Wood Project-FILS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Project Topic
1.2 Input Data
1.1 The content of the project
2. Computations
2.1 Evaluation of loads
2.1.1. Permanent loads from cladding with sandwich panels
2.1.2. Snow Load (S)
2.1.3. Wind Load
2.1.4. Seismic Load
2.1.5
2.1.5. Seismic Load
2.2 Dimensioning of elements

2.2.1. Truss
2.2.2. Purlins
2.2.3. Column
2.3 Calculation of Bolt Assemblies

2.3.1. The resistance capacity of bolted joints
2.3.2 Minimum spacing distances for bolts, screws for wood
2.3.3. Calculation of number of bolts
2.3.4. Checking the pressure in the hole on the metal plate

2.4. Predimensioning of the foundation
1
1.Project
1.Project Topic
1.2 Input Data
Student No.=3
Design the timber elements and joints of the given structure having the following
characteristics:
1. Destination : industrial, agricultural or zootechical

2. Location: Iasi
→ Wind load (CR 1-1-4-2012) qb=0.7 kPa
→ Snowload (CR 1-1-3-2012) sk=2.5 kN/m2
→ Seismic Load (P100-1/2013) ag=0.25 g
3. Material : Glue Laminated Timber, equilibrium humidity 12% (density =
daN/m3)
4. Ground floor timber structure, the roof is a wood trestle framing system supported
on timber columns, timber purlins and steel roof horizontal bracings.
5. Vertical braces located between plane trusses parallel to the hip purlin
6. Number of bays = 5
7. D (span) = 9 [m]
8. t (bay) =3.5
=3.5 [m]
9. Post height Hn=3
Hn=3[m]
10. Plane truss height Hf=1/8 to 1/6 of the span = 1.5 [m]
11. Reinforced concrete isolated foundations, pconv=2
pconv=250 kN
12. The structure cladding is made using sandwich panels 12 cm thickness and a self-
weight of 20 daN/sqm
1.1. The content of the project:

Written part:
1. Technical report on this study: purpose, description of the building, structural

characteristics, materials, type of stresses and strains the elements are subjected to,
2. Checking computations: loads evaluations, relationships for different types of

verifications, computer program results, checking relationships, conclusions
Draw part:
1. Roof plan with structural elements lay-out (including bracings) sc 1/50

2. Transversal and longitudinal cross section of the structure
3. Joint details sc 1/10 – only the dimensioned joints
4. Foundation plan (sc 1/50)
2
2. Computations
2.1 Evaluation of loads
2.1.1.
2.1.1. Permanent loads from cladding
cladding with sandwich panels
The permanent load is gravitational and expressed on inclined surface.
P1= g x d1
→ g = 20 daN/m2 = 0.2 kN/m2

→ d1 = 1.581 m
P1 =0.3162 kN/m
2.1.2. Snow Load (S)

Snow load is horizontal and gravitational.
According to CR 1-1-3-2012, the snow load is equal with:
FG = HI,F ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2) (CR 1-1-3:2012 [11], rel. (4.1))
• γI,s – snow load importance exposure coefficient = 1.0;

• ce – exposure coefficient =0,8;
• ct – thermal coefficient =1.0;
• sk – characteristic value of snow load on the ground;
• µi – snow load shape coefficient α U 30°, = 0.8.
According to the zonal map from CR 1-1-3-2012 for Iasi sk,0 = 2.

2.5 kN/m2.
3
Function of the roof shape and slope value the snow load is eaqual to:
FW = HI,F ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2)

FW = W ∙ P. X ∙ P. X ∙ W ∙ Y. Z (kN/m2)
FW =2.0 kN/m2
FY = HI,F ∙ P. Z ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2)

FY = P. Z ∙ W ∙ P. X ∙ P. X ∙ W ∙ Y. Z (kN/m2)
FY =1.0 kN/m2
2.1.3. Wind Load
Wind has to be expressed separately for roofs and walls.
• According to CR 1-1-4-2012, the wind load is:
we = γI,w ∙ cpe ∙ qp (ze) (kN/m2) (CR 1-1-4:2012 [12], rel. (3.1))
• HI,[ – importance exposure coefficient=1 for importance class III

• cpe - aerodynamic pressure/suction coefficient for exterior surface
• qp (ze) – peak wind dynamic pressure for height ze.
→ terrain Category III
→ z = 4.5 m;
4
According to Tab 2.1 from CR-
CR-1-1-4-2012)
2012 z0 = 0,3 m
zmin = 5 m
• ce (z) – exposure factor, depends on the height above the ground, z and on the
terrain category;
ce (z) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) \] (^) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) ∙ qb
• cpq (z) = gust coefficient
cpq (z) = 1+ 2g ∙ Iv (z) = 1+ 7 ∙ Iv (z)
• Iv (z) = turbulence intensity at height z
à
Iv (z) = defc for z< zmin
Y.Z∙bc( )
dP
• à = proportionality coefficient depending on terrain category
h,ij
Iv (z) = m
h.j∙kl(n.o)
Iv (z) = 0.334
cpq (z) = 1+ 7∙ 0.334
cpq (z) = 3.339

3.339
• cr2(z) = roughness coefficient
5
defc
cr2(z) = kr2 (z0) ∙ [ln( )]2 for z< zmin
dP
• kr2 (z0)
j
cr2(z) = 0.046 ∙ [ln( )]2
p.i
cr2(z) = 0.
0.364
According to the zonal map from CR 1-1-4-2012 for Iasi qb = 0.

