RESEARCH MAIN IDEA OF YOUR FIVE SOURCES SOURCES (IN-TEXT CITATION REFERENCE LIST (APA FORMAT)

QUESTION APA 7TH EDITION)

RQ1 CONSUMED ENERGY

According to the UNIDO (United Nations Industrial

Development Organization) survey, at least 90
percent of energy now consumed in many rural
areas come from noncommercial sources, mainly
wood, and is used for domestic purposes,
primarily for cooking. To cook food, the fast-
multiplying rural population has extensively
stripped forest plantations, and farmlands of
trees, leaving a great portion of the landscape
bare. People of many rural countries in Asia now
have used cow manure as fuel.
Animal manure is an excellent source of organic
matter for the soil. It also loosens the soil and
improves its ability to absorb water. On the other
hand, it could be a source of energy to produce
such fuels as methanol, natural gas, and oil.
Raising pigs, poultry or carabao is of great help to
minimize fuel energy crisis. The manure of these
animals can be transformed into combustible
methane gas.
The increasing cost of energy can be a serious
handicap to developing nations. If energy costs
more, many of these countries could not afford
the energy they needed to become more
industrialized and to strengthen their economy.
Carabao Manure Properties And Nutrients 1. Garg AK, Mudgal V (2007)
Organic and mineral
Cow manure can be defined as the undigested composition of Gomeya (cow
residue of consumed food material being dung) from Desi and crossbred
excreted by herbivorous bovine animal species. cows—a comparative study. Int J
Being a mixture of faeces and urine in the ratio of Cow Sci 3:1–2Return to ref 2007
3:1, it mainly consists of lignin, cellulose and in article.
hemicelluloses. It also contains 24 different 2. Randhawa GK, Kullar JS (2011)
minerals like nitrogen, potassium, along with Bioremediation of
trace amount of sulphur, iron, magnesium, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and
copper, cobalt and manganese. The indigenous petrochemicals with
Indian cow also contain higher amount of calcium, gomeya/cow dung. ISRN
phosphorus, zinc and copper than the cross-breed Pharmacol.
cow (Garg and Mudgal 2007; Randhawa and doi:10.5402/2011/362459.
Kullar 2011). Cow manure harbours a rich 3. Nene YL (1999) Utilizing
microbial diversity, containing different species of traditional knowledge in
bacteria (Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and agriculture. Traditional
Lactobacillus spp.), protozoa and yeast knowledge system of India
(Saccharomyces and Candida) (Nene 1999;
and Sri Lanka, pp 32–38.
Randhawa and Kullar 2011). Sawant et al. (2007)
4. Randhawa GK, Kullar JS (2011)
have isolated many different bacterial genera
Bioremediation of
such as Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter
pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and
aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca,
petrochemicals with
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera spp., Morgarella
gomeya/cow dung. ISRN
morganii, Pasteurella spp., Providencia
Pharmacol.
alcaligenes, Providencia stuartii and Pseudomonas
doi:10.5402/2011/362459Return
spp. from cow manure.
to ref 2011 in article
5. Sawant AA, Hegde NV, Straley
BA, Donaldson SC, Love BC,
Knabel SJ, Jayarao BM (2007)
Antimicrobial-resistant enteric
bacteria from dairy cattle. Appl
Environ Microbiol 73:156–
163Return to ref 2007 in article
Cow Manure Benefits and Uses 1. Sun, R., X.X. Zhang, X. Guo, D.
Wang, and H. Chu. 2015.
Composted manure can improve enzyme activity Bacterial diversity in soils
and bacterial diversity in soils (Sun, R., X.X. Zhang, subjected to long-term chemical
X. Guo, D. Wang, and H. Chu. 2015). Carabao fertilization can be more stably
manure can be a dilute fertilizer due to its high
content of water and organic materials. Manure
increases plant productivity, soil organic matter
and structure, water infiltration and holding
capacity, and over time, can reduce sediment loss
and erosion with application and incorporation
into soils (Mooleki, S.P., J.J. Schoenau, J. Charles,
and G. Wen. 2004). People in Indian villages use
cow dung for cooking purpose by direct burning.
It is also used in plastering of walls and floor in
rural houses for providing insulation during winter
and summer. Application of smoke generated
from the burnt cow dung as mosquito repellent
and subsequent ash as cleaning agent for kitchen
