Chapter 2 - Screening

10/3/2020
Screens
D r. N g u y ễ n P h ư ớ c D â n
The physical unit processes most commonly used in preliminary and primary treatment of
wastewater include some or all of the following
• screening,
• coarse solids reduction (comminution, maceration, and screenings grinding),
• mixing and flocculation,
• gravity separation,
• grit removal,
• primary sedimentation,
• high-rate clarification, and
• flotation.
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Xử lý sơ bộ+ bậc 1 Sinh học Xử lý bậc hai Xử lý bậc cao
Sơ bộ
Vào mạng lưới thoát nước
đô thị/KCN
Tuyển nổi Lọc sinh Hồ thổi
Tổng quan Điều hòa
Axit/kiềm Hóa chất
học nhỏ
giọt
khí
Ozone Hấp phụ
Lắng cát Lọc hóa GAC
các quá trình Nước thải
thô
Xả ra
nguồn tiếp
nhận
xử lý Chắn rác
Giếng tràn
Trung hòa Keo tụ
Tạo bông
Lắng
Xử lý
RBC
Chất keo tụ
Lọc kỵ khí PAC
Bùn hoạt
Xả vào MLTN đô
tính
thị/KCN
Lọc Tách khí PACT

Hấp Tách
hoặc
phụ nước
hơi
GAC bùn
Kết tủa Nitrat hóa/Khử
Oxy nitrat
Nén Tuyển nổi
Oxy hóa
bùn khí hòa tan
hóa/khử
Quá trình Kim loại Hóa chất Ammonia Chôn lấp
nước thải nặng hữu cơ hữu cơ Phân hủy
Trong trạm xử lý nước thải bùn
Hồ chứa
Ly tâm Phơi Lọc

Thải bỏ
Thiêu đốt
bùn
Nước thải GAC (Granular Activated Carbon): Than hoạt tính dạng hạt
Dòng tuần hoàn PAC (Powder Activated Carbon): Than hoạt tính dạng bột
Bùn RBC (Rotating Biological Contactor): Bể sinh học tiếp xúc quay 3
The first unit process generally

in WWTPs is screening.
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A screen is a device with openings of

uniform size that is used to retain large
solids in the influent wastewater to
WWTP or overflows from stormwater
→ remove coarse materials from the
flow stream
Coarse screens can remove large solids that can:

❖ damage or clog subsequent process equipment
❖ reduce overall treatment process reliability & effectiveness
❖ contaminate waterways 5
Screenings are the material retained Screening

on bar racks and screens.
Coarse screens Fine screen Microscreens

> 6.0 mm 0.5 mm – 6.0 mm < 0.5 mm
Manually Mechanically Static

Step Traveling band Drum
cleaned clean wedgewire
Reciprocating Types of screens in wastewater treatment

Chain-driven Catenary Continuous belt
rake
▪ Coarse screenings > 6 mm consist of debris such ▪ Fine screenings consist of materials retained on screens
as rocks, branches, pieces of lumber, leaves, with openings of 0.5 mm – 6.0 mm (such as small rags,
paper, tree roots, plastics, bottles, cans, and rags. paper, plastic materials of various types, razor blades, grit,
undecomposed food waste, feces, etc).
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Nomenclature of racks and screens

Type Typical opening Typical use
To prevent logs, stumps, and large heavy debris from entering

treatment processes. Principally used in combined sewers ahead
Trash racks 40–150 mm
of pumping units. In WWTPs, frequently followed by coarse
screens.
Bar racks/coarse screens 6–75 mm To remove large solids, rags, and debris. Typically used in WWTP.
Fine screens 1.5–6 mm To remove small solids. Typically follows a coarse screen.
To reduce suspended solids to near primary treatment level.
Very fine screens 0.25–1.5 mm
Typically follow a coarse screen and/or fine screen.
Microscreens 1 m–0.3 mm Used in conjunction with very fine screens for effluent polishing.
Description of screening devices
Type of screening Size Screening surface

