wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q
hvq| G‡K †g‡bvcR (Menopause) ev iRwbe„wËKvj
e‡j|
o Mf©ve¯’vq †g‡q‡`i i³¯ªve mvgwqK eÜ _v‡K| mšÍvb
cÖm‡ei †`o gvm ci Avevi ¯^vfvweK i³¯ªve ïiæ nq|

僇Yi weKvk
o wbwl³ wW¤^vYy ax‡i ax‡i wW¤^bvwj †e‡q Rivqyi w`‡K
wPÎ. gvZ…M‡f© Agiv I åƒY
AMÖmi nq| G mgq wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi †Kvl wefvRb ev
wK¬‡fR (Cleavage) Pj‡Z _v‡K| 僇Yi e„w× I weKvk
o ‡Kvl wefvR‡bi †kl ch©v‡q MVb¥yL åæY wW¤^bvwj †_‡K
Rivqy‡Z †c․uQvq| G ch©v‡q eøv‡÷vwm÷ (Blastocyst)
e‡j|
o eøv‡÷vwm‡÷i cieZ©x ch©vq¸‡jv m¤úbœ nIqvi Rb¨
åƒY‡K Rivqyi cÖvPx‡i msjMœ n‡Z nq| Rivqyi cÖvPx‡i
å~‡Yi G mshyw³‡K åƒY ms¯’vcb ev Mf©aviY e‡j|
o mvaviYZ 38-40 mßvn ch©šÍ Mf©ve¯’v we`¨gvb _v‡K|

Agiv (Placenta)
o ‡h we‡kl A‡½i gva¨‡g gvZ… Rivqy‡Z µgea©gvb åƒY
Ges gvZ… Rivqy-wUmy¨i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K
Agiv ev Mf©dzj e‡j|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (20) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
G‡›U‡bUvj (Antenatal) ‡Kqvi Ges B›Uªv‡bUvj
(Intranatal) ‡Kqvi
o gwnjv‡`i Mf©Kvjxb (cÖmec~e© †mev) ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi bvg
G‡›U‡bUvj †Kqvi|
o mšÍvb Rb¥`vbKvjxb (cÖmeKvjxb hZœ) mg‡q hZœ †bqv
nq Zv‡K B›Uªv‡bUvj †Kqvi e‡j|

Mfv©e¯’vq gv‡q‡`i RwUjZv I KiYxq

o mgm¨vi bvg : i³¯^íZv ev Gwbwgqv
KviY : Avqib, dwjK GwmW I Avwgl RvZxq Lvev‡ii
Afv‡e nq|
cÖwZKvi : Kjv, Avbvim ev Avqib U¨ve‡jU I dwjK
GwmW MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
o mgm¨vi bvg : Mf©cvZ (mvZ gv‡mi c~‡e© wkï Rb¥ n‡j)
Ges g„Z A_ev weKjv½ mšÍvb cÖm‡ei SzuwK
KviY : Av‡qvwW‡bi Afve
cÖwZKvi : Lvev‡i Av‡qvwW‡bi (Av‡qvwWb mg„× jeY)
Dcw¯’wZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
o mgm¨vi bvg : i³cvZ
KviY : wfUvwgb Ô‡KÕ Gi Afve
cÖwZKvi : wfUvwgb Ô‡KÕ mg„× Lvevi ‡L‡Z n‡e|
o mgm¨vi bvg : GKjvgwkqv
KviY : Mf©eZx gv‡qi D”P i³PvcRwbZ †ivM
cÖwZKvi : wbqwgZ mylg Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e|
wcDi‡civj †mcwmm (Puerperal sepsis)
Rbbc‡_i we‡kl ai‡bi msµgY hv cÖm‡ei wZb mßv‡ni
g‡a¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi •ewkó¨mg~n
o D”P ZvcgvÎv I bvox;
o `yM©Ühy³ jwKqv ¯ªve;
o Zj‡c‡Ui †e`bv I ¯úk©KvZiZv|
wkïi Lv`¨vf¨vm
6. cÖvq 8 mßvn c‡i åƒY‡K 7. 28 mßvn c‡i wdUvm
ÔwdUvmÕ ejv nq| wKš‘ c~Y©v½Zv cÖvß nq| 僇Yi
o K‡jv÷ªvg ev kvj`ya : wkïi R‡b¥i ci wkï‡K kvj`ya
A½¸‡jv‡K †QvU AvKv‡i (cÖm‡ei ci gv‡qi ey‡K †h `ya Av‡m hv‡Z cÖPzi
•`wnK e„w× NU‡Z _v‡K| cwigv‡Y ‡cÖvwUb Ges K¨vjwii m‡½ Gw›UewW I
_v‡K|
wj‡çvmvBU _v‡K) cvb Kiv‡bv DwPZ|
o Abb¨ ¯Íb¨`vb : wkï‡K Zvi Rxe‡bi cÖ_g cvuP gvm ïay
gv‡qi `ya w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ †Kvb cvwb ev djg~j
LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv| GwU‡K Abb¨ ¯Íb¨`vb e‡j|
wkïi †h mgm¨v¸‡jv ‡`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i
o nvB‡cv_vwg©qv (kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv 350 Gi wb‡P bvg‡j)
8. 38 mßvn c‡i Rivqyi wfZi wdUv‡mi gv_v wb‡Pi w`‡K
o Wvqwiqv (‡ivUv fvBiv‡m Kvi‡Y)
Ny‡i hvq Ges f~wgô cÖwµqvi cÖ¯‘wZ Pj‡Z _v‡K| o AÜZ¡ (wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Gi Afv‡e)
wPÎ. 僇Yi e„w× I weKvk
o wi‡KUm (wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ Gi Afv‡e)

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (21) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o eøy †ewe (ü`h‡š¿ ev dzmdz‡m agbxi i³ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y 2q †WvR wUKv ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| 2015 mv‡j
Aw·‡Rb `ªexf~Z nq bv, cwiYv‡g wkïi kixi bxj e‡Y©i wbD‡gvK°vj KbRy‡MU f¨vKwmb (wcwmwf) Ges
n‡q hvq) AvBwcwf wUKv ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| GQvovI 2017 mvj
o ‡givmgvm I †KvqvwkqiKi (Avwg‡li Afv‡e) †_‡K mviv ‡`‡k d«vKkbvj AvBwcwf wUKv ms‡hvRb
Kiv nq|
o ‡evKv (Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e)
o GB Kgm~wPi AvIZvq wb‡¤œv³ wUKvmg~n webvg~‡j¨
mieivn Kiv nq
Bgy¨bvB‡Rkb Ges f¨vKwm‡bkb ‡iv‡Mi bvg wUKvi bvg
01. †KvbwU A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK? (33Zg wewmGm) h²v wewmwR
K. Bbmywjb L. †ccwmb (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)
M. †cwbwmwjb N. Bw_wjb wWd‡_wiqv, ûwcsKvwk, ‡c›Uvf¨v‡j›U wUKv (wWwcwW-
o e¨vL¨v : ‡h mKj Jla e¨vK‡Uwiqv aŸsm K‡i wKš‘ abyósKvi, ‡ncvUvBwUm- Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus,
fvBiv‡m aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡`I A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK we, wn‡gvdvBjvm ‡ncvUvBwUm-we, wne)
Bbd¬z‡qÄ-we
e‡j| 1928 mv‡j Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs Penicillium
wbD‡gvK°vj wbD‡gvwbqv wcwmwf wUKv
bvgK QÎvK †_‡K Penicillin bvgK A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK
weIwcwf
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| ‡cvwjIgvBjvBwUm
AvBwcwf (d«vKkbvj)
02. ‡Kvb weÁvbx †ivM-RxevYy ZË¡ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib (29Zg
nvg I iæ‡ejv GgAvi wUKv
wewmGm) Z_¨m~Î- www.dghs.gov.bd
K. WviDBb L. jyBcv¯‘i
M. wcÖ÷wj N. j¨vfqwm‡q DËi : K
03. gvbe‡`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖv_wgK cÖwZiÿv ¯Í‡ii
o e¨vL¨v : (First Line of Defence) AšÍf©y³ bq (37Zg
WviDBb cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb gZev‡`i cÖeZ©b wewmGm)
jyBcv¯‘i ‡ivMRxevYy ZË¡ cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY K‡ib K. jvB‡mv‡Rvg (LYSOSYME)
