Chemical Energy and ATP

VOCABULARY I rev coNcEpr All ce[[s need chemical enerty.

ATP MAiN IPEAS
ADP E The chemica[ enerty used for most cel[ processes is carried by ATP.
chemosynthesis 0 Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
# A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source
of energy.

Connect to Your World

The cells of all organisms-from atgae to whates to peopte-need chemicaI energy
for attof their processes. Some organisms, such as diatoms and ptants, absorb ene
from sunlight. Some of that energy is stored in sugars. Celts break down sugars to
produce usabte chemicaI energy for their functions. Without organisms that make
sugars, living things on Earth coutd not survive.

e MArN rDEA
The chemical energy used for most cell processes
is carried by AfP.
Sometimes you may feel that you need energy, so you eat food that contains
sugar. Does food, which contains sugar and other carbon-based molecules,
give you energy? Tlre answer to this question is yes and no. All of the carbon-
based molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Carbohydrates
and lipids are the most important energy sources in foods you eat. However,
this energy is only usable after these molecules are broken down by a series of
chemical reactions. Your energy does come from food, but not directly.
All cells, like that in FIGURE l.l, use vtsuAt vocAB
chemical energy carried by ATP-
ATP transfers energy to cell processes.
adenosine triphosphate, ATP is a
adenosine
molecule that transfers energy from the
breakdown of food molecules to cell tri=3
processes. You can think of ATP as a
ADP is a lower-energy motecule that
wallet filled with money. Just as a wallet
can be converted into ATP.
carries money that you can spend, ATP
carries chemical energy that cells can
adenosine di phosphate
use. Cells use ATP for functions such di=2
as building molecules and moving
materials by active transport.
The energy carried by ATP is released when a phosphate group is removed
from the molecule. ATP has three phosphate groups, but the bond holding
third phosphate group is unstable and is very easily broken. The removal of
FIGURE l.l A[[ cells, including plant the third phosphate group usually involves a reaction that releases energy.
ce[[s, use ATP for enerty. (colored
TEN4; magnification 9,000x)

94 Unit 2: Ce[[s
Adding a phosphate troup to ADP forms ATP.

phosphate added
adenosine
phosphate removed
triphosphate

_\-,\-7_< r
->enerEy
energy from
rfll-s
I
breakdown of motecutes energy released
for cell functions
ADP

adenosine
diphosphate
nfer Where are molecules from food involved in the €ycle?
CONNECT TO

SIOCHEMISTRY
When the phosphate is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes
As you learned in Chemistry of
ADP-adenosine diphosphate. ADP is a,lower.-energy molecule that can be Life, carbon-based molecules in
converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. If ATP is a wallet living things-carbohydrates,
filled with money, ADP is a nearly empty wallet. The breakdown of ATP to lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids-have different structures
ADP and the production of ATP from ADP can be represented by the cycle and functions.
shown in FIGURE 1.2. However, adding a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP
is not a simple process. A large, complex group of proteins is needed to do it.
In fact, ifjust one of these proteins is faulty, ATP is not produced.
ynthesize Describe the relationship between enerty stored in food and ATP. 1

) MArN rDEA
)rganisrns break down carbon-based molecules
o produce AtrF.
l
Foods that you eat do not contain ATP that your cells can use. First, the food
must be digested. One function of digestion is to break down food into READING TOOLBOX d
smaller molecules that can be used to make ATP. You probably know that
TAKING NOTES
different foods have different amounts of calories, which are measures of
Use a supporting main ideas
energy. Different foods also provide different amounts of ATP. The number of chart to organize concepts
ATP molecules that are made from the breakdown of food is related to the related to chemicaI energy,
number of calories in food, but not directly. All cells neeA cheryical

The number of ATP molecules produced depends on the type of molecule

,7P carries energy.
that is broken down-carbohydrate,lipid, or protein. C_erbshydptes_4qe not
stored in large amounts in your body, but they are the molecules most com-
monlybroken down to make ATP. The breakdown of the
cose yields about 36 molecules of ATP.

