University of Mindanao CEE 101 Differential Calculus Manual

UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
College of Engineering Education

Computer Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
3rd Draft
WEEK 1-9
CEE 101- Differential Calculus for Engineering
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED
USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS
WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
2nd Floor, BE Building
Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 6
Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Topic/ Activity
Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 10
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a…………………………………………………………………..….. 10
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 10
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 11
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 19
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..….. 20
Metalanguage………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 23
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 25
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1c…………………………………………………………………..….. 25
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 25
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 32
2
PAGE
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1d…………………………………………………………………..….. 32
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 32
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 37
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1e…………………………………………………………………..….. 38
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 38
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 44
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 45
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 54
Metalanguage………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 58
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 59
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 60
3
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 65
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 65
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 66
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 73
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 74
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 81
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 83
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 83
Metalanguage………………………………………………………………………………….. 84
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 88
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 89
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 90
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 99
4
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 100
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 104
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 105
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 111
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 111
Metalanguage………………………………………………………………………………….. 112
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 118
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 119
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 119
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 120
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 124
Q & A List ……………………………………………………………………………………...… 125
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 128
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 131
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 132
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………... 132
5
Course Outline: CEE 101 – Differential Calculus for Engineering
Course Coordinator: Engr. Luomar Jake E. Cabatas

Email: lcabatas@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: Online (LMS) or e-mail
Mobile: 09397683697
Phone: None
Effectivity Date: May 2020
Mode of Delivery: Online Blended Delivery
Time Frame: 108 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Pre-requisite: CEE 100
Credit: 5.0 units
Attendance Requirements: For online (virtual/face-to-face) sessions: a minimum of 95%
attendance; for 1-day on-campus/onsite review: 100%
attendance; for 1-day on-campus/onsite final exam: 100%
attendance
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-Contact Hours This 5-unit course self-instructional manual is intended for
blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face-to-face or virtual sessions. The expected
number of hours will be 108, including the face-to-face or
virtual sessions which will be arranged by the course
coordinator. The face-to-face sessions shall include the
summative assessment tasks or examinations since this
course is vital in the licensure examination for engineers.
Assessment Task Submission The first assessment task (examination) shall be given on
the 3rd week subsequent to the first day of class. The
remaining assessment tasks shall be handed every after
two (2) weeks of each examination schedule. The
assessment paper shall be attached with a cover page
indicating the name of the course coordinator, date of
submission, and name of the student. The document should
be submitted on the same day through e-mail or Blackboard
LMS. It is also expected that you have already paid your
tuition and other fees before the submission of the
assessment task.
Since this course is included in the licensure examination
for engineers, you will be required to take the Multiple-
Choice Question exam inside the University as your final
exam. This should be scheduled ahead of time by your
course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all licensure-
based programs.
6
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day or
part day that the assessment item is late.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission with a mark and feedback. This will be
returned by email or via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will
require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to ensure
that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course

coordinator your intention to resubmit an assessment task.
The resubmission is premised on the student’s failure to
comply reasonable circumstances e.g. illness, accidents
financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment Papers You should request in writing addressed to the program
coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
and Appeal
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the students
on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can elevate
your case to the program head or the dean with the original
letter of request. The final decision will come from the dean
of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional

contact:
Course discussions/exercise- 40%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 30%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Student Communication You are required to have your own umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator shall
enroll the students to have access to the materials and
resources of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
7
You can also meet the course coordinator virtually
through the scheduled face-to-face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student email,
please contact the course coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares, PME

Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 local 133
Contact Details of the Program Head Engr. Randy E. Angelia, MEP-ECE, MSCpE
Email: randy_angelia@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082) 296-1084 local 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his/her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program head may
provide alternative assessment tasks or extension of the
deadline of submission of assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still be in the service
of achieving the desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact CEE Blackboard Administrator:
blackboardclass@umindanao.edu.ph
CEE:
Frida Santa O. Dagatan
Email: cee@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: +63 9055 267834
GSTC:
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Email: ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: +63 921 2122846
Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: +63 906 0757721
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani

Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: +63 951 3766681
8
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello forthcoming engineers! Welcome to the course CEE 101: Differential
Calculus for Engineering. You are now entering the world of Engineering
Calculus where you need to explore and understand a certain thing by looking at
its small pieces. By this time, I am positive that you really wanted to pursue your
career in the field of engineering and that you have envisioned yourself inventing,
designing, analyzing, building, and testing machines, complex systems,
structures, gadgets and materials for the benefit of humankind.
CO Before going to the next stage of Engineering Calculus, which is the Integral
Calculus or Anti-Differentiation, you have to engage yourself first with
differentiating algebraic and transcendental functions, analyzing and
tracing transcendental curves, and applying the concepts of differentiation
in solving word problems. These are the significant course outcomes (CO) that
you need to demonstrate at the end of this course. Thus, you are now anticipated
to justify the knowledge you have acquired from your basic mathematics courses
in dealing with complex word problems and to read in advance the concepts of
differentiation.
Let us begin!
9
Big Picture
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes 1 (ULO1): At the end of the unit, you are expected
to:
a. Evaluate the limits of a function using different techniques;
b. Determine the value/s of domain where the function discontinues and sketch
its graph;
c. Perform the long method derivation of a function;
d. Understand and apply the Differentiation Rules of Algebraic Function; and
e. Solve for the nth order derivative of a function—either implicit or explicit.
Big Picture in Focus:

ULO-a. Evaluate the limits of a function using different techniques
Metalanguage
This section will serve as your word bank where the most essential terms relevant
to the introduction of calculus and ULO-a will be operationally defined to establish a
common frame of reference. You will encounter these terms as we delve deeper to the
study of Differential Calculus. Please refer to these definitions in case you will find it
difficult to understand mathematical concepts in relation with calculus.
1. Domain. The domain of a function is the set of all values that can be plugged
into a function and have the function exist and have a real number for a value.
1.1 It is the set of all possible x-values which will make the function “work”.
1.2 It can be determined by looking for the values of the independent variable
(usually x-values) which can be used in a function.
1.3 When finding for the value/s of domain, it is important to remember that the
denominator of the function cannot be zero and avoid negative values under
the square root sign.
2. Range. The range of a function is simply the set of all possible values that a
function can take.
2.1 It is the resulting y-values we get from substituting all the possible x-values.
2.2 It is the complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable
(usually y-values).
2.3 It is the spread of all possible y-values (minimum y-value to maximum y-value).
3. Variable. It is a quantity which, during any set of mathematical operations, does
not retain the same value but is capable of assuming different values.
3.1 A variable that represents the “input numbers” for a function is called
independent variables. A variable that represents the “output numbers” is
called dependent variable because its value depends on the value of
independent variable.
4. Constant. It is a quantity which, during any set of mathematical operations, retains
the same value.
10
5. Polynomial. It can have constants, variables, and exponents, but never division
by a variable (e.g. 5𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 0, not polynomials: 5𝑥𝑦 −2 and 3𝑥⁄𝑥 + 2)
6. Conjugate. It is formed by changing the sign between two terms.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3)
weeks of this course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that
will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library (refer to
the Library Contact on page 3).
1. Functions. A function 𝑓 is a rule that assigns to every number 𝑥 in a collection D, a

number 𝑓(𝑥). The set D is called the domain of the function. And 𝑓(𝑥) is called the
value of a function at 𝑥, or commonly known as range. The set of ordered pair
(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) is called the graph of 𝑓.
Example 1.1: Determine if each of the following are functions.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 This equation is a function. Since no matter what value of

𝑥 you put into the equation; it yields exactly one possible
value of 𝑓(𝑥).
Let x= 1; Let x=2;

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑓(1) = 12 + 2 𝑓(2) = 22 + 2
𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟑 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟔
(b) [𝑓(𝑥)]2 = 𝑥 + 2 This equation is not a function. At a specific value

of 𝑥 , there are two (2) possible values of 𝑓(𝑥).
Let x= 1; Let x=2;

