IC6501 Pec

Visit : www.Easyengineering.
net
Panimalar Engineering College Umar Ali
1.Partial Differential Equation
An equation involving partial derivatives of two or more independent variables is called a Partial differential equa-
tion(PDE)
Formation of PDE
PDE are formed in two ways
• by eliminating arbitrary constants.
• by eliminating arbitrary functions.
Notations:
If z = f (x, y) then
∂z ∂z
p= ,q =
∂x ∂y
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

r= 2
,s = ,t =
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions
1. If no.of arbitrary constants ≤ no.of independent variable then use p,q only.
2. If no.of arbitrary constants > no.of independent variable then use p,q,r,s and t.
Form a PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants
1. z = a(x + y) + b
Solution:
Given z = a(x + y) + b...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
Differentiate (1) par. w.r.t x and y,
∂z ∂z
p= = a.......(2), q= = a........(3)
∂x ∂y
From (2) & (3)⇒ p = q which is the required p.d.e.
2. z = a2 x + ay 2 + b
Solution:
Given z = a2 x + ay 2 + b...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
Page 1
Visit : www.Easyengineering.net
∂z ∂z
p= = a2 .......(2) q = = 2ay
∂x ∂y
q
⇒y =
2a
q2
y2 =
4a2
q2
y2 = using (2)
4p
⇒ 4py 2 = q 2 which is the required p.d.e.
3. z = axn + by n
Solution:
Given z = axn + by n ...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
∂z ∂z
p= = naxn−1 , q= = nby n−1
∂x ∂y
p q
a= , b=
nxn−1 ny n−1
Sub in (1)
p q
z= xn + n−1 y n
nxn−1 ny
⇒ nz = px + qy which is the required p.d.e.
4. z = ax2 + by 2 Ans: 2z = px + qy
5. z = ax3 + by 3 Ans: 3z = px + qy
6. z = (x2 + a)(y 2 + b)
Solution:
Given z = (x2 + a)(y 2 + b)...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
∂z ∂z
p= = 2x(y 2 + b), q= = 2y(x2 + a)
∂x ∂y
p q
y2 + b = , x2 + a =
2x 2y
Sub in (1)
q p
z=
2y 2x
⇒ 4xyz = pq which is the required p.d.e.
7. z = (x2 + a2 )(y 2 + b2 ) Ans: 4xyz = pq
8. (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = r2
Solution:
Given (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = r2 .......(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
∂z ∂z
2(x − a) + 2z = 0, 2(y − b) + 2z =0
∂x ∂y
x − a = −zp , y − b = −zq
Page 2
Sub in (1)
(−zp)2 + (−zq)2 + z 2 = r2
z 2 p2 + z 2 q 2 + z 2 = r2
⇒ z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = r2 which is the required p.d.e.
9. (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = 1 Ans: z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = 1
10. z = (x − a)2 (y − b)2 Ans: 4xyz = pq
11. z = (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 Ans:p2 + q 2 = 4z
12. z = (x + a)3 + (y − b)3

Solution:
Given z = (x + a)3 + (y − b)3 ...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
∂z ∂z
p= = 3(x + a)2 , q= = 3(y − b)2
∂x ∂y
p q
(x + a)2 = , (y − b)2 =
p 312 q31
2
x+a= , y−b=
3 3 3 3
p 2 q 2
(x + a)3 = , (y − b)3 =
3 3
Sub in (1)
p 32 q 32
⇒z= + which is the required p.d.e.
3 3
p 32 q 2
13. z = (x + a)3 + (y − b)2 Ans: z = +
3 2
14. (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α

Solution:
Given (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α...........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
2(x − a) = 2zp cot2 α, 2(y − b) = 2zq cot2 α
(x − a) = zp cot2 α , (y − b) = zq cot2 α
Sub in (1)
[zp cot2 α]2 + [zq cot2 α]2 = z 2 cot2 α
z 2 cot4 α(p2 + q 2 ) = z 2 cot2 α
⇒ p2 + q 2 = tan2 α which is the required p.d.e.
15. Find the PDE of the family of spheres having centres on the z-axis.
Solution:
Given that the sphere lies on the z-axis.
Centre is (0, 0, c). Let Radius = r.
∴ Eqn of the sphere
x2 + y 2 + (z − c)2 = r2 .........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
Page 3
∂z ∂z
2x + 2(z − c) = 0, 2y + 2(z − c) =0
∂x ∂y
x + (z − c)p = 0, y + (z − c)q = 0
(z − c)p = −x.........(2), (z − c)q = −y.........(3)
Eqn(2) p −x
⇒ =
Eqn(3) q −y
⇒ py = xq which is the required p.d.e.
16. Find the PDE of all plane having equal intercept on the x and y axis.
Solution:
x y z
Intercept form of the plane eqn is + + =1
a b c
Given :a = b
x y z
⇒ + + = 1.........(1) no.of a.c=no.of I.V
a a c
1 1 ∂z 1 1 ∂z
+0+ = 0, 0+ + =0
a c ∂x a c ∂y
1 1 1 1
+ p=0, + q=0
a c a c
1 1 1 1
= − p........(2) = − q........(3)
a c a c
From (2) and (3)
1 1
− p=− q
c c
⇒ p = q which is the required p.d.e.
17. Form the PDE of the family of sphere having their centres on the line x = y = z
Hint:(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 + (z − a)2 = r2 Ans : (y − z)p + (z − x)q = x − y
Formation of PDE by eliminating arbitrary function:
Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions

x
1. z = f
y
Solution:

x
Given z = f
y
Diff par w.r.t. x and y,
∂z x 1 ∂z x −x
= f0 , = f0 2
∂x y y ∂y y y
x 1 x −x
p = f0 .......(1) q = f0 .......(2)
y y y y2
1
Eqn(1) p y
⇒ = −x
Eqn(2) q
2
2 y
p 1 −y
=
q y x
p −y
=
q x
⇒ px = −qy
∴ px + qy = 0 which is the required p.d.e.
Page 4
y
2. z = f Ans : xp + yq = 0
x
3. z = f (xy) Ans : xp = yq
4. z = f (x2 + y 2 ) Solution:
Given z = f (x2 + y 2 )
Diff par w.r.t. x & y,
∂z ∂z
p= = f 0 (x2 + y 2 )2x.......(1), q= = f 0 (x2 + y 2 )2y........(2)
∂x ∂y
Eqn(1) p 2x
⇒ =
Eqn(2) q 2y
∴ py = qx which is the required p.d.e.
x
5. z 2 − xy = f
z
Solution:
x
Let ϕ z 2 − xy, =0
z
2 x
where u = z − xy and v =
z
Hence the required PDE is of the form P p + Qq = R
Where
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
P = −
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y
x
= (−x) − 2 − 2z(0)
z
x2
P =
z2
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Q = −
∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z
1 x
= (2z) − (−y) − 2
z z
xy
Q = 2− 2
z
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
R = −
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

1
= (−y)(0) − (−x)
z
x
R =
z
The required equation is
x2
xy x
2
p+ 2− 2 q =
z z z
2 2
x 2z − xy x
p + q =
z2 z2 z
x2 p + (2z 2 − xy)q = xz which is the required p.d.e.
6. ϕ(x2 − y 2 , z) = 0 Ans: yp + xq = 0
7. ϕ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , ax + by + cz) = 0 Ans: (bz − cy)p + (cx − az)q = ay − bx
Page 5
8. ϕ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , x + y + z) = 0 Ans: (z − y)p + (x − z)q = y − x
Two Functions[use p,q,r,s,t]
9. z = g(y + x) + xf (y + x)
Solution:
Given z = xf (y + x) + g(y + x).....(1)
p = f (y + x) + xf 0 (y + x) + g 0 (y + x).....(2)
q = xf 0 (y + x) + g 0 (y + x).....(3)
Again diff (2) and (3) w.r.t x and y,
r = f 0 (y + x) + xf 00 (y + x) + f 0 (y + x) + g 00 (y + x)
t = xf 00 (y + x) + g 00 (y + x)
s = f 0 (y + x) + xf 00 (y + x) + g 00 (y + x)
Now r + t = 2[f 0 (y + x) + xf 00 (y + x) + g 00 (y + x)]
r+t = 2s
10. z = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)

Solution:
Given z = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)
Diff par w.r.t x & t,
∂z
= f 0 (x + ct) + g 0 (x − ct)
∂x
∂z
= f 0 (x + ct)c + g 0 (x − ct)(−c)
∂t
Again diff par w.r.t x & t,
∂2z
= f 00 (x + ct) + g 00 (x − ct)
∂x2
∂2z
= f 00 (x + ct)c2 + g 00 (x − ct)(−c)2
∂t2
= c2 [f 00 (x + ct) + g 00 (x − ct)]
∂2z ∂2z
= c2
∂t2 ∂x2
11. z = x2 f (y) + y 2 g(x)

Solution:
Given z = x2 f (y) + y 2 g(x)......(1)
Page 6
p = 2xf (y) + y 2 g 0 (x).....(2)
q = x2 f 0 (y) + 2yg(x).....(3)
Again diff (2) and (3) w.r.t x and y,
r = 2f (y) + y 2 g 00 (x).....(4)
t = x2 f 00 (y) + 2g(y).....(5)
s = 2xf 0 (y) + 2yg 0 (x).....(6)
(2) × x ⇒ px = 2x2 f (y) + xy 2 g 0 (x)
(3) × y ⇒ qy = x2 yf 0 (y) + 2y 2 g(x)
px + qy = 2[x2 f (y) + y 2 g(x)] + xy[xf 0 (y) + yg 0 (x)]

hsi
= 2z + xy
2
2(px + qy) = 4z + xys
12. z = f (x3 + 2y) + g(x3 − 2y) Ans: 4xr = 9x5 t + 8p
TYPES OF SOLUTION
Complete solution (or) Complete Integral

A solution in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the number of independent variables.
Particular Integral
In complete integral if we give particular values to the arbitrary constants.
Singular Integral
Let f (x, y, z, p, q) = 0 be a PDE whose complete integration is φ(x, y, z, a, b) = 0.....(1)
Diff (1) partially w.r.t a and b and then equal to zero, we get
∂φ
= 0.....(2)
∂a
∂φ
= 0.....(3)
∂b
Eliminating a and b by using eqn(1),(2) and (3).