utensils is an age old practice. It also depict that
cow plays an important role in village economy
and has high socio-economic value (Dhama et al.
2005a). Cow dung in India is also used as a co-
product in agriculture, such as manure,
biofertilizer, biopesticides, pestrepellent and as a
source of energy (Dhama et al. 2005a). As per
ayurveda, it can also act as a purifier for all the
wastes in the nature (Randhwa and Khullar 2011).
Therefore in India, Cow (B. indicus) is not only just
milk-producing animal but also truly considered
as mother of all (Dhama et al. 2005a; Jarald et al.
2008).
STUDIES ABOUT MANURE
In the Philippines, carabao manure has already
been used for decades as an organic fertilizer in
maintained with the addition of
livestock manure than wheat
straw. Soil Biol. Biochem. 88: 9–
18.
2. Mooleki, S.P., J.J. Schoenau, J.
Charles, and G. Wen. 2004.
Effect of rate, frequency and
incorporation of feedlot cattle
manure on soil nitrogen
availability, crop performance
and nitrogen use efficiency in
east-central Saskatchewan.
Canadian Journal of Soil Science
84:199-210.
3. Dhama K, Chauhan RS, Singhal L
(2005a) Anti-cancer activity of
cow urine: current status and
future directions. Int J Cow Sci
1:1–25
4. Randhawa GK, Kullar JS (2011)
Bioremediation of
pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and
petrochemicals with
gomeya/cow dung. ISRN
Pharmacol.
5. Jarald E, Edwin S, Tiwari V, Garg
R, Toppo E (2008) Antioxidant
and antimicrobial activities of
cow urine. Global J Pharmacol
2:20–22
1. Lopez A, Aganon C, Juico P.
(2014). Isolation Of Trichoderma
Species From Carabao Manure
And Evaluation Of Its Beneficial
organic gardening. The University of the Uses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Philippines in Los Baños College of Agricultural OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY
Production had made a breakthrough in creating RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 8,
them into pouches induced with other materials AUGUST 2014.
such as bermi soil, rice hay and composted 2. Effect of Cow Manure Biochar on
materials. The then said product is still in the Maize Productivity under Sandy
process of improvement before making it Soil Condition. (2011).
available in the market, envisioned by the mid of ResearchGate:
2022. https://www.researchgate.net/
A study conducted by Arid Land Research Center, 3.
Tottori University performed a greenhouse
experiment to investigate the effect of cow
manure biochar on maize yield, As a result, the
application of cow manure biochar improved the
field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sandy
soil, also significantly improved the physico‐
chemical properties of the coarse soil.
According to the study conducted by Lani Lou
Mar. A. Lopez, Clarita P. Aganon, and Purisima P.
Juico proves that the Trichoderma isolated from
carabao manure were found beneficial and
effective as compost activator and likewise
enhanced the nutrient content of the compost. It
also helped improve the growth of pechay and
mustard as well as inhibit the growth of some
fungal diseases.
In the study conducted by Chires Jhoye M. Robles
revealed that the carabao manure ash passed the
ASTM chemical test which can be used as an
alternative cement.
STUDIES ABOUT CARABAO MANURE AS FUEL

Though cow dung is solely used as the prime

source for biogas production, but research
continues to verify the potential of other sources
for instance, addition of pig dung was found to
have an enhanced effect. Mixture of cow and pig
dung (60:40) showed 10 % increase in methane
production as investigated by Li et al. (2014). Use
of potato pulp and cow manure in the ratio of
20:80 also produced fair amount of methane in
comparison to pure cow dung (Sanaei-Moghadam
et al. 2014). Besides this, there are reports on
comparative studies for biogas production where
various feedstocks such as kitchen waste, corn
waste and spent tea waste have been used along
with cow dung in a ratio of 1:1 producing less
average biogas after 25–30 days; however, cow
dung alone produced approximately 50 % more
biogas than these mixtures (Munda et al. 2012),
thereby suggesting that other organic sources
may produce biogas but cow dung still remains a
potential source. In the light of above-discussed
facts, biogas production can also be considered as
an effective way of treating organic waste which
may produce greenhouse gases if remain
untreated.