[𝑓(𝑥)]2 = 𝑥 + 2 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 = 𝑥 + 2
[𝑓(1)]2 = 1 + 2 [𝑓(2)]2 = 2 + 2
[𝑓(1)]2 = 3 [𝑓(2)]2 = 4
𝑓(𝑥) = √3 𝑓(𝑥) = √4
𝒇(𝒙) = ±𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) = ±𝟐
Note:
• “𝑓(𝑥)” can simply be written as “𝑦” or any other function notation like “𝑔(𝑥)”,
“ℎ(𝑥)”, “𝑅(𝑥)”, etc.
11
2. Limits. The limit of a function 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 is 𝐿, can be written as
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
In other words, the value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) gets closer and closer to 𝐿 as 𝑥 gets
closer and closer to 𝑎 , without being exactly equal to 𝑎 . To understand this
concept, let’s have a simple example first.
Example 2.1: Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5 as 𝑥 approaches 1, find its limit.
To denote this problem, we will write this as:
lim 2𝑥 + 5 = ?
𝑥→1
Let us now look at the function at a point 𝑥 that gets closer and closer to 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥 0.89 0.99 ₀ 1.1 1.2

𝑓(𝑥) 6.78 6.98 ₀ 7.2 7.4
The table above shows the values of 𝑥 which are very close to 1 but never equal
to 1. And if we plug in these values to the given function,
𝑓(𝑥) moves closer and closer to 7. Thus, when we evaluate the limit of the given
function above, we get 7. It can now be written as:
lim 2𝑥 + 5 = 7
𝑥→1
Please note that the above definition of “Limits” is in its informal form. Let’s stick
with this definition for the meantime since it is easier to understand, and it helps us
to have an idea of just what limits are and its relationship with functions. As we go
further in this course, you will encounter its formal and precise definition.
Why do we have to study limits?

- Because, essentially, that’s what calculus is: the study of limits. Limits
are used to examine function behavior around a specific point, and
without it, it would be very difficult to talk about rate of change. Therefore,
calculus is impossible to do without knowing what to do with limits.
12
Before going to evaluate the limits of functions, it would be better if you know beforehand
the “Properties of Limits”. The proof of some these properties can be found in a separate
material (refer to Self-Help).
PROPERTIES OF LIMITS
lim 𝑐 = 𝑐; where a and c are real numbers When taking the limit of a constant, the limit is just
𝑥→𝑎 that same constant.
The limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches

lim 𝑥 = 𝑎; where a and c are real numbers
𝑥→𝑎 a given point 𝑎 is 𝑎.
Let a and c be real numbers, let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be defined for all 𝑥 ’s that lie in some
interval around a.
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐺

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
exist with F and G which are real numbers. Thus, holding the following limits: `
lim (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝐹 + 𝐺 The limit of the sum of the functions is the sum of
𝑥→𝑎 the limits.
lim (𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝐹 − 𝐺 The limit of the difference of the functions is the
𝑥→𝑎 difference of the limits.
lim 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝐹 The limit of the product of a constant and a function

𝑥→𝑎 is the product of their limits.
lim (𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝐹 ∙ 𝐺 The limit of the product of the functions is the
𝑥→𝑎 product of the limits.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐹 The limit of the quotient of the functions is the

lim (𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝐺; where 𝐺 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 quotient of the limits.
𝑛
lim (𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 = 𝐹 𝑛 ;
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 The limit of a power is the power of the limit.
where 𝑛 is a positive integer
1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
𝑛
lim (𝑓(𝑥)) = (lim 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑛 =𝐹 𝑛;
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
The limit of a power is the power of the limit.
where 𝑛 is an even number and 𝐹 > 0, or 𝑛 is
an odd number and 𝐹 is any real number
Familiarization of the following properties will be of great help in dealing with limits in the
succeeding examples and activities.
At this point, we are now equipped with enough knowledge to start evaluating limits. Limits
of functions are computed using various techniques such as simple arithmetic,
substitution, or using algebraic simplification. These techniques are illustrated in the
following examples:
Example 2.2: Evaluate lim 4𝑥 2 − 1

𝑥→2
13
lim 4𝑥 2 − 1 = (lim 4𝑥 2 ) − lim 1 difference of limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
2
= (lim 4 ∙ lim 𝑥 ) − lim 1 product of limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 4∙ (lim 𝑥 2 ) ∙ 1 limit of constant

