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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1Background.........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study........................................................................................................................4
1.3.1Specific objective of the study.....................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Questions...........................................................................................................................4
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................4
1.6Scope of the Study..............................................................................................................................5
1.7 Organization of the Paper..................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................6
2.1. Solid waste management concept....................................................................................................6
2.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management................................................................................................8
2.2.1. Waste Reduction........................................................................................................................9
2.2.2. Reusing......................................................................................................................................9
2.2.3. Recycling....................................................................................................................................9
2.2.4. Resource Recovery....................................................................................................................9
2.2.5. Landfilling................................................................................................................................10
2.3SOLID WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM....................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Transfer and Transport.............................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Waste Disposal.........................................................................................................................11
2.4 Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice.....................................................12
2.4.1 Financial factor.........................................................................................................................12
2.4.2 Technical factor........................................................................................................................12
2.4.3 Social factor and SWM..............................................................................................................12
2.4.4 Institutional factor and SWM....................................................................................................14
2.4. 5 Political factors........................................................................................................................14
2.5 Empirical literature review..............................................................................................................14
2.6 Conceptual Frameworks of The Study.............................................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................18

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 3.1 Description of the study Area..........................................................................................................18
3.2 Research Methodology....................................................................................................................18
3.3 Research type and Designee............................................................................................................18
3.4 Target population............................................................................................................................18
3.5Sampling technique..........................................................................................................................19
3.6 sample Size......................................................................................................................................19
3.7 Data types, sources, and data collection methods..........................................................................19
3.8 Data analysis approach and techniques...........................................................................................20
3.9 Model specification.........................................................................................................................20
4. Chapter Four..........................................................................................................................................21
4.1 Work and budget plan.....................................................................................................................21
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................21

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List of tables
Table 1 global dimensions of solid waste problems...............................................................................12
Table 2 work Plan in line with thesis Almanac of the university...............................................................26

iii
List of figures
Figure 1 Waste Management Hierarchy.................................................................................................14

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List of Acronyms
SWM
ISWM

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 1. Introduction
This proposal has included 4 chapters. The first chapter will briefly introduce background
information of the study along with statement of the problems, research objectives, questions,
hypothesis, scope and significance. The second chapter will be discus about literature review that
includes theoretical, empirical and conceptual frame work of the study. The third chapter will
briefly discus about research method and design, type of data collection tools, type of data and
data sources, data analysis and model specification. The last chapter will be discussing about
work and budget plan.

1.1Background
Urbanization has been increasing in speed and scale in recent decades, with more than half the
world’s population now living in urban center. At present, 54% of the world population lives in
urban areas, and this is estimated to increase up to 66% or more by 2050, while the world
population is expected to add 2.5 billion people to the urban population (United Nations 2014).

Solid waste management (SWM) in an urban area is a complex activity that involves the
collection, transportation, recycling, resource recovery and disposal of solid waste generated in
an urban area Municipal solid waste is composed of different wastes generated by households
and different institutions such as schools, hospitals, slaughter houses and public toilets

Currently, municipal solid waste is increasing in both quantity and composition throughout the
world (Ma and Hipel 2016). Many of the world cities are generating an ever-increasing amount
of waste, and the effectiveness of their solid waste collection and disposal systems is declining
(EMEGHSHW, 2013). In urban centers throughout African regions, less than half of the solid
waste produced is collected, and 95% of that amount is indiscriminately thrown away at various
dumping sites on the periphery of urban centers, typically empty lots scattered throughout the
city (Nigatu, Rajan, and Bizunesh 2011; Tewodros, Ruijs and Hagos 2008).

In most African cities the situation of solid waste management is insignificant and inadequate
that could associate with different factors. The United Nation Environment Program
(UNEP,2005) notes that the management of solid waste in Africa is often weak due to lack of
appropriate planning, inadequate governance, poor technology, weak enforcement of existing
legislation and the lack of economic incentives to promote environmentally sound development.
The practice of solid waste management in the region is mostly open dumps without proper
control over ecologically sensitive areas. According to UNEP (2004), this has resulted in refuse
heaps being dumped in the urban landscape in heavily populated cities as typically only about 40
to 50 percent of waste is reportedly being collected United Nations Industrial Development
(UNIDO, 2009).

According to (Scarlat N, Motola V, Dallemand JF, Monforti-Ferrario F, Mofor L. 2015)

Available data shows that 125 million tonnes per annum of municipal solid waste (MSW) was

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generated in Africa in 2012, of which 81 million tonnes (65%) was from sub-Saharan Africa .
This is expected to grow to 244 million tonnes per year by 2025. However, with an average
waste collection rate of only 55% (68 million tonnes) , nearly half of all MSW generated in
Africa, remains within our cities and towns, dumped onto sidewalks, open fields, stormwater
drains and rivers. The average MSW collection rate in sub-Saharan Africa is lower at only 44%,
although the coverage varies considerably between cities, from less than 30%(Jimma ,Ethiopia
and Wa Ghana) to well above 90%(Sousse, Tunisia and Lagos Nigeria The average MSW
collection rate for the continent is expected to increase to only 69% by 2025 .
Several studies have been conducted on municipal solid waste management in many cities of
developing countries, such as Ethiopia, where waste management is insignificant and waste is
dumped along roadsides and in open areas, threatening health and attracting vermin and posing a
serious threat to the environment (Pin-Jing2012; Onibokun et al. 1999; Tewodros, Ruijs, and
Hagos 2008). Unlike in the developed world, dumping in open areas, roadsides, and valleys has
been widely used in many cities of developing countries (Taewodros,Ruijs, and Hagos 2008).