0.7 kN/m2
• qr - reference mean basic velocity pressure
\] (^) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) ∙ qb
qs (z) = 3.339 ∙ 0.364 ∙ 0.7
\] (^) = 0.851 kN/m2
6
• Wind pressure/suction acting upon exterior building surfaces
The exposed area is greater than 10mp so we are using Cpe,10
Recommended values
H/d = 4.5/9=0.5
• cpeA = -1,2
7
WeA = tuv ∙ wxyz ∙ {x (|)
WeA = -1.021 kN/m2
• cpeB = -0.8
WeB = tuv ∙ wxy} ∙ {x (|)

WeB = - 0.681kN/m
0.681kN/m2
• cpeC = -0.5
WeC = tuv ∙ wxy~ ∙ {x (|)

WeC = -0.425 kN/m2
• cpeD =0.688
=0.688
WeD = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeD = 0.585
0.585 kN/m2
• cpeE =-0.275
WeE = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeE = - 0.234 kN/m2
• Wind pressure/suction acting upon interior building surfaces
Wi = γI,w ∙ cpi ∙ qp (zi) (kN/m2)
• HI,[ – importance exposure coefficient=1 for importance class III

• cpi - aerodynamic pressure/suction coefficient for interior surface
• qp (ze) – peak wind dynamic pressure for height ze.
• cpi1 =0.
=0.2 (pressure
(pressure)
essure)
Wip = tuv ∙ wx ∙ {x (|)

Wip = 0.170
0.170 kN/m2
• cpi2 =-0.3 (suc
(suction
suction)
tion)
Wis = tuv ∙ wxh ∙ {x (|)

Wis =-0.255 kN/m2
8
• Wind pressure/suction acting on the roof of the building
For 18° roof slope
• cpeF = 0.2
0.2
WeF = tuv ∙ wxyz ∙ {x (|)

WeF = 0.170
0.170 kN/m2
• cpeG = 0.2
0.2
WeG = tuv ∙ wxy} ∙ {x (|)

WeG = 0.170
0.170 kN/m2
• cpeH = 0.2
WeH = tuv ∙ wxy~ ∙ {x (|)

WeH = 0.170
0.170 kN/m2
• cpeI =0
WeI = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeI = 0 kN/m2
• cpeJ =0
WeJ = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)
WeJ = 0 kN/m2
9
• Wind pressure/suction acting upon building elements
Wind has to be expressed separately for roofs and walls
Expressed on the column
vkk += (y + +) ∗
t=3.5m
Wip = 0.170 kN/m2
WeD = 0.585 kN/m2 Wwalls D=2.643 kN/m
WeE = - 0.234 kN/m2 Wwalls E=-0.223 kN/m
Expressed on the roof
vkk −= (y + −) ∗ 2 ∗ w
Y = W. Z cosα=0.951
cosα=0.951
Wis = -0.255 kN/m2
WeF = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls F= -0.121

0.121 kN/m
WeG = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls G= -0.121

0.121 kN/m
WeH = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls H= -0.121

0.121 kN/m
10
2.1.4.
2.1.4. Seismic Load
∙a()
C = ∙ ∙
q
• γI,e – coefficient depending on the building importance: For Class II =1.0;

• ag – the deisgn ground acceleration on type A ground= = 0.25g ;
• (T) –the lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum =2.5;
• q – the behavior factor =2.5;
• λ – the correction factor that takes into account the contribution of the
fundamental vibration mode by its associated modal mass = 1.0.
According to the zonal map from CR 1-1-4-2012 for Iasi ag = 0.25g

0.25g
p.hj ∙ h.j
Cb = 1.0 ∙ ∙1.0
h.j
Cb = 0.25
11
2.1.5
2.1.5. Seismic Load
dr,adm = 35
35 mm
The maximum displacement coming from the seismic load
dre = 15.7 mm < 35 mm
The maximum displacement coming from the wind load
dre = 16.4 mm < 35 mm
12
2.2 Dimensioning of elements (According to NP 005-03)
Initial proposed dimensions for Cross-

Cross-Sections
Element b (mm)
mm) h (mm)
mm)
Column 160 560
Upper chord 140 240
Lower chord 140 240
Braces-Transversal 140 320
Purlins 140 200
Vertical elements 120 140
Diagonals 120 140
Bracings-Lateral 120 140
Bracings-Vertical Roof 50 100
Final dimensions for Cross-

Cross-Sections
Element b (mm)
mm) h (mm)
mm)
Column 140 320
Upper chord 140 140
Lower chord 140 140
Braces-Transversal 140 160
Purlins 140 160
Vertical elements 140 140
Diagonals 140 140
Bracings-Lateral 50 100
Bracings-Vertical Roof 50 100
→ 1st quality class for wood

→ 2nd operating class
→ Wood treated against fire and biodegradation
13
14
2.2.1.
2.2.1. Truss
COEFFICIENTS & FORMULA FOR TENSION
c
∙ ∙e
Rtc =

• Rtn = the characteristic resistance of wood to stress

• Rtn =18 N/mm2 (GL24)
• mdt = The values of the coefficient are established taking into account the
percentage of different loads, depending on the duration class (permanent, long-
term or short-term).
Value of the work coefficients mdt

mdt
Value of the working coefficients
mdi for gasoline:
Solicitation Load duration class Symbol
Softwood, soft
Hardwoods
hardwood
Permed 0.55 0.60
Bending
Long term (snow) mdi 0.65 0.70
Shear
Short term (wind) 1.00
Permed 0.80 0.85
Compression Long term mdc 0.85 0.90
Short term 1.00
Permed 0.90 0.95
Traction Long term mdt 0.95 1.00
Short term 1.00
Elasticity module Any class mdE 1.00
p. ∙ y ¡p.j ∙ ¢l£v¡.p ∙ ¤¥¦§
mdt =
y ¡¢l£v¡ ¤¥¦§
p. ∙ p.i¨h¡p.j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

mdt = = 0.96056
p.i¨h¡h¡ .ph
mdt = 0.
0.96
• mut = coefficient of working conditions which takes into account the humidity of
the wood and is based on the exploitation class of the construction: Operating class
I; relative humidity <65% (mut =1 )
15
The values of working condition coefficients mui
The values of coefficients mui