Chapter4: Cells and Energy 95

 *
t?il
You might be surprised to learn that carbohydrates do not
provide the largest amount of ATP. Lipids store the most energy,
as FIGURE 1.3 shows. In fact, fats store about 80 percent of the
energy in your body. And, when fats are broken down, they
:#r yield the most ATP. For example, a typical triglyceride can be
broken down to make about 146 molecules of ATP. Proteins
store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates, but
they are less likely to be broken down to make ATP. The amino
acids that cells can break down to make ATP are needed to
build new proteins more than they are needed for energy.
Plant cells also need ATR but plants do not eat food the way
Carbohydrate 4 calories per mg animals must. Plants make their own food. Through the process
Lipid 9 calories per mt of photosynthesis, which is described in Sections 2 and3, plants
absorb energy from sunlight and make sugars. Plant cells break
Protein 4 calories per mt
down these sugars to produce ATP, just as animal cells do.
Compare and Contrast How do lipids and carbohydrates differ in ATP production?

$t"txN roEa
A few types of organisms do not need sunlight
and photosynthesis as a source of €nergy.
Most organisms rely directly or indirectly on sunlight and photosynthesis as
their source of chemical energy. But some organisms do not need sunlight. In
places that never get sunlight, such as in the deep ocean, there are areas with
living things. Some organisms live in very hot water near cracks in the ocean
floor called hydrothermal vents. These vents release chemical compounds,
such as sulfides, that can serve as an energy source. Chemosynthesis (rnn-mo-
SIHN-thih-sihs) is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy
instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules,,
However, these organisms still need ATP for energy. The processes that make
their ATP are very similar to those in other organisms. Like plants, chemosyn-
thetic organisms make their own food. It is the raw materials that differ.
(mrvrpare How are chemosynthetic organisms and plants similar as enerty sources?

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Formative Assessment
effivrEwlB{e ffi MAiN &sK&s CRITICAL THINKING
l. How are ATP and ADP related? a. Apply Describe how you get energy CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2. What types of molecules are broken indirectly from the food that you eat. 5. A water molecule is added to

down to make ATP? Which are most 5. Compare and Contrast How are the an ATP molecule to break
often broken down to make ATP? energy needs of plant cetls simitar to down ATP into ADP and a
those of animal cells? How are they phosphate group. Write the
3. How are some organisms able to
different? chemical equation that
survive without sunlight and photo-
represents this reaction.
synthesis?

Unit 2: Cells
 Overview of Photosynthesis
- --i-cARY
KEY coNcEpr The overall process of photosynthesis produces
. :5i5
sutars that store chemical enerty.
::-. MAIN IDEAS
" .,: : 0 Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
*'" ::::-aent reactions
O Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts.
-- - ::::rdent reactions

,r< Connect to Your World

S Sotar-powered catculators, homes, and cars are just a few things that use energy from
S sunlight. ln a way, you are also solar-powered. Of course, suntight does not directly
.
give you the energy you need to play a sport or read this page. That energy comes
from ATP. Motecules of ltp are often made from the breakdown of sugars, but how
are suSars made? Plants capture some of the energy in sunlight and change it into
r?
chemical enerSy stored in sugars.