Urban waste management has been a challenge for municipalities and urban governments in the
Africa, largely due to poor infrastructure, bureaucratic competence and limited institutional
capacity of the municipalities. Municipalities throughout Ethiopia are not free of these problems
as they have been facing major challenges with solid waste collection and landfill management.
The management approaches, methods and techniques employee in waste management by
municipal have been unsuccessful. Moreover, in comparison with other public sectors it has been
observed that sectors dealing with waste management have often received little attention from
the
governments (Yeballework, 2014) Similarly, Kobo is one of the towns by which proper
provision of solid waste management services is still unsatisfactory and incomplete the
researchers strongly believe that municipal solid waste management as a sector is a highly
neglected department

Kobo is a growing town with many public and private hospitals, health centers, clinics,
manufacturing industries, hotels and small-scale enterprise where lots of solid waste is generated.
The town municipality is mainly responsible for solid waste management of the town as there is
no private organization involved in such tasks. There is no communal solid waste container
deployed in different sites of the town, as a result solid waste produced from every household are
collected on road side. Even though, solid waste management is supposed to be one of the
critical public problems in kobo, there was no study done to systematically asses the magnitude
of the problem and the factors for the improper waste management.

Therefore, the primary objective of the study was to examine municipal solid waste management
and practice, as well as factors that affect determine the solid waste management and practice in
kobo town

1.2 Statement of the problem

Now days the population growth and the rate of urbanization are alarmingly increasing
throughout the world Between 1950 and 2018, the urban population of the world grew more than
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four-fold, from an estimated 0.8 billion to an estimated 4.2 billion the average annual rate of
change of the urban population during this period, estimated at 2.54 per cent, was more than 50
per cent higher than that of the world’s population as a whole (1.62 per cent). Thus, between
1950 and 2018 the world’s population was urbanizing rapidly, with the proportion urban rising
from 30 per cent in 1950 to 55 per cent in 2018
Africa’s urban population increased more than sixteen-fold between 1950 and 2018, rising from
33 million to 548 million Africa’s urban population is likely to nearly triple between 2018 and
2050, Africa will have 1.5 billion urban dwellers in 2050, 22 per cent of the world’s urban
population, (United Nations2018 World Urbanization Prospects)

In Ethiopia, alike developing countries, the increase of solid waste generation is resulted from
rapid urbanization and population booming. The amount of solid waste in Addis Ababa and other
fast-growing areas in the country has been increasing over time, largely attributed to rapid
population growth rate (Lemma, 2007). These population growth and urbanization are the major
factor for the raising of solid waste in a country.

Globalization is known to affect peoples’ consumptions, usage of solid materials that eventually
results huge solid wastes. According to Leton and Omotosho [1], solid wastes is defined as non-
liquid or non-gaseous products (e.g., trash, junk and or refuse) of human activities that are
unwanted. Generation of Municipal solid waste (MSW)increases in line with developmental rate
of any country

Global production of waste has practically doubled over the past ten years and is expected to
reach 2.5 billion tons per year in 2025 as a result of the combined effect of urban development
and changes in consumption patterns (Périou,2012). Currently, world cities generate about1.3 billion
tons of solid waste per year (Orhorhoro andOghoghorie2019). This volume is expected to increase to 2.5
billion tones by 2025 (Kharlamovaet al.2016) and by 2050 to raise 3.40 billion tons annually (World
Bank2018)
.
One of the most daunting challenges of urban centers in developing countries like Ethiopia is
proper waste management challenge ( Nigatu Regassa, Rajan , Sundarra & Bizunesh Bogale,
2011) At least 100million people in East Africa lack access to improved sanitation (Troschinetz
and Mihelcic, 2009). Without proper controls, solid waste is often dumped in abandoned quarries
or similar sites. Several studies have shown that only 43% of waste is collected in the country
and is properly collected and disposed of in open landfills. The remaining waste is
indiscriminately disposed of in drainage lines, open spaces, street sides or is informally burned.
similarly, Kobo like any other town in our country has many similarly of problem which the
bigger one is solid waste management .it is common to see piles of waste on the street, drainage
canal, river bank, available open space, beside individual house and the town of all direction
entrance and exist.it is observed that dog and carcass scattered the waste

According to UNEP (2004), solid waste generation has become an increasing environmental and
public health problem everywhere in the world, particularly in developing countries Diseases
such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and malaria are all related to the practice of poor waste
management (Javaheri, 2006). This can result in the loss of human resources needed in the
development of the country.

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Hence, the study area is one of the most potential sold waste sites that affect environment and
health status of the community; it is observed that various environmental problems, such as
water pollution, air pollution and health problems, such as bronchitis, skin diseases, pneumonia,
typhoid asthma, trachoma and influenza.

Besides, the solid waste sites in the study area have great problem on the management practice
which can be characterized by administration weakness, Careless of individual, Low initiative of
private sector and low level of awareness of the communities in the area, so it needs conducting
research on the site to identify the factor and to take remedy measures. It is difficult to take a
sustainable mitigation measure without detail investigation of the factors. Also, researches have
not been conducted on the issue related to the factor affecting solid waste management practice
in the study area. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the factors which affect solid waste
management practice in the town

1.3 Objective of the study

The major objective of this study will be to examine the current solid waste management practice
and factors influencing its effectiveness in kobo.
1.3.1Specific objective of the study
Thus, given the above major objective the specific objectives of this study will be as follows

1. To assess the current solid waste management practice in kobo

2. To identify factors that affect solid waste management practice in kobo.
3.To assess the association between Affecting factors and effectiveness of solid waste
management.
4.To make appropriate recommendations to the proper implementation of SWM to
address the identified problems

1.4 Research Questions

The study will make an attempt to answer the following key questions
.
 What do the existing SWM practices of kobo town look like?
 What are factors affecting the MSWM system of kobo City?
 In what ways the problem of solid wastes is reduced in the study area?
 Which factors influence the effectiveness of solid waste management practice in Kobo?
 What is the association between the influencing factors of SWM and effective solid waste
management practice?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will have the following importance: Firstly, the study will contribute a better theoretical
understanding of the overall features of solid waste and p hysical factors on the process of municipal
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solid waste management on the whole population; Secondly, the study will give some guide line
information to policy makers, the town‘s municipality, solid waste managers, environmental
protection agencies and researchers about the preexisting situation of municipal solid waste
management in the town. Thirdly, it may also important in putting base line information to the next
work who would like to conduct detailed and comprehensive studies in the town and other study area

1.6Scope of the Study

In order to have more comprehensive information, it would have been good if the study conduct
ted at metropolitan city level. However, due to time, financial and related constrained this study
is confined to assess the main factor that affects Solid waste management activities in kobo town
Administration It will particularly focus on financial resources, technical aspects, social aspects,
political and institutional aspects as they relate to effective MSWM. Therefore, data were collected
using questionnaires, and then analyzed

1.7 Organization of the Paper

This study report comprised five chapters. The first chapter includes the introductory part such as
background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study,
delimitation, research questions, and limitation of the study. The second chapter includes reviews
literature related to the study, chapter three include research methodology and procedures, chapter
four deals with result and discussions, chapter five deals with conclusions and recommendations and
at the end references and appendices are attached

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Solid waste management concept

Municipal solid waste is refusing from households, non- hazardous, waste from industrial,
commercial and institutional, market waste, yard waste, and waste from street sweeping and all
of these encompass the function of collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, recovery and
disposal (Schübeler, 1996)
Solid waste is something that has no value and no further use and which we wish to get rid of
(sankoh and yan,2014). It comes from unusable residues in raw materials which are rejected by
the community (sankoh and yan,2014). With the progress of civilization and human
development, the waste generated became more complex in nature since waste generation
dependents on population, thus increase in population and urbanization will cause largely for the
increase in solid waste (sankoh&yan,2014). Many years ago, Beede and Bloom (1994)
approximated the global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate at 1.3 billion tons per day.
However, the need to manage this problem technologically, economically, and socially
acceptable manner is mandatory to every nations of the world (Achankeng, 2004).
The solid waste handling hierarchy is an internationally accepted and recommended and the
following ascending order of preference which are; open-burning, dump, landfill, incinerate,
recycle, reuse and prevent. While, open burning and dumping are least preferred and actually not
recommended even though many un-developed countries are highly using (Achankeng, 2004).

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The problem of municipal solid waste management varies in magnitude in different regions,
nations and cities of the world. Currently, an estimated 54 per cent of the world’s population
lives in urban areas and this is expected to increase to 66 per cent by 2050, about one third or to
two thirds of the solid waste generated is uncollected which then dumped in the streets and in drains,
contributing to flooding, breeding of insects and contributing to the spread of diseases (Awosan,
2017)

Table 1 global dimensions of solid waste problems

As we can see from this table the major driving force for waste generation are population,
consumption, affluence and technology. Therefore, the impacts of these factors will double global
waste generation. The daily average per capita for Africa is between 0.5-0.87kg (UNEP,2000a;
ENCAPAFRICA, 2004). In Asia it varies between averages of 0.1-0.6kg in India. And Latin
America and Caribbean have averages of 0.3 -1.0kg per capita per day (UNEP,2000d). according to
Cointreau (1992) stated waste generation per capita per day in kilo gram to be an average of 0.4-0.6,
0.5-0.9 and 0.7 -1.8 respectively for low-, middle- and higher-income countries

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The classification of solid waste on the basis of source is as follows. According to hosetti(2006) he
classified solid waste as: Residential and municipal, which is the waste that originate from
residential area such as houses and apartments. The waste consists of food leftovers, vegetables,
peeled materials, plastics, wood pieces, clothes. It also includes waste originated from demolition,
construction, and street cleaning. Commercial and institutional: it is the waste that came from
stores, hotels, shops, markets and medical facilities and so on. The waste that originates from any
institution is known as institutional waste such as papers, food, glasses, metals etc. Agricultural
waste: any waste that originate from agricultural activities is known as agricultural waste like
manure and other wastes from farms and poultry houses.
As stated in hosetti(2006) he classified waste basis of their types such as Refuse: which is all types
of rubbish and garbage. The rubbish is waste material like paper, rubber, leather, wood etc. whereas,
garbage is waste materials from kitchen waste like food, slaughter houses etc.
2.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a comprehensive waste prevention, recycling,
composting, and disposal program. An effective ISWM system considers how to prevent,
recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the
environment. ISWM involves evaluating local needs and conditions, and then selecting and
combining the most appropriate waste management activities for those conditions (Shaukat
&Sajjad, 2016). It is also recognized at the international level, and they incorporate all the
policies,programs, and technologies that are necessary to manage the waste stream. The mix and
emphasis of approaches that are taken generally varies from region-to-region and from country
to-country, and depends on local conditions (UNEP, 2005).
The “Waste Management Hierarchy” is an internationally recognized strategy for management
of municipal solid wastes and it is a key element of integrated solid waste management. It also
places greatest emphasis on strategies and programs for avoiding and reducing waste, with
treatment and disposal being the least favored options. The purpose of the waste management
hierarchy is to make waste management practices as environmentally sound as possible.
It has been adopted in various forms by most industrialized countries. Its principal elements are
also included in international conventions and protocols, particularly those dealing with the
management of toxic or hazardous wastes, and in regional attempts to develop a coordinated
policy on the reuse of various byproducts of waste management processes. The hierarchy is a
useful policy tool for conserving resources, for dealing with landfill shortages, for minimizing air
and water pollution, and for protecting public health and safety. In many developing countries,
some aspects of this hierarchy are already in place, since traditional practices revolving around
waste prevention reuse, and recycling are prevalent (UNEP, 2005). According to (Shaukat &
Sajjad, 2016) this solid waste management hierarchy includes:

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Figure 1 Waste Management Hierarchy

Source: (Shaukat & Sajjad, 2016)

2.2.1. Waste Reduction

The highest priority option in ISWM hierarchy is to avoid or reduce the solid waste generation at
the source. It involves reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the waste generated. Waste
reduction may occur through the designing, manufacturing, and packaging of products with
minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, or a longer useful life. Waste reduction
may also occur at the household, commercial, or industrial facility through selective buying
patterns and the reuse of products and materials.
2.2.2. Reusing
Municipal solid waste generation could be reduced through reusing the items that are no longer
required by someone. Most of our daily use products are reusable. For example, plastic bags
obtained from the market are often used to pack the household waste and transport it from the
house to the waste bin. Newspapers are rolled up to make fireplace logs, and coffee cans are used
to hold bolts and screws. All of these are examples of reuse. Reusing is thus about extending the
life or giving a second life to something that we previously considered as "garbage". In this way,
the garbage we are sending to the landfill sites will be reduced and the operational life span of
the landfill site will extend.
2.2.3. Recycling
The third option in the ISWM hierarchy is recycling, which involves (1) the separation and
collection of waste materials; (2) the preparation of these materials for reuse, reprocessing, and
re manufacture; and (3) the reuse, reprocessing, and remanufacture of these materials. Recycling
is an important factor in helping to reduce the demand of resources and the amount of waste
requiring disposal by landfilling.
2.2.4. Resource Recovery
The fourth option in the ISWM hierarchy, resource recovery (waste transformation), involves the
physical, chemical, or biological alteration of waste. The transformation of waste materials
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usually results in the reduced use of landfill capacity. The reduction in waste volume through
combustion is a well-known example.
2.2.5. Landfilling
Landfilling is the last and least preferred option of the ISWM hierarchy. It involves the
controlled disposal of waste on or in the earth's mantle, and it is by far the most common method
of ultimate disposal for waste residuals.
2.3SOLID WASTE HANDLING SYSTEM
Solid waste handling includes not only the gathering up of solid waste from various sources but also the
hauling of these wastes to the location where the content of the collection vehicle are emptied
(Tchobanoglous, et al., 1993). Solid waste handling practices includes the process of collection, transfer,
reuse, composting and incineration.
Collection involves the process of picking up of wastes from collection points, loading them into a
vehicle, and transporting it to processing facilities, transfer stations or disposal site. In most municipal
solid waste management systems, cost of collection accounts a significant portion of total cost. For
instance, ―in industrialized countries collection accounts about 60-70% of total cost, and 70-90% in
developing and transition countries‖ (UNEP, 1996).
In developing countries, collection often involves a face-to-face transaction between generator and
collector. The level of service is low, and generators often have to bring their wastes long distances and
place it in containers. As a result, many collection activities in developing countries carried out by
informal sectors (UNEP, 1996). Most major cities in Africa have established municipal waste collection
system. In the case of Ethiopia in particular Addis Ababa, there are three basic types of collection
equipment: Human powered, Animal powered and engine powered (AACGSBDA, 2005).

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Human powered collection equipment: This includes pushcarts, pedal tricycles, wheel barrows, and
two-wheel donkeys with baskets. In general, these equipment require some sort of smooth surface on the
cones to be effective.
Animal powered collection equipment: animals powered collection equipment either takes the form of
drawn carts or animal may be directly backed with containers such as basket. This type of collection is
applicable in the cities where there is no much traffic.
Engine-powered collection equipment: This includes all motorized collection equipment. There exist
three broad types refuse collection systems namely door-to door, block on communal collection that are
facilitated by three types of collection vehicles that means side load truck, closed compacting type trucks
and containers lift trucks, and these ways of collections are used in Addis Ababa solid waste collection
systems.
Door to-door collection: the side loading and compacting trucks are usually served for door- to- door
collection systems where container transfer stations are lacking and road accessibility is not limited, in
such collection system the disposing people and the truck along accessible street collection points met at a
defined time.
Block collection: It consists of large refuse containers from 0.1-8 cubic meters located at the premise of
the blocked houses or buildings.
Container system: The public at large gets collection services through a transfer station in a container
collection system, which is composed of refuse containers of large capacity located at accessible sites of
community and where generation assumed.
In order to manage the growing volume of wastes collected in various ways proper policies need to be
performed and implemented. For instance, in the developed world the approach to waste management
regarded as the most compatible with the environment and sustainable development. Environmentally
sustainable approach of solid waste handling reduces pollution, seeks to maximize recovery of reusable
and recyclable materials and protect human health and the environment. Integrated waste management
aims to socially desirable, economically visible and environmentally sound approach in the process of
waste handling (Medina, 2004).
2.3.1 Transfer and Transport

These activities are associated with transfer of wastes from public storage facilities to collection vehicle
and the subsequent transport of wastes to disposal site. Transfer refers to movement of waste or materials
from primary collection vehicle to a secondary, larger and more efficient transport vehicle. When location
of final disposal site is at a long distance from points of collection, transfer stations may be used. With
respect to transfer stations, ―there are two basic modes of operation: direct discharge and storage
discharge. In storage discharge refuse is first emptied from collection trucks into a storage pit or to a large
platform. While in direct discharge station, each refuse truck empties directly into larger transport
vehicles‖ (Meenakshi, 2005). Transportation on the other hand covers all types of vehicles under
operation to transport solid waste from its generation point to transfer station and then to treatment or
disposal site.
2.3.2 Waste Disposal
This is a final functional element in solid waste management system. Disposal activities are associated
with final dump of solid wastes directly to a landfill site. Today disposal of wastes by land filling or land
spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes whether they are residential wastes, or residual materials
from materials recovery facilities. ―However, in most developed countries this method is officially
banned allowing only sanitary landfill for final disposal. Because sanitary landfill is not a dump it is an
engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to
public health and environment‖ (Techobanglous, et al., 1993). ―Though it is the most common
technology around the world, conventional and environmental unfriendly methods such as open-burning,
open-dumping, and non-sanitary landfill can still be used as disposal method‖ (UNEP, 2009).

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 2.4 Factors influencing effective solid waste management practice

2.4.1 Financial factor

If a system is to be fully sustainable it is essential that all long-term financial costs, as well as short-term
operating costs, are taken into account and that procedures are in place for obtaining regular finance to
meet these costs. Otherwise, a collection system may be set up which will work well for a short period
and then collapse as operating funds (for labor, fuel, and maintenance) run out and the equipment
becomes obsolete (Un-Habitat,2010)
Financial resources are concerned with operating cost for waste collection, financial cost, cost recovery
and management of funds which are necessary for the safe and reliable collection and disposal of solid
waste (Coffey & Coad, 2010). Operating costs are labor cost, fuel cost, and maintenance cost. Likewise,
financial cost includes costs to own vehicle and the associated depreciation. Furthermore, the cost of
recovery includes refuses collection charge, government grants, and littering fines. (Un -Habitat,2013)
Financial constraints are the main reasons for inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste especially
where local governments are weak or underfinanced (Zurbrug, 2002). To ensure the long-term
sustainability of SWM systems, investments in systems development should correspond to the level of
resources which the society can make available for the waste management (Schubeler ,1996). Unless
funds are continuously available without any delay it is impossible to run a regular collection service and
any system which has been set up will rapidly come to stop.
In many developing countries, the local authorities are expected to provide services without adequate
long-term funding base, often with insufficient funds to even meet their day-to-day operating cost. It is,
therefore, essential to have accurate knowledge of the operating and financial cost needed so that long-
term financial plans can be developed into account of all the cost of the waste management services
(Coffey & Coad, 2010).
2.4.2 Technical factor
According to Schubeler (1996) and Ansari (2012), technical systems established include the collection,
transfer, and disposal system knowledge of solids waste. The collection comprises household containers,
primary and secondary collection vehicles and equipment, and the organization and equipment of
collection workers, including the provision of protective clothing workers. Transfer system deals with the
waste storage, and transfer points, vehicles and equipment for waste transfer, and the procedures for
operating and maintaining these facilities and equipment (Schubeler, 1996). Disposal knowledge includes
ensuring properly designed and correctly operated sanitary landfills and continues monitoring and control
of landfills or disposal dumps (Shammas , 2009).
In most developing countries, there is a lack of human resources at both the national and local level with
technical expertise necessary for solid waste management planning and operation (Ogwa, 2008). William
and Francis (2004), note that technical system, often the “Conventional” collection approach, as
developed and used in the industrialized countries, is applied directly in developing countries. The used
vehicles are sophisticated, expensive and difficult to operate and maintain, and are often inadequate for
the conditions in developing countries.
2.4.3 Social factor and SWM
Effective SWM system is influenced by waste handling patterns and underlying attitude of the urban
populations, and people’s social and cultural context. Programmers to disseminate knowledge and skills
or to improve behavior patterns and attitudes regarding waste management require the sound
understanding of the social and cultural characteristics (Shubeler , 1996). Social problems encountered
include lack of public awareness, illegal dumping, poor condition of waste workers, and lack of private

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sector and social involvement Public awareness-raising and attitudes to waste can affect the whole solid
waste management system. All steps in SWM starting from household waste storage, to waste
segregation, recycling, collection frequency, the amount of littering, the willingness to pay for waste
management services, the opposition to the sitting of waste treatment and disposal facilities,

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all depend on public awareness-raising and participation. Therefore, this is a crucial issue which
determines the success or failure of SWM system (Zurbrug, 2003).
According to Shubeler (1996) and ( Un- Habitat ,2013) access to social and health care service should be
ensured. Proper equipment and protective clothing can reduce health risks. By contributing to the
professionalization of the waste worker‟s role, proper clothing and equipment may also help to alleviate
the social stigmatization which is often associated with waste workers.
2.4.4 Institutional factor and SWM
Effective SWM depends on upon the appropriate distribution of functions responsibilities, authority and
revenues and requires the integration of many organizations and groups into a partnership ( Shubeler,
1996). Local government is normally responsible for SWM, even if private sector contractors are engaged
to provide such services. Small family-based enterprises and informal sector rag pickers are often very
involved with SWM. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations
(CBOs) can have the important impact in organizing local services, raising awareness and supporting
vulnerable individuals (Coffey & Coad, 2010 ).
Appropriate practices in waste management system necessitate clear delineation of jurisdiction and
responsibility, with all stakeholders participating in system design, and with those affected (Bernstein ,
2004).
Local government authorities are generally responsible for the provision of solid waste collection and
disposal services. They become the legal owner of waste once it is collected or put out for collection and
the responsibility for SWM is usually specified in bylaws and regulations (Shubeller,1996). Therefore,
the policy of government regarding the role of the private sector (formal and informal) should be taken
into account (Zurbrug, 2002). Private sector involvement in SWM implies a shift in the principal role of
government institutions from service provision to regulation. To effectively regulate and control the
enterprises, the appropriate system of monitoring and control need to be established and corresponding
skills and capacities developed at both local and central government levels (Shubeller , 1996).
2.4. 5 Political factors
Solid waste management is influenced in numerous ways by the political context. The existing
relationship between local and central governments (the effective degree of decentralization, for
example), the form and extent of citizens Participation in the public processes of policy making and the
role of party politics in local government administration all affect the character of management,
governance and the type of MSWM system which is possible and appropriate (Schubeler,1996)
2.5 Empirical literature review
Waste has become a serious problem in developing countries where generation of waste per unit of output
is much higher than in the developed countries and this is attributed to inefficiency in manufacturing
processes, bad design and ultimately bad decision making. A bulk of prior studies state that SWM is
highly inefficient and financial, technical, institutional and social factors pose a serious challenge to the
practices of SWM. Here are some of the prior works in developing countries:
Edmealem Bewuket (2013) tried to explore the sustainability of solid waste collection and transport
services by MSEs in Bahir Dar and which government mechanisms are used to support sustainable
service delivery by MSEs, by selecting two sample MSEs using randomly. His findings revealed that the
absence of rivalries in the private waste collectors, their service quality decrement and high service fee of
those firms on users led to the establishment of MSEs in Bahir Dar city. In addition, the reasons for the
establishment of MSEs include creating jobs for low-income poor and keeping the city clean by creating
more competition, he wrote.
He found out that MSEs are partly socially sustainable for the reason that they created job spots for the
poor people in the city and provide the service for everyone with no discrimination. However, the solid
waste collection services by MSEs were not technically, environmentally, financially and institutionally
sustainable.
The absence of environmental policy, no waste separation at source, and waste not being timely collected
are the explanation for environmental un sustainability.

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The author enumerated the following reasons for the un sustainability of services of MSEs generally: a
serious shortage of waste transport vehicles which greatly impacted the frequency of waste collection,
poorly designed hand carts, absence of waste separation at source, unsafe waste disposal methods,
insufficient funding systems, inadequate monitoring and supervision and low enforcement of rules to
implement activities as per the local context.
Fianko, (2014) have studied challenges affecting solid waste management system in the Kumasi
Metropolis, the study is both exploratory and casual with a sample size of 200 out of a total population of
350 by using Self-Administered Questionnaire as a data collection instrument. Their findings revealed
that all the challenges facing solid waste management practices found to be substantial whereas
institutional arrangement and adequate solid waste management laws were found not to be major
challenges.
These challenges to waste management practices resulted in inefficiency in the solid waste management
practices with a correlation coefficient (between them) of 0.51 and correlation of determination of 0.26 or
(26%), meaning that the higher the challenges the higher the inefficiency in the waste management
system. However, this relationship seems moderate since 74% of the inefficiencies are accounted for by
other factors than those identified in this study. Based on the findings of this study, they recommended
the management must put measures in place to overcome the challenges facing solid waste management
practices.
Hufane (2015) examined challenges facing solid waste management in Borama town, Somaliland, he
particularly emphasized on four challenges: financial, technical, social and institutional challenges. The
study utilized a census survey research design, and data was collected from all 63 workers of Horseed
Sanitation Company through the questionnaire.
The study concluded that technical aspect is the major challenge facing the solid waste management
(SWM) in Borama town because it accounts for the largest variance (66.1%) of the challenges facing the
SWM in the town. The researcher came up with the recommendations that the Ministry of Health,
Borama municipality and all stakeholders concerned with sanitation should allocate enough budgets for
the provision of SWM services and development of better waste management that is possible through
waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.
More, the government of Somaliland, Borama municipality, and Horseed Sanitation Company should re-
train their staff on the knowledge in waste collection, knowledge of

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waste transfer and knowledge of disposal, the author recommended. The study also recommends that
Borama Municipality and Horsed Sanitation Company should provide awareness raising programs to the
community about the dangers and consequences of inappropriate waste disposal, and should work on
improving the status and conditions of waste disposal workers, and increase the participation of NGOs
and CBOs. The researcher also recommends more studies should be done on a larger scale with a wider
scope town with more variables and dimensions and with more experimental methodologies.

Kelvin and Jane (2015) in their paper called “Determinants of effective solid waste management for
KAKAMEGA COUNTY” assessed the determinants of effective solid waste management in Kakamega
County, because of its increasing sites of unattended waste disposal in public spaces. The objective of the
study was; to establish the extent to which technical factor, financial factor and institutional factor
influence effective solid waste management in Kakamega County. They selected 62 employees of
Kakamega County as a target population; with allocation of 40 employs from the ministry of Health and
Sanitation, 16 employs from ministry of a housing and 4 officials from National Environmental
Management Authority via stratified sampling. Data collection instruments for this research were
questionnaires and interviews.

The study found out that financial factors played a factor in effective solid waste management in
Kakamega County, whereas technical factors such as lack of professional personnel and equipment had
an association to effective solid waste management and institutional factors (such as county lack of public
awareness and policy on waste reduction, lack of clear authority and sanitation rules) significantly
influenced effective solid waste management. Based on those findings, they prescribed that for the
improvement of effective solid waste management in Kakamega County, strict enforcement of by-laws
and policy, more budget allocation and proper waste allocation systems are needed.

Hayal Desta et al. (2014), wrote a paper titled with “Assessment of the contemporary municipal solid
waste management in urban environment: The Case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia”, with the objective of
evaluating the existing municipal solid waste management (MSWM) practices in Addis Ababa.

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The authors marked that huge generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) coupled with unbalanced
waste management services is the major challenges facing the City of Addis Ababa.
Both primary and secondary sources were used. Their findings showed that the daily generation of solid
waste is estimated to be 0.5 kg per capita per day and the density of solid waste ranges from 205 to 370
kg meter cube. More, the result showed that there are some generic factors namely: lack of sufficient
budget, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, illegal dumping on undesignated sites, open
disposals, poor condition of the final dump site, lack of effective public participation and in adequate
governance in waste management system, contributing to the poor management of solid waste in Addis
Ababa. They indicated that early involvement of representatives from all concerned stakeholders in the
planning process and continuous awareness are critical elements of successful solid waste management
programs.
2.6 Conceptual Frameworks of The Study
A conceptual is described as component of the scientific research process in which a Specific idea is
defined as a measurable prevalence or in measurable phrases that essentially gives a clear meaning of the
concept. According to (Mugenda & Mugenda2003) cited, (Nabint Ntakobajira,2013) conceptual
framework is a diagrammatic presentation of the relationship between dependent and independent
variables. In this study, the dependent variable is Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management while
independent variables are Economic / Financial factors, Technical factors, Institutional factors, Social
factors and political /legal factor.

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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study Area

3.2 Research Methodology
This chapter deals with the research methodology, Research type and design, data types and
sources, data collection methods, data analysis approach and techniques, model specification,
estimation and post estimation methods. Thus, this study will be focused on factor of affecting
solid waste management in the study area municipality. To this effect, to get reliable information
of the implementation of solid waste management, this research will be used the combination of
qualitative and quantitative research methods or a hybrid approach .

3.3 Research type and Designee

Kothari (2004) stated that the research design is the conceptual arrangement within which the
research conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Therefore, the research is made based on descriptive and explanatory research type or design.
According to Kothari (2004), descriptive research includes different kinds of surveys and fact-finding
enquiries. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present.

The design is used to describe the characteristics of the independent variables ( procurement plans
and staff competency, procurement procedures, utilization of ICT). This helps to obtain information
concerning the current status of the phenomenon to describe what the current situation is with respect
to the variable of the study, the procurement performance. The same author asserts that in descriptive
design the problem is structured and well understood and gives a report on things as they actually
are. Adams et al. (2007) states that explanatory research describes the phenomena as well as explains
why behavior is the way it is. This research has applied explanatory type of research since it attempts
to describe the relationship between independent (factors affecting procurement performance) and
dependent variables (procurement performance

3.4 Target population

The whole set of the universe from which a sample taken is called the population Saunders et al,
(2007). Target population refers to the larger population to which the researcher ultimately would
like to generalize the results of the study Mugenda, (2003). The population of this research was all
employees of procurement and property disposal service, 140 federal budgetary organizations and
suppliers.

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Target population of the study was all staffs (30) working at procurement directorate and contract
management directorate of PPPDS, which are directly or indirectly involved in procurement process
by taking the data from Human Resource Department of PPPDS. There are 173 federal budgetary
organizations which are benefited from PPPDS procuring goods and service. Among the total
federal budgetary organization, the researcher focused on 140 organizations those are located in
Addis Ababa.

3.5Sampling technique
In regarding to selection of respondents, the researcher will be used non-probability sampling
According to Walliman (2005), Saunders et al. (2007) purposive sampling is a useful sampling
method which allows a researcher to get information from a sample of the population that one thinks
knows most about the subject matter. The researcher used purposive or judgmental sampling method
consists of the staff members of procurement directorate and contract management directorate of
PPPDS.

3.6 sample Size

Determining sample size is very complex as it depends on other factors such as margins for errors,
degree of certainty and statistical technique Corbetta, (2003). A general rule, one can say that the
sample must be of an optimum size i.e., it should neither be excessively large nor too small Kothari,
(2004).

The target population number in PPPDS consists of (2) procurement and contract management
directorate, (19) Procurement Officers and (9) contract administration staffs. (Kothari, 2004) it needs
to be emphasized that when the universe is a small one, it is no use resorting to a sample survey.
When all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained.

3.7 Data types, sources, and data collection methods

This research will be used qualitative and quantitative data types, because a researcher will use
qualitative and quantitative research methods as research methodology. In case of data sources
both primary and secondary data sources will use in order to generate relevant information to the
research. Primary data will gather from office main and vice heads, department heads and
employees as to the secondary data, both published and unpublished sources will be used in
order to seek information about previous achievements, practices problems of SWM. To gather
necessary information from the participant closed ended questionnaire with a five-point Likert
scale and some open-ended questionnaire will use. The reason for using the Likert scale is that it
will enable certain arithmetical operations to perform the data that collected from the
respondents and it help to measure the magnitude of the differences among the individuals or the

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group. In addition to close and open-ended questionnaire researcher will use different document
review to see the strategic planning approach, organizations and employee’s performance levels.

3.8 Data analysis approach and techniques

Both quantitative and qualitative approaches will use to analyze the data that will collect for the
study. This is because employing the mixed approach helps to converge or confirm findings from
different data sources (Creswell, 2003). Depending on the nature of research questions and data
that will collected, different statistical techniques were employed. Data collected from closed
ended questionnaires will fed into the Statistical Package for Social Science (STATA) computer
program and analyzed with five-point Likert Scale quantitatively in terms of frequency and
percentage. Chi-square was employed to find out whether there is a significant difference
between different groups of respondents. On the other hand, the information which was gained
from open ended questionnaires and interview were analyzed qualitatively by using word
narration. Finally, findings were interpreted and analyzed in relation to the research questions
and literature review.

3.9 Model specification

The multiple regression equation on this study is building with dependent variable (performance)
independent variables which are legal condition, market factors, financial factors, infrastructure
factors, working premises factors, management trade fair and entrepreneurial the basic purpose
of using regression on this study more effective at describing and forecasting the stated variables.

This model is

Yi = B0 + B1X1 + B2X2 +B3X3 + B4X4 + B5X5 +B6X6 +B7+Ui

Where Y = is the response or dependent variable (performance)

X1 = Financial factors, X2 = technical factrrs , X3 = Institution factors, X4 = social

factors, X5 = political Legal factors are explanatory variables which influences the dependent
variable.

Ui= error term (stochastic, random, and probabilistic)

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4. Chapter Four
4.1 Work and budget plan
Table 2 work Plan in line with thesis Almanac of the university

SN Activities that will undertaken Time schedule Budget requirements

in ETB
1 Preparation and submission of final October 31, 2016 1000 birr
Proposal
2 Preparation of data collection tools November 15,2016 300 birr
3 Data collection December 15 , 1000 birr
2016
4 Data screening, encoding, entry, January 30, 2017 2000 birr
generating preliminary analysis and
interpretation
5 Submission of first Thesis draft to March 31, 2017 1000 birr
advisors
6 Submission of final draft Thesis in April 20,2017 1000 birr
softcopy via email
7 Ready for Thesis defense and May 10-17 ,2017 1500 birr
conduct defense
8 Incorporating defense comments May 25-28, 2017 2000 birr
and Submission of Final Thesis
9 Total 9800 birr

REFERENCE

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