1. Impact of environment on Technology with suitable examples.

Pollution - Air, water, heat and noise pollution can all be caused by producing and using
technology. Consuming resources - Non-renewable resources, including precious metals like
gold, are used to make technology. Many others, such as coal, are consumed to generate the
electricity to use technology.
Although we cannot reverse the negative impact of technology on the environment
caused by industrialization, many believe that new environmental technology, such as
renewable energy combined with smart logistics and electric transport, has the
potential to bring about the rapid decarburization of our economy and the mitigation
of further detrimental harm.

2. Energy Crises – causes, effects and solutions. Explain in detail?

The environmental problems directly related to energy production and consumption include air
pollution, climate change, water pollution, thermal pollution, and solid waste disposal. The
emission of air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion is the major cause of urban air pollution.

3. Impact of Human on environment with suitable examples.

Consumption of fossil fuel resources has led to global warming and climate change. In most
parts of the world, little effort is being made to slow these changes. However, if we explore
viable alternative energy resources, we could reduce our impact on the environment.

4. Detail out the following environments with suitable examples

a. Thermal
● The thermal environment refers to the things that can affect heat transfer at that point.
Heat transfer is the process of thermal exchange between different systems. Generally
there will be a net heat transfer from a hotter system to a cooler system.
● The thermal environment is one of the most important factors that can affect human
sleep. The stereotypical effects of heat or cold exposure are increased wakefulness and
decreased rapid eye movement sleep and slow wave sleep.
● In building science studies, thermal comfort has been related to productivity and health.
Office workers who are satisfied with their thermal environment are more productive. The
combination of high temperature and high relative humidity reduces thermal comfort and
indoor air quality.

b. Visual
 ● In natural or built settings, the aggregate of external features and conditions that
surround an organism and influence its visually
● As its name suggests, the environmental design/architecture major combines aspects of
landscape design with architecture. As an environmental design/architecture major, your
task is to consider the larger aesthetic picture when planning and creating your spaces,
structures and other projects.
● Visual pollution is the visible deterioration and negative aesthetic quality of the natural
and human-made landscapes around people. ... The effects of visual pollution have
primary symptoms, such as distraction, eye fatigue, decreases in opinion diversity, and
loss of identity.
c. Sonic
● A soundscape is the acoustic environment as perceived byhumans. There is a varied
history of the use of soundscape depending on discipline, ranging from urban design to
wildlife ecology to computer science.

d. Olfactory
● Offactory is the sensation of smell that results from the detection of odorous substances
aerosolized in the environment. Along with vision, taste, hearing, and balance, olfaction
is a special sense. Humans are able to detect odors through the components of the
offactory system.

5. Describe the issues related to learning environment in relevance with environmental

attitude
and behaviour.
Environment and Behavior studies related to
★ Noise
★ Weather and Climate
★ Territoriality and Crowding
★ Disasters
Issues related to
★ built environment
★ design of residential and institutional environments
★ work and learning environment
★ Leisure Environments
6. Describe the issues related to working environment in relevance with environmental attitude
and behaviour.

7.Describe the following theories

a) Arousal Approach
● Arousal theories relate to how psychologically aroused people are as a result of
Environmental stimulation.
● “Arousal is a heightening of brain activity by the arousal center of the brain, known as the
reticular formation” .
● It is characterized on a scale which features sleep at one end, and excitement at the
other end . Theories of arousal have generally been concerned with the relationship
between a person’s state of arousal and their behavior or performance.
● This relationship is referred to as the Yerkes-Dodson Law and is usually depicted as a
curvilinear relationship as in Figure below . According to this Law, performance is at its
best when arousal levels are at a moderate level. Performance progressively worsens as
the arousal levels either fall below, or rise above the optimum level.