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Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Some organisms are called producers because they produce the source of
chemical energy for themselves and for other organisms. Plants, as well as
some bacteria and protists, are the producers that are the main sources of
chemical energy for most organisms on Earth. Certainly, animals that eat only
aG-n€ Ll Chloroplasts in ptant plants obtain their chemical energy directly from plants. Animals that eat
o- :: - ::^!ain a light-absorbing other animals, and bacteria and fungi that decompose other organisms, get
* : ::- e catled chlorophyl[. (leaf their chemical energy indirectly from plants. When a wolf eats a rabbit, the
. : ':: EM; maSnif ication 4000 x )
tissues of the rabbit provide the wolf with a source of chemical energy. The
- -- e5L rabbit's tissues are built from its food source-the sugars and other carbon-
:l- based molecules in plants. These sugars are made through photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process that captures energy from sunlight to make
ls? sugars that store chemical energy. Therefore, directly or indirectly, the energy
for almost all organisms begins as sunlight. Sunlight has several types of
radiant energy, such as ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, and the visible light
that lets you see. Plants absorb visible light for photosynthesis. Visible light
appears white, but it is made up of several colors, or wavelengths, of light.
Chlorophyll (KLAWR-uh-fihl) is a molecule in chloroplasts, shown in
FIGURE 2.1, that absorbs some of the energy in visible light. Plants have two
main tlpes of chlorophyll, called chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Together,
to these two tlpes of chlorophyll absorb mostly red and blue wavelengths of
visible light. Neither type absorbs much green light. Plants have other light-
E:' absorbing molecules that absorb green light, but there are fewer of these
re molecules. As a result, the green color of plants comes from the reflection of
light's green wavelengths by chlorophyll.

I Apply Describe the importance of producers and photosynthesis.

Chapter 4: Cells and Energy 97

 tsT::lT thesisin ptants occ'rs in chtoropr.rJ
Chloroplasts are the membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis taker
place in plants. Most of the chloroplasts are in leaf cells that are specialized
photosynthesis, which has two main stages as shown in FIGURE 2.2. The two
main parts of chloroplasts needed for photosynthesis are the grana and the
stroma. Grana (singular, granum) are stacks of coin-shaped, membrane-
enclosed compartments called thylakoids (THY-luh-r< ovoz). The membr
of the thylakoids contain chlorophyll, other light-absorbing molecules, and
proteins. The stroma is the fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloropla*-

Chloroplasts absorb enerty from sunlight and produce sutars

through the process of photosynthesis. E} freffis*ed
a
Biology
STAGE 1: Light-sependent Reactlons €), HMDScience.com

Energy from suntight is Sranum (stack of thylakoids) Photosynthesis

@ absorbed. Water mote-
cules are broken down
and oxygen is released.

@d'' &
g.#
Ene
molecules, incIud tnP
STAGE ?: Light-lndepend ksactions

stroma (fluid outside the

ffi I six-carbon sugar

ffi
@
%
Carbon dioxide
c5Hr206

n simple sugars
molecutes are used are produced. The sugars
to build sugars. are often used to build
starches and cel[ulose.
Identify What are the reactants and the products
in photosynthesis?

98 Unit 2: Ce[[s
 The tight-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. These
:eactions take place within and across the membrane of the thylakoids. Water
) and sunlight are needed for this stage of photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. The energy is transferred
along the thylakoid membrane. HrO molecules are broken down. Oxygen
molecules (Or) are released.

o Energy carried along the thylakoid membrane is transferred to molecules

that carry energy, such as ATP.

The light-independent reactions use energy from the light-dependent

:eactions to make sugars. These reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. CALVIN CYCLE
f arbon dioxide molecules (COr) are needed during this stage of photosynthesis. The light-independent reactions
include a series of chemical
o CO, is added to a cycle of chemical reactions to build larger molecules.
Energy from the light-dependent reactions is used in the reactions.
reactions catled the Calvin cycle.
You can read more about the

o A molecule of a simple sugar is formed. The sugar, usually glucose

(C6H1206), stores some of the energy that was captured from sunlight.
Calvin cycle in Section 3.

The equation for the whole photosynthesis process is shown below As you
Jan see, there are many arrows between the reactants-CO, and HrO-and
::e products-a six-carbon sugar and Or. Those arrows tell you that photo-
:',-nthesis has many steps. For example, the light-independent reactions need
,r1r' one molecule of CO, at a time, and the six-carbon sugar comes from a
:=action that combines two three-carbon sugars. AIso, enzymes and other
:remicals are needed, not just light, carbon dioxide, and water.

