Now lets briefly review the tools

used to make this log

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 ty a y
i
is ty rt o
n tiv aR
n u n ic s is m
m
e
De Ne So R Ga

Hydrocarbon thickness
Porosity
Saturation
Area
Hydrocarbon type

Permeability
Pressure

Lithology

Any log can supply other information like depth, temperature

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 Gamma Ray tool
Tool measures natural gamma-ray radiation
from radioactive minerals
Applications:
Correlation between wells
Correlation of different logging passes
Clay volume estimate
Lithology determination
Correlation through casing (for perforating etc.)

High GR Low GR
Most sands and
Clays: limestones
Evaporites (salt,
anydrite…)
Non-reservoir Reservoir
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 Gamma Ray tool
Tool measures natural gamma-ray radiation
from radioactive minerals
Applications:
Correlation between wells
Correlation of different logging passes
Clay volume estimate
Lithology determination
Correlation through casing (for perforating etc.)
Spectral gamma-ray tools use GR energy to estimate
Thorium, Potassium and Uranium content of the formation.

Typical sources of radioactivity:

Thorium – clays, thorium bearing minerals like zircon
Potassium – most clays, micas, some feldspars, mud
Uranium – source rock signature, fractures
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0 GR 150

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 Density Tool

Caliper
(for hole size)
Gamma Ray
Detectors

Gamma Ray
source
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 Density Tool

Tool measures formation density

(Higher porosity gives lower density)

Primary application:

• Porosity (if rock type known)

Other applications
• Input to synthetic seismic
• Correlation between wells
• Lithology, when combined with neutron, also from PEF
• Mechanical properties
• Permeability estimate
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 6 CALI 16 1.95 RHOB 2.95

Porosity
increases

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 Density – principle of measurement

Far detector

Heavy metal to
shield GR

Near detector

Radioactive
Gamma-ray
source
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 Neutron Tool

Backup arm

Neutron
Detectors

Neutron source
(note some
neutron tools
use minitron)

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 Neutron Tool

Measures hydrogen ‘index’ of formation

(The hydrogen content, compared to pure water)

Primary application:
• Porosity (if rock type known)

Other applications:
• Lithology, when combined with density
• Gas detection – neutron porosity reads quite low
• Through casing porosity

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 Neutron – principle of measurement

Far detector

Neutron
shielding

Near detector

Radioactive
neutron source

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 Neutron – wellsite log

Neutron porosity = Neutron porosity from log, corrected for lithology.

(Environmental corrections will also be required for an accurate porosity.)

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 0.45 NPHI -0.15

Porosity
increases

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 Combining density & neutron in clastic rocks
Density
Neutron
Use curve separation in 1.95
.45
2.95
-.15
density/neutron logs to 1 Shale
2 Organic Shale
help interpret lithology
and fluids Shale
( always check for ‘compatible’
3 Clean Gas sand
scale between density and neutron)
4 Clean Oil sand

5 Clean Water sand

6 Lower porosity
water sand
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 Clay indication 0.45 NPHI -0.15
from GR 1.95 RHOB 2.95

Coal

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 Combining density & neutron -2
Density
Density
Neutron
Neutron
1.95 2.95
.45 -.15
3
4 1 Shale
5
Density

2 Organic Shale

6 Shale

2
Clean Gas sand
3
1
Clean Oil sand
4

Neutron
Clean Water sand
5

Lower porosity
6 water sand

Use curve separation in log format to help interpret lithology and fluids – always
check for ‘compatible’ scale between density and neutron
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 Combining density & neutron -2
Density
Density
n e Neutron
Neutron
s t o e 1.95 2.95
3 d
n sto n .45 -.15

4 5 sa e 1 Shale
i n g im
l
Density

r 2 Organic Shale

b ea ring
6ate
r ea
r b Shale

n w te e s
a l
lea n w S h
2
a Clean Gas sand
C ea +
3
Cl
1
ys
a
Cl 4 Clean Oil sand

Neutron
Clean Water sand
5

Lower porosity
6 water sand

Use curve separation in log format to help interpret lithology and fluids – always
check for ‘compatible’ scale between density and neutron
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 Sonic Tool

Receivers

Transmitter
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 Sonic Tool

Measures time sound takes to travel 1 foot

(higher porosity gives longer time)

Primary applications:
• Porosity (if rock type known)

Other applications
• Input to synthetic seismic
• Correlation between wells
• Mechanical properties
• Stress orientation
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 Sonic – principle of measurement

Far receiver
Tool designed to
prevent direct
sound arrival
Near receiver

Transmitter

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 Sonic
wellsite
log

Sonic porosity = DTmatrix - DTlog DTmatrix = 55 in sandstone,

(Time average) DTmatrix - DTfluid DTfluid = 189 in fresh water
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 140 DT 40

Porosity
increases

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 Resistivity
principle of
measurement
High
Resistance

Resistivity – what is
the resistance to Medium
current flow through Resistance
the rock?

