I , �

SYLLABUS
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS
INSTRUCTIONS TO PAPER SETl'ERS Maximum Marks: 75
1. Ques tion No. should be compulsory-and cover t he ent ire syllabus. This question
i
should have objective or short answer type questions. It sho.uld be of 25 marks.
2. Apart from Question No. 1, the rest of the paper shall consist of four units as per the
syllabus. Every unit should have t wo ques tions. However, the student may be asked to attempt
only 1 question from each unit. Each question shou!d be 12.5 marks.
" UNIT-I: Introduction to Metering . .
Perfci'rmance Characteristics of Instruments: Static Characteristics, Dynamic Characteris ti!=S,
Errors in Measurement: Types of Static Err�rs, Gross Errors, Systematic Errors, Random
Errors, Sources of Errors.
. Me ter Movement: Moving Coil and Moving.Iron type of instruments.
Basic
Display Devices: Digitaf display system and indicators, Classifica tion of displays, Ligh t
Emitting Diodes (LED), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
Printers: Classification of Printers, Drum Printer, Dot-Matrix, ink-jet & Laser-jet Prin ters.
Electrical Standards & Calibration. [T1,T2] [No. of Hrs.: 10)
UNIT-II: Basic Instrumen t s
DC Ammeter, Multi range·ammeters, Extending·of ammeter ranges, RF �mmeter, E ct
)f frequency on calibration. DC Voltmeter, Multi range voltmeter, extending Volt�e ter rantes,
fransistor Voltmeter, Chopper type DC amplifier Voltmeter (Micro-voltmeter), Solid-S. te
Voltmeter, AC Voltmeter using rectifiers, True RMS Voltmeter..
Digital Metering: Dual slop� integrating type DVM (Voltage to Time.conversion), Integrating
.ype DVM (Voltage to Frequency Conversion), Resolution and sensi tivi ty of digital meters,
:;eneral specifications of a DVM, Digital Multime tcrs, Digital frequency m�ter, Digital
neasurement of time, Universal counter, Electronic counter, Digi tal tachometer, Digit�l pH
neter, Digital phase meter, Digital capacitance meter. [Tl T2] [No. of Hrs: 14)
. · .
UNIT-III : Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Basic Principle, CRT feattrres, Block diagram of oscilloscope, single/dual b�am CRO, dual
trace oscilloscope-, (VHF) sampling oscill os�?pe, �torage oscilloscope (For VLF Signal).
.
Measurement of phase and frequency by Ltssaious figures method. Oscilloscope as a Bridge
Null detector, standard specifications of a single beam <p�o, probes for. CRO, Digital 'Storage
Oscilloscope (DSO), Fiber Optic CRT r.ec?rding oscilloscote. f/lU 'I'2) [No. of ·H; �: 10)·
. ·
UNIT-IV: Electronic Instruments
Fjxed/Variable Frequency AF Oscillator, Signal Generator, Function Generator, (sine, square
I

,and triangular wave generator), Frequency selective and Heterodyne Wave Analyzer.
Digital Data Recording, Potentiometric Recorder (Multipoint), Digital Memory Waveform
I Recorder (DWR), Introduction to transducers, Data Acquisition System: Introduction, Obfec
tive
of a DAS, Sir.gle Channel Data Acquisition System, Multi-Channel DAS.
[Tl T2] [No. of Hrs: 10)
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 ��i)
I.P. Univenity-{8.Tech}-Aka1h Books
END TERM EXAMINATIO
: .
.
. 2016] il. �cl Explain the theory and workin
iiofLED.
(5)
THIRD SEMESTER [
. e.g.,
A.DA.. �e combmallon ofoptics and
electronics is termed as optoelectrorucs for
ELECTRONIC INSTR
UMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENTS. [ETE
Light �mitt in,
LED pbotod,odes, optocouplers and laser diodes.
Diode (LED): The basic circwt of LED is ehown in Fig. The outward
ar rows m�i ca� the light i n Corm of rad i ations. In forward bias LED, the free ele�tro �s
Time: s hrs. C-207] cross theiuncl!on and finally fall from high energy level to \ow energy level. Duru1;g ,ts

