Standing Seam

Typical Standing Seam Panels and Dimensions

Panel 2 Panel 1

Fastener
Sheathing

Cover width
Width

Standing Seam Panel Installation

RIDGE
Ridge cap
Z-flashing
Rivet
Pancake
Cutouts for screw
standing
seams Butyl tape

Sheathing 30-lb felt

Ridge beam Roof panel

GABLE END EAVE Roof panel

Pancake Z-flashing 30-lb felt
screw
Butyl tape Pancake screw

Roofing panel
Roof
Rake sheathing
flashing

30-lb felt Extended

drip edge
Post trim Sheathing
Post trim
J-channel J-channel

Siding
Siding

272 ROOFING
Head Wall and Transition Flashing

Flashing nail

Up
pe
Siding

rp
Flashing nail

an
el
Up
30-lb felt or air barrier

pe
Siding Pancake screw

rp
Panel cleat

an
Headfelt
wall
orflashing

el
30-lb air barrier Transition flashing
Pancake screw
Panel Rivet
cleat
Head wall flashing Z flashing
Rivet Transition flashing

Panel Rivet
Butyl tape
Rivet Z flashing
Lowe
r pan el
Panel
Butyl tape
30-lb felt
Z flashing Lowe
Sheathing r pane
Butyl tape l
Fastener 30-lb felt
Z flashing Sheathing
Butyl tape
Fastener

Side Wall Flashing

Flashing nail Brick or masonry wall

Counter flashing
Flashing nail Brick or masonry wall
Siding

Caulk flashing
Counter
30-lb felt or air barrier
Siding
Side wall flashing Sidewall flashing
Caulk
30-lb felt or air barrier Panel seam
Panel seam
Rivet Rivet
Side wall flashing Sidewall flashing

Panel Zseam Panel seam

Z flashing
flashing
Rivet Rivet

Z30-lb felt
flashing Z30-lb felt
flashing

Butyl tape Butyl tape

30-lb
Roof felt
sheathing 30-lb felt
Sheathing

Butyl tape Butyl tape

Roof sheathing Sheathing

Standing Seam 273

 Gutters
Gutters are widely available in plain or painted
aluminum or plastic. Less widely distributed are
galvanized steel or copper. Gutters and downspouts
usually come in 10-foot lengths, although some are
available in lengths of 26 feet and 33 feet as well.
Several different gutter profiles and hanging
systems are available. Your home center or hardware
store may offer one style in aluminum and another
in plastic. Whatever type you choose, your source
will be able to provide all of the accessories needed
for a complete installation.
Planning
Use the illustration of a typical system on the fac-
ing page to determine the number of each accessory
needed for your installation. You would be wise to
sketch the dimensions of your house, particularly
the profile of the critical roof/eaves/fascia area. An
experienced clerk can then verify the pieces needed.
Before installation, as a final check, lay out all pieces
on the ground in their final relative positions.
If the downspout discharges into an under-
ground drainage system, install strainers over the
inlet of each gutter outlet to prevent clogging of the
underground system. If the downspout discharges
aboveground, install an elbow and a leader (horizon-
tal section of downspout) leading at least 5 feet away
and down-slope from the building foundation.
Finally, if there are trees near your house, install
a strainer cap over the gutter outlet to prevent clog-
ging by leaves. Most gutter problems can be avoided
by periodic removal of debris. Many gutter failures
are due to the freezing of backed-up water, which
destroys the mastic seal. Also, the weight of ice can
prove more than the gutter hangers can bear.

Installation
Use a line level (level on a string) to mark the fascia
with the proper slope. The slope should be 1 inch
per 16 feet minimum from one corner to another
on a short building, or from center to both ends on
a longer building. If the building is extremely long,
intermediate low points and downspouts may be
required.
Begin installation at a building corner. Attach
end cap, downspout, or corner miter as required
before attaching the first length of gutter. If a sup-
port molding is planned, install it before the gutter,
to facilitate handling of the gutter.
Attach the gutter to the fascia with hangers
every 21⁄ 2 feet on-center. The three most common
types of hanger are shown at on the facing page,
bottom. Connect sections of gutter with slip joints
as you go. PVC slip joints may be glued as you go,
Others are caulked after the complete installation
with gutter mastic or silicone sealant.