Nr.
Solicitation Symbol Gasoline for the operating class
Crt.
1 2 3
Softwood
1 Static bending muî 0.75
Hardwood
Softwood
2 Traction along fibers mut 0.90
Hardwood
Softwood 0.75
3 Compression along fibers mucǁ
Hardwood 0.70
Compression in plane normal to Softwood
4 muc⊥ 1.00 0.90 0.70
the fibre direction Hardwood
Softwood
5 Shear along fibers mufǁ 0.80
Hardwood
Shear in plane normal to fiber Softwood
6 muf⊥ 0.80
direction Hardwood
Static flexural modulus of Softwood
7 muE 0.90
elasticity Hardwood
• t« = partial safety coefficient defined according to the type of stress ( =1.20)
1.20)
Values of the partial safety factors γi

Nr. Crt. Solicitation Symbol Values γi
1 Bending γi 1.10
Tension
2 - section without weakening 1.20
- section with weakening 1.40
γt
Parallel and perpendicular compression to
3 vsǁ; γvs⊥ 1.25
the fibers
γvsǁ vs⊥
Shear along the fibers

4 - unilateral 1.25
- bilateral 1.10
γfǁ
Shear in the normal plane in the direction
5 1.10
of the fibers
γf⊥
• mT = wood treatment coefficient (mT = 1.

1.00 )
Value of the treatment coefficients mT

Nr. Treatment process Service class
crt. 1 and 2 3
1 Untreated wood 1.00
2 Wood treated on the surface 1.00
3 Mass treated wood with a
maximum thickness of 100 mm 0.90 0.95
- elasticity module
- other characteristics 0.70 0.85
4 Fire retardant wood 0.90 0.90
16
c
∙ ∙e
Rtc =

WX ∙ P.¬ ∙ P.¬
Rtc = Rtc = 12.96 N/mm2
W.Y
Verification of elements subjected to tension parallel to the fibers
Tef U Tr
Tr = Rtc ∙ Anet ∙ mT
Tef - normal design force in tension

Tr- resistance capacity of the wooden bar with a single section subjected to tension.
Anet - Net area of the section considered, in mm²
Abulk -area of the gross section of the element, in mm²
AWeakened - sum of the areas of the cumulative weakenings over 200 mm of length, in mm²
17
Cross-Sections
→ Lower Chord – Tension 140x
140x240mm
240mm
A lower flange of a plane truss supporting neither floor nor ceiling, works mainly in
axial tension.
Tef U Tr
Tef= 54.02
54.02 kN
Rtc = 12.96 N/mm2
• Anet - Net area of the section considered, in mm²

Anet = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 240 = 33600 mm2
mT=1
Tr = 12.96 ∙ 33600 ∙1=434356 N
Tr = 435.46 kN
Tef U Tr
54.02
54.02 kN U 435.46 kN
→ Diagonals - Tension 120x140mm
Tef U Tr
Tef = 25.86 kN
Rtc = 12.96 N/mm2
Anet = b ∙ h = 120 ∙ 140 = 16800 mm2
mT=1
Tr = 12.96 ∙ 16800 ∙1=217728 N
Tr = 217.73 kN
Tef U Tr
25.86 kN U 217.73 kN
18
Cross-Sections
→ Lower Chord – Tension 140x
140x140mm
A lower flange of a plane truss supporting neither floor nor ceiling, works mainly in
axial tension.
Tef U Tr
Tef= 61.49 kN
Rtc = 12.96 N/mm2
• Anet - Net area of the section considered, in mm²

Anet = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 140 = 19600 mm2
mT=1
Tr = 12.96 ∙ 19600 ∙1=254016 N
Tr = 254.02 kN
Tef U Tr
61.49 kNU
kN 134.78 kN
→ Diagonals - Tension 140x

140x140mm
Tef U Tr
Tef = 19.
19.62 kN
Rtc = 12.96 N/mm2
Anet = b ∙ h = 14 ∙ 140 = 19600 mm2
mT=1
Tr = 12.96 ∙ 19600 ∙1=254016 N
Tr = 254.
254.02 kN
Tef U Tr
19.
19.62 kN U 254.02 kN
19
COEFFICIENTS & FORMULA FOR COMPRESSION
¦
¯°±± ∙²§° ∙ ³°
RccII =
´µ
• ¶·uu
l
= design resistance of solid wood to parallel compression, established
according to the type of wood, the grade of wood and the operating conditions of
the construction elements
• ç =24 N/mm2 (GL24)
• mdc = coefficient of the work conditions, established function of the duration of
loads
Value of the work coefficients mdc

mdc
Value of the working coefficients mdi
for gasoline:
Softwood, soft
Hardwoods
hardwood
Permed 0.55 0.60
Bending
Shear
Permed 0.80 0.85
Short term 1.00
Permed 0.90 0.95
Short term 1.00
p.¹ ∙ ¡p.¹j ∙ ¢¡.p ∙ ¤º»¼½

mdc =
¡¢¡ ¤º»¼½
p.¹ ∙ p.i¨h¡p.¹j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

mdc = = 0.8911
p.i¨h¡h¡ .ph
mdc = 0.89
• muc = coefficient of working conditions which takes into account the humidity of the
wood and is based on the exploitation class of the construction:Operating class I;
relative humidity <65% (muc =1 )
20
Nr.
Crt.
Crt.
1 2 3
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood 0.75
Hardwood 0.70
4 muc⊥ 1.00 0.90 0.70
Softwood
Hardwood
6 muf⊥ 0.80
direction Hardwood
7 muE 0.90
elasticity Hardwood
• t« = partial safety coefficient ( = 1.25)
Values of the partial safety factors γii

