Lecture 1 «Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities

and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of coupled

systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’»
Presented by Raphael Caire
from the thesis of José Libardo SANCHEZ TORRES

SYREL Team - UMR CNRS 5269 - Grenoble-INP – Université Grenoble Alpes

 Lecturer

Raphael Caire had been working in Power Electronic

field, in USA at the Center of Power Electronic
System (CPES) in 2000 and within several EDF
research centers in Germany and in France from
2004 to 2006. He is now associate professor at
Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble-InP) and Dr Raphael Caire
in the Grenoble Electrical Engineering laboratory Maître de
(G2Elab). His research is centered on the impacts, Conférences
(Asso. Prof.)
production control of dispersed generation on Grenoble INP
distribution system and critical infrastructures. /UGA

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students are able to:

- Categorize the various interdependency families for infrastructures
- Recommend modelling methods
- Describe the complex network theory
- Support the use of Hermitian matrix
- List added values of the complex network theory applied to coupled
infrastructures

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Context

Back in 2003: one of the most

catastrophic blackouts in the
history in the US and Canada.
Caused by several line faults.
The main problem: the alarm
system failed before the line faults.
Consequences: it costs US$ 7 to Source: National Oceanic and
10 billion and affected almost atmospheric administration
50 million customers.
Power System is highly dependent on Information
and Communication Technologies
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
Protection of critical infrastructures
Enhance the resiliency of Smart Cities
How to enhance the resiliency of Smart Cities
Build knowledges on the failure trajectories of coupled systems.
Build knowledges on the topological interdependencies.
Secure the interdependent infrastructures.

© Maria Viziteu
4
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Protection of critical infrastructures
and topological approach

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHIC
Types of
Interdependencies
“…Everything
CYBER LOGICAL SOCIAL is connected
to everything else”
Cascading Escalating Common mode - A. Barabasi

One failure causes A disruption in One event leads

Types of another one infrastructure simultaneously
Failures exacerbates an many outages
independent
disruption of a
second
infrastructure
Modified from source: Rinaldi, Steven et al. “Identifying, Understanding and analyzing critical
infrastructure interdependencies,” IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Vol. 21, No. 6, 2001.
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R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Outline

Context
Introduction
Definitions
Methodology: Complex Networks Modeling
Hermitian Matrices
Spectral Centrality
Algorithm
Application
Test system
Results
Conclusions and Further work

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Critical Infrastructures

Energy installations and networks,

ICTs,
Finance,
Health Care,
Food,
Water,
Transport,
Production, storage and transport of dangerous goods,
Government.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Critical Infrastructures of a classical city

Energy installations and networks,

ICTs,
Finance,
Health Care,
Food,
Water,
Transport,
Production, storage and transport of dangerous goods,
Government.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Complex Interconnected World and Smart City structure

TYPES OF INTERDEPENDENCIES
• Physical,
• Cyber,
• Geographic,
• Logical,
• Social.

“…Everything is connected to
everything else”
From: “Identifying, Understanding and Analyzing Critical Infrastructures
Interdependencies,” by S. Rinaldi, J. Peerenboom and T. Kelly. - A. Barabasi
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Quizzes for the lecture
Socrative inside

To answer to the quizzes, you

need a computer or a mobile
phone with an internet
connection
Go to the website
https://b.socrative.com/login/
student/
Or download the app on your
preferred store

Go to the room CAIRE1243

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Complex Interconnected World and Smart City structure

QUESTIONS with SOCRATIVE

• Specificities of SC?
• Which infrastructures are
missing?
•…

“…Everything is connected to
everything else”
From: “Identifying, Understanding and Analyzing Critical Infrastructures
Interdependencies,” by S. Rinaldi, J. Peerenboom and T. Kelly. - A. Barabasi
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Responding the challenges
Smart City Perspective
Définition of Smart Cities
Smart Cities is an umbrella term for
how information and communication
technology can help improve the
efficiency of a city operations and its
citizen’ quality of life while also
promoting the local economy
From Building a Smart City: Lessons from Barcelona
By Mila Gascó-Hernandez Communications of the ACM,
April 2018, Vol. 61 No. 4, Pages 50-57 10.1145/3117800
From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges
September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

