PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Elastic Analysis
ASD – allowable stress design

STRAIN STRESS

max y
w
Elastic C
N.A. h
2
h T
C
2
2
M-diagram wl Stress-Strain diagram

8 f

Fy

COLLAPSE MECHANISM
y 
Stage 1  My – yield moment = FySx
Stage 4  Mp – plastic moment = FyZx
Zx – plastic section modulus
Sx – elastic section modulus

STAGE 4

F  0
CT
A c Fy  A t Fy  A total  A c  A t
A total
Plastic N.A.  A c  A t 
2

For rectangle
bh
Ac  At 
2
bh  h 
M p  Cz  Fy  
2 2
bh 2
 Fy  Z x Fy
4
 bh 2
M y  Sx Fy  Fy
6
f  shape factor

Mp Z x Fy bh 2
   4  1.5
2
My Sx Fy bh
6
f 2 h
f  1.12 to 1.18
 1.14 to 1.16
h

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) (NSCP 203.3.1)

L.C.1. 1.2D  1.6L

L.C.2. 1.2D  1.3W  0.5L
L.C.3. 1.2D  1.0E  0.5L

Allowable Strength Design (ASD) (NSCP 203.4.1) or Alternate ASD (NSCP 203.4.1)

L.C.1. DL L.C.1. D  L

L.C.2. D  0.6W L.C.2. 0.75(
D  L  0.6W )
E
L.C.3. D L.C.3. 0.75(
1.4
 E 
D  L  
 1.4 

The analysis procedures discussed below are based on the nominal capacity levels.
Therefore,

For LRFD, use factored loads divided by the resistance factors (e.g. Pu/ and wu/

For ASD, use service loads multiplied by the safety factors (e.g. Pu and wu

wu wu

1
   

 

wl 2
8
1 Mp
12

Analysis Methods

1. Equilibrium method  upper bound theorem

a. Using Moment Diagrams
b. Using FBD Diagrams
2. Virtual work  lower bound theorem

1. EQUILIBRIUM METHOD USING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

wu Design
w u L2
2M p 
8
w L2
Mp  u
16
Analysis
M 16
w u  p2
L

Sample:

L = 10 m
w d  40 kN
m
w l  15 kN
m
Determine the lightest W section that you can use safely.
a) Use A-50 and LRFD.
b) Solve also using Allowable Strength Design (ASD).

2
a) LRFD
w u  1.2 40)  1.6(15  72 kN
m
7210 
2
Req' d M p   450 kN  m
16
M 450  106
Req' d Z x  p   1449.3  103 mm3
Fy 0.9 * 345
Choices: W21x44 Zx = 1560x103 mm3
W18x46 Zx = 1490x103 mm3
 Use W21 44, Z x  1560  103 mm3

b) ASD
w   40  15  55 kN
m
5510 
2
Req' d M p   343.75 kN  m
 16
M 1.67x343.75  10 6
Req' d Z x  p   1664.0  103 mm3
Fy 345
Choices: W21x48 Zx = 1750x103 mm3
W18x50 Zx = 1660x103 mm3
 Use W21 48, Z x  1750  103 mm3

Pu Determine the maximum Pu that the beam

can carry if you use W24  55 and A-36
steel. (LRFD is implied)
Pu

4m 3m

4m 3m

12P
 (10/7)P
7

3
12P 3 10
 Mp  Mp  Mp
7 7 7
M p
 M p  1.2P  Pu 
1.2
Z x  2196  103 mm 3
Fy  248 MPa
M p  Z x Fy  2.196 248  544.61 kN  m
(0.9)(544.61)
 Pu   408.46 kN
1.2

0.8 m PL 120 10
Pu

d  598.68 mm
4m 3m
PL 120 10
M p1  544.61 kN  m
M p2  ZFy
M p2
 Z x Fy  A PL Fy z x  1.3326
M p1

 544.61  12010 248 608.68  10 6 
 725.75 kN  m

Case 1:
4m 3m
 M p  1.3326M p 
12Pu 3
Mp 7 7
Pu  0.91648M p

1.3326Mp (1.3326Mp)

4
Case 2:
1.6
 M p  1.5M p 
12Pu 3
Mp
0.8 1.6 7 7
Pu  0.95833M p

1.5Mp 3
1.5M p 
7
M
 Pu  0.91648Mpp  0.91648(0.9) 544.61  449.21 kN

Determine Zx

Aabove = Abelow
Height = y
150
y 500 Base = y
500
 0.3y y   1 150 500  1 0.3y2   π 75
2
1
2
 