wcÖ÷wj Aw·‡Rb ( ) M¨vm Avwe®‥vi K‡ib L. M¨vmwUªK Rym (GASTRIC JUICE)
j¨vfqwm‡q M¨vmxq m~Î cª`vb K‡ib M. wmwjqv (CILIA)
N. wj‡çvmvBU (LYMPHOCYTES)
m¤úªmvwiZ wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP (EPI)
o 1979 mv‡ji 7 GwcÖj evsjv‡`‡k 6wU msµvgK †iv‡Mi o e¨vL¨v : gvbe‡`‡n †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖwZiÿv¯Í‡ii AšÍfz©y³
wUKv †`qvi gva¨‡g BwcAvB Kvh©µg ïiæ nevi ci welq¸‡jv n‡jv-
1985 mv‡ji Rix‡c †`Lv hvq †h, 1 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx cÖv_wgK Z¡K, †Pv‡Li wmwjqv (cvZv), gy‡Li
wkï‡`i c~Y© wUKv cÖvwßi nvi gvÎ 2 kZvsk| cieZ©x 5 cÖwZiÿv¯Íi jvjv, k^vmbvwji wmwjqv I wgDKvm,
eQ‡i Kg©m~wPi e¨vcK m¤úªmviY I wbweo wUKv`vb M¨vw÷ªK Rym BZ¨vw`|
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi d‡j 1990 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Kg©m~wPi wØZxq cÖwZiÿv¯Íi d¨v‡MvmvBU (wj‡çvmvBU- GKcÖKvi
Af~Zc~e© mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| GB mg‡qi †k&¦Z i³KwYKv), cÖ`vn, Kgwcø‡g›U,
Rix‡c c~Y© wUKvcÖvß wkïi nvi e„w× †c‡jI Zv kZKiv B›Uvi‡dib, R¦i BZ¨vw`|
60 fv‡Mi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| Z…Zxq cÖwZiÿv¯Íi BwgDwbwU wm‡÷‡gi mvov
o 2003 mv‡j RED Strategy AbymiY K‡i G
Kg©m~wP‡K †Rvi`vi Kiv nq| cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbix‡L
ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K 2017 mvj †_‡K RED Strategy
GBPAvBwf I GBWm (HIV & AIDS)
bv‡gi cwie‡Z© REC Strategy A_©vr Reach ※ cÖv_wgK aviYv ※
Every Community wn‡m‡e Kvh©µg †bqv n‡q‡Q| o GBWm (AIDS) GKwU msµvgK †ivM| 1981 mv‡j
o Gavi (The Vaccine Alliance)- Gi mnvqZvq cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvq AIDS wPwýZ nq Ges ZLb mviv
wbqwgZ wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP‡Z 2003 mvj †_‡K we‡k^ AIDS giYe¨vwa wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q|
†ncvUvBwUm- we wUKv ms‡hvRb, GwW wmwi‡Äi cÖeZ©b, Avwd«Kvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z Gi cÖ‡Kvc me‡P‡q †ewk|
2009 mvj †_‡K mviv ‡`‡k wne †c›Uvf¨v‡j›U Ges o cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g me gvby‡li †`‡nB †ivM-RxevYyi
2012 mvj †_‡K 9 gvm eq‡m cÖ‡`q nv‡gi wUKvi cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv _v‡K, G‡K BwgDwbwU ejv nq|
cwie‡Z© nvg iæ‡ejv (GgAvi) wUKv Ges 15 gvm eq‡m

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷ (22) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
o Avgv‡`i i‡³i g‡a¨ Ggb wKQz e¨e¯’v Av‡Q, hvi wUwe (Tuberculosis)
mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv cÖvK…wZKfv‡e meiKg RxevYyi AvµgY Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi RxeweÁvb (Aa¨vq mvZ : M¨vmxq
