COR JESU COLLEGE
Basic Education Department
WORKSHEET PHARMACOLOGY 1
(Final Task)
NAME: NICOLE MAE A. PILAPIL
TEACHER: MS. TINA RAQUEL GERTES
Instruction: write your answers legibly in the blank spaces inside the box.
Explain the following phase
1. Pharmaceutic phase
The pharmaceutical phase includes the disintegration of the active
substance in the drug.
PHARMACEUTICAL PHASE
Disintegration of dosage form
Disintegration is a physical process
that occurs when a dosage form (e.g.
tablet or gelatine capsule) breaks up
into smaller particles. It usually takes
place in two steps; the content
breaks up into small granules which
then disaggregate. For immediate
release drug products in vivo this
breaking up process of the dosage
form usually starts in the stomach
where it may be completed
depending upon the formulation,
duration and volume of gastric fluid.
If the dosage form passes rapidly
into the small intestine, then the
process may continue there.
Disintegration can usually be
observed in the laboratory in
dissolution apparatus. 
SECTION: 12-STEM 1
DATE SUBMITTED: 01/29/21
Dissolution of active substances
Dissolution is the process in which a
substance forms a solution.
Dissolution testing measures the
extent and rate of solution at which a
solid or semisolid pharmaceutical
dosage forms releases the active
ingredients into a liquid medium at
liquid/solid interface, under
standardized conditions of
temperature, agitation, flow rate,
volume, and media composition. The
dissolution of a drug is important for it
test most of all pharmaceutical
products that are not true solutions,
bioavailability and therapeutic
effectiveness. Dissolution and drug
release are terms used
interchangeably.
 The Four Phases of Pharmacokinetics

The main processes involved in pharmacokinetics are absorption,

distribution, and the two routes of drug elimination, metabolism and
excretion. Together they are sometimes known by the acronym ‘ADME’.
Distribution, metabolism and excretion are sometimes referred to
collectively as drug disposition.
2. Pharmacokinetic Phase
I. Absorption is the process by which drugs enter the body. Given by
Pharmacokinetics can be anysimply
route other than intravenously,
described as the study drug molecules
of 'what must cross
the body
tissue membranes (e.g. skin epithelium, subcutaneous tissue, gut
does to the drug' and includes:
• the rate and extent to endothelium,
which drugs arecapillary wall)into
absorbed to enter the blood.
the body and distributed to
the body tissues.
• the rate and pathways by which drugs are eliminated from the body by
II. Distribution is the process by which drugs move around the body.
metabolism and excretion.
After entering the blood, drug molecules must cross capillary walls
• the relationship between time and plasma drug concentration.
to enter the tissues, reach cell membranes and enter cells.

III. Metabolism is the process by which drugs are chemically altered to

make them sufficiently water-soluble for excretion in urine or faeces
(via the biliary tract). Metabolism occurs in a variety of body organs
and tissues, but chiefly in the liver, gut wall, kidney and skin.

IV. Excretion is the process by which drugs leave the body. Drugs that
are sufficiently water-soluble will be excreted unchanged in the
urine. Lipid-soluble drugs must be modified to water-soluble
metabolites before excretion via the kidney or into the intestine via
the bile.
 Pharmacodynamics Phase

I. The Action of Drugs (Pharmacological Action)

-It considers drug action, which refers to the initial consequence
of a drug-receptor interaction, and drug effect, which refers to
the subsequent effects. The drug action of digoxin, for example,
3. Pharmacodynamics Phase is inhibition of membrane Na+/K+-ATPase; the drug effect is
augmentation of cardiac contractility. In this example, the clinical
Pharmacodynamics canresponse mightas
be described comprise improved exercise
the mechanisms of drug tolerance.
action by
which a drug molecule causes its effect on the body’ and includes:
II. Mechanism of Drug
 no drug exerts a simple isolated action solely on the diseased part of an
- Mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical
abnormal organ.
interaction through which a drug substance produces its
 the safest drugspharmacological
are those that produce
effect. side effects onlyofwhen
A mechanism action usually includes
administered in dosages larger than normally given.
mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds,
 virtually all drugssuch
carryasthe
anpossibility
enzyme orofreceptor.
side effects or toxicity.

 Receptors

- Process of drug attachment to a receptor transduces a signal

from the drug into an intracellular sequence that controls or
alters cell function.
- The drug most commonly attaches to a receptor on the cell
membrane, creating a “transmembrane signaling.”
Drug Receptors

 There are four known mechanisms of this “transmembrane

signaling.”

1. lipid soluble drugs cross the cell membrane.

2. drug attaches to the extracellular portion of a protein receptor.
3. drug attaches to a surface receptor.
4. drug attaches to a transmembrane receptor.

III. Adverse Effect of Drug

- An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unwanted or harmful reaction

experienced following the administration of a drug or combination of
drugs under normal conditions of use and is suspected to be related to
the drug. An ADR will usually require the drug to be discontinued or
the dose reduced.
 YOUR Thoughts
In this lesson, I learned/realized that _________________________________
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