Application
device classification Size range, mma Screen medium
Inclined (fixed) Medium 0.25–2.5 Stainless steel wedge-wire screen Primary treatment
Coarse 2.5–5 Stainless steel wedge-wire screen Preliminary treatment

Medium 0.25–2.5 Stainless steel wedge-wire screen Primary treatment
Drum (rotary)
Stainless steel and polyester Removal of residual
Fine 6–35 µm
screen cloths secondary SS
Horizontal Combined sewer overflows/
Medium 1.6–4 Stainless steel bars
reciprocating stormwater
Tangential Fine 1200 µm Stainless steel mesh Combined sewer overflows
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➢ Coarse screens are used to protect pumps, valves,

pipelines, and other appurtenances from damage or
clogging by rags and large objects;
➢ Coarse screens are designated as either manually

cleaned or mechanically cleaned.
Manually cleaned
Mechanically cleaned 9
Typical design information for manually and mechanically cleaned bar racks
Parameter Unit Cleaning method

Manual Mechanical
Bar size:
Width mm 5–15 5–15
Depth mm 25–38 25–38
Clear spacing between bars mm 25–50 15–75
Slope from vertical deg 30–45 0–30
Approach velocity:
Maximum m/s 0.3–0.6 0.6–1.0
Minimum m/s 0.3–0.5
Allowable headloss mm 150 150–600
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▪ The screen channel should be designed to prevent the accumulation of grit and
other heavy materials in the channel ahead of the screen and following it.
▪ The channel floor should be level or should slope downward through the screen.
▪ The channel preferably should have a straight approach, perpendicular to the bar
screen, to promote uniform distribution of screenable solids throughout the flow
and on the screen.
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• Manually cleaned coarse screens are used frequently ahead of pumps in small
wastewater pumping stations and sometimes at the head works of small-to medium-
sized WWTPs.
• Often they are used for standby screening in bypass channels for service during high-flow
periods, when mechanically cleaned screens are being repaired, or in the event of a
power failure
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➢ Where used, the length of the manually cleaned bar rack should not exceed the distance that can be
conveniently raked, approximately 3 m.
➢ A perforated drainage plate should be provided at the top of the rack where the rakings may be stored
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temporarily for drainage.
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Mechanically cleaned bar screens aimed to

reduce:
▪ the operating and maintenance problems and
▪ to improve the screenings removal capabilities.
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Mechanically cleaned bar screens are divided into four principal types:
(a) chain-driven,
(b) reciprocating rake,
(c) catenary, and
(d) continuous belt.
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Front-cleaned, front-return screens are more efficient in terms of retaining captured solids, but they are less
rugged and are susceptible to jamming by solids that collect at the base of the rake.
trục truyền động

Xích gạt rác
Mương dẩn rác
tới bải
chôn lấp
Rác
Song chắn
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Front-cleaned, front-return screens
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The reciprocating-rake-type bar screen imitates the movements of a person

raking the screen.
The rake moves to the base of the screen, engages the bars, and pulls the
screenings to the top of the screen, where they are removed.
Reciprocating-rake-type bar screen 17
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In the catenary screen, the rake is held against the rack by the weight of the chain.
If heavy objects become jammed in the bars, the rakes pass over them instead of jamming.
Catenary screen 18
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The continuous belt screen is a continuous, self-cleaning

screening belt that can be used to remove both fine and
coarse solids.
Continuous belt screen 19
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Type of screen Advantages Disadvantages