b) Stimulation Approach
● The Stimulus Load Theory conceptualises the environment as a source of sensory
information,that provides people with psychological stimulation.
● These stimuli can range from simple ambient features such as light, sound or
temperature, to complex physical features such as buildings, streets, land forms and the
presence of other people.
● The Stimulus Load Theory is based on the notion that people have a limited capacity to
process environmental stimuli. When faced with an excessive amount of stimuli, or
‘stimulus overload’, people have a propensity to ignore some features and give more
attention to those that are perceived as more important to the task at Hand.
● In a physical environment, a similar situation may occur when a person is in a crowded
situation, in an unfamiliar city with towering buildings and lost. Attempts at trying to find
the way may be hindered by an overabundance of stimuli such as signs, street patterns,
 people, cars and buildings. In situations where the more important stimuli are ignored, in
this case finding the way, rather than concentrating on getting through the crowd, a
person’s performance is rendered suboptimal.
● The behavioral after-effects may include errors in judgement, decreased tolerance and
frustration, and ignoring others who may need assistance. In contrast to environments
with stimulus overload, monotonous environments that are stimulus-deprived lead to
boredom and behavioral deficiencies

c) Behaviour constraint theory

● The focus of behavior constraint theories is on the real or perceived restrictions that are
imposed on people by the environment, and the perceived degree of control that people
have, or want to have, on an environment.
● These theories posit that the environment is capable of preventing, interfering with, or
limiting the behaviors of individuals Where people perceive that they have lost some
degree of control over their environment, their first experience is of discomfort, which is
then followed by an attempt to reassert their control.
● For example, to avoid crowding, people may erect physical or social barriers to shut
others out .
● In dark and deserted streets people may alter their movement patterns or avoid such
places altogether. When attempts to regain control of the environment are unsuccessful,
learned helplessness can develop. This is where people begin to believe that what they
do has no effect on the environment and that whatever happens is out of their control.
This can result in a sense of despair and feelings of alienation about the environment.
● In contrast, when people perceive that they have some control over their environment, it
has been found that environmental problems such as littering and graffiti are reduced.

d) Environmental Stress theory

● The theory of Environmental Stress focuses on the role of physiology, emotion and
cognition within the person-environment relationship.
● Environmental features are believed to impinge on human senses, causing a stress
response where those features exceed an optimal level .
● Pollution, extreme temperatures, traffic, noise and crowding are typical environmental
stressors.
● Environmental Stress theorists believe that once environmental features are recognized
as threatening, part of the behavioral response is automatic and begins with an alarm
reaction. This reaction causes the affected person to experience alterations to their
various physiological and psychological processes.
● What follows is a resistance to the stress and attempts to alleviate the stress by drawing
on coping strategies . If there is prolonged exposure to stress, coping strategies diminish
and a state of exhaustion sets in. This can lead to mental disorders, lowered resistance
to stress or diminished interaction with others.
 ● The theory also emphasizes the role of ‘cognitive appraisal’ in a person’s psychological
or emotional stress response .
● The term ‘cognitive appraisal’ refers to how a person assesses the seriousness of the
situation. Further, it suggests that behavioral responses to stress vary from
person-to-person due to individual perception. This may be an indication of why some
people are better able to deal with stress than others.

8. Enumerate on the environmental perception and cognition in Spatial Planning?

9. Explain in detail about the use of landscape design for environmental improvement.
1. Reducing Climate Change
Harmful CO2 contributes to climate change, the biggest current problem the world has to deal
with. Trees, however, help fight it. They absorb CO2 removing it from the air and storing it while
releasing oxygen. Annually, an acre of trees absorbs the amount of carbon dioxide equal to
drivingyour car 26 000 miles. Trees are our main survival tools; only one tree can produce
enough oxygen for four people.
2. Purifying Air
The trees absorb pollutant gases such as nitrogen oxides, ozone, ammonia, sulfur dioxide.
Trees alsoabsorb odors and act as a filter as little particulates get trapped in leaves. A mature
acre of treescan yearly provide oxygen for 18 people.
3. Cooling Down the Streets
The average temperature is increasing across the globe because of the decline in tree
coverage.Removing trees and replacing them with heat absorbing asphalt roads and buildings
makes cities much warmer. Trees are cooling cities by up to 10 F by providing shade and
releasing water.
4. Natural Air Conditioning
Strategically placed trees around your home can significantly cut air conditioning needs- it will
also reduce carbon dioxide and emissions from power plants. Green roofs are an amazing way
to incorporate vegetation to your home and provide environmental benefits for your community
while saving money on cooling bills.