1 Bending γi 1.10
Tension
γt
3 vsǁ; γvs⊥ 1.25
the fibers
γvsǁ vs⊥

4 - unilateral 1.25
- bilateral 1.10
γfǁ
5 1.10
of the fibers
γf⊥
h¾ ∙ p.¹ ∙ p.
¸¸ = ¸¸ = 15
15.38 N/mm2
.hj
Cr = ¿MM II ∙ Ac ∙ mT ∙ Àcc
21
• Àc = buckling coefficient
Á
Àc =1 – 0.8 ( WPP )2 if λ U 75
ÂWPP
Àc = if λ > 75
ÁY
• λ= coefficient of slenderness of the bar, established as the ratio between the length of
buckling, lf, and the minimum radius of gyration on the direction of buckling
considered,
• λ = min (λy ; λz )
bÄ
• λy =
L
• lf= The buckling lengths of the compressed bars are established as a function of
bearing conditions and the links along the length of the bar which prevents
displacement during buckling.
• mT = wood treatment coefficient (mT = 1.00 )

crt. 1 and 2 3
- elasticity module

22
Cross-Sections
→ Upper Chord - Compression 140x280 mm
Cef U Cr
Cef= 69.40 kN
Cr = ¿MM II ∙ Ac ∙ mT ∙ Àc
¶·uu
·
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 280 = 39200 mm2
mT=1
¾ ∙ h¹o h¹ ∙ ¾o
Iy = = 25610.7 cm4 Iz = = 6402.7 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 8.08 cm iy = Å = 4.04 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 4.74 m lf,z =1.58m
= 58.66 = 39.11
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 39.11
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.877
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 39200 ∙1∙ 0.942
Cr = 528.80 kN
Cef U Cr
69.40 kN U 528.80 kN
23
→ Diagonals - Compression 120x140 mm
CefU Cr
Cef= 23.6 kN
¶·uu
l
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 120 ∙ 140 = 16800 mm2
mT=1
h ∙ ¾o ¾ ∙ ho
Iy = = 2744 cm4 Iz = = 2016 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 4.04 cm iy = Å = 3.46 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 1.8 m lf,z =1.8 m
= 44.55 = 52.02
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 44.55
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.841
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 16800 ∙1∙ 0.841
Cr = 217.16 kN
Cef U Cr
23.6 kN U 217.16 kN
24
→ Vertical Element - Compression 120x140 mm
Cef U Cr
Cef = 25.65 kN
¶·uu
l
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 120 ∙ 140 = 16800 mm2
mT=1
h ∙ ¾o ¾ ∙ ho
Iy = = 2744 cm4 Iz = = 2016 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 4.04 cm iy = Å = 3.46 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 0.5 m lf,z =0.5 m
= 12.38 = 14.45
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 12.38
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.988
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 16800 ∙1∙ 0.988
Cr = 255.12 kN
Cef U Cr
23.6 kN U 255.12 kN
25
Cross-Sections
→ Upper Chord - Compression 140x
140x140 mm
Cef U Cr
Cef= 70.36 kN
¶·uu
·
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 140 = 19600 mm2
mT=1
¾ ∙ ¾o ¾ ∙ ¾o
Iy = = 3201.33 cm4 Iz = = 3201.33 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 4.04 cm iy = Å = 4.04 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 4.74 m lf,z =1.58m
= 117.3 = 3.91
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 3.91
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.998
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 19600 ∙1∙ 0.998
Cr = 301.06 kN
Cef U Cr
70.36
70.36 kNU
kN 301.06 kN
26
→ Diagonals - Compression 140x
140x140 mm
CefU Cr
Cef= 25.16 kN
¶·uu
l
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 140 = 19600 mm2
mT=1
¾ ∙ ¾o ¾ ∙ ¾o
Iy = = 3201.33 cm4 Iz = = 3201.33 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 4.04 cm iy = Å = 4.04 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 1.8 m lf,z =1.8 m
= 44.54 = 4.45
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 4.45
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.998
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 19600 ∙1∙ 0.998
Cr = 300.
300.95 kN
Cef U Cr
25.16 kNU
kN 300.95 kN
27
→ Vertical Element - Compression 140x
140x140 mm
Cef U Cr
Cef = 23.47 kN
¶·uu
l
= 15.38 N/mm2
Ac = b ∙ h = 140 ∙ 140 = 19600 mm2
mT=1
¾ ∙ ¾o ¾ ∙ ¾o
Iy = = 3201.33 cm4 Iz = = 3201.33 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 4.04 cm iy = Å = 4.04 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 0.5 m lf,z =0.5 m
= 12.37 = 1.24
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 1.24
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.999
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 19600 ∙1∙ 0.999
Cr = 301.
301.4 kN
Cef U Cr
23.
23.47 kN U 301.4 kN
28
2.2.2. Purlins
COEFFICIENTS & FORMULA FOR BENDING

c
L ∙L ∙eL
¿ML = f
• ¿ËL = 24 N/mm2 (GL24)

• mdî = coefficient that takes into account the work conditions, established based on
the duration of loads
Value of the work coefficients mdi

mdi
for gasoline:
Softwood, soft
Hardwoods
hardwood
Permed 0.55 0.60
Bending
Shear
Permed 0.80 0.85
Short term 1.00
Permed 0.90 0.95
Short term 1.00
p.jj ∙ ¡p.¨j ∙ ¢¡.p ∙ ¤º»¼½

mdi =
¡¢¡ ¤º»¼½
p.jj ∙ p.i¨h¡p.¨j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

mdi = = 0.747
p.i¨h¡h¡ .ph
mdi =0.75

• Value of the treatment coefficients mT
crt. 1 and 2 3
- elasticity module

29
• mui = coefficient of the work conditions that takes into account the equilibrium
humidity of the wood (mui =0.
=0.9 )

Nr.
Crt.
1 2 3
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood 0.75
Hardwood 0.70
4 muc⊥ 1.00 0.90 0.70
Softwood
Hardwood
6 muf⊥ 0.80
direction Hardwood
7 muE 0.90
elasticity Hardwood
• f = partial safety coefficient defined according to the type of stress (f =1.10)