Low
Resistance

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 Resistivity and
the borehole
environment

Resistivity – what is the

resistance to current flow
through the rock?

Resistivity is lower when:

Important parameters in uninvaded rock
- more water is in the rock,
Rt – deep formation restivity
- water salinity increases
Rw – formation water resistivity
Sw – Water fraction in pore space
Resistivity tools measure
Rt, the uninvaded
Taken from Schlumberger
Chart Book
formation resistivity
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 Induction Tool

Measures deep formation resistivity

Primary application:

• Gives ‘Rt’ to help compute water saturation

Other applications:
• Estimate depth of invaded zone
• Correlation between wells

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 Induction – principle of measurement

Transmitter

Induced
current in
formation
Receiver

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 .2 ILD 2000

Resistivity
increases

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 Laterolog tool

Measures deep formation resistivity

Primary application:

• Gives Rt to help compute water saturation

Other applications:
• Estimate depth of invaded zone
• Correlation between wells

Note: Works only in Water Based Mud

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 Laterolog – physics of measurement

Laterolog tools essentially inject a

current into the formation from a
Metal central electrode. Further
electrodes electrodes each side help to focus
the current to different depths
within the formation.
Current
flows into A conductive mud is required for
formation this measurement.

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 Laterolog –
wellsite log

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 Microresistivity

Measures resistivity very near wellbore,

which is usually invaded by mud filtrate

Primary application:
• Help identify movable hydrocarbon

Other applications:
• Estimate depth of invaded zone
• Help identify permeable zones

Note: Most tools work only in Water

Based Mud (except Rxo from Oil Based
Mud Imager)

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 Microresistivity

Principle of measurement:

Standard tool works on a similar

principle to the laterolog.

Current is forced a few inches in to the

formation to measure the invaded zone.

Typical curve names:

MSFL, RXOZ, RXO8

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 .2 MSFL 2000

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 ty a y
i
is ty rt o
n tiv aR
n u n ic s is m
m
e
De Ne So R Ga

Hydrocarbon thickness
Porosity
Saturation
Area
Hydrocarbon type

Permeability
Pressure

Lithology

Any log can supply other information like depth, temperature

jw_slb_06 35
 ce r
a n n g r ic ke
o n gi s te m a
e s a e i s e T
R Im T S e p l
ic le o n e m
et o a ti o r a
g n reh r m l lb r e S
a B o o e o
M F W C

Hydrocarbon thickness
Porosity
Saturation
Area
Hydrocarbon type

Permeability
Pressure

Lithology

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 Magnetic Resonance tool

Measures polarization decay of hydrogen nuclei

Applications:
Porosity (independent of rock type)
Permeability, from internal surface area
Hydrocarbon typing
Identifies the mobility of pore fluids

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 NMR – principle of measurement

Investigates small
Long magnet volume of rock close
to wellbore

Antennae section

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 NMR – log example

A
Get NMR log example!

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 NMR – log example

T2 distribution in Track 5 shows

small pore porosity (bound fluid)
to the left and large pore porosity
to the right (free fluid). T2 cutoff
separates these two porosity
A types.

Free and Bound fluid is displayed

in Track 4, and permeability from
NMR in Track 3, compared to
B core.

Note that zone B has higher

porosity compared to zone A, yet
zone A has the higher
permeability, as predicted by
NMR.

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 Imaging tools
Imaging in wireline measurements
relies on variation in resistivity or
acoustic formation properties.

In LWD sensors, imaging can also be derived from density.

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 Imaging example

0 180 360

Typical wellsite micro-resistivity image log

All log displays ‘unwrap’ the image on the borehole wall to allow display on
flat paper
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 Pressure measurement

Probe touches
formation

Packer isolates
probe from
hydrostatic
pressure

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 Pressure – example

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 Pressure interpretation

gas
TVD
Depth GOC

oil
OWC

water

Pressure

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 Pressure – principle of measurement

Pressure measurements are made by

hydraulically isolating a small
section of the borehole wall. Pressure
in this isolated volume is initially
dropped below reservoir pressure by
withdrawing a small volume of fluid.

After withdrawal of fluid, pressure

within this small volume stabilizes to
reservoir pressure and is read off by
an accurate pressure gauge.

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 Rotary Core sample taker

Recover core samples from different

depths in the well

Primary Application:

• Allow surface laboratory measurements to

be made on downhole rock

A small core is extracted from the borehole

wall by drilling a small core….

…. other technologies use explosives to

fire a hollow bullet into the formation, which
is retrieved by steel wires.
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 Wellbore seismic

Records downhole acoustic signals from

surface air gun

Primary Application:

• Calibrate surface seismic time-to-depth

Other applications:
• Image reflectors below Total Depth of well
• Image reflectors in subsurface around the
wellbore location.

An array of geophones is place against the

borehole wall. These pick up acoustic signals
from a surface air gun.
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