5. Saving Water
Except for cooling, trees also help to save water. Because of the shade they provide, water will
evaporate slowly from low vegetation. Trees need about 15 water gallons a week to survive, and
they release about 200-450 gallons of water per day.
6. Preventing Water Pollution
Stormwater can be full of phosphorus pollutants and nitrogen. Without trees, stormwater flows
into oceans and waters without being filtered. Trees break the rainfall and allow water to enter
the earth and seep into the soil. Therefore, they prevent stormwater from polluting oceans.
Except for trees,green infrastructure like green roof can help sooth effects of stormwater.
7. Providing Shelters for Wildlife
Trees also contribute to boosting biodiversity as they become a food source and natural habitat
for wildlife.
8. Renewable Energy Source
Nowadays, one of the biggest world problems is fossil fuels. Except for their toxic properties,
they will also not be around forever. So many companies are focusing on renewable sources of
energy. If harvested and treated sustainably, trees can become a great renewable source of
energy. They are simple to use, have been around since the beginning of time, and with smart
forest management they can become an excellent eco-friendly fuel.
9. Reinforcing Soil
Trees are one of the best partners when it comes to agriculture. They act positively in several
ways: they reduce soil erosion, increase fertility and help soil obtain moisture. Fallen tree leaves
lower reduce soil temperature and prevent soil from losing too much moisture. Decaying leaves
that fall onto the ground turn into nutrients for tree growth and promote microorganism
development.
10. Erosion Control
Rain and wind are two primary erosion forces that damage the bare soil. As they fall from
heights,drops of rain gain power and momentum which is strong enough to penetrate soil once
they hit the ground. On the other hand, if the land is dried out, then wind can do significant
damage. Trees break droplets of rain and weaken their strength while roots hold the soil
together and protect it from effects of wind.

10.Climate change and City planning

11.Explain in detail about clean development mechanism
13. Urban Heat island
● Increase in the temperature of the surrounding due the reduced vegetative cooling and
increased infrastructure absorption of the sun’s heat energy is called as URBAN HEAT
ISLAND EFFECT.
● These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings,
forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. The region is called as
URBAN HEAT ISLAND.
● These changes causes the urban regions to become up to 10 degree warmer than their
surrounding rural areas, forming urban “ heat islands ” Of higher temperatures in the
landscape.
● There are three types of heat islands:
● Surface.
● Canopy and
● Boundary layer

● SURFACE HEAT ISLANDS: Higher surface temperature in urban areas whencompared

to the rural areas.
● CANOPY HEAT ISLANDS: The heat islands are present at the air layer where we live
from the ground level to the top of the trees are buildings.
● BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT ISLANDS: The heat islands are in the area above to rooftops
and trees extending upwards about 2 km
14. Elaborate in detail about the air quality parameters.
15. air pollution, Water Pollution, Noise and Land Pollution

Air pollution can be defined as an alteration of air quality that can be characterized by
measurements of chemical, biological or physical pollutants in the air. Therefore, air pollution
means the undesirable presence of impurities or the abnormal rise in the proportion of some
constituents of the atmosphere. It can be classified in 2 sections: visible and invisible air
pollution.
● Local: This concerns the quality of ambient air within a radius of a few kilometers
● Regional: Pollution like acid rain, photochemical reactions and degradation of water
quality at distances of a few kilometers to a thousand kilometers
● Global: Depletion of the ozone layer and global warming caused by the emission of
greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2)
In simple words, the contamination of water bodies is water pollution. It is the abuse of lakes,
ponds, oceans,rivers, reservoirs,etc. Pollution of water usually occurs when substances
discharged in it negatively modify the water. This discharge of pollutants can be direct as well as
indirect. Water pollution is an appalling problem, powerful enough to lead the world on a path of
destruction. Water is a natural solvent, enabling most pollutants to dissolve in it easily and
contaminate it.
The effect of water pollution is directly suffered by the organisms and vegetation that survive in
water, including amphibians. On a human level, several people die each day due to the
consumption of polluted and infected water.
Water is polluted by both natural as well as human-made activities. Volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis,etc. are known to alter water and contaminate it, also affecting the
ecosystems that exist underwater.