12
 Introduction
Responding the challenges
Smart City Perspective

Deployment of ICT adds

a new complexity to
From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges Smart Cities
September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

We are focusing on new

vulnerabilities that emerge from
the interdependencies among
13 infrastructures
Lack of modeling methods

Agent-Based Boolean Logic Driven

Complex Networks
Modeling Markov Processes

Topological analysis Robust software Dynamic simulation

Large systems Dynamic simulation Model attacks
Scalable systems Large systems
Number of Param.
Abstract results. Parallel processing One platform
Lack of dedicated Long comp. time Vulnerabilities(?)
software Large systems

Combined Simulators Petri Networks Bayesian Networks

Dynamic simulation Sequential Quantify

Validation mean processes consequences
Discrete & Cont Friendly software
time systems
Interoperability Computation
On-the-shelf Large systems complexity
software State explosion Unknown parameters
A. Merdassi, et al, “Modeling methods coupled electrical networks and ICT. An inventory,” EJEE 15/6, 2012.
B. W. Kröger and E. Zio, “Vulnerable Systems,” New York: Springer, 2001
•14
 Introduction
Complex Networks: The (r)evolution of Graph Theory

Königsberg problem
Leonhard Euler
18th century
➔ First Smart City Approach

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Complex Networks: The (r)evolution of Graph Theory

Network is referred as any real

system that can be described by
means of graphs.

A Graph is used whenever talking

about mathematical properties.

Graph theory is the body of

principles and theorems that
revolve around graphs.

Complex Networks is the field that Important properties:

describes the networks whose Adjacency matrix (connectivity matrix)
infrastructure is irregular, complex Node degree (prestige, importance…)
and dynamic using graph theory. Centrality indices (betweenness, closeness, …)

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Introduction
Complex Networks: The (r)evolution of Graph Theory

é a a a ù
ê ú
Mathematical
11 1j 1n

ê ú
Adjacency A= ê a ú
ê
a a
ú representation of
Matrix
h1 hj hn

ê ú
ê a a a ú Graphs
êë n1 nj nn
úû

Node Degree k = åa
in
h hj
k = åa
h
out
jh
Qualify the role and
prestige of nodes
j ÎV jÎV

Betweenness s (l ) Identification of
Centrality b( l ) = å hj
bottlenecks in the
h, j ÎV ,h¹ j s hj
graph

S. Boccaletti et al. “Complex Networks: Structure and dynamics,”

Physics Reports, 424 (2006), pp. 175-308
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Take back home information
Please remember

A smart city is composed of

various networks including
various physics that are
interacting with different
dynamics.

The topological approach is

important to analyse the most
critical nodes to be secured. From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges
September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

The complex network theory is

promising.
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Outline

Introduction
Context
Definitions
Methodology: Complex Networks Modeling
Hermitian Matrices
Spectral Centrality
Algorithm
Application
Test system
Results
Conclusions and Further work

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
What are we proposing?

Hermitian Matrices are composed of a real part and an

imaginary one ➔ Help to describe de bi-directional flow
of « information » (data and electricity/other).

Describe the coupled infrastructures connectivity using

Hermitian Matrices.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
What are we proposing?

Apply the Spectral Analysis to study the structure of

asymmetric directed graphs
(Eigenvectors & Eigenvalues).
Result: Identification of most central nodes in the
interconnected system and the weak interconnections
that exist (to reinforce them).

But… Why Hermitian Matrices?

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Spectral Centrality

The eigensystem (set of eigenvectors and eigenvalues) characterizes

the graph and is called the spectrum of the matrix or eigenspectrum

One of the main property of Hermitian Matrices is that all its

eigenvalues are real-values.

