CIEG 314 Hydraulic Machines

Energy Conversion 02
Bi dhan Rajkarnikar
Research Associate, Turbine Testing L ab
April 25, 2016

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 Angular Momentum Equation
• Fluid particle of mass ‘m’ is
moving along a curved path
• Distance from the fixed centre
i.e. axis of rotation changes
with time
• Then radial distance will be
different at different positions
of the particle
• Here, 𝑟1, 𝑟2, and 𝑟3 are
distances at positions 1, 2, 3
respectively
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 Angular Momentum Equation
• If at any instant, the velocity of particle is 𝑣 and the
radial distance from the axis of rotation is 𝑟, then
momentum of particle in direction normal to radius 𝑟,
= 𝑚. 𝑣𝑢
• Moment of momentum of particle about the axis of
rotation
= 𝑚. 𝑣𝑢 . 𝑟
• Where, 𝑣𝑢 = component of velocity in a direction
normal to the radius 𝑟
• If 𝛼 is angle made by velocity component 𝑣𝑢 with
tangent drawn, the component of velocity normal to
radius of the curved path is given by,
𝑣𝑢 = 𝑣. cos 𝛼
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 Angular Momentum Equation
• Moment of momentum of particle (angular momentum)
= 𝑚. (𝑣 cos 𝛼). 𝑟
• Angular momentum of particle at point 1
= 𝑚. (𝑣1 cos 𝛼1 ). 𝑟1
• Angular momentum of particle at point 2
= 𝑚. (𝑣2 cos 𝛼2 ). 𝑟2
• Change in angular momentum of particle
= 𝑚. (𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 . 𝑟2 − 𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 . 𝑟1 )
• Rate of change in angular momentum of particle
𝑚
= . (𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 . 𝑟2 − 𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 . 𝑟1 )
𝑡
• Which is the torque
𝑇𝑝 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 . 𝑟2 − 𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 . 𝑟1 )
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 Angular Momentum Equation
• In the case of circular path, 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = 𝑟, i.e., same for all position and 𝛼1 and
𝛼2 = 0, then,
𝑇𝑝 = 𝜌. 𝑄. 𝑟. (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

• This torque is exerted on the fluid by the body which is being revolved by some
external agent, case of centrifugal pump runner

• The negative value of this torque will be exerted by the fluid on the body in
order to revolve it, case of turbine

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 Radial flow over turbine blades

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 Power produced by radial runners
𝑇𝑝 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 . 𝑟2 − 𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 . 𝑟1 )

𝑇𝑡 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 . 𝑟1 − 𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 . 𝑟2 )

𝑃 = 𝑇𝑡 . 𝜔
Here, 𝑢1 = 𝜔.𝑟1 and 𝑢2 = 𝜔.𝑟2
Therefore,
𝑃 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑢1 . 𝑣1 . cos 𝛼1 − 𝑢2 . 𝑣2 . cos 𝛼2 )

𝑃 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2 )

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 Euler’s turbine equation
𝑃 = 𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2 )

Output power from the runner

𝑃 = 𝜌. 𝑄. 𝑔. 𝐻𝑛

Available hydraulic power

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 Euler’s turbine equation
𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2 )
𝜂=
𝜌. 𝑄. 𝑔. 𝐻𝑛

𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2
𝜂=
𝑔. 𝐻𝑛

For maximum 𝜂, 𝑣𝑢2 = 0

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 Velocity diagram for reaction turbines

u1
Guide vanes
a1 b1
v1 w1

u2
Runner vanes
a2 b2
v2
w2

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 𝑣1 𝑤1

𝑢1

𝑢2

𝑤2 𝑣2

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 𝑢1

𝑣1 𝑤1

𝑢2
𝑣2
𝑤2

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 Velocity triangles / Vector diagrams

The fluid may leave the vanes of turbine runner with an absolute velocity in direction
a) Against the motion of the wheel
b) Same as the motion of the wheel, and
c) Radially

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 Turbine efficiencies
• Hydraulic efficiency, 𝜂ℎ
• Mechanical efficiency, 𝜂𝑚
• Volumetric efficiency, 𝜂𝑣
• Overall efficiency, 𝜂𝑜
• Generator efficiency, 𝜂𝑔
• Hydroelectric plant efficiency, 𝜂𝐻𝐸𝑃

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 Turbine efficiencies
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝜂ℎ =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝜂𝑚 =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂𝑜 = =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝜂𝑜 = 𝜂ℎ . 𝜂𝑚 . 𝜂𝑣 𝜂𝐻𝐸𝑃 = 𝜂𝑜 . 𝜂𝑔
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 Euler’s turbine equation
𝜌. 𝑄. (𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2 )
𝜂ℎ =
𝜌. 𝑄. 𝑔. 𝐻𝑛

𝑢1 . 𝑣𝑢1 − 𝑢2 𝑣𝑢2
𝜂ℎ =
𝑔. 𝐻𝑛

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 Example 1
• A jet of water of 5 cm diameter impinges on a curved vane and is
deflected through an angle of 175 deg. The vane moves in the same
direction as that of the jet with a velocity of 35 m/s. If the water flow
rate is 170 liters per second, determine the component of force on the
vane in the direction of motion. How much would be the power
developed by the vane and what would be the vane efficiency? Neglect
friction. How these parameters would change if instead of one vane
there is a series of vanes fixed to a wheel & moving in the direction of jet
with vel. 35 m/s.
• Solution Clue: Draw inlet velocity and it should be straight line and V1=
86.5 m/s, U1 = 35 m/s, W1 = 51.8 m/s and Vu1= 86.8 m/s
• At outlet: blade angle= 5 degree, U2 = U1 = 35 m/s, W2 = W1 = 51.8 m/s,
Vu2 = U2-W2 cosb2 = -16.6 m/s (a) F = 10546 N, P = 369 kW,  = 57.6 %
(b) F = 17578 N, P = 615.23 kW,  = 96 %

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