Test 1

AHMAD ZHAFRI BIN MOHD RAMLE

2018408084

a) Briefly describe the following terms:

i) Trigonometric Levelling

-The process of determining the (orthometric height of each station from the observed angle and the
known distance.
ii) Earth curvature

-The surface of the earth is actually curved where from the point of view we see the surface of the earth
is flat but the perception is wrong.

-Because, human beings are too dwarf, if we are in the atmosphere of the earth then the real existence
of this earth can be seen with its amazing curves.
iii) Ellipsoidal Height

-Means the distance from the point measured along the normal line to the reference ellipsoid.

-Elipsoid height can also be defined as the distance measured between the topographic surface to the
reference ellipsoid line.

-Ellipsoid elevation can be obtained via GPS observations where it will record the coordinates of the
observation point.
iv) Orthometric Height

-The distance from the point measured from the topographic surface (earth surface) to the geoid/msl.

b) Discuss the differences between Geocentric Datum of Malaysia (GDM2000) and Peninsular Malaysia
Geodetic Scientific Network (PMGSN94).
GDM2000 PMGSN94

fitted to MRT by using 7 parameter transformation fitted to MRT using 6 parameter transformation

Ellipsoid=GRS80

New coordinate System Old coordinate system

Reference frame=ITRF2000

Defined as geodetic datum Defined as coordinate system

c) In trigonometric levelling, the main corrections that need to be addressed are Earth’scurvature and
refraction. Model the corrections with the aid of a diagram. Assuming the radius of the Earth is 6370 km,
prove that the combined effect of the Earth’s curvature and refraction is 0.0673D2, where D is distance
in kilometers.

(r -c) = 0.0673D²

=0.0673 x 6370²

=2730825.37

d)