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cvwi| i‡³i wj‡çvmvBU A¨vw›UewW wewbgq)
cÖ¯‘‡Zi RxevYyi AvµgY cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hÿ¥v GKwU evqyevwnZ †ivM| Z‡e †ÿÎwe‡kl h²vi RxevYygy³
o AIDS G AvµvšÍ e¨w³i wbR¯^ †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv
Z¡‡Ki ÿ‡Zi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j wKsev msµwgZ Miæi `ya †L‡qI
ax‡i ax‡i bó n‡q hvq Ges GKmgq AvµvšÍ †ivMxi g„Zz¨ †KD G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL¨, †h‡Kvb †jvK,
N‡U| G ‡ivMwUi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q ÔA¨vKzqvW© Bgy¨b †h‡Kvb mg‡q G ‡ivM Øviv msµwgZ n‡Z cv‡i| hviv AwaK
†Wwdwm‡qwÝ wmbWªgÕ hv ms‡ÿ‡c AIDS (Acquired cwikÖg K‡i, `ye©j, m¨vuZ‡mu‡Z ev A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k evm
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)| K‡i, Acywó‡Z †fv‡M A_ev h²v †ivMxi mv‡_ emevm K‡i,
o GK ai‡bi fvBivm, hvi bvg Human Immuno Zviv G ‡iv‡M mn‡R AvµvšÍ nq| Avgv‡`i A‡b‡Ki aviYv,
Deficiency Virus Ges hv‡K ms‡ÿ‡c HIV ejv h²v ïay dzmdz‡mi †ivM| Avm‡j aviYvUv G‡Kev‡iB mwVK
nq, GwUB AIDS ‡iv‡Mi msµgY K‡i _v‡K| bq| h²v Aš¿, nvo, dzmdzm GiKg †`‡ni cÖvq †h‡Kv‡bv
¯’v‡b n‡Z cv‡i|
※ AIDS ‡iv‡Mi KviY Kx? ※ ‡iv‡Mi KviY : mvaviYZ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
HIV ‡`‡ni ¯^vfvweK †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv bó K‡i †`q| bvgK GK ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Avµg‡Y G †ivM nq| Z‡e
†`‡ni i³‡¯ªv‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi ci HIV i‡³i †k^Z KwYKvi Mycobacterium MYfz³ AviI wKQz e¨vK‡Uwiqv h²v m„wó
T-wj‡çvmvBU‡K AvµgY K‡i| K‡i, ZLbB G †iv‡Mi jÿY cÖKvk cvq|
G Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv bó n‡q hvIqvq
†`‡ni ¯^vfvweK cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv ‡ivM wbY©q : Kd cixÿv, Pvgovi cixÿv (MT test),
bó n‡q hvq| Gi d‡j kix‡I mvB‡Uv I wn‡÷vc¨v_jwR cixÿv Ges G·-‡ii mvnv‡h¨ G
bvbv iK‡gi weij †iv‡Mi msµgY †ivM wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e h²vq wVK †Kvb A½wU AvµvšÍ
N‡U hvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q n‡q‡Q, Zvi Dc‡i wbf©I Ki‡e †Kvb cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
k^vmZ‡š¿i †ivM, gw¯Í‡®‥i †ivM, eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ivMxi Kdmn wewfbœ bgybvq h²v
cwicvKZ‡š¿i †ivM Ges wUDgvi| wPÎ : i‡³ HIV fvBivm RxevYy Av‡Q wK bv Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ DNA wfwËK cixÿv
Pvjy n‡q‡Q|
ʘ GBWm ev AIDS ‡ivM m¤ú‡K© Z_¨KwYKv ʘ
jÿY :
o HIV fvBivm msµg‡Yi ci cÖ_g 5 eQi ch©šÍ gvby‡li o ‡ivMxi IRb Kg‡Z _v‡K, Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í kixi `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K|
