TEM-1 enzyme produced in many strains of

Neisseria gonorrheae and Haemophilus influenzae 

Were highly prevalent among the Enterobacteriaceae before other broad spectrum
cephalosporins were introduced.
 
Gene: blaTEM-1a,b
blaTEM-1c – TEM-2
E. coli

The struc- tural genes for TEM-1 penicillinases are designated blaTEM-1a and blaTEM-1b, and the structural gene for TEM-2 is
designated blaTEM-2 (10

CTX-M β-lactamases are considered a paradigm in the evolution of a resistance mechanism.

Incorporation of different chromosomal blaCTX-M related genes from different species
of Kluyvera has derived in different CTX-M clusters. In silico analyses have shown that this
event has occurred at least nine times; in CTX-M-1 cluster (3), CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-9
clusters (2 each), and CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-25 clusters (1 each). This has been mainly
produced by the participation of genetic mobilization units such as insertion sequences
(ISEcp1 or ISCR1) and the later incorporation in hierarchical structures associated with
multifaceted genetic structures including complex class 1 integrons and transposons. The
capture of these blaCTX-M genes from the environment by highly mobilizable structures could
have been a random event. Moreover, after incorporation within these structures, β-lactam
selective force such as that exerted by cefotaxime and ceftazidime has fueled mutational
events underscoring diversification of different clusters. Nevertheless, more variants of CTX-
M enzymes, including those not inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid
(IR-CTX-M variants), only obtained under in in vitro experiments, are still waiting to emerge
in the clinical setting. Penetration and the later global spread of CTX-M producing organisms
have been produced with the participation of the so-called “epidemic resistance plasmids”
often carried in multi-drug resistant and virulent high-risk clones. All these facts but also the
incorporation and co-selection of emerging resistance determinants within CTX-M producing
bacteria, such as those encoding carbapenemases, depict the currently complex pandemic
scenario of multi-drug resistant isolates.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316993/

KPC
KPCs are encoded by the gene blaKPC, whose potential for inter-species and geographic
dissemination is largely explained by its location within a Tn3-type transposon, Tn4401. This
transposon is a genetic element which is capable of inserting into diverse plasmids of Gram-
negative bacteria. Plasmids carrying blaKPC are often also associated with resistance
determinants for other antibiotics. Although K pneumoniae remains the most prevalent
bacterial species carrying KPCs, the enzyme has been identified in several other Gram-
negative bacilli (Table).5

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075864/

IMP-1
blaIMP
In 1988, transferable IMP-1 was first isolated from P. aeruginosa in Japan [38] and was
found in a class 1 integron located on a conjugational plasmid. Thereafter, it was identified in
many other species suggesting horizontal gene transfer of blaIMP-1 between unrelated Gram-
negative species, and also showed predominance of specific IMP type-producing isolates
demonstrating clonal expansion [15]. Currently 33 of the 51 known IMP variants have been
identified from P. aeruginosa, including the recent detection of IMP-8-producing strains in
Germany [42,43] (Table 2). IMP-like enzymes are divided into several subgroups, and the
percentage amino acid identity within these subgroups ranges from 90% to 99% showing
very similar hydrolytic activities among them [44].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4495280/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1932750/

above link is good

NDM-1

blaNDM-1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028958/