O
Note: At�mpt any fiue questions includ fall time, ,t radiates energy in form ofhc atand light. I n case ofLED, the energy radia t es
. . M. M. : 75
question from each Unit. i�g Q· no. I, wh,ch u compulsory. &kct one i n form ofhgbt. The colour of light like red, green, blue,
oranjle or other depeQds on property of element like
Q. 1. (a) Distin guish betwe en the phosphorus, arsenic gallium etc. The LED with
measurements. Cite examples to support yodirect and indirect methods of invisible light is also available and used in alarm
ur answer. �
/""
.Ans• D••rect methods of measurements· I di (SJ system CD players etc. v, � Vo
compare the quantity dire ctly with the rimary �r method of measurement, we The cun·ent in circuit can be analyzed as: _
p
measure tbe length of a bar, we will measure it w ith;.,co�"J! sta
;
dard. e.g. ffwe have to
scale that acts as the secondary standar d. Here, we tbe b;lPo the measunng tape or 1s =
Vs- Vo
measured directly with the standard. are companng the quantil;y to be Rs F,g. LED
Direct comparison method is not always accurate and there is al The brightness ofthe LED depends on the current. The brighµiess is almost constant
between actual value Qf quantity and the measured value of quan;: s some difference i{V5 is much greater than V0. LED bas very low breakdown voltages between 3 V and 5
_
Indirect '?et�od of measurement: In indirect method of measu V so it is not used in reverse bias.

ffftttt
transducer deVJce 1s used which is coupled to a chain of the connecting ::: Seven-Segment Display is �ne of the comparative application ofLED. It consists
�orms th� P.ft of the measunng system. In this system, the quantity is to be a�..�� seven retangular LED's as shown in Fig.
measured A
1.a co°:verte into some_ othe.r measureable quantity by the transducer. The transducer
used. 1s such that the input and output are proportional to each other. The readings
-obtained from tbe transdu_cer are calibrated to as per the relations between the in ut
and output, thus the reading obtamed from tbe transducer is the actual value of pthe
quantity to be measured.
Q. 1. (b) Explain the methods adopted to linearize the scale. (5)
G
Ans. Most of the measurement systems are not linear in nature and therefore
assumptions have to be made to make these systems linear so that their analysis can Fig. Seven Segment Display
be carried out. Linearizing a non-linear system results in simplicity but at the same It is used to display alphanumeric characters on screen. Resistors are used to limit
time results in loss of accuracy. Hence a compromise has to be made between the current to safe level. LED can form the characters when any of the LED fromA to G.
simplification of the model and the accuracy of results obatined from it. For the spectrum to be emitted in the visible SP4'!'trum. The material choosen for

�I
The usual ·app.roach adopted is to first build a simplified model which is linear LED should have a band gap such that the wavelength of the spectrum emitted should
ignoring all the non-linearities and other complexities of the system whi ch can't be lie in visible range e. g
'described by simple mathematics. 1.24
Thls model is analyzed, which gives an approximate idea of the dynamic response Eg
of the system. The correction for non-linearities and other complexities present in the (5)
.,at.em are incorporated in the solution later on to get results which are very near to the Q. 1. (d} Explain true rms voltmeter with block diagram.
actual condition obtaining in the system. To linearize the scale in a model, the approach Ans. True RMS Readine Voltmeters: RMS value of the sinusoidal waveform is
to design a dynamic system can be listed as follows: fM,asured by the average reading voltmeter of which scale is calibrated in terms of rms
1. Define the system and its compon_ent.s. value. This method is quite simple and less expensive. But sometimes rms value of the
ent a true
nonsinusoidal .waveform is required to be measured. For such a measurem
2. Build a physical inodel and list the necessary assumptions made. rms reading voltmeter is required.
3. Formulate and mathematical model and describe the assumptions made. True rms reading voltmeter gives a meter indication by sensing heating
power of
· 4. Write.the differential equations describi•ljr the model. waveform which is proportional to the sqaure of the rms value of the voltage.
waveform o(wbich
6. Solve the equations for the desired 0/P variables. Thermocouple is used to measure the heating power of the input
voltap ofthe
8. Examine the solutions and assumptions. �at.er is supplied by the amplified version of the input wareform. �utput
val e of the input waveform. One
7. Apply the necessary corrections to subvert the idealized correction made
in both 9!9rmocouple is proportional to the square of the rms � used m • aame
IMl78ical and mathematical models. re thermocouple, called the balacin� thermoco.uple, 1s !-I' �
. ans1ng out of non-linear beha'ftOm of
8. Re-analyze and redesign till the solutions obtained are compatible
with the *¥ironment in order to overcom. e the difficulty thermocouple ia concell "1 the
ed
-ulte expected of the actual system. thermocouple. Non-linearity of t�e input circuit
 12 -2016 Third Semester, Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements
201&-13
similar no �-lin�ar effects or the balancing thermocouple. These thermocouple fi I.P. Univcrsity-(B.Tech}-Akash Books
part ora bndge m the input circuit ore de amplifier,as shown in block.diagram� 0rtn
.

:Ooutput
:--Counting-+ No count� :
�Decade :._ Latch
: counters : triggered
I A!&et
Fig. Block diagram of True RMS Reading voltmeter 1999 Hz
!