2 2  2
75 y  393.00 mm
x  117.9 mm

x z
1
 393117.9   393   32.1107  2 107
2  3  3
150
 107  π  75  4 75
2

 117.9107     107
 2  2  3π 
 7676.1 10 mm
3 3

π
S  rθ
2 dA  ρdρdθ

π
dθ
 0

dρ 2
θπ ρr π r  π2  r  π ρ r
A  ρ03dA
π  0 0   0 dθ   0 ρdρ   θ]0  2 ]0
2 2
ρdρdθ 2
θ 0

π  r2  2πr 2
   
2  2  4

A 0  4A  πr 2 QED! (Quod Erat Demonstrandum)

5
 y
 ydA
 dA  A
y  ρsinθ
π r
 ydA    ρ sinθinθd
2 2
0 0
r π
  ρ 2dρ   2 sinθin
0 0

r3 3
  cosθ 0 2  r   0    1 
π

3 3
3
r
4r
 23 
πr 3π
4
I   y 2 dA
π r
 4 2
 ρ sin θdρdθ
3 2
0 0
π r
 4 2 sin 2 dθ   ρ 3dρ
0 0
π
4 sin2θ  2 r 4
 θ  
2  2  0 4
4
4 π r
  0  0  0
2  2  4
πr 4
  Q.E.D.
4


πd  4

2  πd
4

4 64

Aside:
 sin
2
θdθ
cos a  b   cos a cos b  sin a sin b
cos 2a  cos 2 a  sin 2 a
 1 - 2sin 2 a
1  cos2θ
 sin 2θ 
2
1 1 1 
 sin θdθ  2  1  cos2θ  dθ  2 θ  2 sin2θ
2

2. VIRTUAL WORK

External Work = Internal Work E.W. = I.W.

(Note: Work = Force * Displacement)

6
 aα  bβ
aα
β
b
L
Δ θ; From s  r
2
 LΔ
 w    2   M p θ  M p 2θ  M p θ
 2 2
wL2
θ  4M p θ
4
16M p w u L2
wu  or M p  Q.E.D.
L2 16

7 
P  4θ  M pθ  M p  θ 
3 
10
4P  Mp
3
Mp
P or M p  1.2P
1.2
Case 1:

7 
P  4θ  1.3326M p θ  M p  θ 
3 
P  0.91648M p

Case 2:

 3.2 
P 3.2θ   M p θ  M p  θ  θ
 3 
 6.2 
3.2P  1  M p
 3 
P  0.95833M p

7
 3. EQUILIBRIUM METHOD USING FREE BODY DIAGRAMS

M A 0

A

C
Mp  Mp 
 2
wL
2

2
2
wL
2M p 
Mp Mp 8
wL2
L
2
Mp 
16
A B

M B 0 M B 0 F V 0
4R A  2M p 3R C  M p P  RA  RC
= (1/2 + 1/3)Mp
Mp Mp 5
RA  RC  P  Mp
2 3 6

Case 1:

8
4R A  2.3326M p 3R C  M p
2.3326 Mp
P Mp   0.91648M p
4 3

Case 2:

3.2R D  2M p 3R C  M p
 2 1
P  RD  RC    M p  0.95833M p
 3.2 3 

Equilibrium Method

9
M A 0 M B 0
w L  x 
2
wx 2
2M p  Mp 
2 2

w L  x 
2
wx 2

4 2
 L  x  2  2x 2
L2  2Lx  x 2  2x 2
x 2  2Lx  L2  0
 2L   2L  2  4L2
x
2
-2 8
 L
2

 2 1 L 
 0.41421L

10
Mp 
wL2
2
 2 1  2

Virtual Work

 x   x  1
Mp  θ   Mp θ  θ   wL θx 
Lx   Lx  2
 2x 
2M p 1    wLx
 Lx
2M p  L  x  2x   wLx  L  x 
2M p  L  x   wL Lx  x 
wL  Lx  x 2 
Mp  
2 Lx
dM p wL   L  2x  Lx  x 2 
0   (Maxima, Minima)
dx 2  Lx  L  x  2 
 L  2x  L  x   Lx  x 2  0
L2  Lx  2x 2  Lx  x 2  0
x 2  2Lx  L2  0 (q.e.d)

Sample:

11
Pn = 400 kN; wn = 40 kN
m
Using A-36 steel, determine the lightest W section that can be used safely for the beam
above.

