2018.04.027 2018.04.
027
124
2. Ghemawat P. Globalization in the age of Trump // Harvard business rev. – Boston,
2017. – Vol. 95, N 7/8. – P. 112–123. – Mode of access: https://hbr.org/2017/07/
globalization-in-the-age-of-trump
3. Kahle K.M., Stulz R.M. Is the US public corporation in trouble? // J. of econ.
perspectives. – Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 67–88. – Mode of access:
http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.67
4. Zingales L. Towards a political theory of the firm // J. of econ. perspectives. –
Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 113–130. – Mode of access: http://pubs.
aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.113
2018.04.027. ɂ.Ƚ. ɆɂɇȿɊȼɂɇ. ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɌɂȼɇɈȿ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿ-
ɇɂȿ: ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂɂ ɂ ɉȿɊȿɆȿɇɕ. (Ɉɛɡɨɪ).
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ; ɫɨɜɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ; ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɡɪɟɜɲɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʌɢɧɞɚ ɏɢɥɥ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ) ɢ
Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɰɟ-ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɮɢɪɦɵ MacAndrews
& Forbes) (3) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɫɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɤ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɨɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɇɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠ-
ɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ-
ɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨ-
ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢ-
125
ɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɹɝɱɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. ɇɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ: ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ
ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ. ȼ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ
ɛɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɵɫɲɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟ-
ɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɹɞ
ɥɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ
ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. ɏɢɥɥ
ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ (3).
• ɍɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɪ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ,
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɢɛɟɪɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɑɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ; ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɨɪɵɜɧɵɯ, ɚ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɧɵɯ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ.
• ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶɸ». Ⱦɢ-
ɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
• ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɬ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɟɤɬɚ.
 2018.04.027
124
2. Ghemawat P. Globalization in the age of Trump // Harvard business rev. – Boston,
2017. – Vol. 95, N 7/8. – P. 112–123. – Mode of access: https://hbr.org/2017/07/
globalization-in-the-age-of-trump
3. Kahle K.M., Stulz R.M. Is the US public corporation in trouble? // J. of econ.
perspectives. – Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 67–88. – Mode of access:
http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.67
4. Zingales L. Towards a political theory of the firm // J. of econ. perspectives. –
Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 113–130. – Mode of access: http://pubs.
aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.113
2018.04.027. ɂ.Ƚ. ɆɂɇȿɊȼɂɇ. ɄɈɊɉɈɊȺɌɂȼɇɈȿ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿ-
ɇɂȿ: ɌȿɇȾȿɇɐɂɂ ɂ ɉȿɊȿɆȿɇɕ. (Ɉɛɡɨɪ).
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ; ɫɨɜɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ; ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɧɚɡɪɟɜɲɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʌɢɧɞɚ ɏɢɥɥ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ) ɢ
Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɰɟ-ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɮɢɪɦɵ MacAndrews
& Forbes) (3) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɫɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɤ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɨɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɇɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠ-
ɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɢɡɧɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ-
ɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɟ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨ-
ɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢ-
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ɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɹɝɱɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. ɇɨ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɨɧɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɨɦ ɪɢɫɤɚ: ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ
ɪɢɫɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ. ȼ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɣ
ɛɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɵɫɲɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟ-
ɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɹɞ
ɥɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ
ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ. ɏɢɥɥ
ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɟɧɢɹ (3).
• ɍɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɪ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɝɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ,
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɢɛɟɪɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɑɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ; ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɨɪɵɜɧɵɯ, ɚ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɧɵɯ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ.
• ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɪɨɫɤɨɲɶɸ». Ⱦɢ-
ɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɠɚɥɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ). Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
• ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɬ-
ɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɟɤɬɚ.
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• Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɜɟ-
ɬɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟ-
ɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɜ ɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ (ɬ.ɟ.
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ – ɨɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɪɨɥɢ
ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɠɨɡɟɮ Ȼɨɭɷɪ ɢ Ʌɢɧɧ ɉɟɣɧ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ
1970-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ (Ɇ. Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ, Ɇ. Ⱦɠɟɧɫɟɧ, ɍ. Ɇɟɤɥɢɧɝ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɸɪɢɞɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (2).
