EGR2207: PRINCIPLES OF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

CHAPTER ONE: FOUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
 Overview of Electrical Engineering
• For several decades Electrical Engineering have played important role
in the modern world that the human life and activities.

• Electrical Engineering is a profession concerned with systems that

produce, transmit and measure electrical signal.

• Thus Electrical Engineering combines the knowledge of physical

phenomena and mathematics to produce systems that meet the
practical needs.

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 Overview of Electrical Engineering
• The Electrical Engineering can
be classified into the following
systems:
• Communication Systems
• Computer Systems
• Control Systems
• Power Systems
• Signal Processing Systems

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Overview of Electrical Engineering
• Communication System
• This system is concerned with
generation, transmission and
distribution of information which
includes:
• Television
• Telephone
• Cameras
• Receivers
• Satellite, etc.

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 Overview of Electrical Engineering
• Computer system
Computer System uses electrical
signals to process informations
ranging from word processing,
image processing to mathematical
applications.
Computer system involves the
work of integrated circuit like the
ones in personal computers and
calculators.
• Control System
A control system uses electrical
signals to regulate/control a
process.
Control system find applications in
Temperature control, Pressure,
flow-rate, refineries, motors etc.
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 Overview of Electrical Engineering
Power System
Involving Generation, Transmission and Distribution

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 Overview of Electrical Engineering
• Signal Processing Systems
The signal Processing System involves the analysis, synthesis and/or
modification of signals like sound, image or any other physical quantity.

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 Electricity
• Electrons, Protons and Neutrons are the components of all atoms,
which made up of all things we can have (all materials)
• In nature the electron carries negative electric charge whereas proton
carries positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of the
electron. The neuron is electrically neutral.
• Normally an atom contains the same number of electron and proton,
which makes it electrically neutral.
• With this a body can be negatively charged if it gains electrons and it
cab ne positively charge if it loses electrons, as such there will be more
positive carrier if a body loses electron and vice versa when it gains
electron.
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 Electricity
• Electric Charge
• The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body is called its CHARGE
Q or q, and the SI unit is Coulomb (C).
• The charge on a single electron is 1.6 x 10‐16  C
• The number of electrons that make up 1C is 6.25 x 1018  electrons
• The number of atoms in 1 mole of atom (Avogadro's Number) is 6.022
x 1023
• Thus the Charges of 1 mole of electron is approximately 96485.33 C
which is also called 1 Faraday.

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 Electricity

• Electricity is therefore the flow

of charges from one position to
another in a conductor, this
movement of charges is also
known as Current.

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 Current and
Kirchhoff's Current
Law
• The current is
defined as the time
rate of change of
charges through a
conductor in a
predetermined area,
which is the cross
sectional area of the
conducting material.

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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
• The current flowing through the conductor is given by:
q
i C/s (I)
t

• This relationship can be written in differential form as:

dq
i C/s (II)
dt
• The current can be obtained using the relation:
i  nAeV (III) and J  neV amp/m2 (IV)
Total Charge Q  n  Volume  e (V)
Where: n is the total number of carries in the material per m3 , A is the
cross-sectional area, e is the charge of an electron, J is the current density,
V is the drift velocity of the carriers and Q is the total charge.
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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
• Example 1.1 :
Find the total charge in a cylindrical conductor and compute the current
flowing in the wire given the following quantities:
- Conductor length L = 1m
- Conductor diameter d = 2mm
- Charge density n = 1029 Carrier/m3
- Charge of an electron e = -1.602 x 10-19C
- Charge carrier velocity v =19.9 x 10-9 m/s

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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
• Solution:
• The total Charge is given by:
Q = Charge density x Volume x Charge of an electron. therefore

Q  n Volume e
L d 2
Q  n e
4
29 1  0.002
2
19
Q 10  1.60210
4
 5.03310 C3
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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
Now the current in the wire is given by:

i  nAeV

  0.002
2
19 6
Q 10  29
1.60210 19.910
4

 0.10016A
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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
• Example 1.2: (B. L. & A. K. Theraja)

• Solution

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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The KCL also known as Kirchhoff’s point law stated that the algebraic
sum of currents at a node must be equal to zero.

A node in electrical circuit is a junction where two or more conductors

meet.

Sometimes the KCL is stated as “the total current entering a node must
be equal to the total current leaving the node”.

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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
Consider the cases of nodes (a) and (b) below:

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 Current and Kirchhoff's Law
Example 1.3:
Using KCL sum the currents at each
nodes of the following Circuit.

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 Voltage and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
• The voltage between two point in an electrical circuit is just the
difference in potential between the points. It is the energy required to
move charge from one point to another.

• The Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, KVL relate the voltages in a loop of the
circuit and it states that “The algebraic sum of all voltages around any
close path (or mesh) in a circuit is zero”.
• To analyze a circuit using KVL tow things have to be considred:
(i) The sign of battery EMF or source: which has to be +ve for voltage
rise and –ve for voltage fall and
(ii) The direction of IR drop: which should be +ve if the loop current
goes in the opposite to that of the current in the load and –ve if the
loop current goes in the same direction as the loag current.
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 Voltage and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Consider the following Loop in  • We have the following signs for 
which the loop current is taken in  the different voltages in the loop
clockwise direction:

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 Voltage and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Example 1.4
Using KVL, sum the voltages
around each loop

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 Ohm’s Law
The Ohm’s law stated that the voltage across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the conductor.
This Law holds properly when the temperature and other physical
conditions remain constant.

V
V  IR or  R
I
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 Voltage and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
Example 1.5 • Solution:
Use Kirchhoff's Laws and Ohm’s We now redraw the circuit and
law to find io in the circuit shown current through the 50 ohm
below: resistor and voltages through 10
ohm and 50 ohm resistors.

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Voltage and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

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 Faradays Laws of Magnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic Induction is a
concept that relate electric
current and magnetic field.
• When a conductor is moved in a
magnetic field, an emf or current
is induced in the conductor.
• This emf is indicated by the
deflection of the galvanometer
and it is found to be more when
the conductor’s movement is
higher as shown in the figure.

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Faradays Laws of Magnetic Induction

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Faradays Laws of Magnetic Induction

AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW

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 AMPERE’S LAW

• Ampere’s law described the

relationship between the
magnetic field and current
producing the field.

• It is worth noting that a current

carrying conductor is having a
magnetic field around it which is
proportional to the current
flowing.

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 AMPERE’S LAW
• The magneto motive force (mmf) around a close path is equal to the
total current enclosed by the path. Hence

• Where H is the vector representing magnetic field strength and dL is

the vector of the enclosing path around the current.

• The Ampere’s circuital law otherwise known as Ampere’s work law is

used in determining mmf around a long straight current carrying
conductor and along a solenoid
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 EXERCISE I
Q1 Determine which Element in Figure Q1 is supplying power and
which is dissipating power. Also determine the amount of power
dissipated.

Q1 if the battery in Figure Q2 supplies a total current of 10mA to the

three elements and i1 = 2mA, i2 = 1.5mA what is i3 ?
(b) If i1 = 1mA, i3 = 1.5mA what is i2 ?

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 EXERCISE I
Q3 Find the values of the variables indicated in the circuits of Figure
Q3.

Q4.

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 EXERCISE I
Q5 Q6.
State the three laws of
Electromagnetic Induction and
explain how emf is induced in a
moving coil in magnetic flux.

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