1 Bending γi 1.10
Tension
γt
3 vsǁ; γvs⊥ 1.25
the fibers
γvsǁ vs⊥

4 - unilateral 1.25
- bilateral 1.10
γfǁ
5 1.10
of the fibers
γf⊥
h¾ ∙ p.Ìj ∙p.
Ric =
.
Ric = 14.72 N/mm2
30
Cross-Sections
→ Bending –Section 140x200mm
MEd U Mr
Mef = 7.96 kN
Mr = ¿Mî ∙ Wc ∙ mT
Í ∙ ÎÏ ¾ ∙ hpÏ
Wc = = = 933.33 cm3
¨ ¨
Rîc = 14.72 N/mm2
Mr = 14.72 ∙ 933330 ∙1= 13.74 kNm
Mr = 13.74 kN
Mef U Mr
• 7.96 kN U 13.74 kN
→ Deflection check
fef,max U fadm
Ð
fadm =
hpp
L=350 cm
ÂZP
fadm = fadm=1.75 cm
YPP
→ The maximum deformation coming from the bending moment are established using
the relation:
fef,max = f1p + f2l + f3s
fi = finst (1+kdef,i)
31
kdef,P =0.5
kdef,S1 =0.25
kdef,W =0
Eb = 8800 N/mm2
Í ∙ Îo ¾ ∙ hpo
• Iy = h
= h
= 9333.33 cm4
P = 0.3162 kN /m s1 = 2 kN /m Ñ, ÒÓÔ = 1.021 kN /m
l=350 cm
j ∙ ∙ ÕÖ
finst, P = = 0.075cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
j ∙¢ ∙ ÕÖ
finst, S1 = = 0.476 cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
j ∙¤y ∙ ÕÖ
finst, W = = 0.242 cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
f1 = finst,p ( 1+kdef,p) = 0.075 (1 + 0.5) = 0.113 cm
f2 = finst,z ( 1+kdef,s1)= 0.476 (1 + 0.25) = 0.595 cm
f3 = finst,w ( 1+kdef,we) = 0.242 (1 + 0) = 0.242 cm
f ef,max = 0.113 + 0.595 + 0.242 = 0.95 cm
fef,max U fadm
• 0.95
0.95 cm U 1.75 cm
32
Cross-Sections
→ Bending –Section
Section 140x
140x160mm
MEd U Mr
Mef = 10.
10.69 kN
Mr = ¿Mî ∙ Wc ∙ mT
Í ∙ ÎÏ ¾ ∙ ¨Ï
Wc = = = 682.67 cm3
¨ ¨
Rîc = 14.72 N/mm2
Mr = 14.72 ∙ 682666.67 ∙1= 12.74 kNm
Mr = 12.74
12.74 kNm
kNm
Mef U Mr
10.
10.69 kNU
kN 12.74 kNm
kNm
→ Deflection check
fef,max U fadm
Ð
fadm = hpp
L=350 cm
ÂZP
fadm = YPP fadm=1.75 cm
→ The maximum deformation coming from the bending moment are established using
the relation:
fef,
ef,max = f1p + f2l + f3s
fi = finst (1+kdef,i)
33
kdef,P
def,P =0.
=0.5
kdef,S1
def,S1 =0.
=0.25
kdef,W
def,W =0
Eb = 8800 N/mm2
Í ∙ Îo ¾ ∙ ö
• Iy = h
= h
= 4778.67 cm4
P = 0.3162 kN /m s1 = 2 kN /m Ñ, ÒÓÔ = 1.021 kN /m
l=350 cm
j ∙ ∙ ÕÖ
finst, P = = 0.14 cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
j ∙¢ ∙ ÕÖ
finst, S1 = = 0.72 cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
j ∙¤y ∙ ÕÖ
finst, W = = 0.47 cm
i¹¾ ∙ × ∙ Ø
f1 = finst,
inst, p (1+kdef,
def, p) = 0.14 (1 + 0.5) = 0.21 cm
f2 = finst, z (1+kdef,
def, s1) = 0.72 (1 + 0.25) = 0.9 cm
f3 = finst,
inst, w (1+kdef,
def, we) = 0.47 (1 + 0) = 0.47 cm
fef, max = 0.21 + 0.9 + 0.47 = 1.58 cm
fef,max U fadm
• 1.58 cm U 1.75 cm
34
2.2.3. Column
COEFFICIENTS & FORMULA FOR ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION VERIFICATION

ÙÚÄ ÝÚÄ,Ä
− ± UW
ÙÛ ÝÛ
W âY ∙ àP.PZ ∙ eà ∙ e ∙Ø
ef,f = Mef ∙ Þ
Mef,f á CE =
ÙÚÄ
Wß Ù bYÄ
à
• ÙÚÄ = the effective design axial force in the bar, in N

• ÙÛ = the resistance capacity of the bar in compression, in N
• ÝÚÄ,Ä =the maximum bending moment established with respect to the main
central axis of inertia, perpendicular to the direction of action of the force in Nm
• ÝÛ = the resistance capacity of the bar to bending with respect to the same axis,
established according to the relation, in Nmm
• CE =the axial compressive force on the direction of application of the moment
• àP,PZ = the characteristic modulus of elasticity, depending on the species of
wood used àP,PZ = 8800 N/mm2
• I= the axial moment of inertia in relation to the perpendicular axis on the direction
of application of the forces which produce the bending, in mm4;
• lf=
lf the buckling length of the bar.
• eà = coefficient of the work conditions that takes into account the
equilibrium humidity of the wood ( eà =0.9 )
ãä = ¿Må × ç × è
¿ËL ∙L ∙éL
¿Må =
HL
35
• ¿ËL = 24 N/mm2 (GL24)
• mdî = coefficient that takes into account the work conditions, established based on
the duration of loads
Value of the work coefficients mdi

for gasoline:
Softwood, soft
Hardwoods
hardwood
Permed 0.55 0.60
Bending
Shear
Permed 0.80 0.85
Short term 1.00
Permed 0.90 0.95
Short term 1.00
p.jj ∙ ¡p.¨j ∙ ¢¡.p ∙ ¤º»¼½
mdi =
¡¢¡ ¤º»¼½
p.jj ∙ p.i¨h¡p.¨j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

mdi = = 0.747
p.i¨h¡h¡ .ph
mdi =0.75
• mui = coefficient of the work conditions that takes into account the equilibrium
humidity of the wood (mui =0.9 )
• f = partial safety coefficient defined according to the type of stress (f = 1.10)