The eliminant of a and b is called Singular Integral.
Page 7
Type 1: Form F (p, q) = 0
There is no Singular Integral for Type 1
√ √
1. Find the Complete integral of p+ q=1
Solution:
√ √
Given p+ q = 1.....(1)
This is type 1,
The complete integral is z = ax + by + c
put p = a and q = b in (1)
√ √
a+ b = 1
√ √
b = 1− a
√ 2
b = (1 − a)
√
⇒ the complete integral is z = ax + (1 − a)2 y + c, where a and c are arbitray constants.
2. Find the Complete integral of p + q = pq

Solution:
Given p + q = pq.....(1)
This is type 1,
a+b = ab
b = ab − a
b = a(b − 1)
⇒ the complete integral is z = ax + a(b − 1)y + c, where a and c are arbitray constants.
3. Find the Complete integral of p2 + q 2 = npq

Solution:
Given p2 + q 2 = npq.....(1)
This is type 1,
a2 + b2 = nab
b2 − nab + a2 = 0
Page 8
√
na ± n2 a2 − 4a2
⇒b =
√2
na ± a n2 − 4
=
2
√ !
n± n2 − 4
⇒ the complete integral is z = ax + ay + c, where a and c are arbitray constants.
2
Type 2: Form z = px + qy + f (p, q)[Clairaut’s Form]
1. Solve the equation z = px + qy + p2 − q 2

Solution:
Given z = px + qy + p2 − q 2
This is type 2[Clairaut’s Form],
∴ The complete integral is z = ax + by + a2 − b2 .....(1)
To find Singular Integral
Diff (1) par w.r.t a and b, we get
x
0 = x + 2a ⇒ a = −
2
y
0 = y − 2b ⇒ b =
2
substituting in (1), we get
2
x y −x y 2
z = − x+ y+ −
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x y x y
= − + + −
2 2 4 4
x2 y2
= − +
4 4
4z = y 2 − x2 , which is the singular solution
2. solve z = px + qy + p2 q 2
Solution:
Given z = px + qy + p2 q 2
∴ The complete integral is z = ax + by + a2 b2 ..........(1)
∂z
= x + 2ab2 = 0
∂a
Page 9
∂z
= y + 2ba2 = 0
∂b
⇒x = −2ab2 ..........(2)
y = −2ba2 ..........(3)
x
(2) ⇒ a = − ..........(4)
2b2
Substitute (4) in (3)
x 2
y = −2b − 2
2b
x2

= −2b
4b4
2
x
= − 3
2b
x2
b3 = −
2y
2 13
x
b = − ..........(5)
2y
Substitute (5) in (4)
x
a = − 2
x2 3
2 −
2y
x
= − 4
!
x3
2 2 2
23 y 3
2 2
x × 23 y 3
= − 4
2x 3
1
y2 3

= − ..........(6)
2x
Substitute (5) and (6) in (1)
13 13
2 2
y2 x2 y 2 3 x2 3

z = −x −y +
2x 2y2x 2y
2
! 2
!
2
2
y3 x3 y x2 3
= −x 1 1 −y 1 1 + ×
23 x3 23 y3 2x 2y
2 2
! 2 2
! 2 2
!
x3 y3 x3 y3 x3 y3
= − 1 − 1 + 2
23 23 43
27
z3 = − x2 y 2 , which is the singular solution
16
p
3. Find the singular solution of z = px + qy + 1 + p2 + q 2
Solution:
p
Given z = px + qy + 1 + p2 + q 2
Page 10

√
∴ The complete integral is z = ax + by + 1 + a2 + b2 ..........(1)
∂z 1
=x+ √ (2a) = 0
∂a 2 1 + a2 + b2
a
x+ √ = 0
1 + a2 + b2
a
x = −√ ..........(2)
1 + a2 + b2
∂z 1
=x+ √ (2b) = 0
∂b 2 1 + a2 + b2
b
y+ √ = 0
1 + a2 + b2
b
y = −√ ..........(3)
1 + a2 + b2
a2
⇒ x2 =
1 + a2 + b2
b2
y2 =
1 + a2 + b2
a2 + b2
Now x2 + y 2 =
1 + a2 + b2
a2 + b2
1 − (x2 + y 2 ) = 1−
1 + a 2 + b2
1 + a2 + b2 − a2 − b2
1 − x2 − y 2 =
1 + a2 + b2
1
=
1 + a2 + b2
1
1 + a2 + b2 =
1 − x2 − y 2
p 1
1 + a2 + b2 = p .........(4)
1 − x2 − y 2
From (2) and (3)

a b
√ = −x √ = −y
1 + a2 + b2 1 + a2 + b2
√ √
a = −x 1 + a2 + b2 b = (−y) 1 + a2 + b2
−x −x
a= p a= p by (4)
1 − x2 − y 2 1 − x2 − y 2
substituting in (1)
−x2 y2 1
z = p −p +p
1 − x2 − y 2 1 − x2 − y 2 1 − x2 − y 2
1 − x2 − y 2
= p
1 − x2 − y 2
p
z = 1 − x2 − y 2
z2 = 1 − x2 − y 2
∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1which is the singular solution.
Page 11
√
4. solve z = px + qy + 2 pq Ans: xy = 1
p y
5. solve z = px + qy + −p Ans: z =
q 1−x
6. solve z = px + qy + p2 − q 2 Ans: y 2 − x2 = 4z
1
7. Find the complete integral of (z − px − qy)(p + q) = 1 Ans: z = ax + by +
a+b
Type 3: Form f (p, q, z) = 0 or f (p, q, x) = 0 or f (p, q, y) = 0
1. Solve p(1 + q) = qz
Solution:
Given p(1 + q) = qz..........(1)
This is type 3,[f (p, q, z) = 0]
Put q = ap
substitute in (1)
p(1 + ap) =apz
1 + ap =az
ap =az − 1
az − 1
p= q = ap = az − 1
a
We have dz = pdx + qdy,
az − 1
Z Z Z
dz = dx + (az − 1)dy
a
Z Z Z
dz 1
= dx + dy
az − 1 a
Z Z Z
1 adz 1
= dx + dy
a az − 1 a
1 1
log(az − 1) = x + y + c1
a a
log(az − 1) =x + ay + c..........(2)
which is a complete integral, where a and c are constants.

To find the Singular Integral
Diff (2) par w.r.t a and c
when diff par w.r.t c, we get 0 = 1 which is not true.
So there is no Singular integral.
To find the General integral

Put c = φ(a) in (2)
⇒ log(az − 1) = x + ay + φ(a)..........(3)
Diff (3) w.r.t a and Eliminating a, we get the General Integral
Page 12
2. Solve z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = 1
Solution:
Given z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = 1..........(1)
This is type 3,[f (p, q, z) = 0] Put q = ap
substitute in (1)
z 2 (p2 + a2 p2 + 1) = 1
p2 z 2 (a2 + 1) + z 2 = 1
1 − z2
p2 =
z 2 a2 + 1
√ √
1 − z2 1 − z2
p = p q = ap = a p
z (a2 + 1)
2 z (a2 + 1)
2
We have dz = pdx + qdy
Z √ √
1 − z2 1 − z2
Z Z
dz = √ dx + a √ dy
z a2 + 1 z a2 + 1
Z Z Z
z 1 1
√ dz = √ dx + a √ dy.....(i)
1 − z2 2
a +1 2
a +1
put 1 − z 2 = t2
−2zdz = 2tdt
−zdz = tdt
sub in (i)
−tdt
Z Z Z
1 1
= √ dx + a √ dy.....(i)
t a2 + 1 a2 + 1
p
1 + a2 (−t) = x + ay + c
p p
− 1 + a2 1 − z 2 = x + ay + c...........(2)


√ √
⇒ − 1 + a2 1 − z 2 = x + ay + φ(a)..........(3)
Page 13
Diff (3) w.r.t a and Eliminating a, we get the General Integral.
3. p(1 − q 2 ) = q(1 − z)
Solution:
Given p(1 − q 2 ) = q(1 − z) ..........(1)
This is type 3,[f (p, q, z) = 0]
Put q = ap
substitute in (1)
p(1 − a2 p2 ) = ap(1 − z)
1 − a2 p2 = a − az
a2 p2 = 1 − a + az
1 − a + az
p2 = 2
√ a
1 − a + az
p =
a
Z √ Z √
1 − a + az 1 − a + az
Z
dz = dx + a dy
a a
Z Z Z
dz 1
√ = dx + dy..........(2)
1 − a + az a
put 1 − a + az = t2
adz = 2tdt
sub in (2)
Z Z Z
2tdt 1
= dx + dy
at a
2t 1
= x+y+c
a a
√
2 1 − a + az = x + ay + c..........(3)


Page 14
√
⇒ 2 1 − a + az = x + ay + φ(a)..........(3)
p
4. p(1 + q 2 ) = q(z − a) Ans: 2 bz − (ab + 1) = x + by + c
3
5. Solve 9(p2 z + q 2 ) = 4 Ans: (z + a2 ) 2 = x + ay + c
1
6. Solve z 2 = 1 + p2 + q 2 Ans: cos h−1 z = √ (x + ay) + c
1 + a2
Type 4: Method of Separable[Form: f1 (x, p) = f2 (y, q)]
1. Solve p2 y(1 + x2 ) = qx2