274 ROOFING
Parts of a Gutter System

10

1
1 1

9
4 2
4
12
11 9
5
5
3
8
6
6
7

PARTS
1 Gutter 4 Outlet 7 Style B elbow 10 Right end cap
2 Inside corner 5 Downspout 8 Style A elbow 11 Left end cap
3 Outside corner 6 Leader 9 Slip connector 12 Hanger

GUTTER STYLES

Style K Style D Half-round

HANGER STYLES

Strap Ferrule
hanger

Fascia Spike
bracket

Gutters 275
 Meet the Code
The following is a partial list of requirements from
the 2006 International Residential Code (IRC) for
One- and Two-Family Dwellings. Consult the publi-
cation for the full text and additional provisions.
Roof Drainage (R801.3)
To discharge >5' from foundation or into drain pipe
where expansive or collapsible soils exist
Roof Ventilation (R806)
• enclosed attics and rafter spaces to have cross
ventilation for each separate space by vents with
corrosion-resistant 1⁄ 8"–1⁄4" wire mesh
• total net free vent area of ≥1/150 of vented space,
except 1/300 if 50%–80% of vent area ≥3' above
eave or cornice vents
• 1/300 OK with 1-perm vapor barrier on the
warm-in-winter side of ceiling
• ≥1" space between insulation and sheathing at
vent for free air flow
• unvented conditioned attics permitted if
1. no interior vapor retarders installed on the ceil-
ing side (attic floor) of the attic
2. air-impermeable insulation applied directly to
underside of roof deck
Weather Protection (R903)
• flashings required at joints in copings, through
moisture permeable materials, and at parapet
walls and other roof penetrations
• metal flashings to be corrosion resistant and ≥No.
26 galvanized sheet
• parapet walls to be coped with noncombustible,
weatherproof materials of width ≥wall thickness
• drains to be installed at each low point of the roof
• where roof drains required, same-size overflow
drains to be installed with inlet line 2" above low
point of roof, or overflow scuppers 3× the size of
roof drains and with opening height ≥4" to be
installed in adjacent parapet walls with inlet flow
2" above low point of roof
• overflow drains not connected to roof drain lines
276 ROOFING
Roof Coverings (R905)
Asphalt shingles:
• to be fastened to solidly sheathed decks
• to be used only on roof slopes ≥2:12
• dbl underlayment required on slopes 2:12–4:12
• self-seal or interlocking strips required
• fasteners to be galvanized, stainless, aluminum, or
copper, ≥12 ga shank and ≥3⁄ 8" head, of length to
penetrate roofing and ≥3⁄ 4" into sheathing
• in ice dam areas, an ice barrier of ≥2 layers of
underlayment cemented together or of a self-
adhering polymer modified bitumen sheet, from
roof edge to ≥24" inside exterior wall line
• base and cap flashing of ≥0.019" corrosion-resistant
metal or ≥0.77 psf mineral surface roll roofing
• valley flashings permitted:
1. corrosion-resistant metal ≥24" for open valley
2. two plies roll roofing, with bottom layer 18"
and top layer ≥36" wide for open valley
3. one-ply smooth roll roofing ≥36" wide or as
described in 1 and 2 above for closed valley
4. alternate materials permitted: 0.0216" cold-rolled
copper, 0.0216" lead-coated copper, 0.0162" high-
yield copper, 0.0162" lead-coated high-yield cop-
per, 0.024" aluminum, 0.0179" galvanized steel,
28-ga stainless, 0.027" zinc alloy, painted tern
• cricket or saddle required on high side of any
chimney or ≥30" wide penetration
• vertical sidewall flashing to be of step-flashing
Clay and concrete tile:
• to be applied over solidly sheathed decks or spaced
structural sheathing boards
• to be used only on roof slopes ≥2.5:12
• dbl underlayment required on slopes 2.5:12–4:12
• fasteners to be corrosion resistant, ≥11 ga shank and
≥5⁄ 16" head, of length to penetrate ≥3⁄ 4" into deck
• attaching wire to be ≥0.083"
• perimeter fastening areas to include three tile