𝑥→2
= 4 ∙ (lim 𝑥) ∙ (lim 𝑥) − 1 product of limits
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 4 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 − 1 = 15 limit of x
𝑥 2 −9
Example 2.3: Evaluate lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3
𝑥2 − 9 (−3)2 − 9 0
lim = =
𝑥→−3 𝑥 + 3 (−3) + 3 0
0
Substituting −3 for 𝑥 yields , which is undefined. Let’s find another way to solve this
0
one. Try algebraic factorization and simplification.
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥+3)(𝑥−3)
lim = lim factorization
𝑥→−3 𝑥+3 𝑥→−3 𝑥+3
= lim (𝑥 − 3) simplification
𝑥→−3
= (−3 − 3) limit of x
= −6
𝑥 1
−
𝑥+3 4
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
0
Substituting 1 for 𝑥 yields , which is undefined. Let us try simplifying the compound
0
fraction.
𝑥 1 𝑥 1
− − 4(𝑥+3)
lim 𝑥+3 4
= lim 𝑥+3 4
∙ find the LCD of the fraction on the numerator
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 4(𝑥+3)
4𝑥−(𝑥+3)
= lim 4(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) multiply LCD to numerator and denominator
𝑥→1
3𝑥−3
= lim 4(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) combine similar terms
𝑥→1
3(𝑥−1)
= lim factor out the GCF of the numerator (3)
𝑥→1 4(𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)
3
= lim cancel out common factor (x-1)
𝑥→1 4(𝑥+3)
3
= 16 limit of x
𝑥
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1
14
0
Plugging 0 in the numerator and denominator, it yields a value of , which is indeterminate. Since the given
0
function is not a polynomial, we must try another way. There is a lot of ways to simplify the denominator but
there’s a particular method that can eliminate its square root, and it is to multiply it by its conjugate.
𝑥 𝑥 √1+𝑥+1 conjugate
= ∙ multiply by =1
√1+𝑥−1 √ 1+𝑥−1 √1+𝑥+1 conjugate
𝑥 (√1+𝑥+1)
=( 1+𝑥−1)(
√ √1+𝑥+1)
𝑥 (√1+𝑥+1)
=( note: (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
√1+𝑥)2 −1∙1
𝑥 (√1+𝑥+1)
= 1+𝑥−1
𝑥 (√1+𝑥+1)
= 𝑥
cancel the 𝑥
= √1 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥
Now, we have lim = lim √1 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→0 √1+𝑥−1 𝑥→0
= √1 + 0 + 1 = 2
There are times that we need to deal with limits at infinity. Examples are illustrated:
𝒂 𝒂
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒓 = 𝟎 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→−∞ 𝒙𝒓
𝒙→∞ 𝒙
where r is a positive rational number and a is any real
where r is a positive rational number and a is any real
number number and 𝒙𝒓 is defined for 𝒙 <𝟎
2𝑥 2 +3
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥−1
∞
If we plug in +∞ for the value of 𝑥, we get which is indeterminate. To solve this,
∞
we need to factor the largest power of 𝑥 in the numerator from each term, same goes with
the denominator. This function will become:
3
2𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 2 (2+ 2 )
𝑥
lim = lim 5𝑥 1
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥−1 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 2 (1− 2 − 2 )
𝑥 𝑥
3
𝑥 2 (2+ 2 )
𝑥
= lim 5 1
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 2 (1−𝑋− 2 )
𝑥
15
3
2+ 2
𝑥
= lim 5 1
𝑥→+∞ 1− 𝑋− 2
𝑥
3
2+
∞2 𝑎
= 5 1 Note:
±∞
= 0; where a is any real number
1− − 2
∞ ∞
2+0
=
1−0−0
=2
8𝑥 2
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥+5
This problem has the same concept as the example above. Extract first the largest
power of 𝑥 in the numerator as well as in the denominator.
8𝑥 2 𝑥 2 (8)
lim = lim 5
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥+5 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(1+𝑥)
8
= lim (𝑥)( 5 )
𝑥→−∞ 1+
𝑥
8
= (−∞)( 5 )
1+
−∞
8
= −∞ ( ) = −∞
1−0
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.
Feldman, J., & Rechnitzer, A. (2015). Differential Calculus Notes for Mathematics 100.
Lax, P. D., & Terell, M. S. (2014). Calculus with Applications. New York City: Springer.
Terano, H. J. (2015). Calculus 1: A simplified Text in Differential Calculus.
16
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Since you are now armed with basic knowledge of evaluating limits, it is now your turn
to prove what you have learned. Evaluate the limits of the given functions and show your solution:
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟖 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
𝒙→𝟐
𝟔+ 𝟒𝒕
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝒕→−𝟑 𝒕 +𝟏
𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟕𝒙+𝟖
3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟖 𝟖−𝒙
𝒉𝟐 −𝟒𝒉−𝟐𝟏
4. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝒉→𝟕 𝟑𝒉 −𝟏𝟕𝒉−𝟐𝟖
√𝟐𝒚+𝟐𝟐−𝟒
5. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒚→−𝟑 𝒚+𝟑
𝒕𝟐 +𝟔
6. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕 −𝟑
𝟓𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟔𝒙+ 𝟑
7. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟑 𝟗−𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟑 +𝟖
8. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝒙→−𝟐 𝒙 +𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
+
𝟒+𝟑𝒚 𝒚
9. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒚→−𝟏 𝒚+𝟏
𝟑− 𝒕
10. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟑 √𝒕+𝟏−√𝟓𝒕 −𝟏𝟏
17
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the evaluation of limits is not enough. This time, you are going
to evaluate limits of functions again and explain its step-by-step procedure like the examples from
Example 2.2 to Example 2.5.
1. lim (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 8)
𝑥→5
2(𝑡−10)2
2. lim
𝑡→10 𝑡
5+𝑥−4𝑥 2
3. lim
𝑥→∞ √1+𝑥 2 +2𝑥 4
1 1
+
3𝑡3 𝑡2 −1
4. lim1
𝑡→ 2𝑡−1
2
5. lim √5𝑥 3 + 4
𝑥→1
𝑡−5
6. lim ( )
𝑡→−2𝑡+4
√𝑥 2 +8 −3
7. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
𝑥+1
8. lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2
5+𝑥−4𝑥 2
9. lim
𝑥→∞ √1+𝑥 2 +2𝑥 4
3𝑥 7 + 𝑥 5 −15
10. lim
𝑥→−∞ 4𝑥 2 +32𝑥
18
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Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082)296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 131
In a Nutshell
We are now done with the fundamentals of calculus, which are identifying functions
and computing its limits. Before proceeding to the next unit learning outcomes, be
reminded of some important points when dealing with functions and its limits.
• An equation is said to be a function if it yields only one value of 𝑦 when it is