Solution:
Given p2 y(1 + x2 ) = qx2 .....(1)
This is type 4,[f1 (x, p) = f2 (y, q)]
p2 (1 + x2 ) q
= =a
x2 y
p2 (1 + x2 ) q
=a =a
x2 y
2
ax
p2 = q = ya
1+ √x2
x a
p= √ q = ya
1 + x2

Z Z √ Z
x a
dz = √ dx + yady...........(1)
1 + x2
put 1 + x2 = t2
2xdx = 2tdt ⇒ xdx = tdt
sub in (1)
√
Z Z Z
tdt
dz = a + a ydy
t
√ y2
z = at + a + c
2
√ p y2
z = a 1 + x2 + a + c
2
2
p ay
z = a(1 + x2 ) + + c...........(2)
2
which is a complete integral, where a and c are constants

Page 15

p ay 2
⇒ z = a(1 + x2 ) + + φ(a).........(3)
2
2. Solve p2 + q 2 = x + y
Solution:
Given p2 + q 2 = x + y.....(1)
p2 − x = y − q 2 = a
p2 − x = a y − q2 = a
p2 = a + x q2 = y − a
√ √
p= a+x q = y−a

√ √
Z Z Z
dz = x + adx + y − ady
3 3
(x + a) 2 (y − a) 2
z = 3 + 3 +c
2 2
2 3 2 3
z = (x + a) 2 + (y − a) 2 + c.....(2)
3 3


2 3 2 3
⇒ z = (x + a) 2 + (y − a) 2 + φ(a).....(3)
3 3
3. Solve q = 2px
Solution:
Given q = 2px.....(1)
q = 2px = a
Page 16
2px = a y=a
a
p= q=a
2x

Z Z Z
a
dz = dx + ady
2x
a
z = log x + ay + c.....(2)
2


a
⇒ z = log x + ay + φ(a).....(3)
2
x2 1 y2
4. Find the complete integral of pq = xy Ans:z = a + +c
2 a 2
(x + a)2 (y − a)2
5. Find the complete integral of p + q = x + y Ans:z = + +c
2 2
6. Find the complete integral of p2 + q 2 = x2 + y 2

R√ x√ 2 a2
Hint: x2 + a2 dx = x + a2 + sin h−1 xa
2 2
R√ x√ 2 a2
x2 − a2 dx = x − a2 − cos h−1 xa
2 2
x√ 2 a2 yp 2 a2
Ans:z = x + a2 + sin h−1 xa + y − a2 − cos h−1 ay + c
2 2 2 2
Solving second and higher order with constant coefficients homogeneous and non ho-
mogeneous differential equation
In this chapter z will always represent a function of x and y, i.e z = f (x, y)
Notations:
∂ ∂ ∂z ∂z ∂2z ∂2z ∂2z
D= , D0 = ,p = ,q = ,r = , s = &t =
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Definition:
A linear p.d.e with constant coefficient in which all the partial derivative are of the same order is called
homogeneous, otherwise it is called non-homogeneous
Page 17
(HOMOGENEOUS)Form: f (D, D0 )z = F (x, y)

The solution is z = C.F + P.I
To find C.F
Put D = m and D0 = 1
Page 18
Roots C.F
real(imaginary) and Different
m1 6= m2 f1 (y + m1 x) + f2 (y + m2 x)
real(imaginary) and same
m1 = m2 = m f1 (y + mx) + xf2 (y + mx)
To find P.I
Panimalar Engineering College
Form P.I Substitution

1
f (D, D0 ) = eax+by eax+by D → a,D0 → b
f (D, D0 )
1
= eax+by
f (a, b)
1
f (D, D0 ) = sin(ax + by) or cos(ax + by) sin(ax + by) or cos(ax + by) D2 → −a2 ,D02 → −b2 ,DD0 → −ab
f (D, D0 )
1
f (D, D0 ) = xm y n xm y n Binomial theorem
f (D, D0 )
= [f (D, D0 )]−1 xm y n
1
f (D, D0 ) = eax+by sin(cx + dy) eax+by sin(cx + dy) D → D + a,D0 → D0 + b

f (D, D0 )
1
= eax+by sin(cx + dy) Solve by form 2
f (D + a, D0 + b)
1
f (D, D0 ) = sin(ax + by)φ(x, y) Or eax+by φ(x, y) F (x, y)
f (D, D0 )
1
= F (x, y)
(D − m1 D0 )(D − m2 D0 )
1 R
= F (x, c − m2 x)dx y = c − m2 x
(D − m1 D0 )
Note:
If the Dr. is zero then put x in Nr. and differentiate w.r.t D in Dr.
Page 19
Umar Ali
1. Solve (D3 − 7DD02 − 6D03 )z = e2x+y + sin(x + 2y)

Solution:
A.E : Put D = m and D0 = 1
i.e m3 − 7m − 6 = 0
1 0 −7 −6
−1 −1 1 6
1 −1 −6 0
2
i.e m − m − 6 = 0
(m + 2)(m − 3) = 0
⇒ m = −2, 3
∴ m = −1, −2, 3
C.F = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x) + f3 (y + 3x)
To find P.I Ist,

D=a=2
1 1
P.I = 02 03
e2x+y + 3 sin(x + 2y) D0 = b = 1
3
D − 7DD − 6D D − 7DD02 − 6D03
1 1 IInd,
= e2x+y + sin(x + 2y)
8−7×2×1−6 −D + 28D + 24D0
1 2x+y 1 D2 = −a2 = −1
= e + sin(x + 2y)
−12 27D + 24D0 D02 = −b2 = −4
−1 2x+y D
= e + sin(x + 2y)
12 27D2 + 24DD0 D02 = −b2 = −4
−e2x+y D
= + sin(x + 2y)
12 27(−1) + 24(−2)
−e2x+y cos(x + 2y)
= +
12 −27 − 48
= +
12 −75
= −
12 75
∴z = C.F + P.I
e2x+y cos(x + 2y)
z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x) + f3 (y + 3x) − −
12 75
2. Solve (D2 − D02 )z = ex+2y + sin(2x − y)

ex+2y sin(2x − y)
Ans: z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y − x) − −
3 3
3. Solve (D3 + D2 D0 + 4DD02 + 4D03 )z = cos(2x + y)

1
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y + 2ix) + f3 (y − 2ix) − sin(2x + y)
24
4. Solve (D3 − 7DD02 − 6D03 )z = cos(x + y)

1
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x) + f3 (y + 3x) + sin(x + y)
12
5. Solve (D2 + DD0 − 6D02 )z = cos(x + 2y)

1
Ans: z = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y − 3x) + cos(x + 2y)
21
Page 20
6. Solve (D2 + 3DD0 − 4D02 )z = sin y

1
Ans: z = f1 (y − 4x) + f2 (y + x) + sin y
4
7. Solve (D2 − 2DD0 + D02 )z = ex+2y + sin(2x − 3y)

1
Ans: z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) + ex+2y − sin(2x − 3y)
25
8. Solve (D2 + 2DD0 + D02 )z = ex+2y + sin(2x − y)

1
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + xf2 (y − x) + ex+2y − sin(2x − y)
9
∂3z ∂3z
9. Solve − 2 = ex+2y + 4 sin(x + y)
∂x3 ∂x2 ∂y
1
Ans: z = f1 (y) + xf2 (y) + f3 (y + 2x) − ex+2y − 4 cos(x + y)
3
10. Solve (4D2 − 4DD0 + D02 )z = e3x−2y + sin x

1 1 1 1
Ans: z = f1 y + x + xf2 y + x + e3x−2y − sin x
2 2 64 4
11. Solve (D2 − DD0 − 20D02 )z = e5x+y + sin(4x − y)

Solution:
i.e m2 − m − 20 = 0
(m − 5)(m + 4) = 0
⇒ m = 5, −4
∴ C.F = f1 (y + 5x) + f2 (y − 4x)
To find P.I Ist,

D=a=5
1 1
P.I = 0− 02
e5x+y + 2 sin(4x − y) D0 = b = 1
2
D − DD 20D D − DD0− 20D02
1 1 IInd,
= e5x+y + sin(4x − y)
25 − 5 − 20 −16 − 4 + 20
1 5x+y 1 D2 = −a2 = −16
= e + sin(4x − y)
0 0 D02 = −b2 = −1
x 5x+y x
= e + sin(4x − y)
2D − D0 2D − D0 D02 = −b2 = 4
x D
= e5x+y + x 2 sin(4x − y)
10 − 1 2D + DD0
x 5x+y cos(4x − y)2
= e +x
9 2(−16) − 4
x 5x+y 4 cos(4x − y)2
= e +x
9 −36
x 5x+y x
= e − cos(4x − y)
9 9
∴z = C.F + P.I
x 5x+y x
z = f1 (y + 5x) + f2 (y − 4x) + e − cos(4x − y)
9 9
12. Solve (D2 − DD0 − 30D02 )z = xy + e6x+y

Solution:
Page 21
i.e m2 − m − 30 = 0
(m − 6)(m + 5) = 0
⇒ m = 6, −5
∴ C.F = f1 (y + 6x) + f2 (y − 5x)
To find P.I D=a=6

D0 = b = 1
1 1
P.I = 0− 02
e6x+y + 2 xy
2
D − DD 30D D − DD0− 30D02
1 1
= e6x+y + 0
xy
− 30D02
2
36 − 6 − 30 2
D − DD
D
D2
1 6x+y 1
= e + 0 xy
30D02

0 2
D
D 1− +
D D2
0 −1
30D02

x 6x+y 1 D
= e + 1 − + xy
2D − D0 D2 D D2
" 0 2 #
30D02
0
x 6x+y 1 D D 30D02
= e + 2 1+ + + + + ... xy
12 − 1 D D D2 D D2
0
x 6x+y 1 D
= e + 2 1+ xy Since power of y is 1, D’ enogh
11 D D
x 6x+y 1 h xi
= e + 2 xy +
11 D D
x 6x+y 1 x2
= e + 2 xy +
11 D 2
2
x3

x 6x+y 1 x
= e + y. +
11 D 2 6
x 6x+y x3 x4
= e + y. +
11 6 24
∴z = C.F + P.I
x 6x+y x3 y x4
z = f1 (y + 6x) + f2 (y − 5x) + e + +
11 6 24
13. Solve (D2 − 4DD0 + 4D02 )z = xy + e2x+y

Solution:
i.e m2 − 4m + 4 = 0
(m − 2)(m − 2) = 0
⇒ m = 2, 2
∴ C.F = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x)
To find P.I
1 1
P.I = e2x+y + 2 xy
D2 − 4DD0+ 4D02 D − 4DD0+ 4D02
1 1
= e2x+y + xy
D − 4DD0+ 4D02
2
4−8+4
D2
D2
Page 22
D=a=2
D0 = b = 1
1 2x+y 1
= e + 0 xy
4D02

0 4D
D2 1 − −
D D2
0 −1
4D02

x 2x+y 1 4D
= e + 2 1− − xy
2D − 4D0 D D D2
" 0 2 #
4D02
0
x 2x+y 1 4D 4D 4D02
= e + 2 1+ − + − + ... xy
4−4 D D D2 D D2
0
x 2x+y 1 4D
= e + 2 1+ xy Since power of y is 1, D’ enogh
0 D D
x2 2x+y

1 4x
= e + 2 xy +
2 D D
2
4x2

x 2x+y 1
= e + 2 xy +
2 D 2
2
2
4x3

x 2x+y 1 x
= e + y. +
2 D 2 6
2 3 4
x 2x+y x 4x
= e + y. +
2 6 24
x2 2x+y x3 y x4
= e + +
2 6 6
∴z = C.F + P.I
x2 2x+y x3 y x4
z = f1 (y + 2x) + xf2 (y + 2x) + e + +
2 6 6
14. Solve (D2 + DD0 − 6D02 )z = x2 y + e3x+y

x4 y x5
Ans: z = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y − 3x) + 16 e3x+y + −
12 60
15. Solve (D3 − 2D2 D0 )z = 2e2x + 3x2 y

1 x5 y x6
Ans: z = f1 (y) + xf2 (y) + f3 (y + 2x) + e2x + −
4 60 60
16. Solve (D2 − 2DD0 )z = e2x−y + x3 y

1 x5 y x6
Ans: z = f1 (y) + f2 (y + 2x) + e2x−y + +
8 20 60
17. Solve (D2 + 3DD0 + 2D02 )z = sin(2x + y) + x + y

Solution:
i.e m2 + 3m + 2 = 0
(m + 1)(m + 2) = 0
⇒ m = −1, −2
∴ C.F = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x)
To find P.I
1 1
P.I = sin(2x + y) + 2 (x + y)
D2 + 3DD0 + 2D02 D + 3DD0 + 2D02
1 1
= sin(2x + y) + 0
(x + y)
+ 2D02
2
−4 − 6 − 2 2
D + 3DD
D
D2
Page 23
1 1
= sin(2x + y) + 0 (x + y) D2 = −a2 = −4
2D02

−12 3D
D2 1 + + D02 = −b2 = −1
D D2
−1
D02 = −b2 = −2
0
2D02

1 1 3D
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 1 + + (x + y)
12 D D D2
" 0 2 #
2D02
0
1 1 3D 3D 2D02
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 1 − + + + − ... (x + y)
12 D D D2 D D2
0
1 1 3D
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 1 − (x + y)
12 D D

1 1 3
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 x + y −
12 D D
1 1
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 [x + y − 3x]
12 D
1 1
= − sin(2x + y) + 2 [y − 2x]
12 D
2x2

1 1
= − sin(2x + y) + yx −
12 D 2
2 3
1 x 2x
= − sin(2x + y) + y. −
12 2 6
1 x2 y x3
= − sin(2x + y) + −
12 2 3
∴z = C.F + P.I
1 x2 y x3
z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x) − sin(2x + y) + −
12 2 3
18. Solve (D2 + 3DD0 + 2D02 )z = x + y

x2 y x3
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y − 2x) + 2 −
3
19. Solve (D2 − DD0 − 2D02 )z = 2x + 3y + e3x+4y

1 5x3 3x2 y
Ans: z = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y − x) − e3x+4y + +
35 6 2
20. Solve (D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02 )z = ex sin hy + xy

e − e−y
y
i.e,(D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02 )z = ex + xy
2
1
(D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02 )z = (ex+y − ex−y ) + xy
2
1 1
(D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02 )z = ex+y − ex−y + xy
2 2
Solution:
i.e m2 − 6m + 5 = 0
(m − 1)(m − 5) = 0
⇒ m = 1, 5
∴ C.F = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 5x)
To find P.I
1 1 x+y 1 1 x−y 1
P.I = e + 2 e + 2 xy
D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02 2 D − 6DD0 + 5D02 2 D − 6DD0 + 5D02
Page 24

1 1 1 1 1
= ex+y + ex−y + xy
D2 − 6DD0 + 5D02

2 1−6+5 2 1+6+5
D2
D2

1 1 x+y 1 1 1
= e + ex−y + 0 xy
5D02

2 0 2 12 6D
D2 1 − −
D D2
0 −1
5D02

1 x x+y 1 x−y 1 6D
= e + e + 2 1− − xy
2 2D − 6D0 24 D D D2
" 0 2 #
5D02
0
5D02

1 x x+y 1 x−y 1 6D 6D
= e + e + 2 1+ − + − + ... xy
2 2−6 24 D D D2 D D2
0
1 x 1 1 6D
= ex+y + ex−y + 2 1 + xy
2 −4 24 D D

1 1 1 6x
= − ex+y + ex−y + 2 xy +
8 24 D D
6x2

1 1 1
= − ex+y + ex−y + 2 xy +
8 24 D 2
2
6x3

1 1 1 x
= − ex+y + ex−y + y +
8 24 D 2 6
3 4
1 1 x 6x
= − ex+y + ex−y + y +
8 24 6 24
∴z = C.F + P.I
1 1 x3 x4
z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y + 5x) − ex+y + ex−y + y +
8 24 6 4
21. Solve (D2 + 2DD0 + D02 )z = sin h(x + y) + ex+2y

1 1
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + xf2 (y − x) + [ex+y − e−(x+y) ] + ex+2y (OR)
8 9
1 1
Ans: z = f1 (y − x) + xf2 (y − x) + sin h(x + y) + ex+2y
4 9
22. Solve (D3 + D2 D0 − DD02 − D03 )z = sin 2x cos y

Solution:
(D3 + D2 D0 − DD02 − D03 )z = 21 [sin(2x + y) + sin(2x − y)]
1 1
(D3 + D2 D0 − DD02 − D03 )z = sin(2x + y) + sin(2x − y)
2 2
i.e m3 + m2 − m − 1 = 0
1 1 −1 −1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1 0
i.e m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
⇒ m = −1, −1
∴ m = 1, −1, −1
C.F = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y − x) + xf3 (y − x)
Page 25
To find P.I D2 = −a2 = −4

D02 = −b2 = −1
1 1 1 1
P.I = 3 2 0 02 03
sin(2x + y) + 3 2 0 02 03
sin(2x − y) D02 = −b2 = −2
D + D D − DD − D 2 D + D D − DD − D 2

1 1 1 1
= sin(2x + y) + sin(2x − y)
2 −4D − 4D0 + D + D0 2 −4D − 4D0 + D + D0

1 1 1 1
= sin(2x + y) + sin(2x − y)
2 −3D − 3D0 2 −3D − 3D0

1 D 1 D
= sin(2x + y) + sin(2x − y)
2 −3D2 − 3DD0 2 −3D2 − 3DD0

1 cos(2x + y)2 1 cos(2x − y)(2)
= +
2 −3(−4) − 3(−2) 2 −3(−4) − 3(2)
cos(2x + y) cos(2x − y)
= +
18 6
∴z = C.F + P.I
cos(2x + y) cos(2x − y)
z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y − x) + xf3 (y − x) + +
18 6
23. Solve (D3 + D2 D0 − DD02 − D03 )z = ex cos 2y

Solution:
i.e m3 + m2 − m − 1 = 0
1 1 −1 −1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1 0
i.e m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
⇒ m = −1, −1
∴ m = 1, −1, −1
C.F = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y − x) + xf3 (y − x)
To find P.I D =D+a=D+1

D0 = D0 + b = D0
1
P.I = ex cos 2y
D3 + D2 D0 − DD02 − D03
1
= ex cos 2y
(D + 1)3 + (D + 1)2 D0 − (D + 1)D02 − D03
R.P of ei2y
= ex
(D + 1)3 + (D + 1)2 D0 − (D + 1)D02 − D03
R.P of ei2y
= ex
(0 + 1)3 + (0 + 1)2 (2i) − (0 + 1)(2i)2 − (2i)3
R.P of ei2y
= ex
1 + 2i + 4 + 8i
i2y
x R.P of e
= e
5 + 10i
R.P of ei2y
= ex
5(1 + 2i)
ex (1 − 2i)(cos 2y + i sin 2y)
= R.P of
5 (1 + 2i)(1 − 2i)
Page 26
ex cos 2y + 2 sin 2y
=
5 1+4
ex
= (cos 2y + 2 sin 2y)
25
∴z = C.F + P.I
ex
z = f1 (y + x) + f2 (y − x) + xf3 (y − x) + (cos 2y + 2 sin 2y)
25
24. r + s − 6t = y cos x
Solution:
Given : (D2 + DD0 − 6D02 ) = y cos x A.E : Put D = m and D0 = 1
i.e m2 + m − 6 = 0
(m + 3)(m − 2) = 0
⇒ m = −3, 2
C.F = f1 (y − 3x) + f2 (y + 2x)
To find P.I
1
P.I = y cos x
D2 + DD0 − 6D02
1
= y cos x
(D + 3D0 )(D − 2D0 )
Z
1
= (c − 2x) cos xdx where y = c − 2x
(D + 3D0 )
1
= [(c − 2x) sin x − (−2)(− cos x)]
(D + 3D0 )
1
= [y sin x − 2 cos x)]
(D + 3D0 )
Z
= [(c + 3x) sin x − 2 cos x)] dx where y = c + 3x
= [(c + 3x)(− cos x) − 3(− sin x) − 2 sin x]
= [y(− cos x) + 3 sin x) − 2 sin x]
= [−y cos x) + sin x]
∴z = C.F + P.I
z = f1 (y − 3x) + f2 (y + 2x) − y cos x) + sin x
25. (D2 + 2DD0 + D02 ) = −x sin y