†`‡n †Kvb †ivM j²Y cÖKvk cvq bv| Gme gvbyl ZLb o mvaviYZ wZb mßv‡ni †ewk mgq Kvwk _v‡K|
GB †iv‡Mi evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges ZLb Zviv
Ab¨‡K msµwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| o LymLy‡m Kvwk nq Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Kvwki mv‡_ i³ hvq|
o gv‡qi ey‡Ki `y‡ai gva¨‡g AvµvšÍ bvixi †`n †_‡K o iv‡Z Nvg nq, we‡K‡ji w`‡K R¦i Av‡m| †`‡ni
m‡`¨vRvZ wkïi †`‡n HIV mÂvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvcgvÎv Lye †ewk ev‡o bv|
o i³ mÂvj‡bi mgq AIDS AvµvšÍ e¨w³i i‡³i o ey‡K wc‡V e¨_v nq|
gva¨‡g wKsev WªvMe¨envi Kvix‡`i wmwi‡Äi gva¨‡g o ARxY© I †c‡Ui cxov †`Lv †`q|
HIV mÂvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZKvi :
o i³, exh©, jvjv, AkÖæ BZ¨vw` kvixwiK Zi‡ji gva¨‡g o G †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv `xN©‡gqvw`| Wv³v‡ii civgk© Abyhvqx
AIDS msµwgZ nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K| †ivM wbevi‡Yi wbqg¸‡jv KwVbfv‡e †g‡b Pjv|
o ‡ivMxi e¨env‡ii mewKQz c„_K ivLv|
GBWm ev AIDS cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq o ‡ivMxi Kd ev _yZz gvwU‡Z cyu‡Z †djv|
o HIV msµgY Kxfv‡e N‡U †m m¤^‡Ü mevB‡K Rvbv‡bv| o ‡ivMxi Rb¨ Dchy³ wPwKrmv I cwiwgZ cywóKi Lv‡`¨i
o i³`vb ev MÖnY, Awbqwš¿Z (Unprotected) ‡h․b e¨e¯’v ivLv|
m¤úK© Ges WªvM e¨enviKvix‡`i wmwi‡Äi gva¨‡g HIV
msµg‡Yi SzuwK m¤œ‡Ü AewnZ K‡i AIDS ‡iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡iva :
we¯Ívi Kgv‡bv hvq| o G gvivZ¥K †iv‡Mi AvµgY †_‡K †invB †c‡Z n‡j
Z_¨m~Î : beg-`kg †kÖwYi weÁvb (cÖ_g Aa¨vq : DbœZ wkï‡`i h²v cÖwZ‡laK wewmwR wUKv w`‡Z n‡e| wkïi
Rxebaviv; Uwc‡Ki bvg : AIDS) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K GK eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ G wUKv †`Iqvi

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e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z nq| wewmwR wUKv wkï‡`i cÖvYNvZx h²v GwcKvjPvi
†_‡K myiÿv w`‡jI eo n‡q †M‡j Zv mvaviYZ Avi 01. †g․gvwQi Pvl n‡jv (31Zg I 32Zg wewmGm)
Kvh©Ki _v‡K bv| ZvB wkï eq‡m wUKv w`‡j Zv K. †ik‡gi Pvl L. grm¨ Pvl
AvRxeb h²v †_‡K myiÿv †`q bv| M. †g․gvwQi Pvl N. cvwLcvjb we`¨v DËi : M
o eZ©gvb †`‡ki wewfbœ wUKv`vb †K‡›`ª G wUKv †`Iqvi o e¨vL¨v : †ik‡gi Pvl †mwiKvjPvi; grm¨ Pvl
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cvwLcvjb we`¨v GwfKvjPvi|
‡cvwjI
01. †cvwjI wUKv Avwe®‥viK ‡Rvbv mvé hy³iv‡óªi GK kn‡i ‡g․gvwQ cvjb (Apiculture) dwjZ cÖvwYweÁv‡bi GKwU
gviv hvb, kniwUi bvg (17Zg wewmGm) kvLv| †g․gvwQ †K Zv‡`i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K G‡b
K. La Martini L. La Zola †g․Pv‡Ki Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i AvaywbK I •eÁvwbK
