Methods Architecture & Built Environment

Conservation
ES Soegoto1 *,Andiana S
1
Department of Management, University Computer Indonesia, Indonesia
2
Department of Engineering and Computer Science, University Computer Indonesia,
Indonesia
3
Department of English Language and Literature, University Computer Indonesia,
Indonesia

septianandiana@email.unikom.ac.id

Abstract.Architecture is the art and science of designing that observes the three things in its
design is the function, aesthetics and technology. With the development of increasingly
complex science that human behavior increasingly taken into account in the design process is
often referred to as the environmental assessment of behavior in architecture.

1. Introduction
The word indicates human behavior in action, related to the physical human activity, in the form of
human interaction with each other or with the physical environment (Tandal and Egam, 2011).
Behaviorism theory only analyze behaviors that may appear, can be measured, described, and
predictable. Behavoris the theory known as the theory of learning, for all human behavior is the result
of learning. Learning means that changes in human behavior as environmental influences.
Behaviorism did not question whether humans are good or bad, rational or emotional; behaviorism just
want to know how they behave dikendalian by environmental factors. In the sense of learning theories
that put more emphasis on human behavior. Looking at the individual as being reactive, responding to
the environment.
Judging from the shape of the response to this stimulus, the human behavior can be divided into two,
namely:
Behavior is closed, is the person's response to the stimulus in the form of veiled or covered
(covert). The response or reaction to this stimulus is still limited to attention, perception, knowledge /
awareness, and attitudes that occurred can not be clearly observed by others.
Overt behavior, is a person's response to the stimulus in the form of action or open. The response to
the stimulus is already evident in the form of action or practice.

2. method

Preservation is an important part that aims to protect buildings of architectural relics of the past. Past
architecture has the character of a visual, spatial and structural attached to the building in addition to
its historical value.
The built environment studies done to see how important the buildings that have architectural values
and history. This trip then make the judgment, that there are interests of irreplaceable value for the
generations to come. One way to do is to preserve the remains of the remains. because it is a historical
heritage that must be protected. Bond of continuity of the past can be met if old buildings or old in the
region can be maintained
3. Results and Discussion
Public area

 Definition and Typology of Public Space

Based on the scope of public space can be divided into

some typology (Carmona, et al, 2003), among others:

External public space, This public space shaped outdoor space that is accessible to everyone

such as city parks, squares, pedestrian paths, and so forth.

Internal public space, This public space such as a building of public facilities managed by

the government and can be accessed by citizens freely without any specific restrictions, such

as post offices, police stations, and other citizens service center.

External and internal "quasi" public space, The public spaces such as public facilities

managed by the private sector and no restrictions or rules that must be adhered to citizens,

such as malls, restaurants and so forth.

One function of the public space is a node of activity. Therefore, public space which has this
function must consider the accessibility aspect of transportation and dismissal (parking). Availability
circulation path and parking area are essential elements for a city, and is a powerful tool for managing
the urban environment. Circulation can be a tool for the control of the urban population activity
patterns and develop the activity. Besides being able to accommodate the quantity of travel,
circulation is expected also provide quality travel through experiencenya (Davit and Kulash in
Naupan, 2007). And good circulation has several indicators, such as smoothness, safety and comfort.
 Activities and Social Interaction

Social activities can be defined as an activity that requires the presence of others (Zhang and
Lawson, 2009). This activity can be face to face, talk-shows, as well as other physical activation such
as play or exercise. , Handling of creative public space to support the establishment of social activity
among people who do not know each other beforehand. A public space planning can be said to be
successful if it can accommodate a functional public activity, have easy accessibility, convenient and
good social interactions occur therein. These factors can also be described in detail in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Description of factors influencing the public space

Source: PPS (Project for Public Space)

territory

Territory is a pattern of behavior of individuals or groups of individuals based on the

ownership of the physical space defined, object or idea involving defense, personalization, and
tagging. Key factors in the grouping territory is the level of privacy requirement, membership or
access granted to each type. Typology territory briefly presented by I. Altman (1975) in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1. Types territory

 Type territory power access Example

Primary territory High. Occupants have A person's domicile

complete control of a space. (home, apartment,
office)

Secondary territory Medium. Has the power One's favorite bench in

during certain periods when the classroom, in the
the individual is a legitimate cafeteria table.
occupant.