Solution:
i.e m2 + 2m + 1 = 0
(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
⇒ m = −1, −1
C.F = f1 (y − x) + xf2 (y − x)
Page 27
To find P.I
1
P.I = − x sin y
D2 + 2DD0 + D02
1
= − x sin y
(D + D )(D + D0 )
0
Z
1
= − x sin(c + x)dx where y = c + x
(D + D0 )
1
= − [x(− cos(c + x) − (1)(− sin(c + x))]
(D + D0 )
1
= − [−x cos y + sin y)]
(D + D0 )
Z
= − [−x cos(c + x) + sin(c + x)] dx where y = c + x
= − [(−x)(sin(c + x)) − (−1)(− cos(c + x)) + (− cos(c + x))]
= − [−x sin y) − cos y) − cos y]
= − [−x sin y) − 2 cos y]
= x sin y + 2 cos y
∴z = C.F + P.I
z = f1 (y − x) + xf2 (y − x) + x sin y + 2 cos y
∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

26. Solve − − 2 = (y − 1)ex
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Solution:
Given: (D2 − DD0 − 2D02 ) = (y − 1)ex
i.e m2 − m − 2 = 0
(m + 1)(m − 2) = 0
⇒ m = −1, 2
C.F = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y + 2x)
To find P.I
1
P.I = (y − 1)ex
D2 − DD0 − 2D02
1
= d (y − 1)ex
(D + D )(D − 2D0 )
0
Z
1
= (c − 2x − 1)ex dx where y = c − 2x
(D + D0 )
1
= [(c − 2x − 1)ex − (−2)(ex )]
(D + D0 )
1
= [(y − 1)ex + 2ex ]
(D + D0 )
Z
= [(c + x − 1)ex + 2ex ] dx where y = c + x
= [(c + x − 1)ex − (1)ex + 2ex ]
= (y − 1)(ex ) + ex
Page 28
= yex − ex + ex
= yex
∴z = C.F + P.I
z = f1 (y − x) + f2 (y + 2x) + yex
27. Solve (D2 − 5DD0 + 6D02 )z = y sin x

Ans: z = f1 (y + 2x) + f2 (y + 3x) + 5 cos x − y sin x
28. Solve (D2 − 2DD0 + D02 )z = x2 y 2 ex+y

4 2
x5 y x6 x+y

x y
Ans: z = f1 (y + x) + xf2 (y + x) + + + e
12 15 60
(Non-Homogeneous)Form:
Form C.F
(D − m1 D0 − c1 )(D − m2 D0 − c2 )z = F (x, y) ec1 x f1 (y + m1 x) + ec2 x f2 (y + m2 x)
(D − mD0 − c)2 z = F (x, y) ecx f1 (y + mx) + xecx f2 (y + mx)
(D0 − m1 D − c1 )(D0 − m2 D − c2 )z = F (x, y) ec1 y f1 (x + m1 y) + ec2 y f2 (x + m2 y)
(D0 − mD − c)2 z = F (x, y) ecy f1 (x + my) + yecy f2 (x + my)
To find P.I
P.I is same as Homogeneous
29. (D2 − 2DD0 + D02 − 3D + 3D0 + 2)z = e2x−y

Solution:
(D − D0 )2 − 1 − 3D + 3D0 + 3 z = e2x−y

[(D − D0 − 1)(D − D0 + 1) − 3(D − D0 − 1)] z = e2x−y
(D − D0 − 1) [(D − D0 + 1) − 3] z = e2x−y
(D − D0 − 1)(D − D0 − 2)z = e2x−y
Here m1 = 1, c1 = 1
m2 = 1, c2 = 2
C.F = ex f1 (y + x) + ex f2 (y + 2x)
To find P.I D=a=2

D0 = b = −1
1
P.I = e2x−y
D2 − 2DD0 + D02 − 3D + 3D0 + 2
1
= e2x−y
4+4+1−6−3+2
1 2x−y
= e
2
∴z = C.F + P.I
1 Page 29
z = ex f1 (y + x) + ex f2 (y + 2x) + e2x−y
2
30. (D2 + 2DD0 + D02 − 2D − 2D0 )z = sin(x + 2y)

Solution:
(D + D0 )2 − 2(D + D0 ) z = sin(x + 2y)

(D + D0 ) [(D + D0 ) − 2] z = sin(x + 2y)

(D − (−1)D0 )(D − (−1)D0 − 2)z = sin(x + 2y)
Here m1 = −1, c1 = 0
m2 = −1, c2 = 2
C.F = f1 (y − x) + e2x f2 (y − x)
To find P.I D2 = −a2 = −1

D02 = −b2 = −4
1
P.I = sin(x + 2y) DD0 = −ab = −2
D2 + 2DD0 + D02 − 2D − 2D0
1
= sin(x + 2y)
−1 − 4 − 4 − 2D − 2D0
D
= sin(x + 2y)
−9D − 2D2 − 2DD0
cos(x + 2y)
=
−9D + 2 + 4
(−9D − 6) cos(x + 2y)
=
(−9D + 6)(−9D − 6)
(−9(− sin(x + 2y)) − 6 cos(x + 2y)
=
81D2 − 36
9 sin(x + 2y) − 6 cos(x + 2y)
=
−81 − 36
9 sin(x + 2y) − 6 cos(x + 2y)
=
−117
3 2
= − sin(x + 2y) + cos(x + 2y)
39 39
∴z = C.F + P.I
3 2
z = f1 (y − x) + e2x f2 (y − x) − sin(x + 2y) + cos(x + 2y)
39 39
31. (D2 − 2DD0 + D02 − 3D + 3D0 + 2)z = e2x−y

Solution:
(D − D0 )2 − 1 − 3D + 3D0 + 3 z = e2x−y

[(D − D0 − 1)(D − D0 + 1) − 3(D − D0 − 1)] z = e2x−y

(D − D0 − 1) [(D − D0 + 1) − 3] z = e2x−y
(D − D0 − 1)(D − D0 − 2)z = e2x−y
Here m1 = 1, c1 = 1
m2 = 1, c2 = 2
C.F = ex f1 (y + x) + ex f2 (y + 2x)
To find P.I D=a=2

D0 = b = −1
1
P.I = e2x−y
D2 − 2DD0 + D02 − 3D + 3D0 + 2
1
= e2x−y
4+4+1−6−3+2 Page 30
1 2x−y
= e
2
∴z = C.F + P.I
1
z = ex f1 (y + x) + ex f2 (y + 2x) + e2x−y
2
32. (2D2 − DD0 − D02 + 6D + 3D0 )z = xey

Solution:
2D − 2DD0 + DD0 − D02 + 6D + 3D0 z = xey
2
2D − 2DD0 + 6D + DD0 − D02 + 3D0 z = xey

2
[2D(D − D0 + 3) + D0 (D − D0 + 3)] z = xey

[(D − D0 + 3)(2D + D0 )] z = xey
C.F ⇒ [(D − D0 + 3)(2D + D0 )] z = 0
(D − D0 + 3)(D + 21 D0 ) z = 0

Here m1 = 1, c1 = −3
−1
m2 = 2 , c2 =0
C.F = e−3x f1 (y + x) + e0x f2 y − 12 x

To find P.I D =D+a=D

D0 = D0 + b = D0 + 1
1
P.I = xey
2D2 − DD0 − D02 + 6D + 3D0
1
= ey x
2D2 − D(D0 + 1) − (D0 + 1)2 + 6D + 3(D0 + 1)
D
= ey x
2D − DD − D − D − 2D0 − 1 + 6D + 3D0 + 3
2 0 02
1
= ey x
2D2 − DD0 + 5D − D02 − 2D0 + D0 + 2
1
= ey 2 0 02 −2D 0 +D 0 +2 x
2 1 + 2D −DD +5D−D 2
−1
ey 2D − DD0 + 5D − D02 − 2D0 + D0 + 2
2
= 1+ x
2 2
" 2 #
ey 2D − DD0 + 5D − D02 − 2D0 + D0 + 2 2D − DD0 + 5D − D02 − 2D0 + D0 + 2
2 2
= 1− + x
2 2 2
ey

5
= 1− D x
2 2
ey

5
= x−
2 2
∴z = C.F + P.I
ey

1 5
z = e−3x f1 (y + x) + e0x f2 y − x + x−
2 2 2
33. (D2 − 3DD0 + 2D02 + 2D − 2D0 )z = x + y + sin(2x + y)

1 1
Ans: z = f1 (y + x) + e2x f2 (y + 2x) − (x2 + xy) − cos(2x + y)
2 2
Page 31
Lagrange’s Method
Form: P p + Qq = R
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
34. Solve x(y − z)p + y(z − x)q = z(x − y)