cvjb Kiv‡KB †g․gvwQ cvjb ejv nq| †g․gvwQi gay FZz emšÍ
M. San Antonio N. San Hose
Kvj| ‡g․gvwQ‡K cÖK…wZi gy³v ejv nq| c~Y©v½ †g․gvwQ‡K ejv
o e¨vL¨v : ‡cvwjI wUKvi (1954 mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib) nq Bgv‡Mv| GKwU †g․Pv‡K wZb †kÖwYi †g․gvwQ _v‡K| h_v-
Avwe®‥viK gvwK©b weÁvbx †Rvbm mvé hy³iv‡óªi La K. ivYx †g․gvwQ, L. cyiæl †g․gvwQ Ges M. kÖwgK †g․gvwQ|
Zola kn‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
o ivYx †g․gvwQ : ivYx †g․gvwQ me‡P‡q eo AvK…wZi|
‡cvwjIgvBjvBwUm wKfv‡e Qovq GKwU ivYx †g․gvwQ 1000 evi wWg cv‡o| GKwU ivYx
‡cvwjI AvµvšÍ wkïi g‡ji gva¨‡g cvwb I Lvevi †g․gvwQi Avqy®‥vj cÖvq 2-3 eQi|
RxevYygy³ nq| GB RxevYygy³ cvwb cvb Ki‡j ev o cyiæl †g․gvwQ : Giv ga¨g AvK…wZi| G‡`i †PvL eo|
RxevYyhy³ Lvevi †L‡j †cvwjI †ivM nq| G‡`i ûj †bB| G‡`i GKgvÎ KvR ivYxi mv‡_ wgwjZ
jÿY nIqv|
1-3 w`b : o kÖwgK †g․gvwQ : Giv me‡P‡q ÿz`ªvK…wZi| Giv bvbv `‡j
o wkïi mw`©, Kvwk Ges mvgvb¨ R¦i nq| fvM n‡q Pv‡Ki bvbv KvR (‡hgb- PvK wbg©vY Kiv,
3-5 w`b : dz‡ji wgwó im I civM †iYy msMÖn Kiv, ga~ •Zwi Kiv)
o gv_v e¨_v K‡i, Nvo k³ n‡q hvq| m¤úbœ K‡i|
o wkïi GK ev GKvwaK nvZ A_ev cv _j_‡j I
Aek n‡q hvq| ‡mwiKvjPvi
o wkï `vuov‡Z Pvq bv Ges `vuo Kiv‡Z PvB‡j wkï ‡ikg myZv Drcv`‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †ikg †cvKv cÖwZcvjb‡K †ikg
KvbœvKvwU K‡i Ges bovPvov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Pvl ejv nq| †ikg Pv‡li Bs‡iwR kã Sericulture. Gi
o DuPz K‡i ai‡j AvµvšÍ cv‡qi cvZv Sz‡j c‡o AvwfavwbK A_© Culture of sericine ev ‡mwiwmb bvgK
o wkïi AvµvšÍ A½ µgk `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K Ges c‡i GK ai‡bi †cÖvwU‡bi jvjb| GB †mwiwmb n‡jv †ik‡gi g~j
¯’vqxfv‡e c½y n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| MvVwbK c`v_© A_©vr †h Rxe †mwiwmb bvg †cÖvwUb e¯‘ cÖ¯‘Z
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Zvi jvjb-cvjbB n‡”Q †mwiKvjPvi|
weIwcwf 3 †WvR (mwVK mgq 6 gy‡L
mßvn, 10 mßvn, 14
o me©cÖ_g Pxb †`‡k †ikg myZv Avwe®‥…Z nq|
mßvn) o wLª‡ói R‡b¥i cÖvq mv‡o cvuPkZ eQi ci `yB BD‡ivcxq
AvBwcwf Wvb evûi cv`ªx Pzwi K‡i †ikg Drcv`‡bi †K․kj wk‡L †bb Ges
2 †WvR (mwVK mgq 6
(d«vKkbvj) mßvn Ges 14 mßvn) Dc‡ii As‡k wKQz †ikg †cvKv I ZzuZ Mv‡Qi exR wb‡q wM‡q BD‡iv‡c
Z_¨m~Î- www.dghs.gov.bd
†ikg Pvl ïiæ K‡ib|

wcwmKvjPvi
msµvgK †ivM 01. ÔwcwmKvjPviÕ ej‡Z wK †evSvq? (23Zg wewmGm)
AYyRxe Øviv msµwgZ †ivM¸‡jv‡KB msµvgK †ivM ejv nq| K. nvum-gyiwM cvjb L. †g․gvwQ cvjb
AYyRx¸‡jv kix‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi ci kixi¯’ †k^Z KwYKv, wewfbœ M. grm¨ Pvl N. †ikg Pvl
cÖKvi A¨vw›UewW Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ivM-cÖwZ‡ivaK gva¨g¸‡jv‡K o e¨vL¨v : nvum-gyiwM cvjb †cvjwUª; grm¨ Pvl