Case 1:

wL2 1.2w u L2
Mp  
16 16
1.2 40 8
2

16
 192 kN  m

Case 2:
EW  IW
 4.5   4.5 4.5 
P 4.5θ   2P θ  3.5  M p  θ  θ  θ θ
 5.5   5.5 5.5 
 9  3.5 
400 4.5  
 5.5 
Mp   1125.0 kN  m
 4.5 
21  
 5.5 
Case 3:

 6.5 6.5 
P 4.5θ   2P 6.5θ   M p  θ  θ  θ θ
 3.5 3.5 
400 4.5  13
Mp   1225.0 kN  m
 6.5 
21  
 3.5 

Case 4:

Mp 
wL2
2
 2 12

40 9 
 
2
2
 2 1
2
 277.95 kN  m

12
 M p  1225.0 kN  m
1225  10 6
Zx   5488.4  103 mm 3
(0.9)(248)
W30  108; Z x  5670  103 mm 3

Quiz # 7

1. Using A-36 steel, determine the superimposed load that the beam can carry in
addition to the beam weight. Use virtual work for any derivations needed, if any.

13
 BW 350  44; Z x  775
BW 350  34; Z x  571

M p1 775
  1.3573
M p2 571

Case 1:
1  x   x 
w 10 xθ   M p1θ  M p1  θ  θ   M p2  θ
2  10  x   10  x 
  x  x 
5wx  1.3573 2   M p2
  10  x  10  x 
 x 
  2.7146  2.3573 M p2
 10  x 
 2.714610  x   2.3573x 
  M p2
 10  x
27.146  0.3573x
 M p2
10  x

M p2 

5w 10x  x 2 
27.146  0.3573x
5w 10  2x  5w 10  x  0.3573x 
dM p2  0  
27.146  0.3573x  27.146  0.3573x  2
50  10x  17.865x  1.7865x 2
0
 27.146  0.3573x  2
0  50  7.865x  1.7865x 2
 7.865   7.865 2  41.7865 50
x
21.7865
x  7.9312m
510  7.9312 7.9312 w
M p2   3.3745w
27.146  0.3573 7.9312
571 103  248  106
w  41.964 kN
3.3745 m

Case 2:
w  8.5
   
2
wL2 2 2
M p2  2 1  2 1
2 2

14
 2 571 248  10 3
w  22.807 kN  41.964
 8.5 2   m
2
2 1

 w u  22.807 kN
m
w g  34 9.81 10 3  0.33354 kN
m
22.807
ws   0.33354  13.082 kN
1.7 m

2. Solve for the shape factor of the section shown below.

Elastic
A  11250  8000  7200  26450mm 2
11250  848.5  8000 436   720018
yb   497.66mm
26450
y t  836  25  497.66  363.34mm

I
1
12
 3 3

450 25  10 800   200 36   11250  848.5  497.66 
3 2

 8000 497.66  436   7200 497.66  18

2 2

 3499.7  106 mm 4
3499.7  106
S  7032.3103 mm3
497.66

Plastic

450 25   800  y 10  10y  200 36

11250  8000  10y  10y  7200
11250  8000  7200
y1   602.5 mm
20
y 2  197.5 mm

15
  197.5   602.5 
Z  1125012.5  197.5  197.510    602.510    720018  602.5
 2   2 
 8840.2  103 mm 3

8840.2
f   1.2571
7032.3

Frames – Plastic Analysis

Pu
PDL = 120 kN
Fu PLL = 45 kN
FW = 70 kN
Mp
1.2Mp 1.2Mp
3m 1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + f1L + 1.6W

6m 4m
Where f1 = 0.5 (or 1.0)

Beam mechanism Portal mechanism

Mp Mp
Fu 


16
1.2Mp  1.2Mp 
Combined mechanism
Pu
 Mp  M
Fu p



1.2Mp  1.2Mp 

 due to horizontal force  due to vertical

Case 1: Pu = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL = 1.2(120) + 1.6(45) = 216 kN

M p  θ  2.5θ  1.5θ   P 6θ 
216 6 
Mp   259.2 kN  m
5
Mp Mp
Case 2: Fu =1.6FW = 1.6(70) = 112 kN Fu 