AC waveform to be meaured is applied to the heating element of the ma·

{a} Frequency meler system
thermocouple through an ac amplifier. Under absence orany input waveform. output�� (b) System wavefc:wms

both thermocouples are equal so error signal, which is input to de amplifier is zero a nd
therefor�, i�dicat !_ng meter connected to the output orde amplifier reads zero. But 0� As in the case ofthe digital voltmeters, latch or display/enable circuits are em !'loy�d
to make the digital display readable. For the system illustrated in Fig. the latch c,rcwts
the apphcabon ofmput waveform, output ofmain thermocouple upsets the balance and briefly triggered al the end ofthe counting time by the positive-going edge oflhe flip-
are
an error signal is produced, which gels amplified by the de amplifier and fed back to the
heating element of the balancing thermocouple. This feedback current reduces the value flop Q output. The display is corrected at this instant (if necessary), andtben remains
of error signal and ultimately makes it ze.ro to obtain the balanced bridge condition. In constant until the next latch trigger input.
this balanced condition, feedback current supplied by the de amplifier to the heating Range Changing: An accurate clock frequency may be divided by the use of cascaded
element of the balance thermocouple is equal to the ac current flowing in the heating flip-flops. Division by tens can also be effected by the use of decade counters instead of
element of main thermocouple. Hence this direct current is directly proporational to the single flip-flops. Thus, accurate time periods of 10 us, 100 us, 1 ms, and so on, can be
nos value ofthe input ac voltage and is indicated by the meter connecf:Cd in the output readily produced by the use of a crystal oscillator and several decade counters. This
type of time base may be used with a digital frequency meter to give several ranges of
of the de amplJJier. The PMMC meter may be calibrated to read the rms voltage directly.
frequency measurement. When the time period for counting the input pulses is 1 s, the
By this method, nos value of any voltage waveform can be measured provided that a•t2 -digit display in Fig. might have a Hz unit identification alongside it, as illustrated,
the peak excursions of the waveform do not exceed the dynamic range of the ac amplifier. the frequency units could be identified as kHz if a decimal point is energized after the
Q. 1. (e) Explain the working of digital frequency meter. (5) . first numeral.
Ans. Digit.al Frequency Meter: In the digital frequency meter block diagram in UNIT-I
Fig. (a) the input is first amplified or attenuated, as necessary, and then fed to the Q. 2. (a) Explain the term: Static error, relative error, percentage �lative
wave-shaping circuit, which converts it into a square or pulse waveform with the same error. · (6.5)
frequency as the input [see Fig. (b)]. The presence of the wave-shaping circuit means Ans. (i) Static error: Static error of a measuring inStrument is the numerical
that the input can be sinusoidal, square, triangular, or can have any other repetitive­ difference between the true value of a quality and its value as obtained by measurement
type waveform. The shaped waveform is fed to one input terminal of a two-inpu�AND i.e. repented measurement of the same quantity gives different indications.•
gate, and the other AND gate input is controlled by the Q output from a Oip-nop. (ii) Relative error: The relative error is the ratio of absolute error to the true
Consequently, the pulses to be counted pass through the AND gate only when tho nip' vall!c of lhc quantity to be measured.
nop Q terminal is high. 6A Absoluteerror
The Oip-flop is controlled by the time base circuit, changing state each instant that Relative error, E, = A True value
the time base output waveform goes in a negative direction (a negative-going edge). · ·
When the time base output frequency is I Hz, as illustrated, the flip-nop Q output · Where, 6A =A., -A, Where A,. is measured v�lue and A is true value. .
quated as a fraction
terminal is alternately high for a period of 1 s and low for 1 s. In this case, the counting (iii) Percentag e relative error: The relative error may be
circuits are toggled (by the pulses from the wave-shaping circuit) for a period (ter med e. g. 5 parts in 1000 or may be expressed as a percentage.
the gate time) of I s, and the tot.al coµnt indicates the frequency directly in hertz. The
Counting circuits are reset to the zero-count condition by the negative-going edge of the e, x 100-- �.100
. percentage error=
1.r. A
Q output from the flip-flop, so that the count always starts froin zero. is absol ute error of measurement.
Where Cn = 6A which
 14-2016 Third Semester, Electronic Instrumentation & Measllf'ernenta 2016-15
1.P. Univen1ity-<B.Tech)-Akash Doolu
Q. 2. (b)Ameter reads 127.50V and the true value o(the vol ta ge
Determine: (n) the static error, and (b) the stat ic corr ection tor this ini
• 1 27.43 V.
81�
eot.
Ans. Measured value. 127.50 V. (6)
True value• 127.43 V.