The largest eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector serve to

quantify the centrality of each node in the interconnected system.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Example: Part 1

1. Graph representation
It is not a Hermitian Matrix!

2. Create Adjacency Matrix

w : number of outbound links from h to j

x : number of inbound links from h to j

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Example: Part 2

3. Transformation

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Example: Part 2

3. Eigenvalue analysis
H = Ae p - /4

é 0 0.7 - 0.7i 0 0 0 0 ù
ê ú
ê 0.7 + 0.7i 0 0.7 - 0.7i 0 1.4 0 ú
0.7 + 0.7i
H = êê ú
0 0 0 0 1.4
0 0 0 0 0.7 - 0.7i 0 ú
ê ú
ê 0 1.4 0 0.7 + 0.7i 0 0.7 - 0.7i ú
êë 0 0 1.4 0 0.7 + 0.7i 0 úû
MOST CENTRAL NODE
Highest Value
é 2.62 ù é 0.199 ù Highest Value é -0.785 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
ê -2.62 ú ê 0.523 ú ê 0 ú
l = êê ú ê 0.432 ú ê 0.785 ú
arg ( x1 ) = ê
0.84
ú x1 = ê
0.64 0.199 ú Highest Value -0.785 ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú
ê -0.64 ú ê 0.523 ú ê 0 ú
êë -0.84 úû êë 0.432 úû êë 0.785 úû
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Spectral Centrality and questions with Socrative

QUESTIONS with SOCRATIVE

• Why Hermitian is
important?
• Can we use other
methods?

From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges

September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Example: Part 3

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Algorithm for Coupled Infrastructures

Comm -> Comm Electric -> Comm

Electric - Electric

Comm -> Elec

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Algorithm for Coupled Infrastructures

Adjacency entry for Undirected graph

Advantages:
• Enables to differentiate
the infrastructures.
• Direct graphs take into
Adjacency entry for Directed graph account the relation
between sources and
end-users -> SERVICE

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
Algorithm for Coupled Infrastructures

1. Identify all nodes in the coupled infrastructure

Buses and Routers ➔ Nodes
Power lines and Comm. Link ➔ Arcs
2. Create an Adjacency Matrix according to the type of
interdependency (Electrical or Comm).
3. Transform the Adjacency Matrices to obtain the Hermitian
Matrices.
4. Calculate the eigensystem
5. Rank Eigenvalues
6. Identify larger eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector
7. Rank Eigenvector according to its norm
8. Identification of most central nodes
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Take back home information
Please remember

Ranking the criticality of nodes

that correspond to physical
interconnected components is
complicated when:
Directed
Of multiple infrastructures

Spectral analysis (eigenvalues

and vectors) is important to rank.

Hermitian approach is of interest

for a 2 dimension approach.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Outline

Introduction
Context
Definitions
Methodology: Complex Networks Modeling
Hermitian Matrices
Spectral Centrality
Algorithm
Application
Test system
Results
Conclusions and Further work

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Test System: Distribution Network
N 01
L01
N 02

CH 6

PS2
CH1
Transformers
CH 2

CH 3
CH 5

CH 4

N 04
Breakers L03

N 01 CH 9

Motors
PS3
CH 8
CH 7

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Test System: Distribution Network

Localized Automation devices

Telecommunication Network Emulation

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ exampleSCADA System
of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Test System: Distribution Network

The Power Grid has:

• 14 power-bus
• 17 lines
• 7 distributed generation
• 9 loads
• 3 transformers HV/MV,

The communications network involves:

• 2 routers from a communication network
of a public ICT provider (nodes 38 and 39)
• 1 WiMax BS (node 41)
• 8 multiplexers
• 26 links including ADSL, PSTN/ISDN, Optic
Fiber, and Ethernet technologies.
• A private LAN-GigaEthernet connecting the
electrical buses 2, 3 and 4.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Test System: Distribution Network

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Results: Largest Eigenvectors