Solution:
Lagranges’s type: P p + Qq = R
Here P = x(y − z), Q = y(z − x), R = z(x − y)
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
x(y − z) y(z − x) z(x − y)
Use Lagrangian Multiplier 1,1,1
dx + dy + dz dx + dy + dz
=
x(y − z) + y(z − x) + z(x − y) 0
⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0
Integrating
⇒x+y+z = c1
1 1 1
Use Lagrangian Multiplier , ,
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z x y z
=
y−z+z−x+x−y 0
1 1 1
⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0
x y z
Integrating
⇒ log x + log y + log z = log c2
log xyz = log c2
⇒ xyz = c2
∴ General Solution: φ(x + y + z, xyz) = 0
35. Solve x(y 2 − z 2 )p + y(z 2 − x2 )q = z(x2 − y 2 )

Solution:
Here P = x(y 2 − z 2 ), Q = y(z 2 − x2 ), R = z(x2 − y 2 )
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Page 32
dx dy dz
= =
x(y 2
−z )2 2 2
y(z − x ) z(x − y 2 )
2
Use Lagrangian Multiplier x,y,z
xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz

=
x2 (y 2 − z 2 ) + y 2 (z 2 − x2 ) + z 2 (x2 − y 2 ) 0
⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0
Integrating
2
x y2 z2 c1
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c1
1 1 1
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z x y z
=
y 2 − z 2 + z 2 − x2 + x2 − y 2 0
1 1 1
⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0
x y z
Integrating
log xyz = log c2
⇒ xyz = c2
∴ General Solution: φ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , xyz) = 0
36. Solve x2 (y − z)p + y 2 (z − x)q = z 2 (x − y)

Solution:
Here P = x2 (y − z), Q = y 2 (z − x), R = z 2 (x − y)
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= 2 = 2
x2 (y − z) y (z − x) z (x − y)
1 1 1
Use Lagrangian Multiplier 2 , 2 , 2
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
dx + 2 dy + 2 dz 2
dx + 2 dy + 2 dz
x y z x y z
=
y−z+z−x+x−y 0
1 1 1
⇒ 2 dx + 2 dy + 2 dz = 0
x y z
Integrating
−1 1 1
⇒ − − = −c1
x y z
Page 33
1 1 1
+ + = c1
x y z
1 1 1
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
x y z x y z
=
x(y − z) + y(z − x) + z(x − y) 0
1 1 1
⇒ dx + dy + dz = 0
x y z
Integrating
log xyz = log c2
⇒ xyz = c2

1 1 1
∴ General Solution: φ + + , xyz =0
x y z
37. Solve (mz − ny)p + (nx − lz)q = (ly − mx)

Solution:
Here P = mz − ny, Q = nx − lz, R = ly − mx
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= =
mz − ny nx − lz ly − mx

=
x(mz − ny) + y(nx − lz) + z(ly − mx) 0
Integrating
2
x y2 z2 c1
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c1
Use Lagrangian Multiplier l, m, n
ldx + mdy + ndz ldx + mdy + ndz

=
l(mz − ny) + m(nx − lz) + n(ly − mx) 0
⇒ ldx + mdy + ndz = 0
Integrating
⇒ lx + my + nz = c2
Page 34
∴ General Solution: φ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , lx + my + nz) = 0
38. Solve (3z − 4y)p + (4x − 2z)q = (2y − 3x)

Refer previous question here l = 2, m = 3, n = 4
39. Solve (y − xz)p + (yz − x)q = (x + y)(x − y)

Solution:
Here P = y − xz, Q = yz − x, R = x2 − y 2
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
= = 2
y − xz yz − x x − y2

=
x(y − xz) + y(yz − x) + z(x2 − y 2 ) 0
Integrating
2
x y2 z2 c1
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c1
Use Lagrangian Multiplier y, x, 1
ydx + xdy + dz ydx + xdy + dz

=
y(y − xz) + x(yz − x) + (x2 − y 2 ) 0
⇒ ydx + xdy + dz = 0
d(xy) + dz = 0
Integrating
⇒ xy + z = c2
∴ General Solution: φ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , xy + z) = 0
40. Solve x(y 2 + z)p − y(x2 + z)q = z(x2 − y 2 )

1 1 1
Hint: Multipliers, , , and x, y, −1
x y z
Ans: φ(x2 + y 2 − 2z, xyz) = 0
41. Solve (y 2 + z 2 )p − xyq + xz = 0

Solution:
Here P = y 2 + z 2 , Q = −xy, R = −xz
Auxiliary Equation:
Page 35
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2 2
= =
y +z −xy −xz
Taking 2nd and 3rd member,
dy dz
=
−xy −xz
dy dz
=
y z
dy dz
− = 0
y z
log y − log z = log c1
y
= c1
z

=
x(y 2 + z 2 ) + y(−xy) + z(−xz) 0
Integrating
x2 y2 z2 c2
⇒ + + =
2 2 2 2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = c2
y
∴ General Solution: φ , x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0
z
42. Solve (x2 − y 2 − z 2 )p + 2xyq − 2xz = 0

Solution:
Here P = x2 − y 2 − z 2 , Q = 2xy, R = 2xz
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2 2 2
= =
x −y −z 2xy 2xz
Taking 2nd and 3rd member,
dy dz
=
2xy 2xz
dy dz
=
y z
dy dz
− = 0
y z
log y − log z = log c1
y
= c1
z
Page 36
xdx + ydy + zdz dy

=
x(x2 − − z 2 ) + y(2xy) + z(2xz)
y2 2xy
xdx + ydy + zdz dy
=
x(x2 − y 2 − z 2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 ) 2xy
xdx + ydy + zdz dy
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 2y
2xdx + 2ydy + 2zdz dy
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 y
2xdx + 2ydy + 2zdz dy
= 0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 y
Integrating
⇒ log(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − log y = log c2

2 2 2
x +y +z
log = log c2
y
x2 + y 2 + z 2
= c2
y
y x2 + y 2 + z 2

∴ General Solution: φ , =0
z y
43. Solve (x2 − yz)p + (y 2 − zx)q = z 2 − xy

Solution:
Here P = x2 − yz, Q = y 2 − zx, R = z 2 − xy
Auxiliary Equation:
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
dx dy dz
2
= 2 = 2
x − yz y − zx z − xy
dx − dy dy − dz dx + dy + dz xdx + ydy + zdz
= 2 = 2 = 3
x2 − yz − y 2 + zx y − zx − z 2 + xy x − yz + y 2 − zx + z 2 − xy x − xyz + y 3 − xyz + z 3 − xyz
Taking 1nd and 2nd member,
dx − dy dy − dz
=
x2 − y 2 − yz + zx y 2 − z 2 − zx + xy
d(x − y) d(y − z)
=
(x + y)(x − y) + z(x − y) (y + z)(y − z) + x(y − z)
d(x − y) d(y − z)
=
(x − y)[x + y + z] (y − z)[y + z + x]
d(x − y) d(y − z)
=
x−y y−z
d(x − y) d(y − z)
− = 0
x−y y−z
Integrating
log(x − y) − log(y − z) = log c1

x−y
log = log c1
y−z
x−y
= c1
y−z
Page 37
Taking 3rd and 4th member,
dx + dy + dz xdx + ydy + zdz

=
x2 − yz + y 2 − zx + z 2 − xy x3 − xyz + y 3 − xyz + z 3 − xyz
dx + dy + dz xdx + ydy + zdz
=
x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx (x + y + z)(x2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx)
xdx + ydy + zdz
dx + dy + dz =
x+y+z
(x + y + z)dx + dy + dz = xdx + ydy + zdz
(x + y + z)dx + dy + dz − xdx − ydy − zdz = 0
Integrating
2 2
(x + y + z) x y2 z2 c2
− − − =
2 2 2 2 2
(x + y + z)2 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 = c2
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2xz − x2 − y 2 − z 2 = c2
2xy + 2yz + 2xz = c2
xy + yz + xz = c

x−y
∴ General Solution: φ , xy + yz + xz =0
y−z
44. Solve (x2 + y 2 + yz)p + y(x2 + y 2 − zx)q = z(x + y)

x2 + y 2
Ans: φ(x − y − z, )=0
z2
Page 38
U I\J Jy.,-7J1 {:RPQUE-NCY RespoNSE ANA-LY eis . ----
FRf(].lJEttCy 'J)c>MA' N ~Pl3f IPI ('A T/"NS:~
rt< fe~.jrJ 91 mtV1 U2 CVJ cl c;h.o&1Clete9t./5Jb~.$ rl-

~ .,$~}jlern ,e:" -f~~ dfDm a..t~ ~ m~v.92-eJ.
,9, ~ B!J ,~~ clfl,n'la.t~ 8pec/J./Cai7~'
j . [flESt>fl.ltlN ,. !pPt41<. (1'1!JJ) /

->MQV'/nwn Val£u ~ ~ mo8"':k-td.e d dMeJ
b" p b2a.n5~ ~t/t'M 1:& (ft /I ~J ;flRJ /Ml tVZI J'«l.1f (, ~9>)
,.l~as· NAN 'T p~ uN" (Y )7 .

("''11
->rt-e '~'::J a(- ~'ch ~ 37Ad~ p"&k I J
oavs« I~ UUb.J ~~ 1~0 (Wh~
3' BAN}) ~I 'j) Tit (lvb)~:-

~ 8tMddlJl~ I~ t£ ~ ~ I~lj~ ~.
a%0 d-z 11091mo-U3ed. 1PI':.n ~ ~ JY..lJ.hn I~ mlft-e
01
~ 0
d b .]
4~ '~f8 tV ~ch ~ 8CV~ /~ -3~b
-7
F!2fCX UJEN cY ResjJCJI\I$1?

~ .f97~Cj ~p~ ~~ ~ ~.9lo~ ~!:f.8~
an he ~ed ~'at14 @)':/J 0~~!a4J.
---? Va9V~ 3.9tf:1j)~'O.tI jedvwY/,tte!> q vcu~.k /-tJ9J
'~'tJ fJJ2!sf~ ~~ a9VC-
I~ BoDE pi» T I
&~ f)6LAR ploT (op) NYlJ<u/ST p~T
.3' NICHDLJS Plo7
4~ M,g N CtP-ctE-.5 7. aRA PHltAtl.Y

5 ~ NlcHod> CHItR- r J
_) %eJ-P pbl-;g, QJJe Q"kd it! kfe;t~ /?fl

'~0:J d~rntUh /JJ-eIJ~'(rJft~
• 1'0 JIu~ d?e Jtetb:b!6 d JIi]z .J::Jxte~
• To MJu# ~ gal/, d ~ ~.bn .1-0 Safr1s~
tI& ~'91.£d gfJeCJ;f/ratY~·
_>oBock pMl/ {Jb4m pL#- Mel M;QA,pgl ~ a.9V<

l!gu~ d9?tuo n .-to9> tJp<?fI -eoof ..JW,~.
-;> ~(')rtJ OPe/! ..IMp ~t~P"-Y ~J
• f>f'9Jb!il~ CV7c1 ~:Y~ &6 ('~J ~p
.J ~..M-enJ o91R £ffiJ;"a/ec/·
,_>® /'1 g N 1!/Ri'lL£5) N!C!1()L.5 CH,4R'f «ne II,MJ b
89tQP'NraJ,ly
• e;;t- ~~ Iii 1~4J ~f)A/se. Mf.
! tI..v'1Y Ia"-b~dr ,gtU:,I€P>.J3{{~d. .!/JOP .J~~J
l
! j
7)k:Jm J& &~.~~--~.-.~f~~--,,--~_._~~-_.
~t>p'~'¥. ~tvJ8e~
~--~-~,~~~-~-.,..,,.~'"""-~.,,-y~-~
_ _' . _ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' - _ . ..
_> gMJ,P tJJ "tfJJ- ~~~ ~"e rue» ffi

Ud--- ~ i~ /g. {};t,tkd M- &U 91ce1-e·
-7> U- I~ cJJ~ IRe ~JY-t~ td ;/!R J"dJIefY7 j.-P-
cVV}J;1~VJ'IIl> ~ tl ~ IIWPJ f)fJ-I/& e.
(/JIJJAI MAAAIN ~;-

-l> DeJAttl a& J-£ vaiP.u£ 8tl/ffl }o hT' add.eJ.
to ..J&J/ePJ/ I~ o!J?tkJJ h b~.t/?R &1J/erQ ~
tfa \J ~ ~. f~~'/.J~ .
-;> t/i.wh Ma9?8t:n /)j a-iVeI? I7fl {)u CI"pjhtJr.M'
Irj
ei ~ ~:I:uJR r>6 OPe/) bJop f9<0n.6~ ~dI'&V7!
ot-.,IJoJre OVe9? r~ ,~~.
~ D~Nd ~ EI2e ad cP:b'PNlf pha..!Je..RP-8 h-

PltbS/? M/JIlA IN:.-
be aJJ.ed dl- 1£ 8Q/~ (.9JIJfSo\)~ .~ ,!., "na!.Ry!

(7) ~.9"/~ ;£e ~.!,l-f'fl7 h ;-/?R V ~~
~ 0 h (,.'J1(1~ oVe9} 1~0 ~ ~ ~~
IMtttJ<y;ti'~ .
aJ I
tU ~'ch /IfR al-7F (I!);~~ a1'" ~'th #iR

db ~r~k I~ ,------::::::::.------.
Z~O
p~::: (8D 4sc
6
./-
"_.~*':.Jj~_mm_...
__.___ __=,
1
pgc>!3l§tJ~'- BDDE pt.o T

1- Sitek), /3oJR ;"1/b~~ !~~
p.L¢ ~9J tiJ
~tb~ OJ7d ck/e9t/1V~ ~ cJ'dgleftJC!CVh J",- ,ftJ9?
..P a
tlVL c;aJt7
4 ('~ 61Jd7/~ /TJ be 591CtJIJet'
~ (§) =: !<s 2-
SDLuTloN ,:- (I +(),~ C1+tJ -o 2S)
t1J ro.. sL
(f+b' 's) (f+() -o» s)
I
I
'it I ::: tt
IJbl ~ h
~ ( ltv) z: (JCo) L 1~1-JbJ:: Jq~h ':l
(/+O'2Jw) (1+/)'/)2J0"'-7~;1 ~. a ~
~-------------, IQJ3) ~ b!L

"/ A/Jtu) J e-
.
/ J 1.J.0 ':21,11)')..
So-) 90°
r S~}a6~
~ 5'-) 8/ 7(/)
{ +/0~ ftM,""(b)4)
6
P 3--:> -- '10
~ s~_/gob
o
~ s~...::> - 2-7e/")
tv(& c )..,,:::-> 5 0 91btJJ~e
0'02.
-l ~~_~J~~
Cl+7 b
!
INA I1NI r LJ DE jJil>7"j I
"~'~-~-""'~'-'-t~"RN~R '--r . ._. '''"jt,;p/i.---- --·..--·----Zi;;::ie·-7),-:gLt;p~---'"- '--\1
3-1110
t» p 1'1 PfC:~~ rlll~~ I J.. b / J..u.
1---.+-----..._-.~ .........-..-.-...-~~_._~~_.-_ifir:!LJ:g~·-~~'T''''-~''---'----~-'' _w_ ~
..... ... '""~
.u:_~"'L ._~
J~._~
..._...-_... .... __._.....,,
1
.. _......., \
:1, (Jev)'L - I +40 _ I

+----+-----:--..---I-.------.---.---I-------.-----.--- --..~-- r- - ..- --- -~ --~..-.-.- - -- __ 1 1.
-=---)- 4 ()~2-f!)
+------+--_/.f_b._;2_J_ to tvt; ~t ~. 5" ~ 2- /!) • L:': :-----1 1- -
J+o·."jw
/i.)t2- ..::>---L.-;
0""
so - ~0
• bElVtJ M) Nil J"oR

...... -.f
S -':> -.:J-e>
I
cht)()8f Q ~()W ,~~ O/Jd ~ff1 ',9?~ i
ltv", =. 6'5'] we,,,, 5' 91erJ)8et Nt', '" 5'o.9J~J/,fe~ ,
E~ :.: 10 0 .9llltl/ge t 1/A. = It; CJw) I J.., d. bJ

I -eu " ...
. ~.
_.-.-+----
-_._-_ _--_ __
fiai/)
__._._._._--_ ,,--_. -_
_-~----- _ -- -", -
I w.R ':::'o- r; (j. ';'2-D ~of1/() rJ~ '=") 2 6 /ojI@· ifJl 2.

1 ~) 2olo9 (o's)
- ~- - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - -....- .-------t----I
!1
I
..
I
~
:\
~
~
~.
! !
I
..
~H/ISF NeFf)
-
L£JlcJcv)~ (9: - kuJ' (fJ'':26JJ- 1~1 (D'()2~)
tv
0'5 :t 5' If) 5° too
9JaJlftec ..
L0/Jw) !1.73·"'" /6?,6 /!).C/. :3 I~s ,~

.
50·7 '-9'5
~ ise !Y/Bo ~ 106 ~ 1)1) ~ 30
~ /74 .~~~~~~¥._~.----'"----'-'~
(ltlllJLA-'7fD/\1 () F k !--'
-.:> CMvUJ .tid JJalJ f9?~P& l)'IJ.e9J /9?efIU,vJ~ I~ b !h4d/&ec
-'> 41 Gu =: J) .3?tJtJ/~e wtt/), tS ~ g J b.
~ fbJ? d?e alVei? tv8~ ,) qh J!iblJld be ,;ze9/0,
-) _ ::J2 J. b rMovP J M ad Jed ro t/?r< A

_> -2-8 o(b ~';f--5 /i?P pM dl')(pl) C/JtmM
"fC)~ 1< ~ - .2- B -/'2 -40 I

. ~o
~~~~"' ~." ~----+-------~
. .,+.- .-
~~~o Ale, z-11 0 I

1< - ID
1-< ~ 0 ~ e>3 q 8 -=-71~----1
~-·_..
"l
. Wfi -4 8 .... L . : _ ._ _ J
1
't]
1
4:r
o
1
(,oJ
~
l
.<3 - m:S~~
1
(3 . e 0
$&
0
W
o +0 <?j ~
o.
-
_ _ _11 10
-C).
10 .
...
J. S~UCh BorJ.R cl/o.j)9'Jt.1flJ .(;-oh rRR- 1-tJ1tf)W1~ ~/e!1)

~th~ lW1tl ~b'-eu~ c.9cu" t.9?"~ ()V~ '.97~~ I·
Cl/ld.. p~ c..9-zb~ oV.e9? '97'~ C/~ •

