1

Introduction to Filters

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 2
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

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 3
Gain

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 4
Gain

V out
gain =
E in

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 5
Gain

gain =
V out
E in
=
Vout
Ein
(
∠ θVout − θ Ein )

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 6
Gain

gain =
V out
E in
=
Vout
Ein
(
∠ θVout − θ Ein )
= G ∠Θ

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 7
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 8
Log Scale
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

five decades (cycles)

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 9
Log Scale
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

1 10
one decade (cycle)

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 10
Log Scale
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

five decades (cycles)

1 10
one decade (cycle)

even distance => x 10 change

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 11
Log Scale
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

five decades (cycles)

1 10
one decade (cycle)

even distance => x 10 change

zero ?

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 12
Log Scale
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

five decades (cycles)

1 10
one decade (cycle)

even distance => x 10 change

zero ? none

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 13
Log Properties

Log (1) =
Log ( 0) =
Log ( x ) < 0
then x
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 14
Log Properties

Log (1) = 0
Log ( 0) =
Log ( x ) < 0
then x
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 15
Log Properties

Log (1) = 0
Log ( 0) = undefined
Log ( x ) < 0
then x
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 16
Log Properties

Log (1) = 0
Log ( 0) = undefined
Log ( x ) < 0
then x < 1
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 17
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 18
deciBel
Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin

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 19
deciBel
Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin
dB
Pout = Pin ?
Pout > Pin ?
Pout < Pin ?

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 20
deciBel
Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin
dB
Pout = Pin 0

Pout > Pin ?

Pout < Pin ?

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 21
deciBel
Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin
dB
Pout = Pin 0

Pout > Pin +

Pout < Pin ?

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 22
deciBel
Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin
dB
Pout = Pin 0

Pout > Pin +

Pout < Pin -

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 23
Derivation in Terms of Vout & Ein
2
V
2
Ein
Pout = out
Pin =
Rload Rin

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 24
Derivation in Terms of Vout & Ein
2
V
2
Ein
Pout = out
Pin =
Rload Rin

Pout
dB = 10 Log
Pin

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 25
Derivation in Terms of Vout & Ein
2
V
2
Ein
Pout = out
Pin =
Rload Rin
 V out 2

Pout R 
dB = 10 Log = 10 log 
load

Pin  E in
2

 R in 

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 26
Derivation Continued
 Vout 2 Rin 
dB = 10 log  2 × 
 E in R load 

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 27
Derivation Continued
 Vout 2 Rin 
dB = 10 log  2 × 
 E in R load 
If _ Rin = Rload_ then
2
 V out 
dB = 10 Log  
 E in 

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 28
Derivation Continued
 Vout 2 Rin 
dB = 10 log  2 × 
 E in R load 
If _ Rin = Rload_ then
2
 V out 
dB = 10 Log  
 E in 
 V out 
dB = 20 Log  
 E in 

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 29
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 30
Filter

The purpose of a filter is to pass signals of certain frequencies,

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 31
Filter

The purpose of a filter is to pass signals of certain frequencies,

and stop other frequencies.

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 32
Frequency Response Plot
1 10 100
0
-3
-6

Gain -9
dB -12
-15
-18
-21

Frequency (Hz)

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 33
Amplitude Parameters

Ao pass band gain highest gain

f-3dB cut-off frequency

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 34
Frequency Response Plot
1 10 100
0
Ao
-3
-6

Gain -9
dB -12
-15
-18
-21

Frequency (Hz)

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 35
Amplitude Parameters

Ao pass band gain highest gain

f-3dB cut-off frequency

frequency where the gain is Ao - 3dB

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 36
Frequency Response Plot
1 10 100
Ao 0
-3
-6

Gain -9
dB -12
-15
-18
-21

Frequency (Hz)

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 37
Frequency Response Plot
1 10 100
Ao 0
-3
-3dB
-6

Gain -9
dB -12
-15
-18
-21

Frequency (Hz)

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 38
Frequency Response Plot
1 10
10 100
Ao 0
-3
-3dB
-6

Gain -9 f-3dB
dB -12
-15
-18
-21

Frequency (Hz)

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 39
Phase Parameters fo critical frequency

Frequency where the phase has shifted by +/- 45 deg.

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 40
Phase Parameters fo critical frequency

Frequency where the phase has shifted by +/- 45 deg.

For simple filters, f-3dB= fo

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 41
Frequency Response - phase vs frequency
1 10 100
0
-15
-30
Phase -45
degrees
-60
-75
-90
Frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 42
Frequency Response - phase vs frequency
1 10 100
0
-15
-30
Phase
degrees
-45
-60
-75
-90
Frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 43
Frequency Response - phase vs frequency
1 10 100
0
-15
-30
Phase
degrees
-45
-60
-75
-90
Frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 44
Frequency Response - phase vs frequency
1 10
critical frequency 100
0 fo
-15
-30
Phase
degrees
-45
-60
-75
-90
Frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 45
Roll - off Rate dB/decade
decade = x 10
1 10 100 1000
0
-5
-10
Gain -15
dB -20
-25
-30
-35
-40
1 decade
Frequency (Hz)

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 46
Roll - off Rate dB/decade
decade = x 10
1 10 100 1000
0
-5
-10
Gain -15
dB -20
-25
-30 -20dB
-35
-40
1 decade
Frequency (Hz)

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 47
Roll - off Rate dB/decade
decade = x 10 -20dB / decade
1 10 100 1000
0
-5
-10
Gain -15
dB -20
-25
-30 -20dB
-35
-40
1 decade
Frequency (Hz)

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 48
Roll-off Rate dB/octave
octave = x 2
1 10 100 1000
200
0
-5
-10
Gain -15
dB -20
·
-25
-30
-35
-40
X2
Frequency (Hz)

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 49
Roll-off Rate dB/octave
octave = x 2
-6dB / octave
1 10 100 1000
200
0
-5
-10
Gain -15
dB -20
· -6dB
-25
-30
-35
-40
X2
Frequency (Hz)

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 50
Roll-off Rate dB/octave
octave = x 2

1 10 100 1000
200
0
-5
-10 -6dB/octave
Gain -15
dB -20
· -6dB
-25
-30
-35
-40
X2
Frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 51
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 52
_____ Pass Filter
1 10 100
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21

fre q ue nc y H z)

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 53
Low Pass Filter
1 10 100
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21

fre q ue nc y H z)

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 54
High Pass Filter

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 55
High Pass Filter
1 10 100
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21

frequency Hz)

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 56
Bandpass Filter

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 57
Bandpass Filter
1 10 100
0
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21

fre q ue nc y ( H z )
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 58
________ Filter
1 10 100
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120

frequency (Hz)

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 59
Notch (or Bandstop) Filter
1 10 100
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120

frequency (Hz)

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 60
Overview
u Definitions of gain
u Log
– scale
– properties
u Definition of dB
u Filters
– parameters
– types

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis

 61
Introduction to Filters

copyright 1995 Purdue University & J. Michael Jacob

© Purdue University EET 207 AC Electronic Circuit Analysis