Electric Layer Comm. Layer

Node |x| Φ Node |x| Φ

2 0.60 0.00 20 0.56 0.00

1 0.39 2.36 22 0.43 0.00

9 0.31 -2.36 12 0.32 0.00

6 0.29 2.36 13 0.32 0.00

5 0.28 -2.36 19 0.31 0.00

Graph Representation
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Results: Largest Eigenvectors for coupled infrastructure
He Hc
λ = -2.52 λ = 4.43
ID lxl ϕ lxl ϕ
1 0.39 2.36 0.000 0.000
2 0.60 0.00 0.054 0.000
3 0.19 -1.57 0.218 0.000
4 0.19 -1.57 0.096 0.000
5 0.28 -2.36 0.035 0.000
6 0.29 2.36 0.034 0.000
7 0.00 -1.07 0.058 0.000
8 0.18 1.57 0.035 0.000
9 0.31 -2.36 0.180 0.000
10 0.14 -1.57 0.034 0.000
11 0.09 0.79 0.034 0.000
12 0.04 3.14 0.316 0.000
13 0.02 -0.79 0.316 0.000
14 0.09 0.79 0.136 0.000
15 0.24 -2.36 0.052 0.000
16 0.05 2.36 0.108 0.000
17 0.11 1.57 0.110 0.000
18 0.07 -0.79 0.110 0.000
19 0.07 -0.79 0.309 0.000
20 0.04 -1.57 0.564 0.000
21 0.00 1.79 0.182 0.000
22
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of0.00 0.00
infrastructures in Smart 0.426 0.000 topological approach for the resiliency of
Cities and advanced
38
23 0.00 ‐ example
coupled systems 0.00of Power0.117 0.000 – 20th August 2020
and ICT systems’
 Application
Results: Betweeness centrality

Betweenness Centrality - Réseau de Distribution

40
140

35
120

Noeuds Réseau électrique (1-30) - TIC (31-41)

30

100
25

80
20

15 60

10
40

5
20

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Noeuds Réseau électrique (1-30) - TIC (31-41)
© José-Libardo Sanchez-Torres
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
39
coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
ICT // Power System analysis and questions with Socrative

QUESTIONS with SOCRATIVE

• Which other infrastructure
I could analyze with this
approach?
• Can we use other
methods?
From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges
September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Application
Results: Betweeness centrality
N ode be bc b globa l
1 48 0 48
2 63 0 63
3 9 0 9
4 27 0 27
5 10 0 10
6 8 0 8
7 0 0 0
8 22 0 22
9 30 0 30
10 0 0 0
11 20 0 20
12 11 0 11
13 0 0 0
14 0 0 0
15 0 0 0
16 0 14 14
17 0 0 0
18 0 0 0
19 0 35 35
20 0 36 36
21 0 20 20
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures 22
in Smart Cities 0 0 topological
and advanced 0 approach for the resiliency of
41 23of Power and0ICT systems’
0 – 20th August
0
coupled systems ‐ example 2020
 Take back home information
Please remember

Dual infrastructure is already

complicated to solve.

Unique way to solve risk analysis

for complex and interdependent
infrastructure (different experts).

Unique results may be found for 40

Betweenness Centrality - Réseau de Distribution

140

criticality analysis
35
120

Noeuds Réseau électrique (1-30) - TIC (31-41)

30

100
25

80
20

15 60

10
40

5
20

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Noeuds Réseau électrique (1-30) - TIC (31-41)

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Outline

Introduction
Context
Definitions
Methodology: Complex Networks Modeling
Hermitian Matrices
Spectral Centrality
Algorithm
Application
Test system
Results
Conclusions and Further work

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Conclusions
Summary

There is a need of original and innovative methodologies to

study the interdependencies and vulnerabilities of
interconnected systems.
Complex Networks are a promising method to study the
topological weaknesses of large interconnected Systems.
The proposition is flexible and can be used to study other
infrastructures different to ICT and Power Systems.
The use of Hermitian Matrices and Eigenspectral Analysis
helps to study the structure of coupled infrastructures.

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Further works
Where are we going?

Model validation:
Co-simulators
PREDIS, smart grid innovation and
education center
Incorporating dynamic aspects
Need cross disciplinary approach and SGAM Framework (CEN-CENELEC-ETSI 2012)

collaboration ➔ Global Vision

Control Systems
Markets
Human behavior
Smart-grids modeling, based on SGAM
A real potential in this area of research
R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 Methodology
ICT // Power System analysis and questions with Socrative

QUESTIONS with SOCRATIVE

• Evaluation of the course

From Internet-of-Things Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges

September 2017IEEE Communications Magazine 55(9)
DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600514 link to ResearchGate

R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
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coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Questions?

Contact:
Raphael.caire@grenoble-inp.fr
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R. Caire – ‘Interdependencies of infrastructures in Smart Cities and advanced topological approach for the resiliency of
coupled systems ‐ example of Power and ICT systems’ – 20th August 2020