courses and be ≥36" wide from either side of hips
or ridges and edges of eaves and gable rakes
• perimeter tiles fastened with ≥1 fastener per tile
• tiles with installed weight <9 psf require ≥1 fas-
tener per tile regardless of roof slope
• tiles in snow areas to be fastened with ≥2 per tile
• tiles on solid sheathing require 1 fastener per tile
• tiles on spaced sheathing or solid sheathing with
battens require no fasteners
• tiles on spaced sheathing with no battens require 1
fastener per tile, except at odd rows if slope <5:12
• flashing and counterflashing to be ≥No. 26 galva-
nized sheet gauge corrosion-resistant metal
• valley flashing to extend ≥11" from centerline and
have a splash diverter rib ≥1" high at flow line
• valley flashings for roof slopes of ≥3:12 to have 36"-
wide Type I underlayment the full length of valley
• where the average daily temperature in January
is ≤25°F and slope <7:12, metal valley flashing
underlayment to be solid-cemented to the roofing
underlayment or be self-adhering polymer modi-
fied bitumen sheet.
Mineral-surfaced roll roofing:
• to be applied to a solid deck
• not to be installed on roof slopes of <1:12
• in ice dam areas, an ice barrier of ≥2 layers of
underlayment cemented together or of a self-
adhering polymer modified bitumen sheet, from
roof edge to ≥24" inside exterior wall line
Slate and slate-type shingles:
• to be applied to a solid deck
• to be installed on roof slopes of ≥4:12
• in ice dam areas, an ice barrier of ≥2 layers of
underlayment cemented together or of a self-
adhering polymer modified bitumen sheet, from
roof edge to ≥24" inside exterior wall line
• headlap: 4" at <8:12, 3" at 8–20:12, 2" at ≥20:12
• secured to roof with two fasteners per slate.
• flashing and counterflashing of sheet metal
• valley flashing ≥15" wide.
• flashing to be an uncoated thickness of ≥0.0179"
zinc coated G90
Wood shingles:
• to be applied to solid deck or 1×4 nominal spaced
sheathing spaced at weather exposure
• to be installed on roof slopes of ≥3:12
• solid sheathing required where the average daily
temperature in January is ≤25°F
• solid sheathing under an ice barrier
• in ice dam areas, an ice barrier of ≥2 layers of
underlayment cemented together or of a self-
adhering polymer modified bitumen sheet, from
roof edge to ≥24" inside exterior wall line
• laid with a side lap ≥11⁄ 2" between joints in courses
• no 2 joints in any 3 adjacent courses in alignment
• spacing between shingles to be 1⁄ 4"–3⁄ 8"
• fasteners to be corrosion resistant and penetrate
the sheathing ≥1⁄ 2"
• to be attached with two fasteners per shingle,
positioned ≥3⁄ 4" from each edge and ≥1" above
the exposure line
• valley flashing ≥No. 26 gauge corrosion-resistant
sheet metal and extend 10" from the centerline for
slopes <12:12 and 7" from for slopes ≥12:12
Wood shakes (same as wood shingles except):
• where 1×4 spaced sheathing installed 10" oc, addi-
tional 1×4 boards to be installed between
• spacing between shakes to be 1⁄ 8"–5⁄ 8", except 1⁄4"–
3⁄ 8" for preservative-treated taper-sawn shakes
• fasteners ≤1" from edges and ≤2" above bottom
• to be interlaid with 18" strips of ≥No. 30 felt, the
lower edge of each above the butt of the shake it cov-
ers a distance equal to twice the weather exposure
Metal roof panels:
• to be applied to solid or spaced sheathing, except
where designed to be applied to spaced supports
• min slope for lapped, nonsoldered-seam metal
roofs 3:12, except 1⁄ 2:12 with applied lap sealant
• min slope for standing-seam roofs 1⁄ 4:12
• to be corrosion resistant
• in absence of manufacturer’s instructions, fasteners to
be galvanized or stainless (300-series for copper roofs)
Meet the Code 277
278
0 1 2 3 4 5