aŸsm K‡i †djvi †Póv K‡i| †hme AYy Rxe Øviv gvbyl
wcwmKvjPvi; †g․gvwQi Pvl GwcKvjPvi Ges ‡ikg
AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K K. e¨vK‡Uwiqv, L. fvBivm, M. dvsMvm
Pvl ‡mwiKvjPvi| LvuPvq gvQ Pvl- †KR KvjPvi|
Ges N. ciRxex (c¨vivmvBU)|

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Bb‡mckb wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi WvB‡R÷
02. gvQ Aw·‡Rb †bq (10Zg wewmGm)
K. gv‡S gv‡S cvwbi Dci bvK Zz‡j
L. cvwb‡Z Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewkøó K‡i
M. cUKvi g‡a¨ Rgv‡bv evZvm n‡Z
N. cvwbi g‡a¨ `ªexf~Z evZvm n‡Z
o e¨vL¨v : gvQ dzjKvi mvnv‡h¨ k^vmKvh© Pvjvq| ZvB gvQ
cvwbi g‡a¨ `ªexf~Z evZvm MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g k^vmKvh©
Pvjvq| cvwb‡Z evZv‡mi Aw·‡RbI wgwkÖZ nq, Avevi
m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq
dvB‡Uvcøv¼Ub KZ©„K Drcbœ Aw·‡Rb wgwkÖwZ nq|
nwU©KvjPvi
nwU©KvjPvi ev D`¨vbZË¡ n‡jv Ggb GKwU weÁvb hvi gva¨‡g
D`¨vb, dm‡ji Pvlvev` Ges ‡m․›`h© ea©‡bi welqvw`
(Aesthetic value) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
Wv‡qvW
Wv‡qvW Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªªwbK wWfvBm †hLv‡b e¨vUvwii GK
ai‡bi ms‡hv‡M we`y¨r cÖevn nq, D‡ëv ms‡hv‡M nq bv|
wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q GKUv p ai‡bi †mwgKÛv±i n ai‡bi
†mwgKÛv±‡ii mv‡_ hy³ K‡i Zvi mv‡_ GKUv e¨vUvwi
Ggbfv‡e hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hb e¨vUvwii cwRwUf AskwU hy³
n‡q‡Q n Gi mv‡_ Ges †b‡MwUf AskwU hy³ n‡q‡Q p Gi
mv‡_|
o n ai‡bi †mwgKÛv±‡i we`y¨r cwien‡bi Rb¨ B‡jKUªb
_v‡K, Kv‡RB e¨vUvwi †m‡ji cwRwUf cÖvšÍ Lye `ªæZ GB
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv‡K wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †U‡b ‡b‡e| Kv‡RB n
UvBc †mwgKÛv±‡i we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Rb¨ †Kv‡bv B‡jKUªb
_vK‡e bv| GUv n‡q hv‡e we`y¨r Acwievnx|
o e¨vUvwii ‡b‡MwUf cÖvšÍ †_‡K B‡jKUªb nvwRi n‡e p
UvBc †mwgKÛv±‡i Ges me¸‡jv †nvj GKUv GKUv
B‡jKUªb wb‡q fivU n‡q hv‡e, Kv‡RB Lye `ªæZ †`Lv
hv‡e we`y¨r cÖevn Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †nvjI Aewkó †bB,
A_©vr GB p ‡mwgKÛv±iwUI we`y¨r Acwievnx n‡q
hv‡e| Kv‡RB e¨vUvwii mv‡_ GB np ‡mwgKÛv±iwU hy³
Kiv n‡j Gi †fZi w`‡q †Kv‡bv we`y¨rB cwievwnZ n‡e
bv|
o hw` np ‡mwgKÛv±iwU e¨vUvwi †m‡ji D‡ëv ms‡hvM
†`Iqv nq Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? †`Lv hv‡e GB Rsk‡bi
†fZi w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn PgrKvifv‡e n‡”Q|
o p Ges n ai‡bi †mwgKÛv±i •Zwi GB Rskb‡K
Wv‡qvW e‡j|
(24) Bb‡mckb ÔweÁvbÕ
‡dvUb KYv
01. d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li Dci Av‡jv co‡j wK Drcbœ
nq? (29Zg wewmGm)
