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Under the Kyoto Protocol, the European Union has committed itself to reducing its CO2
emissions by 20% by 2020. The EuP Directive 2005/32/EC (Energy-using Products
Directive) was adopted in 2005 to achieve this goal. This was renamed the ErP Directive
2009/125/EC (Energy-related Products Directive) in 2009, also known as the "Ecodesign
Directive". For energy-using products, it provides the general framework for their
environmentally compatible design, i.e. for assessing savings potential, defining minimum
energy efficiency requirements and considering resource efficiency over the entire product
lifecycle. As there are a myriad of energy-using products, product groups (lots) have been
created for each of which implementing regulations were then drawn up. For example, Lot
6 groups together ventilation units, Lot 11 fans and Lot 21 air heaters/coolers and fan
coils. These relate to the implementing regulations EU 2014/1253 (Lot 6), EU 2011/327
(Lot 11) and EU 2016/2281(Lot 21).
An EU directive is either transposed by the member states into national law for its
implementation or it becomes effective via an EU regulation which then becomes directly
valid in all member states. This procedure was chosen for the requirements of the
Ecodesign Directive (ErP Directive 2009/125/EC) for electric motors, fans, as well as
HVAC systems and their energy-relevant components.
This ErP implementing regulation came into force in 2011 and prescribes the efficiencies
of IEC standard motors. These values were increased in 2015 and 2017 according to a
specified timetable. Since the beginning of 2017, all motors with a rated output power of
between 0.75 kW and 375 kW must either reach efficiency level IE3 or correspond to
efficiency level IE2 and additionally have speed control. The requirements for electric
motors are only of indirect importance for their use in HVAC units. Fans are used here, in
which a functional unit is formed by the motor with impeller and nozzle and, if necessary,
control electronics.
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Regulation EU 2011/327 for fans
This regulation applies to fans with motors with an electrical input power between 125 W
and 500 kW. It came into force in 2011 and prescribes minimum target efficiency
requirements (corresponding to system efficiency) in two steps. Stage 1 became effective
at the beginning of 2013. In the 2nd stage, which has been in force since the beginning of
2015, these values were increased again. The system efficiency of a fan unit represents
the product of the efficiencies of the fan, motor, drive (V-belt, flat belt or direct) and speed
control and is specified by the manufacturer. The system efficiency must be at least equal
to or greater than the target efficiency. In Annex I 2, Table 2, equations for the target
efficiencies ηtrgt are given for each fan type, which can then be calculated depending on
the electrical input power and specified efficiency levels.
In HVAC units, mainly radial fans with backward-curved blades without housing are used
at present. For this type of fan, Table 2 shows the data used to determine its minimum
efficiency ratings.
The RoofVent® RH-9B incorporates radial fans with backward-curved blades without
housing, which have a static efficiency (system efficiency) of ηsys = 63% with an electrical
input power of P = 3 kW.
ηtrgt = 56,5 %
It turns out that the requirement of the regulation is met with η trgt = 56,5 % ≤ η Sys = 63 % .
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Regulation EU 2014/1253 for HVAC systems
This regulation came into force in 2014 and applies to ventilation equipment for which
ecodesign requirements have been defined. It prescribes minimum requirements for the
efficiency of HVAC systems that became effective in the first stage at the beginning of
2016. In the second stage, stricter requirements will apply as of 1 January 2018, which
are discussed below. For further understanding, there are three concepts to be clarified:
2. The efficiency bonus (E) is a correction factor applied when the actual heat recovery
coefficient is higher than the required minimum temperature efficiency.
3. The filter correction (F) is a correction value applied when a BVU deviates from the
reference configuration (missing F7 or M5 filter or both).
The regulation applies to HVAC systems with air flow rates of more than 250 m³/h, which
are classified as "non-residential ventilation units" (NRVU). These will be subject to the
additional requirements from 1 January 2018 compared with 2016:
HVAC systems must have a multi-stage drive (at least 3-speed) or speed control.
All BVUs must have a HRS with thermal diversion (this formulation means that it does
not necessarily have to be a bypass).
The following applies to the minimum temperature efficiencies and efficiency bonuses
of all HRSs:
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The following applies to the filter correction:
F = 150 if there is no M5
F = 190 if there is no F7
A visual or audible warning must indicate that the ultimate filter pressure has been
reached.