1 Bending γi 1.10
Tension
γt
3 vsǁ; γvs⊥ 1.25
the fibers
γvsǁ vs⊥

4 - unilateral 1.25
- bilateral 1.10
γfǁ
5 1.10
of the fibers
γf⊥
36

crt. 1 and 2 3
- elasticity module

h¾ ∙ p.Ìj ∙p.
Ric =
.
Ric = 14.72 N/mm2
Cr = ¿MM II ∙ Ac ∙ mT ∙ À
¿ËMII ∙M ∙éM

RccII =
HO
• ç =24 N/mm2 (GL24)

• mdc = coefficient of the work conditions, established function of the duration of
loads
Value of the work coefficients mdc

for gasoline:
Softwood, soft
Hardwoods
hardwood
Permed 0.55 0.60
Bending
Shear
Permed 0.80 0.85
Short term 1.00
Permed 0.90 0.95
Short term 1.00
p.¹ ∙ ¡p.¹j ∙ ¢¡.p ∙ ¤º»¼½
mdc =
¡¢¡ ¤º»¼½
p.¹ ∙ p.i¨h¡p.¹j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

mdc = = 0.8911 mdc = 0.89
p.i¨h¡h¡ .ph
37
• muc = coefficient of working conditions which takes into account the humidity of the
wood and is based on the exploitation class of the construction:Operating class I;
relative humidity <65% (muc =1 )
• The values of working condition coefficients muc
muc
Nr.
Crt.
Crt.
1 2 3
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood
Hardwood
Softwood 0.75
Hardwood 0.70
4 muc⊥ 1.00 0.90 0.70
Softwood
Hardwood
6 muf⊥ 0.80
direction Hardwood
7 muE 0.90
elasticity Hardwood
• = partial safety coefficient ( = 1.25)

• Values of the partial safety factors γii
1 Bending γi 1.10
Tension
γt
3 vsǁ; γvs⊥ 1.25
the fibers
γvsǁ vs⊥

4 - unilateral 1.25
- bilateral 1.10
γfǁ
5 1.10
of the fibers
γf⊥
h¾ ∙ p.¹ ∙ p.
¸¸ = ¸¸ = 15.38 N/mm2
.hj
38
Cross-Sections
→ Stability check for column-
column-160x560mm
Cef = 46.8 kN
Mef = 19.6 kN
Í ∙ ÎÏ ¨ ∙ j¨Ï
¨ ¨
• Wc = = Wc = 8362.67 cm3
Í ∙ Îo ¨ ∙ jö
h h
• I= = I = 234154.67 cm4
• lf = 3.0 m
Mr = 14.72 ∙ 8362666.67 ∙ 1=123.1 kN
êÏ ∙¹ppp ∙ ∙ ∙hi¾j¾¨¨¨Ì
CE =
ipppÏ
=20336.9 kN

Mef,f = 19.6 ∙ ë Öì.í ï=19.65 kNm
ßÏnooì.î
RððØØ = 15.38 N/mm2
mT = 1.00
¨ ∙ jö j¨ ∙ ö
Iy = = 234154.67 cm4 Iz = = 19114.67 cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 16.17 cm iy = Å = 4.62 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 3.5 m lf,z =3.5 m
= 21.65 = 7.58
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 7.58
39
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.995
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 89600 ∙1∙ 0.995
Cr = 1371.65 kN
Cef U Cr
46.8 kN<1371.65
kN<1371.65 kN
Mef U Mef,f
19.6 kNU
kN 19.65 kNm
ñ¼ò ó¼ò,ò
− +
ñ» ó»
= 0.126
ñ¼ò ó¼ò,ò
− −
ñ» ó»
= - 0.194
40
Cross-Sections
→ Stability check for column-

column-140x32
0x320mm
320mm
Cef = 48.
48.66 kN
Mef = 13.91 kN
Í ∙ ÎÏ ¾ ∙ ihÏ
¨ ¨
• Wc = = Wc = 2389.33 cm3
Í ∙ Îo ¾ ∙ iho
h h
• I= = I = 38229.33 cm4
• Ac= b ∙ h=140 ∙ 320 = 44800 mm2

• lf = 3.5m
Mr = 14.72 ∙ 2389333.33 ∙ 1=35.17 kNm
êÏ ∙¹¹pp ∙ ∙ ∙i¹hhiiii
CE =
ijppÏ
=862.8 kN

Mef,f = 13.91 ∙ ë Öí.ìì ï=14.74 kNm
ßíìÏ.í
RððØØ = 15.38 N/mm2
mT = 1.00
¾ ∙ iho ih ∙ ¾ o
Iy = = 38229.3 cm4 Iz = = 7317.33cm4
h h
IÆ IÆ
iy = Å = 37.89cm iy = Å = 8.66 cm
ÇÈ ÇÈ
lf,y = 3.5 m lf,z =3.5 m
= 37.89 = 7.58
bÄ,É bÄ,d
λy = λz =
fÉ fd
λ = min (λy ; λz ) = 8.66
41
Ê
Àc = 1 – 0.8 ( pp )2
Àc = 0.994
Cr = 15.37 ∙ 44800 ∙1∙ 0.954
Cr = 684.85 kN
Cef U Cr
48.66 kN <684.85 kN
Mef U Mef,f
13.91 kNU
kN 14.7
14.74 kNm
ñ¼ò ó¼ò,ò
− +
ñ» ó»
= 0.348
ñ¼ò ó¼ò,ò
− −
ñ» ó»
= - 0.490
42
2.3 Calculation of Bolt Assemblies (According to NP 005-03)
2.3.1. The resistance capacity of bolted joints
Nef< Lcap, i
Lcap, i = H ∙ Lmin,t ∙ nt ∙ nf ∙ mu ∙ mT ∙ mR
• Nef - design force;