Windows
and Doors 10
Can you imagine your house without windows? Windows perform About Windows 280
more functions than any other component of a house. The more you Window Installation 282
know about windows, the more they can do for you. Window Energy Performance 284
About Windows spells out all of the things windows can do and the
Skylights 290
types of windows you can buy from a window dealer or home center.
Whether you are building a new house or replacing an existing window, Site-Built Windows 292
you need to know how windows are measured. About Doors 294
With rising energy prices, window energy performance is more impor- Door Installation 296
tant than ever. We show you how windows gain and lose energy and how Bulkhead Doors 298
various types compare.
Meet the Code 300
Skylights are not as familiar as windows, but they can light a space
twice as efficiently as a window in a wall, so we include a section on a
typical skylight product line.
If you are installing a whole wall of windows (for a spectacular view
or for a sunspace, for example), you should be interested in site-built
windows—patio door glazings that can cut your window costs by half.
The second half of this chapter is About Doors: their functions, how
they are constructed, and how they are installed.
Door installation is an exacting task, so we show the details of both
interior and exterior, prehung, and slab-type doors.
There is even a section on doors to the basement. Whether you are
building new or converting your basement to a more accessible space, you
can find the size of steel bulkhead door that will fit your house.
Finally, we provide you with a checklist to make sure your windows
and doors meet the code.

279
 About Windows
Window Types
The illustration below shows eight generic types of
residential windows available from dozens of manu-
facturers.
Double-hung windows contain two sashes,
both of which slide up and down. A variation is the
single-hung window, in which the top sash is gener-
ally fixed.
Casement windows hinge to one side, which
is specified when a unit is ordered. They are very
effective at capturing breezes, provided they open
toward the prevailing breeze.
Fixed windows are often used in conjunction
with operable windows of other styles. Inexpensive
"window walls" can be constructed of patio doors
and site-built fixed windows utilizing patio door
glazing units of the same size.
Common Window Types
AWNING
DOUBLE-HUNG CASEMENT
SLIDING BAY
280 WINDOWS AND DOORS
Awning windows are used for ventilation at
low levels, such as in a sun space, or as high windows
in bathrooms and kitchens.
Sliding windows are an inexpensive alternative
for high windows in bathrooms and kitchens.
Skylights, also known as roof windows, are
extremely effective summer exhaust ventilators.
They are also more effective in admitting natural
daylight than are vertical windows of the same size.
Bay windows add space to rooms (often with
window seats) in addition to adding an architectural
design feature to an elevation. They most often are
assembled from a center fixed unit and two double-
hung or casement flankers.
Bow windows are more elegant expressions of
the bay. They are often assembled from fixed and
casement units of the same unit dimensions.
SKYLIGHT
FIXED
BOW
Anatomy and Measurements Unit size is the overall size of the window
Window manufacturers provide four sets of dimen- unit, including casing if provided. With a casing,
sions (width × height). unit dimension will be larger than the rough, or
Architects require unit size to produce building framing, opening. With a nailing flange instead of
elevations, glass size for solar gain, and egress opening casing, the unit dimension will be the dimensions of
for the building code. Builders require rough opening, the jambs, or less than the rough opening.
framing sill height, and location on the plan to the Egress opening is the actual width and
center of the unit. height, without removing a sash, of the opening a
Rough opening is the width and height of person might pass through in case of fire.
the framing opening—generally from 3⁄8 to 1⁄2 inch Glass size is the width and height of the clear
greater than jamb width and height. portion of glass through which sunlight can pass.

Dimensions of a Typical Double-Hung Window

HORIZONTAL SECTION VERTICAL SECTION

Clear and egress opening width

Rough opening height
Unit dimension height
Glass opening height

Clear opening height

Rough opening width

Glass opening width

Unit opening width

Egress opening

About Windows 281