Chain–driven screens
▪ Multiple cleaning elements ▪ Unit has submerged moving parts that require
✓ Front clean/back (short cleaning cycle) channel dewatering for maintenance
return
▪ Used for heavy duty ▪ Less efficient screenings removal, i.e., carryover of
applications residual screenings to screened wastewater channel
✓ Front clean/front (short cleaning cycle) channel dewatering for maintenance
return ▪ Very little screenings ▪ Submerged moving parts (chains, sprockets, and
carryover shafts) are subject to fouling
▪ Heavy objects may cause rake to jam
(shortcleaning cycle) channel dewatering for maintenance
✓ Back clean/back
return ▪ Submerged moving parts ▪ Long rake teeth are susceptible to breakage
(chains, sprockets and shafts)
are protected by bar rack 20
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▪ No submerged moving parts; ▪ Requires more headroom than other screens,
maintenance and repairs can be done ▪ Long cycle time; raking capacity may be limiting,
above operating floor,
▪ Grit accumulation in front of bar may impede
▪ Can handle large objects (bricks, tires, rake movement,
etc.),
Reciprocating ▪ Relatively high cost due to stainless steel
▪ Effective raking of screenings and construction.
rake
efficient discharge of screenings,
▪ Relatively low operating and
maintenance costs,
▪ Stainless steel construction reduces
corrosion.
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▪ Sprockets are not submerged; most ▪ Because design relies on weight of chain for
maintenance can be done above the engagement of rakes with bars, chains are very
operating floor heavy and difficult to handle,
▪ Required headroom is relatively low ▪ Because of the angle of inclination of the screen
Catenary ▪ Multiple cleaning elements (short (45 to 75-deg), screen has a large footprint,
▪ cleaning cycle), ▪ Misalignment and warpage can occur when
rakes are jammed,
▪ Can handle large objects,
▪ May emit odors because of open design.
▪ Very little screenings carryover
▪ Most maintenance can be done above ▪ Overhaul or replacement of the screening
Continuous belt operating floor, elements is a time-consuming and expensive
▪ Unit is difficult to jam operation.
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Considerations in the design of screening installations include:

(1) location;
(2) approach velocity;
(3) clear openings between bars or mesh size;
(4) headloss through the screens;
(5) screenings handling, processing and disposal;
(6) controls.
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▪ In manually cleaned installations, velocity of approach be limited to approximately 0.45 m/s at average
flow to provide adequate screen area for accumulation of screenings between raking operations.
▪ The screen channel should be designed to prevent the settling and accumulation of grit and other heavy
materials.
▪ An approach velocity of at least 0.4 m/s is recommended to minimize solids deposition in the channel.
▪ To prevent the pass-through of debris at peak flowrates, the velocity through the bar screen should not
exceed 0.9 m/s.
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The velocity through the bar screen can be controlled by installation of a down stream head control
device such as a Parshall flume, or, for screens located upstream of a pumping station, by controlling
the wetwell operating levels
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Hydraulic losses through bar screens are a function of approach velocity and the velocity through the
bars. The headloss through coarse screens can be estimated as follows:
1 𝑉 2 − 𝑈2
ℎ𝐿 = hL
𝐶 2𝑔 U
hL - headloss(m)
C - an empirical discharge coefficient to account for turbulence and eddy V
losses, typically 0.7 for a clean screen and 0.6 for a clogged screen
V - velocity of flow through the openings of the bar screen, m/s q
U - approach velocity in upstream channel, m/s (m/s)
g - acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
▪ The headloss calculated using Eq. 1 applies only when the bars are clean.
▪ Headloss increases with the degree of clogging.
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The applications for fine screens include:

- Preliminary treatment (following coarse
bar screens),
- Primary treatment (as a substitute for
primary clarifiers), and treatment of
combined sewer overflows.
- Primary effluent that could cause
clogging problems in trickling filters or
the membranes of membrane
bioreactors.
- Sludge flow streams prior to further
treatment of the sludge (biosolids).
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Fine screens are sometimes used in place of or following coarse screens where greater removals of
solids are required to:
(1) protect equipment which may be more sensitive to solids such as membrane bioreactors or
(2) eliminate materials that may inhibit the beneficial reuse of biosolids.
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Fine screens used for preliminary treatment are

a) static wedge wire (fixed),
b) rotary drum
c) travelling belt, and
d) step type screens.
▪ Typically, the openings vary from 0.2 to 6 mm