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɚɤɭɭɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱦɠɟɧɫɟɧ ɢ
Ɇɟɤɥɢɧɝ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɨɲɢ-
ɛɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ «ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦ», Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ ɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ» ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɷɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɪɩɨ-
ɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɦ
ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɯ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
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ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɄ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɚɠ-
ɧɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɷɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɟɪɨɜ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ,
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɦɢ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨғɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ (2).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɬ.ɟ. ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɚɦɢ «ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ» ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ
«ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ». ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ: ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɬɢ-
ɦɭɥɨɜ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɛ ɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 1932 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ Ⱥ. Ȼɟɪ-
ɥɢ ɢ Ƚ. Ɇɢɧɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 70%
ɚɤɰɢɣ ɉɄ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɚɦ, ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɧ-
ɞɚɦ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɵ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ
ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɱɪɟɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞ-
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• Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɜɟ-
ɬɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟ-
ɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ – ɜ ɟɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ.
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ (ɬ.ɟ.
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ – ɨɬ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɪɨɥɢ
ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɠɨɡɟɮ Ȼɨɭɷɪ ɢ Ʌɢɧɧ ɉɟɣɧ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ) ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜ
1970-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ (Ɇ. Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ, Ɇ. Ⱦɠɟɧɫɟɧ, ɍ. Ɇɟɤɥɢɧɝ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɣ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɸɪɢɞɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (2).
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɚɤɭɭɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ⱦɠɟɧɫɟɧ ɢ
Ɇɟɤɥɢɧɝ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɨɲɢ-
ɛɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ «ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦ», Ɏɪɢɞɦɚɧ ɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ» ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɷɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɪɩɨ-
ɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɦ
ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɯ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
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ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɉɄ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɚɠ-
ɧɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɷɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɟɪɨɜ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ
ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɚ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ,
ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɦɢ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨғɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ (2).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɬ.ɟ. ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɚɦɢ «ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ» ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ
«ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ». ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɷɬɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ: ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢ-
ɨɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɬɢ-
ɦɭɥɨɜ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɛ ɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ 1932 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ Ⱥ. Ȼɟɪ-
ɥɢ ɢ Ƚ. Ɇɢɧɡ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 70%
ɚɤɰɢɣ ɉɄ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɚɦ, ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɧ-
ɞɚɦ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɡɢɧɵ.
ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ
ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɜ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɱɪɟɜɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ-ɩɹɬɵɯ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞ-
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ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ-
ɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɵɣ
ɪɹɞ ɫɮɟɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɪɨɥɶ
ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɤɨɪɩɨ-
ɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɟɪɚɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɂɊ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɚɪɬɚɩɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɚ-
ɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɯɨɞɵ ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡ
«ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɲɟɥɶɤɚ» (2).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɗɣɧɚɬ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɒɤɨɥɵ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɋɬɷɧɮɨɪɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ) (1). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɨɧɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɦ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɨɜ
ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɜɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ
ɜɧɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ (1, ɫ. 133).
ɗɞɦɚɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ «ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɟ-
ɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ,
ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɣ, ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɗɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
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ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɥɨɯɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ (1).
ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
Ȼɨɭɷɪ ɢ ɉɟɣɧ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɜɫɟɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. ɇɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɜɟ-
ɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞ-
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɤ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (2).
1. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɯ
ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ.
2. Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɛ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
3. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɭɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
4. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
5. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɵɧɤɚ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ).
6. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ-
ɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
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ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ-
ɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɮɚɤɬɚɦ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɚɝɟɧɬɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɵɣ
ɪɹɞ ɫɮɟɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɪɨɥɶ
ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɤɨɪɩɨ-
ɪɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɢɨ-
ɧɟɪɚɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇɂɊ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɚɪɬɚɩɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɡɚ-
ɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɯɨɞɵ ɚɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡ
«ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɲɟɥɶɤɚ» (2).
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɗɣɧɚɬ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɒɤɨɥɵ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɋɬɷɧɮɨɪɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ) (1). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɨɧɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞɨɦ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɨɜ
ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɜɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɣɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ
ɜɧɟ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ (1, ɫ. 133).
ɗɞɦɚɬɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ «ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɟ-
ɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ,
ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɣ, ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ɗɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɧɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟ-
ɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
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ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɮɚɥɶɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɥɨɯɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ (1).
ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
Ȼɨɭɷɪ ɢ ɉɟɣɧ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɜɫɟɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. ɇɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɜɟ-
ɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞ-
ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɤ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (2).
1. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɚɥɚɧɬɥɢɜɵɯ
ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ.
2. Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɛ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
3. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɭɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
4. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
5. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɵɧɤɚ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɵ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ).
6. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ-
ɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
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7. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
8. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɚɦ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ.
ɋ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɛɭ-
ɞɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧ-
ɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɞ-
ɠɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ; ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɭɡɤɨɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɜɟɪɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ; ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (2).
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ
ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɏɢɥɥ ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪ-
ɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (3).
1. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠ-
ɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɱɟɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟ-
ɪɨɜ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ», ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟ-
ɦɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨ-
ɥɨɞɵɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
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ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ «ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ «ɦɚɫɬɟɪ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ»,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɫɫɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɧɱɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
2. «Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ», ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɞɟɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ «ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɨɫ» ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹɯ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ.
3. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɬɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɡ-
ɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ.
ɇɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɢɪɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ.
4. ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢ-
ɜɟ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
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7. Ʉɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɫɨɰɢɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
8. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɚɦ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ.
ɋ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɛɭ-
ɞɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧ-
ɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɞ-
ɠɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ; ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɭɡɤɨɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ; ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɜɟɪɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬ-
ɜɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ; ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɡɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (2).
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ
ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɏɢɥɥ ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪ-
ɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (3).
1. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠ-
ɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɱɟɣ
ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟ-
ɪɨɜ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ «ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ», ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟ-
ɦɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɱɢ-
ɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɫɬɟɣɤɯɨɥɞɟɪɨɜ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨ-
ɥɨɞɵɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɩɵɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
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ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ
ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢ-
ɟɦ «ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ «ɦɚɫɬɟɪ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ»,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɫɫɢɣ ɫ ɜɟɧɱɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
2. «Ɍɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ», ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɞɟɣ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɚ
ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ «ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɨɫ» ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹɯ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɩɨ-
ɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ.
3. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɬɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɨɫɨɡ-
ɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ.
ɇɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦ, ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɢɪɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ.
4. ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɢɫɤ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢ-
ɜɟ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
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ɏɢɥɥ ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠ-
ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɜ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɪɢ-
ɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɢɧ-
ɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɥɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɧ-
ɧɟɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɱɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨ-
ɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (3).
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɯɨɠ-
ɞɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟ-
ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɹɬɵ (ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɋɚɪɛɟɣɧɫɚ – Ɉɤɫɥɢ 2002 ɝ. ɢ Ⱦɨɞɞɚ – Ɏɪɷɧɤɚ 2010 ɝ.),
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ (1, ɫ. 139, 141).
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɨɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ Ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɢ Ɇɟɪɢɥɟɧɞɚ (ɋɒȺ), Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
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ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, Ƀɨɪɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ) ɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɚ (4) ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ,
ɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɬɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɮɢɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯ-
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ (ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ) ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɝɭ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɫɪɟɞɚ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɭɤɪɟ-
ɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɡɥɨ-
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɲɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ (1, ɫ. 146).
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɵ ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɚ (4) ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ-
ɰɢɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
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ɏɢɥɥ ɢ Ⱦɷɜɢɫ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠ-
ɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɜ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɪɢ-
ɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɢɧ-
ɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɥɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɧ-
ɧɟɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɱɬɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨ-
ɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (3).
ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɷɮ-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɯɨɠ-
ɞɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟ-
ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɧɹɬɵ (ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɋɚɪɛɟɣɧɫɚ – Ɉɤɫɥɢ 2002 ɝ. ɢ Ⱦɨɞɞɚ – Ɏɪɷɧɤɚ 2010 ɝ.),
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ (1, ɫ. 139, 141).
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɨɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ Ɏɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɢ Ɇɟɪɢɥɟɧɞɚ (ɋɒȺ), Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
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ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, Ƀɨɪɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ) ɢ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɚ (4) ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ,
ɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɨɬɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɮɢɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯ-
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ). ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ (ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ) ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɟɝɭ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɫɪɟɞɚ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚ ɭɤɪɟ-
ɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɗɞɦɚɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɡɥɨ-
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɲɟɧɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɹɟɬ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ (1, ɫ. 146).
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚ-
ɥɢɫɬɵ ɋɒȺ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ ɢ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɚ (4) ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚ-
ɰɢɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
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ɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ, ɢ ɜɥɢɹ-
ɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟ-
ɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ) ɩɪɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɨɛ-
ɪɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɨɫɫɥɢɫɬɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɢɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ; 3) ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ;
4) ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚ-
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɮɢɪɦɚɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠ-
ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢ-
ɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ. Ʌɢɰɚɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧ-
ɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ – ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ (4).