The maximum permissible internal specific fan power SFPlimit [Ws/m³] of a BVU is
determined as follows as a function of the nominal volumetric flow qnom:
Proof of compliance with the ErP Directive taking RoofVent® devices as an example
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RoofVent® RH-6B RoofVent® RH-9B
Nominal air flow rate qnom 5,500 m³/h ≡ 1.53 m³/s 8,000 m³/h ≡ 2.22 m³/s
Pressure drop HRS supply air ΔpHRS supply air 223 Pa 201 Pa
Pressure drop HRS exhaust air ΔpHRS exhaust air 223 Pa 201 Pa
The SFPact values are determined for both air directions. The sum of both values results in
the specific fan power of the device. With the same volume flow rates, this can be solved
in a simplified way in one calculation step by combining the pressure drops of the filter
and HRS on both sides.
Consequently:
(∆p fresh air filter + ∆pexhaust air filter + ∆pHRS su pply air + ∆pHRS exhaust air )
Peffective = qnom [W ] (1)
h fan
Peffective
With = SFPact [W ⋅ s / m3 ] , the actual value for the specific fan power from (1) is:
qnom
(∆p fresh air filter + ∆pexhaust air filter + ∆p HRS su pply air + ∆p HRS exhaust air )
SFPact = [W ⋅ s / m 3 ] (2)
h fan
Inserting the values from Figure 3 in (2) produces the SFP actual value for the
RoofVent® RH-6B:
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RoofVent® RH-9/B:
The actual values (3) and (4) are now compared with the specific fan outputs SFPlimit,
which are derived from Regulation no. 1253/2014. It is considered fulfilled if the condition
SFPact ≤ SFPlimit is met. The calculation is as follows:
The devices have a reference configuration according to point 1, i.e. for both devices
the filter correction F = 0.
Both devices have a higher temperature efficiency than required and thus receive an
efficiency bonus (see equations in Figure 1). Consequently:
RH-6B: E = (ηact RH-6 - 0.73) 3000 = (0.772 - 0.73) 3,000 = 126 W∙s/m³ (5)
RH-9B: E = (ηact RH-9 - 0.73) 3000 = (0.773 - 0.73) 3,000 = 129 W∙s/m³ (6)
With E according to equation (5), qnom = 1.53 m³/s and F = 0, it follows that
With E according to equation (6), qnom = 2.22 m³/s and F = 0, it follows that
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SFPlimit RH-9 = 800 + 129 - 0 W∙s/m³
The comparison of the setpoints (7), (8) and actual values (3), (4) is shown in Figure 5.
The result is that RoofVent® devices of version 2018 are ErP-compliant.
This regulation came into force in 2016 and covers all building services equipment
products that have not yet been subject to any regulation. The following individual
products are summarised in the collective terms above:
1. Air heating products: heating boilers for heating oil or natural gas, electric heaters and
electrically and thermally driven heat pumps with a rated heat output of up to 1 MW.
The heated air is supplied to an air-ducted heating system or directly to the room to be
heated.
3. Process coolers with high operating temperature: chillers for process cooling in the
temperature range from 2 to 12 °C and a nominal cooling capacity of up to 2 MW.
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In a 1st stage with effect from 1 January 2018 and in a 2nd stage from 1 January 2021, the
regulation lays down guidelines on how the environmentally compatible design of these
products can be achieved. The following requirements are laid down in Annex II:
Products under 1. must comply with annual room heating utilisation ratings according
to Tables 1 and 2 (corresponding to level 1 or 2).
Products under 2. must comply with annual room cooling utilisation ratings according
to Tables 3 and 4 (corresponding to level 1 or 2).
Products under 3. must comply with annual performance factors (SEPR, Seasonal
Energy Performance Ratio) according to Tables 5 and 6 (corresponding to level 1 or 2).
Nitrogen oxide emissions from air heaters, heat pumps, comfort coolers and air-
conditioning units must not exceed the values given in Table 8 (from 26 September
2018) and Table 9 (from 1 January 2021).
The binding scope of the product information of the individual products is given in
tabular form in Annex III, with the aim of facilitating a comparison between competing
brands. For example, the specified product information for fan coils (traditional air
heaters and coolers) can be found in Annex III, Table 13.
There are no technical specifications in this regulation for conventional air heaters and
coolers (see 4. Fan coils). Regulation EU 2011/327 must certainly be applied for fans.
According to the FAQ of the EU Commission, question Q11, supply air units with a fresh
air content of < 10% are considered recirculation units and are therefore not subject to EU
Regulation 2014/1253 for air-conditioning systems (but the statements in the FAQ are not
legally binding, even if they are supported by the EU Commission).
Requirements for the period from 1 January 2020 onwards have not yet been set. Annex
VII of Regulation EU 2014/1253 contains non-binding reference values, which would lead
to the following tightening up:
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Run-around HRS Regen./Recup. systems
μmin 80 % 85 %
As a conclusion, it remains to be seen how exactly the situation will develop. But it will
certainly be interesting.
Hoval Aktiengesellschaft
Tel. +423 399 24 00
mailto:info.klimatechnik@hoval.com
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