1.2M p  θ   M p θ  M p θ  1.2M p  θ   F 3θ 
112  3 1.2Mp  1.2Mp 
Mp   76.364 kN  m
4.4
Case 3: Pu = 1.2PDL + 0.5PLL = 1.2(120) + 0.5(45) = 166.5 kN; Pu
Fu = 1.6FW = 1.6(70) = 112 kN
 Mp  M
F p
1.2M p  θ   M p  2.5θ   M p  2.5θ   1.2M p  θ   F 3θ   P 6θ u 

112  3  166.5 6 
Mp   180.405 kN  m
7.4
1.2Mp  1.2Mp 

17
 M p  259.2 kN  m With = 0.9 ==> Req'd Mp = 259.2/0.9
Req'd Mp = 288.0 kN-m

Using A-36 steel: Fy = 248 MPa ==> Req'd Z for the beam = 288/248 = 1161x103 mm3
Req'd Z for the columns = 1.2*1161 = 1393x103 mm3
Choose sections from the steel tables.

INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS (I.C.)

I.C.

2m = 4*(3/6)
2  6m 4m

1  3m
3
3m
 

Gabled Frame Example:

P P
P P

4.5 m PD  180 kN
Mp Mp
F PL  60 kN
Fw  40 kN
1.3Mp 1.3Mp 9m

6 @ 3 m = 18 m
Determine the required Mp.

Load Case 1: 1.2D + 1.6L (Beam Mechanism)

Pu  1.2180)  1.6(60   312 kN
Load Case 2: 1.2D + f1L + 1.6W (Portal or Combined Mechanism)

18
 Pu  1.2180)  0.5(60   246 kN
Fu  1.6 40   64 kN

Case A, L.C.1:

IW  M p  2θ  3θ  θ 
EW  Pu  6θ   Pu  3θ 
 312 6θ   312 3θ 
 2808θ
IW = EW
 6θ  M p  2808θ
M p  468 kN  m

Case B, L.C. 2:

IW  1.3M p θ  M p θ  M p θ  1.3M p θ
EW  Fu  9θ 
IW  EW
4.6M p θ  64 9θ 
M p  125.22 kN  m

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Case C, L.C. 2:

IW  1.3M p θ  M p  3θ   M p  4θ   1.3M p  2θ 
EW  Fu  9θ   Pu  3θ   Pu  6θ   Pu 12θ   Pu  3 2θ 
IW  EW
10.9M p  9 64  312 27 
M p  825.69 kN  m

Case D, L.C. 2:


2.1m 3.6m
1.5m

9m



15m 3m

I.W. = 1.3Mp +Mp Mp1.3Mp16.9Mp

E.W. = Fu +Pu64 + 312

Mp698.7 kN-m

Therefore, Req’d Mp = 825.69 kN-m

Req’d Mp = 825.69/0.9 = 917.43 kN-m

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Aside:

IW  M p  θ  3θ  θ 
 L L 
EW  Pcosθ  2θ   θ
 3cosθ 3cosθ 

Quiz # 8

Determine the lightest W section that can be used for the rafter CD using A-50 steel.

PD  100 kN
PL  50 kN
Fw  60 kN

LC1: Pu  1.7100  50   255 kN

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 7  4 
M pθ  1.1M p  θ   1.1M P  θ   1.4Pu  4θ 
3  3 
1.4 4  255
Mp 
 
1  1.1 7  1.1 4
3
 3
 283.71 kN  m

Fu  1.3 60  78 kN
9  9  9 
1.5M p  θ   M p  θ   1.1M p  θ   78 7   θ 
7  7  7 
78 9
Mp 
 
1.5 9  9  1.1
7 7
 162.72 kN  m

Pu  1.3100  50  195 kN

 17.667   6 14.667   6
1.5M p θ  M p  θ   1.1M p   θ  Fu  70  195 3θ   1.2195 6θ   1.4195  θ
 11.667   11.667 9   11.667

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Mp 
 11.667 θ 3  550.23 kN  m
78 7   195 3  1.2195 6  1.4195 6
17.667  6 14.667 
1.5   1.1  
11.667  11.667 9 

 13   10 
1.5M p θ  1.1M p  θ   1.1M p 1.0159  θ  78 7θ   195 3θ   1.2195 6θ   1.419510θ 
 3   3 
M p  474.44 kN  m

 M p  550.23 kN  m
1.1M p 1.1 550.23
Zx    1754.4  10 3 mm 3
Fy 345
Use W21 50, Z x  1803  103 mm3

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