• Lmin, t =the minimum resistance capacity of a rod, in a shear section, in N;
• nf = the number of shear sections where the rods work; (nf =2)
• nt =the number of rods;
• mT =the coefficient of wood treatment; (mT =1.0)
• mu = the working condition coefficient, defined according to the microclimate
conditions where the joints with rods work, with the value 1.00 for class I of
construction operation (mu =1.0)
• mR=the coefficient which introduces into the calculation the non-uniform
distribution of the loads on the rods; for joints with nails and screws for wood; for
joints with punches and bolts arranged in two rows, with a minimum of two bolts
in a row (mR =0.9)
•  =The partial safety coefficient has values in the following table established
according to the type of rods and the duration class of the loads. (= 0.85)
The values of the coefficient 

The values of the coefficient  for:
The load duration class Spikes and screws for
Bolts and pins
wood
Permanent 0.70 0.60
Long term 0.85 0.70
Of short time 1.00 0.85
43
The bearing capacity of a cylindrical rod for a shear section
Lmin, t = min (Lcap c; Lcap m; Lcap f)
The resistance capacity of the rods, in

N, for:
The type
The calculation condition Steel bolts,
seal Chain
Nails screws and
punches
punches
The crushing of the central
4cd 4cd 2cd
Symmetrical elements, Lcap c
assemblies Crushing of marginal elements,
5ad 5ad 3ad
Lcap m
The crushing of the central
3cd 3cd 2cd
Non-symmetrical elements, Lcap c
assemblies Crushing of marginal elements,
5ad 5ad 3ad
Lcap m
Symmetrical and
non-symmetrical Rod flexion, Lcap f 30d2 20d2 5d2
joints
• d=the diameter of the cylindrical rod, in mm.
• Lmin, t = min 20
20Y
4cd
44
2.3.2 Minimum spacing distances for bolts, screws for wood
The minimum distances between the rods (established by tests on models, so that the
pieces of wood do not divide during beating or in operation) are given in the following
table:
Steel bolts,
Seals with: Oak mandriers
screws and pins
Package thickness lp > 10d  10d > 10d  10d
Between the rod
s1 7d 6d 5d 4d
axes
Minimum distances
From the axis of
along fibers
the extreme rod to s2 7d 6d 5d 4d
the end of the part
Between the rod
s3 3.5d 3d 3d 2.5d
Minimum axes
transverse distances From the axis of
to fibers the extreme rod to s4 3d 2.5d 2.5d 2.5d
the end of the part
s1= the distance between the axes of the rods along the fibers of the element in which the
nails are placed (in the direction of the force);
s2= the distance from the rod to the end of the wood element, in the longitudinal
direction of the fibers;
s3= the distance between the rods in the transverse direction of the fibers;
s4= the distance between the last row of rods and the end of the wood element, in the
transverse direction of the fibers.
s1= s2=7d
s3=3.5d
s4=3d
45
2.3.3
2.3.3. Calculation of number of bolts
õ¼ò
nt>
´ ∙ Ðö÷ø,ù ∙ lò ∙ ³ ∙ ú ∙ û
2.3.4
2.3.4. Checking the pressure in the hole on the metal plate
Nef U Ncap, bpg∙nt

bpg nt
Ncap,b.pg = d ∙ ∑f ∙ Rbpg
• Ncap, bpg= hole crushing capacity in the case of the metal plate
• t=thickness
t= of metal plate
Rbpg=1.6∙
Rbpg=1.6 fu N/mm2
• fu = 210 N / mm2
• Rbpg = 1.6 x 210 = 336 N / mm2
46
→ NODE 1
→ The resistance capacity of bolted joints
• Lmin, t = min 20∙1

20 14^2=3920
^2=3920
4∙1
140∙1
14=7840
• c=140mm
• d=14 mm
Lcap, i = P. XZ ∙ 3920 ∙ nt ∙ 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.9=5997.6

0.9=5997.6 ∙ nt
→ Minimum spacing distances for bolts, screws for wood
s1= s2=7 ∙ 14= 98 mm s1= s2=100

s2=100 mm
s3=3.5 ∙ 14= 49
49 mm s3= 50 mm
s4=3 ∙ 14= 42 mm s4
s4= 45 mm
→ Calculation of number of bolts
→ Lower chord 140x140

140x140
• Nef=61.49 kN
Wþ¬P
nt= =10.25 nt=12 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙12=71.97

12=71.97 kN
61.49 kN <71.97 kN
47
→ Upper chord 140x1
140x14
x140
• Nef=70.36 kN
PÂP
nt= =11.7 nt=12 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙12=71.97

12=71.97 kN
70.36 kN<71.97 kN
→ Connection with the column
• Tef,post=46.8 kN
þXPP
nt= =7. 8 nt=8
nt=8 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙8
8=47.9
47.98
.98 kN
46.8 kN<47.98 Kn
NODE 2
→ The resistance capacity of bolted joints
• Lmin, t = min 20
20∙14^2=3920
14^2=3920
4∙1
140∙14=
14=784
14=7840
7840
• c=140mm
• d=14 mm
Lcap, i = P. XZ ∙ 3920 ∙ nt ∙ 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.9=5997.6 ∙ nt
48
→ Minimum spacing distances for bolts, screws for wood
s1= s2=7 ∙ 14= 98 mm s1= s2=100 mm

s3=3.5 ∙ 14= 49 mm s3= 50 mm
s4=3 ∙ 14= 42 mm s4= 45 mm
→ Calculation of number of bolts
→ Diagonal 140x1
140x14
x140
• Nef=25.16 kN
YZWP
nt= =4.19 nt=5
nt=5 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙5
5=29.98
.98 kN
25.65 kN<29.98 kN
→ Vertical element 140x1

140x14
x140
• Nef=25.65 kN
YZZP
nt= =4.27 nt=5
nt=5 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙5
5=29.9
29.98
.98 kN
25.65 kN <29.98 kN
→ Upper chord-
chord-knot 2
• Nef1=25.16 kN
• Nef2=25.65 kN
• Nef, horiz = Nef1 ∙ sinα + Nef2 ∙ cosα