(i) Static en'Or = Measured value -True value
• 127.50-127.43 Mognel
• 0.7V. Col and arrangement
(ii) Static correc-tion = True vaJue-Measured value
S\JSpens.ion Coil •nd
• 127.43 - 127.50 su1pen1lon Field
• -0.7V.
au':� Coil
Q. 3. Describe tho construction and working ofPl\tl\tC instrume nt. Deri
tho equation for deflection if the instrument i s spring controlled. Describe �e
method of damping used in these instrucmcnts. (12,G� Fie. (b) Lone Sea.lo l\toviog Coll IntLrumeo.U
Ans. Construction ot PMJ\JC Instruments. The general constructiona l featur e. In r�cent year8 with i.he development of improved magnetic materials like Alnico,
oft.his instrument are shown in Fig. it has become feasible to design a magnetic system in which the magnet itself serves as
l\Joving Coil. The moving coil is the core as shown in Fig. (c) The moving coil
wowad with many turns of enamelled or moves over the magnet. The active sides of
silk covered copper wire. The coil is the moving coil are located in the uniform
mounted on R rectangular aluminium radial field bctwe�n pole pieces and the steel
former which is pivoted on jewelled yoke. This arrangements has the obvious
bearings The coils moves freely in the advantage of being relatively unaffected by
field of a permanent magnet. Most the exte rnal m agnetic fields. Jt also
voltmeter coils are wound on metal eliminates the mabrnetic shunting effects in
frames to provide the required electro­ steel panel construct.ion, where several met.ers
magnetic damping. Most ammeter coils, operating si<le by si<le may affect each others'
however, a.re wound on non-magnetic readings. The need for magnetic shielding i.n Magnet coil
formers, because coil tµrns are the form of iron cases is also eliminated by
effectfrely shorted by the ammeter core magnet construction. Fit (c) Core Mamet CoDJ1t.ruclion
shunt. The coil it.self, therefore, provides Control. \Vhcn the coil is supported between two jewel bearings the control torque
electro-magnetic damping. is provided by two phosphor bronze hair springs. These springs also serve to lead
Magncl Systems. There has been current in and out ofthe coil. The control Torque is provided by the ribbon suspension as
considerable development in m;iterial s · Ma.,n
F.ag. (0 ) Conccn 1nc d ct Assembly
shown in Fig. (a). This method is comparatively new and is consi?ered to be advantageous
for permanent magnets and therefore, as it eliminates bearing friction.
magnet assemblies have undergone a lot ofchange in the recent past. Old style magnet Dnmping. Dan:iping Torque is produced by movement of the aluminiu.m fQnner
system consisted of a relatively long U shaped permanent magnets having soft iron moving in the magnetic field of the permanent-magnet,
pole pieces. Owing to development ofmaterials like Alcomax and Alnico which have a Pointer nnd Scale:The pointer is carried by the spindle and moves over a graduated
high co-ercive force it is possible to use smaller magnet lengths and high field mtens1bes. scale. The pointer is of light-weight construction and, apart from those used in some
The tlux densities �sed in PMMCinstrument.s vary from 0.1 Wb/m2 to 1 Whim'. Thus in inexpensive instruments has the section orer the scale twisted to form a fine blade.
small instruments it is possible to use a small coil having small number of turns and This helps Lo reduce parallax -errors in the reading or the scale. ln many instruments
hence a reduction in volume is achieved Alternalively in instruments having a large such errors may be reduced further by careful alignment or the point.er blade and its
scale length it is possible to increase the air gap length to accommodate large number reOeclion in the mirror acljacent to scale. The weight or the instrument is normally
ofturns. counter balanced by weight situated diametrically opposite and rigidly connected to it.
The movement of the coil is·restricted in the design. This is because no actual pa�t Tol'l1ue Equntion.
of the coil is allowed to reach the extreme positions near the pole tips where, lhcre . '�
fringing field. Thus the angular span of scale is_restricte� to 90°. ln o_ rder to obta,n DcOecting torque T4 = NBl/dl=Gl ...ll)
_ where G = a constant= NB Id ...(2.)
longer movement of the pointer and a longer angular swing of the coil a co_ncentn c
_
magnet construction as shown in Fig. (a) is used. Since the magnet is concentric tyil'.' it The spring control provides a restoring(controlling) torque T,= KO ...(3)
produces a radial tlux patterns which extends over 250°or more. This type ofconstruction where K = spring constant.
is used for many panel type instruments and some portable instruments. T, = T4 or GI= KO
For final steady deOection
An air cored coil offset from the'axis ofrotation is used as shown in Fig. (b) the �ale O =· (GIK}!
len i:th of the instrument can be increased from 120° to 240° or even 300°, thercbr g iV1ng :. Final steady deOection
bcucr resolution ofreadiug for the same scale range. or current! = (K/G'll

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