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Admati A.R. A skeptical view of financialized corporate governance // J. of econ.
perspectives. – Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 131–150. – Mode of
access:https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.131
2. Bower J.L., Paine L.S. The error at the heart of corporate leadership // Harvard
business rev. – Boston, 2017. – Vol. 95, N 5/6. – Mode of access: – https://hbr.org/
2017/05/managing-for-the-long-term#the-error-at-the-heart of-corporate-leadership
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3. Hill L.A., Davis G. The board’s new innovation imperative // Harvard business rev. –
Boston, 2017. – Vol. 95, N 11/12. – P. 102–109. – Mode of access:
https://hbr.org/2017/11/the-boards-new-innovation-imperative
4. Law, finance, and the international mobility of corporate governance / Cumming D.,
Filatotchev I., Knill A., Reeb D.M., Senbet L. // J. of intern. business studies.–
2017. – Vol. 48, N 2. – P. 123–147. – Mode of access: https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1057/s41267-016-0063-7
2018.04.028. ɋȺɇɄȺɇ Ʌ. ɉəɌɖ ɈɋɇɈȼ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌȺ XXI
ȼȿɄȺ.
CINQUIN L. Les cinq fondements du management du XXIe siècle //
Harvard business review. France. Chroniques d’experts. – 2018. –
10.04. – Mode of access: https://www.hbrfrance.fr/chroniques-
experts/2018/04/19807-cinq-fondements-management-xxie-siecle/
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ; ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞ-
ɠɟɪɚ; ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ; ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
Octo Technology, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
ȼ XXI ɜ. ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ
ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (l’entreprise libérée). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɢ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-
ɹɬɢɸ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɏɏ ɜ.
ɨɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɬɟɣɥɨɪɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɚɞɚɩ-
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ɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɠɫɬɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ, ɢ ɜɥɢɹ-
ɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟ-
ɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ (ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ) ɩɪɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɨɛ-
ɪɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ. Ɇɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɨɫɫɥɢɫɬɢɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɢɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ; 3) ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ;
4) ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚ-
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵ ɨɛɟɢɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɮɢɪɦɚɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠ-
ɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢ-
ɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ. Ʌɢɰɚɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧ-
ɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ – ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ (4).
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
1. Admati A.R. A skeptical view of financialized corporate governance // J. of econ.
perspectives. – Princeton, 2017. – Vol. 31, N 3. – P. 131–150. – Mode of
access:https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.3.131
2. Bower J.L., Paine L.S. The error at the heart of corporate leadership // Harvard
business rev. – Boston, 2017. – Vol. 95, N 5/6. – Mode of access: – https://hbr.org/
2017/05/managing-for-the-long-term#the-error-at-the-heart of-corporate-leadership
2018.04.028
135
3. Hill L.A., Davis G. The board’s new innovation imperative // Harvard business rev. –
Boston, 2017. – Vol. 95, N 11/12. – P. 102–109. – Mode of access:
https://hbr.org/2017/11/the-boards-new-innovation-imperative
4. Law, finance, and the international mobility of corporate governance / Cumming D.,
Filatotchev I., Knill A., Reeb D.M., Senbet L. // J. of intern. business studies.–
2017. – Vol. 48, N 2. – P. 123–147. – Mode of access: https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1057/s41267-016-0063-7
2018.04.028. ɋȺɇɄȺɇ Ʌ. ɉəɌɖ ɈɋɇɈȼ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌȺ XXI
ȼȿɄȺ.
CINQUIN L. Les cinq fondements du management du XXIe siècle //
Harvard business review. France. Chroniques d’experts. – 2018. –
10.04. – Mode of access: https://www.hbrfrance.fr/chroniques-
experts/2018/04/19807-cinq-fondements-management-xxie-siecle/
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ; ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞ-
ɠɟɪɚ; ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ; ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
Octo Technology, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
ȼ XXI ɜ. ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ
ɚɜɬɨɪ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (l’entreprise libérée). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɢ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢɧɟɫɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-
ɹɬɢɸ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɏɏ ɜ.
ɨɬɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɬɟɣɥɨɪɢɡɦɚ. Ɉɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɭ
ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɟ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɚɞɚɩ-