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Hydrates of carbon can be named according to # of carbons it contains
o Cn = # of carbon atoms w/ matching H2Os
Cyclic structure:
o Monosaccharides can undergo INTRAmolecular rxns to form RING structure
o Cyclic rings = stable in solution and can form 2 types of rings:
1) 6-membered rings 6 carbons in ring = PYRANOSE
2) 5-membered rings 5 carbons in ring = FURANOSE
Glycosidic linkages:
o Covalent bonds B/W monosaccharides AND alcohols
o Aldehyde carbon participate in glycosidic linkages
Sugars acting as substituents via linkage => Glycosyl residues
o When alcohol is another monosaccharide, produces a disaccharide
Examples:
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Cellobiose
o Linkage b/w C1 on 1st sugar AND C2 on 2nd sugar
=> 1,2 linkage
o Linkage b/w C1 on 1st sugar AND C4 on 2nd sugar
=> 1,4 linkage
o Linkage b/w C1 on 1st sugar AND C6 on 2nd sugar
=> 1,6 linkage
May also be classified as alpha OR beta:
o Hydroxyl group on C1 => oriented UP = Beta (Birds fly in sky)
o Hydroxyl group on C1 => oriented DOWN = Alpha (Fish swim in sea Down
under)
PREFIX:
o Deoxy = has a -H in place of -OH @ certain position
o D/L = absolute configuration = assigned based on chirality of carbon atom
furthest from carbonyl group
o α/β = Anomeric configuration
SUFFIX:
o ALL sugars end in -ose
Carbohydrates are produced by plants ingested & broken down into individual
monomer sugars
MODIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES:
Monosaccharides may be modified via addition of groups
2 modifications of sugars:
o 1) PHOSPHORYLATION of Sugars:
When cells uptake sugar molecules the 1st step in glucose metabolism is
to phosphorylate glucose
Whenever a system in nature contains charge means its energy =
HIGHER = LESS stable = MORE reactive
By phosphorylating glucose molecule G-6-P => INCREASE
reactivity of glucose molecule to be able to undergo further
processes
INCREASE polarity of glucose molecule
Phosphorylated glucose contains HIGHR charge = MORE polar
MORE likely to spontaneously leave the cell
o b/c around the cell have cell membrane that contains
nonpolar lipid molecules, so HIGHLY polar glucose-6-
phosphate CANNOT spontaneously leave the cell b/c it
cannot pass across nonpolar bilayer membrane
surrounding the cell
st
1 step of glucose metabolism modifying glucose by ADDING phosphate group
o PHOSPHORYLATION of glucose gives => Net (-) charge => becomes anion
o Do this for 2 reasons:
o 2) Glycosidation w/ Alcohols:
NUCLEOTIDES:
Building blocks and involved in cell’s use of energy
Made up of 3 components:
o 1) 5 carbon (pentose) sugar
o 2) Nitrogenous base
o 3) Phosphate group
GLUCOSE
Carbon backbone = makes it organic
CARBOHYDRATES
POLAR molecules
Dissolve in polar solvents
like H2O
Form hydrogen bonds w/ H2O
molecules
HYDROOHILIC
o Mix w/ H2O
2 functional groups:
o 1) Aldehyde
o 2) Ketone
1) ALDEHYDE:
ALCOHOL =
o ANY organic compound in which hydroxyl functional group OH = bound to
saturated carbon atom
o ALL have suffix -ol
o Carbon
=> double bonded to oxygen
=> single bonded to hydrogen
o Formed by:
Oxidation of alcohols
2) KETONE:
Organic compound R1 and R2 can be variety of carbon containing
substituents
o Carbonyl “sandwiched” B/W 2 radical groups (R1 & R2)