K. we`y¨r L. Zvc
M. Pz¤^K N. wKQzB bv
o e¨vL¨v : d‡UvB‡jKwUªK †Kv‡li (Wv‡qvW) Ici Av‡jvK
co‡j Av‡jvK kw³ we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
c`v_©weÁv‡b †dvUb GKwU †g․wjK KYv| ‡dvUb Zi½ Ges
KYv Dfq ag©B cÖ`k©b K‡i| †dvU‡bi AvaywbK aviYv
AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb ax‡i ax‡i Dbœqb K‡ib| 1900 mv‡j
g¨v· cøv¼ K…òe¯‘ wewKi‡Yi Dci KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| wbðj
Ae¯’vq †dvUb KYvi fi 0, MwZkxj Ae¯’vq Gi fi _v‡K|
Av‡cwÿK ZË¡
AvBb÷vBb g‡b Ki‡Zb, ÔImagination is more
important tahan knowledge’. 1905 mv‡j wZwb
†`Lvb †h, c`v_© Ges kw³ cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Awfbœ| c`v_©‡K
kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq| m fi wewkó †Kvb c`v_©‡K
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡j cÖvß kw³i cwigvY n‡e
E= , GLv‡b c n‡jv Av‡jvi †eM| G‡K AvBb÷vB‡bi
c`v_© I kw³i AwfbœZv kw³ ejv nq| Ôw_Iwi Ae
wi‡jwUwfwUÕi cÖ‡YZv AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb Gi Av‡cwÿK ZË¡
Abymv‡i ‣`N¨©, fi I mgq Av‡cwÿK, ev e¯‘ ev cÖm½
KvVv‡gvi Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡K Av‡cwÿKZv e‡j|
UªvbwR÷i
UªvbwR÷i n‡jv p-UvBc Ges n-UvBc †mwg KÛv±i w`‡q
•Zwi GK ai‡bi wWfvBm †hwU Zvi wfZi w`‡q we`y¨‡Zi
cÖevn wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| p-n-p Ges n-p-n `y ai‡bi
UªvbwR÷i i‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z cÖ_g
UªvbwR÷i •Zwi Kiv nq| GB Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Rb eviwWb,
Iqvëvi eªvB‡UBb Ges DBwjqvg kKwj‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi
†`Iqv nq| UªvbwR÷i f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i wKš‘ f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Zzjbvq GwU Aí ÿz`ª, IRb LyeB
Kg, GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z Lye Aí we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
UªvbwR÷i e¨env‡ii d‡j c„w_exi gvbyl ¯^í g~‡j¨
B‡jKUªwbKm hš¿cvwZ †c‡Z ïiæ Kij| UªvbwR÷‡ii MVb
A‡bKUv m¨vÛDB‡Pi g‡Zv|
AvBwm
GKvwaK •e`y¨wZK eZ©bx ev mvwK©U GKwU wmwjK‡bi cvZjv
†cø‡U mvwR‡q •Zwi Kiv nq Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U| 1952 mv‡ji
w`‡K Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wb‡q K_v ïiæ n‡jI •Zwi ïiæ nq
lv‡Ui `k‡K| UªvbwR÷‡ii mv‡_ Wv‡qvW wKsev †iwR÷vi
Ges K¨vcvwmUi ewm‡q c~Y©v½ GKwU mvwK©U •Zwi Kiv nq hv
ciewZ©‡Z Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ev AvBwm bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi, wPwKrmvi hš¿cvwZ, wfwWI K¨v‡giv Ges
†hvMv‡hvM DcMÖ‡ni g‡Zv AZ¨vaywbK AvBwm Qvov KL‡bvB
m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
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