? Laley y el desorden
UNA MAQUINA CUANTICA DE VAPOR SORTEA LA SEGUNDA LEY
os padres de la termodinémica sacaron
L mucho provecho de los experimentos
con méquinas lenas de gas, unidas a re-
servorios calientes y frios. Hoy, algunos fisi-
0s juegan con la mecéinica cudintiea, con la
esperanza de hallar formas de controlar y
crear flujos de energfa en versiones cudnticas
de la maquina de vapor. Sus investigaciones
apuntan a que es posible “vencer” la inviola-
ble segunda ley de la termodinmica con algo
de prestidigitacién cusntica
La segunda ley limita la eficiencia de los
procesos fisicos, Establece basicamente que
en un trabajo, la energia debe fuir entre dos
reservorios a distinta temperatura, Este flujo
introduce desorden en el sistema. La diferen-
cia de temperatura entre los dos bafios deter-
mina la eficiencia maxima de la maquina,
llamada de Carnot en honor a Sadi Carnot,
fisico francés del siglo XIX,
El grupo de 6ptica cusntica de Marlan O.
Scully, de la Universidad de Texas A&M, c
ccul6 c6mo extraer trabajo de un solo baito
caliente, lo que superaria el limite de Carnot
y daria la apariencia de violar la segunda ley.
El arreglo se basaria en fotones que rebotan.
‘en una pequefia cavidad entre dos espejos;
‘uno actia como pistén. El bafioconsisteen gas
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