• Nef, vert = Nef1 ∙ cosα – Nef2 ∙ sinα
Nef, horiz = 25.16 ∙ sin72 + 25.65∙ cos72 =31.85 kN
Nef, vert = 25.16 ∙ cos72 – 25.65 ∙ sin72=16.62 kN
We will choose the max(Nef, horiz;Nef, vert) Nef, horiz = 31.85 kN
49
ÂWXZP
nt= =5.31 nt=6
nt=6 bolts
Z¬¬.
Lcap, i = 5997.6 ∙6
6=35.9
35.99
.99 kN
31.85 kN <35.99 kN
Checking the pressure in the hole on the metal plate
Nef ≤ Ncap, bpg∙nt

bpg nt
Ncap,b.pg = d ∙ ∑f ∙ Rbpg
• d=14
d= mm
• t=4mm
t= ∑L O=8mm
• Rbpg = 336 N / mm2
Ncap,b.pg=14
Ncap,b.pg ∙ 8 ∙ 336=37.63 kN
→ Lower chord
Nef=61.49 kN
12 ∙ Ncap,b.pg=12
Ncap,b.pg ∙37.63=387 kN
61.49 kN ≤ 387 kN
→ Upper chord
Nef=70.36 kN
12 ∙ Ncap,b.pg=12
Ncap,b.pg ∙32.25=387 kN
70.36 kN ≤ 387 kN
50
2.4
2.4. Predimensioning of the foundation
Pef< Pconv
Propose:
• L=0.75
L= m
• B=0.75
B= m
• A= B ∙ L=0.75
L= ∙ 0.75 = 0.5625 m2
• Lo =0.65∙ 0.75=0.4875 m Lo =0.5 m
N= Nmax + Nf= 48.66+5=53.66 kN
Nmax =53.66 kN
Nf=10%∙ Nmax=4.87 kN Nf=5 kN
Pconv =250 kN/m2

õ ji.¨¨
Pef= ஺ =p.j¨hj=95.4 kN/m2 Pef =95.4 kN/m2
Pef kN/m2 < Pconv kN/m2
95.4 kN/m2 < 250 kN/m2
51
Biblography
• Course notes
• Np005/2003 Romanian Code
• CR1-1-3 Snow loads
• CR1-1-4 wind loads
• P-100/2019 seismic code
52

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1.4. Seismic Load

2.2 Dimensioning of elements

2.3 Calculation of Bolt Assemblies

2.3.2 Minimum spacing distances for bolts, screws for wood

2.3.3. Calculation of number of bolts

2.3.4. Checking the pressure in the hole on the metal plate

1. Destination : industrial, agricultural or zootechical

1.1. The content of the project:

1. Technical report on this study: purpose, description of the building, structural

2. Checking computations: loads evaluations, relationships for different types of

1. Roof plan with structural elements lay-out (including bracings) sc 1/50

→ g = 20 daN/m2 = 0.2 kN/m2

2.1.2. Snow Load (S)

FG = HI,F ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2) (CR 1-1-3:2012 [11], rel. (4.1))

• γI,s – snow load importance exposure coefficient = 1.0;

According to the zonal map from CR 1-1-3-2012 for Iasi sk,0 = 2.

FW = HI,F ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2)

FY = HI,F ∙ P. Z ∙ μL ∙ MN ∙ MO ∙ FP,G (kN/m2)

2.1.3. Wind Load

Wind has to be expressed separately for roofs and walls.

• According to CR 1-1-4-2012, the wind load is:

we = γI,w ∙ cpe ∙ qp (ze) (kN/m2) (CR 1-1-4:2012 [12], rel. (3.1))

• HI,[ – importance exposure coefficient=1 for importance class III

ce (z) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) \] (^) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) ∙ qb

• cpq (z) = gust coefficient

cpq (z) = 1+ 2g ∙ Iv (z) = 1+ 7 ∙ Iv (z)

• Iv (z) = turbulence intensity at height z

• `a = proportionality coefficient depending on terrain category

cpq (z) = 1+ 7∙ 0.334

cpq (z) = 3.339

• cr2(z) = roughness coefficient

According to the zonal map from CR 1-1-4-2012 for Iasi qb = 0.

• qr - reference mean basic velocity pressure

\] (^) = cpq (z) ∙ cr2(z) ∙ qb

qs (z) = 3.339 ∙ 0.364 ∙ 0.7

\] (^) = 0.851 kN/m2

The exposed area is greater than 10mp so we are using Cpe,10

WeB = tuv ∙ wxy} ∙ {x (|)

WeC = tuv ∙ wxy~ ∙ {x (|)

WeD = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeE = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

• Wind pressure/suction acting upon interior building surfaces

Wi = γI,w ∙ cpi ∙ qp (zi) (kN/m2)

• HI,[ – importance exposure coefficient=1 for importance class III

Wip = tuv ∙ wx ∙ {x (|)

Wis = tuv ∙ wxh ∙ {x (|)

For 18° roof slope

WeF = tuv ∙ wxyz ∙ {x (|)

WeG = tuv ∙ wxy} ∙ {x (|)

WeH = tuv ∙ wxy~ ∙ {x (|)

WeI = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeJ = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

Wind has to be expressed separately for roofs and walls

Expressed on the column

Wip = 0.170 kN/m2

WeD = 0.585 kN/m2 Wwalls D=2.643 kN/m

WeE = - 0.234 kN/m2 Wwalls E=-0.223 kN/m

Expressed on the roof

vkk −= (y +  −) ∗ 2 ∗ w

Wis = -0.255 kN/m2

WeF = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls F= -0.121

WeG = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls G= -0.121

WeH = -0.085 kN/m2 Wwalls H= -0.121

WeD = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeE = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

Wip = tuv ∙ wx ∙ {x (|)

Wis = tuv ∙ wxh ∙ {x (|)

WeI = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

WeJ = tuv ∙ wxy ∙ {x (|)

vkk −= (y + −) ∗ 2 ∗ w

p. ∙ p.i¨h¡p.j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

p.¹ ∙ ¡p.¹j ∙ ¢¡.p ∙ ¤º»¼½

p.¹ ∙ p.i¨h¡p.¹j ∙h ¡.p ∙ .ph

• t« = partial safety coefficient ( = 1.25)