5CO2 + 6HzO --->+++++ c6Hr2o6 + 60,

carbon dioxide water light, enzymes a suSar oxysen

Glucose and other simple sugars, such as fructose, are not the only carbo-
:', drates that come from photosynthesis. Plants need the simple sugars to
::ild starch and cellulose molecules. In effect, plants need photosynthesis for
::eir growth and development. You will learn more about the importance of
.rother product of photosynthesis-oxygen-in Sections 4 and 5.
5 - mmarize How is enerty from sunlight used to make sugar molecules?

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4.2 Formative Assessment
REVIEWTNG fi fuIAIN IDEAS ERITICAL THIFIKING
l. ',Vhat are the roles of chtoroplasts 3. AppBy Suppose you wanted to CHEMICAL N5ACTIONS
and chlorophylt in photosynthesis? develop a light to hetp increase plant 5. Overatl, do you think
growth. What characteristics should photosynthesis is endother-
2. )escribe the stages of photosyn-
rhesis. Use the terms thylakoid,
the light have? Why? mic or exothermic? Exptain
light-dependent reactions, and 4. Ana[yxe Exptain why photosynthesis your answer.
light-independent reactions n i is important for building the structure
','our answer. of plant ceIts.
 Overview of Cellular Respiration
: -:IJLARY KEYcoNcEpr The overall process of cellular respiration converts
," -.'-:.piration sutar into ATP using oxyten.
F. -: :
MAIN IDEAS
: ^: !
0 Ce[[ular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
O Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
-:, -,: e

)sr Coflnect to Yaur Wortd

The term cellular respiration may tead you to form a mental picture of cetls
breathing. This image is not correct, but it is usefuI to remember. Your cells need
the oxygen that you take in when you breathe. That oxygen hetps your body
retease the energy in sugars and other carbon-based molecutes. lndirectly, your
breathing is connected to the ATP that your cetts need for everything you do.

Qlrnlrx rou
Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking
down sutars.
Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food. Animals eat other organ-
isms as food. But food is not a direct source of energy. Instead, plants, animals,
and other eukaryotes break down molecules from food to produce Al'P.
Cellular respiration releases chemical energy from sugarS and other carbon-
based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present. Cellular respiration is I
an aerobic (air-OH-bihk) process, meaning that it needs oxygen to take place.
Cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria, which are often called the
cell's "powerhouses" because they make most of a cell's ATP. I
I
A mitochondrion, shown in FIGURE4.l, cannot directly make ATP from food.
*"::-:-crion
First, foods are broken down into smaller molecules such as glucose. Then
glucose is broken down, as shown below. Glycolysis (gly-KAHl-uh-sihs) splits
E \
fi,
glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP.
Glycolysis takes place in a cell's cytoplasm and does not need oxFgen. Glycoly-
F.
sis is an anaerobic process because it does not need oxygen to take place.
However, glycolysis is necessary for celiular respiration. The products of
glycolysis are broken down in mitochondria to make many more ATP.

_ _\v r-1_
2 >ADP<
-7-V\ 2

'iGII 4.1 Mitochondria, found in

w{w&ry& i\;::.:, do@ oo0
:,:- l,ant and animal ce[[s, pro- glucose 2 three-carbon molecutes
r L:: :TP through cellular respira-
- :r :: :red TEM; magnification 7,000x) Explain What is the function of cellular respiration?

Chapter4: Cells and Energy 107

 *MA|N |DEA
Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of
photosynthesis.
Essr&igit&I Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are not true opposites, but you can
PHOTOSYNTHESIS think about them in that way. For example, chloroplasts absorb energy from
Review the overall process of
sunlight and build sugars. Mitochondria release chemical energy to make ATp-
photosynthesis in Section 2 and The chemical equation of cellular respiration is also basically the reverse of
compare photosynthesis to photosynthesis. But the structures of chloroplasts and mitochondria are
ce[[ular respiration.
similar. A mitochondrion is surrounded by a membrane. it has two parts that
are involved in cellular respiration: the matrix and the inner mitochondrial
membrane. In mitochondria, cellular respiration takes place in two main
stages, as shown in FIGURE 4.2.