computed at a specific value of 𝑥.
• The limit is only concerned with what is going on with around a certain point.
• Direct substitution, when evaluating the limits of a function, is a go-to method.
Use other methods or techniques, like factorization and conjugation, only when
this one fails, otherwise you are probably doing more work than you need to be.
• One cannot do Differential Calculus if he/she doesn’t have any prior knowledge
about the evaluation of limits.
Q&A List
If you have any questions regarding functions and limits, kindly write down on the
table provided.
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
19

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UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

CEE 101- Differential Calculus for Engineering

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

Course Coordinator: Engr. Luomar Jake E. Cabatas

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course

Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional

Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares, PME

Help Desk Contact CEE Blackboard Administrator:

Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani

Big Picture in Focus:

1. Functions. A function 𝑓 is a rule that assigns to every number 𝑥 in a collection D, a

Example 1.1: Determine if each of the following are functions.

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 This equation is a function. Since no matter what value of

Let x= 1; Let x=2;

(b) [𝑓(𝑥)]2 = 𝑥 + 2 This equation is not a function. At a specific value

Let x= 1; Let x=2;

To denote this problem, we will write this as:

𝑥 0.89 0.99 ₀ 1.1 1.2

Why do we have to study limits?

The limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐹 lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐺

lim 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝐹 The limit of the product of a constant and a function

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐹 The limit of the quotient of the functions is the

Example 2.2: Evaluate lim 4𝑥 2 − 1

= 4∙ (lim 𝑥 2 ) ∙ 1 limit of constant

• An equation is said to be a function if it yields only one value of 𝑦 when it is

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