{j ((jJ::- __~Io_ _-~
S[t.to'4-s] [I.j-tI,{S]
SoLV7fI>N:
10 _
e[t+o'4i] [1-1-0 ,IS J
M~~MiVDf fJLtJ T:-
(o;'lJ-€97 t~t/~ are
If!)RN~R FPfflAlJ};/V.~
S-No TER.-M
~OtJ/8ee
It> - 2-0
1• p
JW
,
J. J - :2-0
1ft,'"4J"w
) - 40--2-0
J+o".j'w ~.-6o
AI'
t» «~
W.I=
0" ,
4tJdh ! I
I
............... "! I
j
I
1
I
j
,,
j
tv; '=' 0,,1 9lQJ!ge( If -:: 4 0 Jb
OJ C, ::- ~"s- 91o.JJP;e~ ,4.~. 1:2- db I
!JJt'} :;:, S 91o. J te( I ft ~ -1!2-- t1 b !
j}- z- --S-4 ab 1
1
w~ e- 10 91ct d /Se(
I
1> H./}-S £ Pto T :-- I
I
L0{JW:O -~o·- j'(J/f' (O'4fP)- ~I (o./w)
~
!
l
~ w --_ ~ _-,.- _ - r, _- - -..· -· ·-- 1- · ·. · .·--·..···t ----·- - ..-v·.. .
·~ ~ _·~-_ ._·
I
:; --~L---_~--'"-=S~-I~~;:I-I~:IOo ::6
,~.~ ~~~ ~_. ~,
II _
__... - •. I : __
Res()L~:-
0a.Jh ~~,gs 6Ve97 '')7.e!(,UVJ~'" [5 9>ctd!8Pe r-) w!J E
PhiW f9J.S$ oVefl7 ,~~ z- fr l),o,J ISRe :::'!> 0/ 9C- 7
,
~
J
0..
0
Jr0 I
~
1
~
~
.(3 -~ 0 0
~
(3
\JJ
0
~ '"'l
0
- -~ e
...
tn .5'
1111111111111111111111111111115:0- 'E!=$~-G1
~=!3-'"
~
~
.Y\ I)
~.
I)
. ---
. . 8.f]
"E:;
I(
. . . . _ ,.,. 'PoL/l R PLiJ'T_-- --1

.1. I rf.e open.b>p f~~ ~dt't.YJ d a lJ~ I
,eeeJ betck ..8::J<8lem ts 8''V<Zn 6etj OJ/i)::: _1-_ _ ---<-
sCI..)-s)(l.J-2-{)
g!terdJ PtJ~ piM Q/) d ~P'VAe 0tVh M~!rL
an d pho.-M Mo.918'!n .
SOw T (6 N :.--
mrs) .:
.-
--------> ~
r- - - - - I j
Iv J I.J...UJ~4ro~~4 ,(o.f loK'to~¥4 ,I

I
!
~
I
- .=""'" --
w ;:L
.9l4 J }te. 0- 3;- 0"'4- o~
~"'".'.,,~""'--~...,,,~""".""
os 0--6 O~7
.... 2~2-
I&,tJfA" ,
I '. 8 /.. s t-s: ()~"I ()'7 °'3

- ."",._.... ,.;." ___.~.'A_~......:)
/ C,fJIA»
-/4lf- -/5'0 -1'S6 -} 7} ?1 180 -lqg
.-
'---' ._--='= -~
--T----------
&. ! ~ D~ ,£tJ>op t-9tMBI-&J ~cft'&YJ fJI 4 lJN~
I
! ~et'd bQtk g~.JIem ~ J!VetI h'3 fJtS):=- _1 _

S (l+-S)L
gHeHJ> PtJ~ fJLM and tkLr:J1~ aal~
M~gI/) Q/J d p6o..M' M a9'~gl/) ,
fJJtsJ ~ _._.1 $
s (1+5)2.
...... ._
.
---~")
J
Co Ja.t-u!) 2-
\aCJ£,» J ::: I ~ /C>(J'Lt>J J

w+to 3
LfJ)w):.- - 3:- JevJ'lto)- ,~'Ilo)

[~:::- - 9:- ~ttM-J !w)]
--t\j" ,~, .
--=.~--- .~=~._-". ' - .'_~"'I •.-.-...~.~=J"
~qJ/fLl 0'4 {J•. 'J tJ~6 0·7 0'8 0'9 :1- CJ .1. J..
,
-=".""••= =,,- ,,"4~"'=='_=~1am""""",1>l'#<.<~"""*" ~ ~
F""-=~"
f~()~)J 2-2.- 0.,6 1(J'lj

"·6 2- (J'8 O'S-
1--.
" I
l ~tJtc2 -134 . . . 14-3 -fsl -JSt1 ~/&? -I?~ -/go -I es
i
Visit : www.Easyengineering.net I
"'_"'~'_""""_"_'_"".",""'_' '_._._~ ~ ,~
II
""''_'"',0' , _.""". ,_ _" • ' __ • ,_____
-----Ii--
,
I
I",,1' "1€/J"'/J)Eg~~fd~N(Y_Rf:sPQ/:{S.f
i
I
i (C'~~ heftt)~ .ft~ a.nd '''~0 ~-PlVII>e !
: ~ CVJ @':)f.jJ.i!/d)t- ~ ~9'J ~~ and !e U-n d. I

i
I
tJ9?tk9> .J"dl>j~, (6~~'tYJ ~" J?e~d 6J1cl.JlJ, .J'~ I
!I
I
t
I
I
I
!
- - . . - - - - , . . . - - - - - - . . . - - -...... 1
;/
N()91moJJ3ed t~~ [1t"' t!:: +®

,,'. fVl(JW..J
, "~ ' .
lr.- 0 -ti8g u
-'/2-
r !til (J't.» J -= el-~~ ~ 4-cV] ~f'1'l!r'~Jf --
~~ -ltUi'[ ,§~:J
I
H~~ a/?d p~ arza,lr2 cJ-a3J~~~t./-sh'c..& 4t;~
nIJ91P74JJi;ed /~ltJ 1A,.[d9J ~J" V~ ~
C I
!
~>-r~0 !if ~Ch 1>1 Ii'M ajea./.l vaUu J. II
I !.h)o()Jn Gt1> #) ~~ ~~
1-"> peqp. vcdtu ~ ~ M~~ te tIJ
~~ ~..-J--_M._'.9J ......,
?> ff esa f)tJfii- p~
~ ~:O6 r191 ~ 00 ]
~~O ~ 92 ~ Co".1
I
~~~.107'
_ _ _" I e
"-It .-90 - - "-
[-»:
I
I r
(!) '-16 I
()"b r
0'4
~, ;2.- I
J).
_:if oc
0 M-
M~:ktJ..t1 M~Cl ~C#~8A.v phad,« M a ~WlJn~).J.
107tJfYI @ an ot (j) I't- ,s ~ (~ te-o:> 0

tu 91 apP9t~~ tv r}
"
H92 apfXJ7eqcNJ ,()
'1 '"
l - !}gl-=-O
I
I ~. ~ 8 -:::j>
2
Ii
!
»
O~ 8~ 'Iv2-
. -;:. Redon""" ,~~ ttUv~ ~ Gl
i ~~ Wn
['II) s- YV2
-:?> tvl~'ktdJ M cLec~e..&
~ No t~()n~ p~
-;> A9t~aI-e1I \Iauu b'6 JV1 ~ on e .
DampeJ 6~t<;; e- 1ri4 s- lon.Jl-S :.
p~ DV &l<Pfl!Ju,t. M, s- e ~ gn 1M 'J.

IC6501 Pec

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IC6501 Pec

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Visit : www.Easyengineering.

1.Partial Differential Equation

PDE are formed in two ways

• by eliminating arbitrary constants.

• by eliminating arbitrary functions.

∂2z ∂2z ∂2z

Formation of PDE by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions

Form a PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants

Differentiate (1) par. w.r.t x and y,

⇒ 4py 2 = q 2 which is the required p.d.e.

7. z = (x2 + a2 )(y 2 + b2 ) Ans: 4xyz = pq

9. (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + z 2 = 1 Ans: z 2 (p2 + q 2 + 1) = 1

10. z = (x − a)2 (y − b)2 Ans: 4xyz = pq

11. z = (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 Ans:p2 + q 2 = 4z

12. z = (x + a)3 + (y − b)3

14. (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = z 2 cot2 α

Formation of PDE by eliminating arbitrary function:

Form the PDE by eliminating the arbitrary functions

The required equation is

7. ϕ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , ax + by + cz) = 0 Ans: (bz − cy)p + (cx − az)q = ay − bx

8. ϕ(x2 + y 2 + z 2 , x + y + z) = 0 Ans: (z − y)p + (x − z)q = y − x

Two Functions[use p,q,r,s,t]

Again diff (2) and (3) w.r.t x and y,

Now r + t = 2[f 0 (y + x) + xf 00 (y + x) + g 00 (y + x)]

10. z = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct)

Again diff par w.r.t x & t,

11. z = x2 f (y) + y 2 g(x)

Diff par w.r.t. x & y,

p = 2xf (y) + y 2 g 0 (x).....(2)

Again diff (2) and (3) w.r.t x and y,

s = 2xf 0 (y) + 2yg 0 (x).....(6)

(2) × x ⇒ px = 2x2 f (y) + xy 2 g 0 (x)

(3) × y ⇒ qy = x2 yf 0 (y) + 2y 2 g(x)

px + qy = 2[x2 f (y) + y 2 g(x)] + xy[xf 0 (y) + yg 0 (x)]

12. z = f (x3 + 2y) + g(x3 − 2y) Ans: 4xr = 9x5 t + 8p

Complete solution (or) Complete Integral

Eliminating a and b by using eqn(1),(2) and (3).

Type 1: Form F (p, q) = 0

There is no Singular Integral for Type 1

2. Find the Complete integral of p + q = pq

3. Find the Complete integral of p2 + q 2 = npq

Type 2: Form z = px + qy + f (p, q)[Clairaut’s Form]

1. Solve the equation z = px + qy + p2 − q 2

substituting in (1), we get

Substitute (4) in (3)

Substitute (5) in (4)

Substitute (5) and (6) in (1)

put p = a and q = b in (1)

From (2) and (3)

∴ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1which is the singular solution.

Type 3: Form f (p, q, z) = 0 or f (p, q, x) = 0 or f (p, q, y) = 0

p(1 + ap) =apz

which is a complete integral, where a and c are constants.

To find the General integral

We have dz = pdx + qdy

which is a complete integral, where a and c are constants.

To find the Singular Integral

To find the General integral

Diff (3) w.r.t a and Eliminating a, we get the General Integral.

which is a complete integral, where a and c are constants.

To find the Singular Integral

To find the General integral

Type 4: Method of Separable[Form: f1 (x, p) = f2 (y, q)]