By definition, noise pollution takes place when there is either an excessive amount of noise or
an unpleasant sound that causes a temporary disruption in the natural balance.
This definition is usually applicable to sounds or noises that are unnatural in either their volume
or their production.Our environment is such that it has become difficult to escape the noise.
Even electrical appliances at home have a constant humor beeping sound. By and large, lack of
urban planning increases the exposure to unwanted sounds. This is why understanding noise
pollution is necessary to curb it in time.
TYPES OF NOISE POLLUTION:
● Man made
● environmental

Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution
set a series of events into motion which destroyed natural habitats and polluted the
environment, causing diseases in both humans and other species of animals.
We can classify major sources that lead to land pollution to the following categories:
i. Increase in Urbanization:
Construction uses up forest land. More constructions mean increase in demand for raw
materials like timber. This leads to the exploitation and destruction of forests.
 ii. Increase in Agricultural Land:As the human population grew there was a greater
demand for food. This caused more land allocated to agriculture. Forests were cut down
for this purpose.
iii. Domestic Waste: Domestic waste is dumped ranging from huge pieces of rubbish
such as unused refrigerator to fish bones. If all these wastes are not disposed of
properly, the damage they can do to the environment and humankind can be
devastating. While waste collected from homes, offices and industries may be recycled
or burnt in incinerators, a large amount of rubbish is neither burnt nor recycled but is left
in certain areas marked as dumping grounds. We throw away more things today and
there is an increase in the quantity of solid waste. This has given rise to problems as
new dumping grounds have to be found.
iv. Agricultural Activities: Besides domestic waste, pesticides and herbicides used by
farmers to increase crop yields also pollute the land when they are washed into the soil.
Pesticides which are persistent in nature are chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides e.g.,
DDT, HCH, endrin, lindane, heptachlor, endosulfan etc. Residues of these pesticides in
soils have long term effects especially under the temperate conditions.
v. Industrial Activities: Industrial activities also are a contributing factor to land pollution.
Industrial wastes are the effluents discharged from chemical industries, paper and pulp
mills, tanneries, textile mills, steel industries, distilleries, refineries, pesticides and
fertilizer industries, pharmaceutical industries, food processing industries, cement
industries, thermal and
nuclear power plants, mining industries etc.

16. Elaborate in detail about the water quality parameters.;

17. Discuss in detail about the key features of data wrapper.
18. How carbon footprint is associated with the climate change of the urban
environment.
A carbon footprint is basically the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that anything – a
person, organization, event or product – has produced.

The term “carbon footprint” is often used as shorthand for the amount of carbon (usually in
tones) is being emitted by an activity or organization. The carbon footprint is also an important
component of the Ecological Footprint, since it is one competing demand for biologically
productive space. Carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel accumulate in the atmosphere if
there is not enough biocapacity dedicated to absorb these emissions. Therefore, when the
carbon footprint is reported within the context of the total Ecological Footprint, the tonnes of
carbon dioxide emissions are expressed as the amount of productive land area required to
sequester those carbon dioxide emissions. This tells how much biocapacity is necessary to
neutralize the emissions from burning fossil fuels.

Measuring the carbon footprint in land area does not imply that carbon sequestration is the sole
solution to the carbon increse. It just shows how much biocapacity is needed to take care of our
untreated carbon waste and avoid a carbon build-up in the atmosphere. Measuring it in this way
enables us to address the climate change challenge in a holistic way that does not simply shift
the burden from one natural system to another.
In fact, the climate problem emerges because the planet does not have enough biocapacity to
neutralize all the carbon dioxide from fossil fuel and provide for all other demands.

Climate change, deforestation, overgrazing, fisheries collapse, food insecurity, and the rapid
extinction of species are all part of a single, over-arching problem: Humanity is simply
demanding more from the Earth than it can provide.

The carbon Footprint is currently 60 percent of humanity‟s overall Ecological Footprint and its
most rapidly growing component. Humanity‟s carbon Footprint has increased 11-fold since
1961. Reducing humanity‟s carbon Footprint is the most essential step we can take to end
overshoot and live within the means of our planet.