Public territory Low. The controls are very Beaches, parks,

difficult to access. waiting rooms, public
transport.

Source: Altaian, I. 1975. The environment and social behavior.

Territory can be affected by several factors. The first factor is the personal factors which
gender, age, personality and level of intellectual take on the role. The second factor is the situational
factors such as the physical setting, climate, social and environmental influences in a person's
territory.

crowding

Crowding is a situation where a person or group of people are not able to maintain his private space.
Crowding does not necessarily mean physical ratio is high, but it can also mean that the person's
subjective understanding of individuals present around too much. Similarly territory, crowding can
also be influenced by personal, social, and situational.

Adaptation and Adjustment

In the scheme of perception which has been discussed previously mentioned that after a person
perceives the environment, there are two possibilities that will happen. The first possibility is that the
perceived stimuli are within optimum limits so that timbulah homoestatis conditions. The second
possibility is that the perceived stimuli is above or below the optimal limit resulting in stress and
humans have to do behavioral adjustment. According Sarwono (1992), behavioral adjustment consists
of two types, the first is to change the behavior to suit the environment is called adaptation and the
second is to change the environment to fit the behavior of the so-called adjustment.

 Adaptation

As the above discussion, the behavior of the adaptation to the environment begins with stress, a
condition where the environment threaten or endanger the existence or well-being or comfort of a
person (Baum 1985: 188). Reactions to stress can be either direct action or a mental adjustment.
Examples of direct action is migration. Suppose the citizens of the region to migrate to other states on
the grounds of environmental quality begins to break down, clean water hard to come by, housing
prices are expensive, and so on. However, there are some people who choose to stay in the area with
the assumption rather than move to another place that is not necessarily better off, better to stay in the
old place.
Reactions of this type belong to the mental adjustment. Because of the relativity of perception and
human nature are capable of learning from experience, changes in behavior to fit the new environment
can be done gradually.

 Adjustment

Changes in the environment to suit human behavior can be seen in various types of human
residential homes. Humans change or improve the existing environment to meet the needs and
behavior. In the interior of Sumatra and Borneo are houses on stilts so that people avoid flooding and
wild animals which can also be used as a stage pit cattle sheds, barns, and reservoirs. House in a slum
large cities created tiered upwards in order to accommodate more people. From the example above
cases, it can be concluded that humans are always trying to manipulate the environment to suit their
circumstances. Environmental engineering process involves designing environmental behavior and
manifested in a tangible form.

Figure 2.2. Bolon flats and houses are examples of community adjustment
Source: Secondary data is processed

Street vendors (PKL)

Cadger an informal sector whose existence is always ignored by the city government. Street
vendors can be found almost in all cities and most are functional spaces such as town center of
commerce, recreation centers, parks, and public places that can attract large numbers of people
around. The informal sector by Ahmad (2002: 73) is an economic activity that is marginal (small)
which has several characteristics such activities are not regular, untouched by regulation, small-cap
and is daily, the place is not fixed and stand-alone, prevail among low-income communities, does not
require expertise and special skills, small environment, and does not recognize banking, bookkeeping
and credit.

According to Kadir (2010), where street vendors as the informal sector in trade activities pose
a dichotomy because on one hand, the informal sector can create jobs, especially in the segments of
society who have the level of education and low skills and little capital. On the other hand, this sector
is a sector that does not have a legal or legal protection and harming the formal sector because they
cause environmental problems of the city. This happens because the city never provide space for street
vendors in the City Spatial Plan.
Origin of Street Vendors

The term street vendors purported to be from the reign of Rafles, Governor General of the Dutch
colonial government, that of the word "five feet" which means the pedestrian lane at the curb width of
five feet. The space is used for the activities of small traders selling so-called street vendors (in
Widjajanti, 2000: 28). Then came some experts who argued the definition of street vendors such as by
McGee (1977: 28) mentions PKL as hawkers are the ones that offer goods or services for sale in
public places, especially roads pavement.