FIGURE 4.2 Cetlular Overyiew

tr imated
When oxyten is available, ATP is produced by cellular respiration in mitochondria.

STAGE 1: Krebs Cycle I Biology

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G Three-carbon motecutes
from glycolysis enter
x (area enclosed
Cellular Respiration
/
cel[ular respiration in ATP'=.
by inner
mitochondria. =,L. r-\-
AND
6C02
ffi
{ms
rying
molecules transfer
%
enerty to Stage 2.

STAGE 2: n
I
o Energy-carrying
glycolysis and the Krebs
Stage 2 of cellular respiration.

from glycolysis

AND
AND
60,
tu *C' &
(B
m sk
p
s,
ATP molecules are produced.
ld e ntify What are the reactants and Heat and water are released
products in cellular respiration? as waste products.

Unit 2: l. s
treffiscycle produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of
Ihr respiration. The Krebs cycle, named for the scientist who discovered VIRTUAT Lab
takes place in the interior space, or matrix, of the mitochondrion. @ HMDScience.com
l-...., PREMIUM CONTENT

f ftr..-carbon molecules from glycolysis are broken down in a cycle of Carbon Dioxide Transfer
Ja.mical reactions. A small number of ATP molecules are made. Other Through Snails and Elodea
are arso made carbon dioxide is
Iffi:fxy;:?:?,Tiffrecures
is transferred to the second stage of cellular respiration.
f*"r$
$electron transport chain made of proteins needs energy-carrying
Em fr i5,[* :rl: :lf.:xr,";#:#] ll]i*:: "'
o Energy is transferred to a chain of proteins in the inner
membrane of the mitochondrion. Photosynthesis

o -d iarge number of ATP molecules are made. Oxygen

enters the process and is used to make water molecules,
REACTANTS PRODUCTS

\\ ater and heat are given off as waste products.

CO, I Sugars (CuH,Ou)
Fto 38 ATP molecules are made from the breakdown of - I}
Dhcose molecule- 2 from glycolysis and 3 4 or 36 from HrO o2

E;:'gtTi;ffi,ilii:Lff *Tlil'iiirfr '."1"-,,., Cellular Respiration

PRODUCTS REACTANTS
H;J:',i:T:':l;i;:1::J,:':'esgrvcorvsisAndmanv CO, Sugars (CuH,rO.)

C.H.2O6 + 60z --> ---> --+ --> 6CO2 + 6H2O HrO o2

i !-tar oxyten carbon dioxide water

I [Le HGURE 4.3 to compare cellular respiration with photosyn-

E*. a" you can see, photosynthesis uses the products of cellular
tition. It converts energyfrom sunlight into sugars. Cellular
E*ion needs the products of photosynthesis. It releases The products of photosynthesis-sugars and
Or-are the reactants in ce[[ular respiration.
h energy from sugars to make ATP that can be used by cells,
6r:r Does glucose actually react with oxyten during cellular respiration? Explain.

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Formative Assessment
tir E'/{lNG 0 MAEN EpgAg CRITICAL THINKING ;,: CONNECTTO

-", CHEMICAL REACTIONS

-: =': cellu[ar respiration and
j[pcolysis related?
: photosynthesis. Discuss the functions
.- - - i' ze the aerobic stages
:- := - er respiration. Be sure to
: ,:- :: :1e Krebs cyc[e and
--=
= ::.ron transport chain
: -- :^!.'ief.
3. Analyze Describe the retationship
between cettular respiration and 5. ls the process of cetlular
respiration exothermic or
of chtoroplasts and mitochondria. endothermic? Explain your
4. Appty glucose a reactant in the
ls answer.
aerobic stages of ce[[ular respiration?
in
Explain.

Chapter 4: , :0;