Professional Documents
Culture Documents
techniques of pulmonary
physical therapy (I)
100/04/24
Evaluation of breathing function
• Chart review • Physical
– History examination
– Chest X‐ray – Breathe sound
– Blood test – Dyspnea index
• Observation/palpation – Cough ability
– Chest mobility – Functional
– Shape of chest wall capacity
– Accessory muscle
firing
– Respiratory rate
– Posture
Evaluation of breathing pattern
• Breathing pattern (I)
– 2C2D
– 3C1D
• Breathing pattern (II)
– Upper chest paradox
– Abdominal paradox
– Excessive accessory muscle use
• Breathing pattern (III)
– Paradoxical
– Rapid and shallow
– Prolong expiration, and etc.
Breathing retraining
• Active expiration
• Pursed lips breathing
• Specific body positions
• Diaphragmatic breathing
• Accessory muscle stretch
• Breathing control
• Relaxation breathing
• Incentive spirometry (IS)
Active expiration
• Contraction of the abdominal muscles during
expiration
• Lengthens the diaphragm
– Improve the length‐tension relationship or
geometry of the respiratory muscle (diaphragm)
– Assist the next inspiration
• ↑transdiaphragmatic pressure
• The efficacy of the contraction in moving the
rib cage improves
• ↑strength and endurance of inspiratory
muscle
Length‐tension relationship
In same neural input,
↑length, ↑output of muscle
Pursed lips breathing
• Effects
– Improves ventilation
– Releases trapped air in the lungs
– Keeps the airways open longer and decreases
the work of breathing
– Prolongs exhalation to slow the breathing rate
– Improves breathing patterns by moving old air
out of the lungs and allowing for new air to
enter the lungs
– Relieves shortness of breath
– Causes general relaxation
Pursed lips breathing
• Active and prolonged expiration through
half‐opened lips
Body position
• Upright position
– Oxygen transport is optimized to the
greatest degree (ventilation vs perfusion)
– Maximize lung volume and capacities (Fig)
– Anteroposterior dimension of chest wall is
the greatest, and compression of the heart
and lung is minimized
– Maximal expiratory pressure is greatest
(cough, huffing, etc.)
To optimize thoraco‐abdominal
movements
• Segmental breathing
Segmental breathing
Diaphragm breathing
• Move the abdominal wall
predominantly during inspiration and
to reduce upper rib cage motion
– Improve chest wall motion
– Improve distribution of ventilation
– ↓ the energy cost of breathing
– ↓ the contribution of rib cage muscle
– ↓ dyspnoea
– ↑ exercise performance
Diaphragm breathing
Accessory muscle stretch
• Accessory muscle
– sternocleidomastoid (elevated sternum)
– scalene muscles (anterior, middle and
posterior scalene)
– serratus anterior, pectoralis major &
minor, upper trapezius, latissimus dorsi,
erector spinae (thoracic), iliocostalis
lumborum, quadratus lumborum,
serratus posterior superior and inferior,
levatores costarum, transversus thoracis,
subclavius
Accessory muscle stretch
Accessory muscle stretch
Manual therapy techniques
• Sidelying, with the upper arm elevated to
stretch the intercostal muscles or in sitting,
using active shoulder abduction combined
with lateral flexion
• Active or passive bilateral arm flexion and
spine extension may be combined with
deep inspiration
21
Breathing control
• Respiratory ratio
– Inhalation: exhalation= 1:2
Relaxation breathing
• When hyperinflation caused by an ↑ activity
of the inspiratory muscles during expiration
• Hyperinflation is due to altered lung
mechanics (COPD)
– Loss of elastic recoil pressure
– air trapping
• Forward leaning→ COPD
– Relief hyperinflation and paradoxical abdominal
movement
– ↓EMG activity of the scalene and sternomastoid
muscles
– ↑transdiaphragmatic pressure, ↑thoraco‐
abdominal movements
Relaxation breathing
24
26
Incentive spirometry
• Mechanical devices introduced in surgical
patients
• Attempt to reduce postoperative
complications by increasing inspiratory
capacity
• Activated by the patient’s inspiratory
effort
– Slow, deep inspiration
– Mouthpiece
– Visual feedback
– Preset volume and hold at full inspiration for
2‐3 secs 27
Incentive spirometry
28
Manual therapy techniques
• Subjective assessment
– Musculoskeletal dysfunction
• Postural and skeletal changes over time
– Overuse of upper chest breathing patterns
– Lack of lower rib expansion
– Chronic hyperinflation typically leads to the
development of a barrel‐shaped chest
• Physical assessment: posture
– The relaxed posture of the pelvis, lumbar, thoracic and
cervical spines
– The position of the scapulae and the location of the
humeral head within the glenoid
– The posture of the neck and head and alignment with
the trunk and pelvis
– The point of maximal curve of each of these segments
– Whether the spinal posture is fixed or able to be
corrected
29
30
Manual therapy techniques
• Physiotherapy management
– Postural correction and motor control
training
• Educating awareness
• Use visual, auditory and sensory feedback
• Motor learning with training the holding
ability of the postural stabilizers‐ frequent
gentle repetitions of the corrected
movement or position
• Initial focus: correct any posterior pelvic
rotation in sitting and on reducing the
lumbar and thoracic kyphosis
31
Manual therapy techniques
– Mobilization techniques
• Focus:
– improving the range and quality of
thoracic extension and rotation
– Increasing the mobility of the ribs
– Muscle‐lengthening techniques
– Taping
– Muscle retraining
32
Neurophysiological facilitation
of respiration
• Intercostal stretch
– Stretch on expiration phase maintained
• Observation
– Increased movement of area being
stretched
• Suggested mechanism
– Intercostal stretch receptors
Neurophysiological facilitation of
respiration
• Anterior stretch‐lifting posterior basal area
– Patient supine
– Hands under lower ribs
– Ribs lifted upward
• Observation
– Expansion of posterior basal area
– ↑epigastric movements
• Suggested mechanism
– Dorsal root‐mediated intersegmental reflex
– Stretch receptors in intercostals, back muscles