Characteristics of Street Vendors

Based on the type of commodities sold PKL, McGee and Yeung (1977: 81) classifying vendors into
four categories, namely:

a. The food was not processed and semi-processed. Unprocessed foods, including raw foods

such as meat, fruits or vegetables. While the semi-processed foods such as rice.

b. Prepared foods, namely food vendors are already cooked.

c. Non-food items, this category consists of goods on a broad scale, ranging from textiles to

pharmaceuticals.

d. Services, which consists of various activities such as repair services of shoe soles and barber.

based on character its services, Mcgee & Yeung (1977: 82-83)

PKL classifies into three types, namely:

a. Pitchman (mobile), traders can easily bring daganngannya goods move from one place to

another, ranging from the use of bicycles, carts or baskets.

b. Traders semi-permanent (semistatic), these traders have the nature of a temporary residency,

where stalls and places of business will be changed after some time to sell at the venue.

c. Traders Residential (static), the nature of merchant services has settled the highest frequency,

where the location of a permanent place of business in a place such as on the street or public

spaces by building a kiosk, or stall.

Based on the pattern of spread of activity PKL, Mc.Gee and Yeung (1977: 37-38) PKL
grouping into two categories, namely:
 a. The pattern of the spread of clumped (focus aglomeration), is common in the mouth, around

the outskirts of the common market or open space. This grouping occurs is a concentration or

a grouping of merchants that have the same properties / related. Grouping similar and

mutually trader is concerned, it will be a profitable trader, because it has great appeal to

prospective buyers. Activities merchant with this pattern is found in open spaces (parks,

squares, and others). Traders usually found in food and beverages.

b. The pattern of the spread of elongated (linear aglomeration), dispersion pattern is influenced

by the pattern of the road network. This extends the deployment pattern occurs along /

suburban main streets or roads. This pattern was air-ity consideration of ease of achievement,

so it has a great opportunity to acquire customers. Types of commonly traded commodities

are clothing / apparel, grocery, service repairs, fruits, tobacco / drugs, and others.

Control and Regulation of Street Vendors

The existence of street vendors can provide benefits for all concerned if the street vendors "controlled"
in a regulation. Rather than trying to eradicate street vendors, it would be better if you make a rule as a
reassurance to PKL so it can be a good potential. Some of the advantages of street vendors who have
been out of control, namely:
a. Reducing unemployment, street vendors into one solution for the people of low-skilled jobs in

order to remain able to accommodate the family's economic burden.

b. PKL hospitality, the uniqueness of the cart, open atmosphere, and the activity generated

creates an atmosphere more lively character that can not be found in other stores.

c. Oversee security in the area of selling and provides directions for foreign masi people in the

area.

Generating positive activity in an area

4. Conclusion
Space is one of the most important architectural elements that serve to facilitate human activity. The
market is one example of the outdoor space that has an important role in everyday human life. Each
individual has basic needs that must be met. Most people still regard Terrain traditional market as the
most suitable place to buy their basic needs with consideration of price, range, and habits.
Although various revitalization efforts have been done in a number of traditional markets in Indonesia,
still has not found a significant keberhasihan. Failure of market planning is one of the reasons where
visitors feel uncomfortable being there. A public space planning can be said to be successful if it can
accommodate a functional public activity, have easy accessibility, convenient and good social
interactions occur therein. One of the criteria that can be used as guidelines in the design of the market
is based design issues by Deurk (1993) related to the architectural aspects of the city.
Along with the development of science, human behavior is increasingly used as a benchmark in
planning called architectural approach behavior (behavioral architecture). Humans construct a building
or outdoor space to meet human needs in which every individual has a different perception towards the
environment.
If the stimuli are perceived by the individual was above the optimal limit, there will be stress which
leads to two things, the man had to match him with that environment (adaptation), or humans have to
change the environment to fit their behavior (adjustment) (Sarwono, 1992 )

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