Magsingal, Ilocos Sur

Junior High School Department

2020-2021

21st CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD

Literature
o According to Vinuya, (2011), literature is man’s vehicle for self-expression: a form of catharsis (relief)
and feelings of friendship. It is the preserver of the culture of a nation that preserves it; the showcase of
people’s national upheavals (struggles); and, more importantly, it is a means or a tool for cultural
transmission. It is through literature (along with other arts) that the cultural heritage of a people is passed
on from one generation to the next. Of course, the primordial aim of literature is to entertain.
POETRY PROSE
This text is written by lines or Both text express This text is written by sentences or
verses and intended to be read. nationalism and patriotism paragraph and intended to be read.
This text communicates or or simply love for the This text communicates as if it’s
deliver its message figuratively country. just discussing using words
like poem. communicatively or deliberately
LITERARY FORMS pertain to the structure or the way a piece was published. (short story, novel, poem,
drama, or play)
LITERARY GENRES pertain to the category determined by the technique of the author in delivering his
content (comedy, tragedy, horror, fiction, fantasy, mystery, mythology, historical, musical)
LITERATURE
(Major forms)
Short story, Poem,Novel, Drama or Play
(Genres)
Fiction Non-Fiction
Comedy, Tragedy, Horror, Fiction, Fantasy, Mystery, Mythology, History, Musical, Epic/Action
(Division)
Prose Poetry
Short story, Parable, Fable, Novel, Essay, News, Poem, Haiku, Ballad, Sonnet
Drama, Magazine, Encyclopedia (Reference (Note any literart work that uses rhyme, rhythm,
Materials), Fiction and Non-Fiction Writings measurements and/or written in lines, stanzas and
Myth, Folktale (anything written in sentences and verse is considered under this division)
paragraphs)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
1. Alliteration is a common figure of speech that involves using words that begin with the same
sound.
Example: Sally sells sea shells by the seashore.
2. Anaphora a figure of speech that uses a specific clause at the beginning of each sentence or point to make a
statement.
Example: Good night and good luck.
3. Assonance is a figure of speech that focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them over and over
to great effect.
 Example: I like Ike.
4. Hyperbole is a figure of speech that makes things seem much bigger than they really were by using
grandiose depictions of everyday things. This is often seen as an exaggeration that adds a bit of humor to a
story,
Example: It was as big as mountain.
5. Irony is a figure of speech that tries to use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has just been said.
Example: “Gentlemen, you can’t fight in here! This is the War Room!” -Dr. Strangelove
6. Metaphor compares two things that are not alike and finds something about them to make them alike.
Example: “ My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill.” -William Sharp
7. Simile compares two things that are not really the same, but are used to make a point about each other.
Example: “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get.”
8. Metonymy is a word that has a very similar meaning can be used for another.
Example: “Crown” for “royalty” or “lab coats” for “scientists”
9. Onomatopoeia is the use of a word that actually sounds like what it means.
Example: “hiss”, “buzz”, “ding-dong”
10. Paradox completely contradicts itself in the same sentence.
Example: War is peace.
11. Personification is a way of giving an inanimate object the qualities of a living thing.
Example: The sun smiled down on her.
12. Pun plays on words uses different senses of the word, or different sounds that make up the word, to create
something fun and interesting.
Example: “I would like to go to Holland someday. Wooden shoe?” is a pun that actually means
“wouldn’t you?”
13. Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which one thing is meant to represent the whole.
Example: “ABCs” for alphabet
14. Understatement is a situation in which the thing discussed is made to seem much less important than it
really is.
Example: “I have to have this operation. It isn’t very serious. I have this tiny tumor on the brain.”
15. Antithesis is a contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a balanced way.
Example: “ You’re easy on the eyes, hard on the heart.”
16. Euphemisms are words bthat are used to soften the message.
Example: “wardrobe malfunction” is a fancy way of saying “your clothes fell off”
17. Oxymoron puts two words together that seem to contradict each other.
Example: “civil war”. “silent yell”

Source:Figurative language definitions retrieved from: http://www.enkivillage.com/figure-of-speech.html