▪ Fine screens are usually preceded by mechanically cleaned
coarse screens
▪ Stainless-steel mesh or special wedge-shaped bars are used
as the screening medium.
▪ Provision is made for the continuous removal of the
collected solids, supplemented by water sprays to keep the
screening medium clean.
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Static wedge wire/bar Rotary drum Travelling belt/band Step type screens
Advantages and disadvantages of fine screens
Band (center feed) Minimal screenings Channel must be widened at screen;
carryover perforation prone to clogging with grease
Bar Multiple cleaning elements Not as efficient as other screens
Drum Minimal screenings carryover
Perforation prone to clogging with grease
Low headloss
Step Handles grease High headloss; shallow or wide channel required 30
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Wedge-shaped bars Traveling belt
✓ Headloss through the screens may range from about 0.8 to 1.4 m
✓ An installation should have a minimum of two parallel screens, each with the capability of handling peak flowrates.
✓ Flushing water should be provided nearby so that the buildup of grease and other solids on the screen can be removed
periodically
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Removal of BOD and TSS with fine screens used to

replace primary sedimentation
Type of screen Size of openings Percent removal

Rotary drum
mm BOD TSS
Fixed parabolic 1.6 5–20 5–30
Rotary drum 0.25 25–50 25–45
Fixed parabolic 32
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The clear water headloss through fine screens:
2
1 𝑄
ℎ𝐿 =
2𝑔 𝐶𝐴
where hL - headloss, m
C - coefficient of discharge for the screen (a typical value for a clean screen is 0.60)
g - acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
Q - discharge through screen, m3/s
A - effective open area of submerged screen, m2
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Characteristics to consider in selecting a fine screen

(Forstner, 2007; Keller et al., 2006; Makie and Oyler, 2007)
Screen type Typical range Capturea Hydraulic Deep channel FOGb Combined
of openings, efficiency capacity suitability suitability screening and
mm washing
Band, central flow 1–10 High Good Suitable Poor No
Bar 2–15 Low Very good Suitable Suitable No
Drum 0.2–6 High Very good Not suitable Poor Yes
Step Screen® 1–6 Medium Good Suitable Suitable No
aAssessed at low range of openings
bFats, oils, and grease
Fine-screen openings and effective open areas (Keller et al., 2006)

Hole spacing, mm Open area, %
9 55 https://youtu.be/WYW6tAUuJIo
6 40
3 35 https://youtu.be/nsCbeGWyDwM
1 31
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Band, perforated center feed
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▪ Microscreening involves the use of variable low-speed

(up to 4 rev/min), continuously backwashed, rotating
drum screens operating under gravity-flow conditions.
▪ The principal applications for microscreens are to

remove TSS from secondary effluent and from
stabilization pond effluent.
▪ Typical TSS removal = 10 - 80 %, with an average of 55%.
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The filtering fabrics have openings of 10 to 35 µm and are

fitted on the drum periphery.
The wastewater enters the open end of the drum and flows
outward through the rotating drum screening cloth.
The collected solids are backwashed by high-pressure jets

into a trough located within the drum.
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The functional design of a microscreen involves:

(1) characterizing the SS with respect to the concentration and degree
of flocculation,
(2) to meet maximum hydraulic loadings rate, and
(3) Providing backwash and cleaning facilities to maintain the capacity
of the screen
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The quantity and characteristics of the collected screenings depend on the type of bar screen, the size of the bar
screen opening, the type of sewer system, and the geographic location.
The characteristics and quantities of screenings removed from wastewater with coarse screens
Size of opening Volume of screenings

Moisture content, Specific weight, L/1000 m3
Between bars,
% kg/m3
mm Range Typical
6.0 60–90 700–1100 51–100 67
9.0 80-90 900-1100 37-85 60
12.5 60–90 700–1100 37–74 50
25.0 50–80 600–1000 15–37 22
37.5 50–80 600–1000 7–15 11
50.0 50–80 600–1000 4–11 6
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▪ As an alternative to coarse bar screens or fine screens, comminutors and

macerators can be used to intercept coarse solids and grind or shred them in
the screen channel.
▪ Highspeed grinders are used in conjunction with mechanically cleaned

screens to grind and shred screenings that are removed from the
wastewater.
▪ The solids are cut up into a smaller, more uniform size for return to the flow
stream for subsequent removal by downstream treatment operations and
processes.
Macerators
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▪ Comminutors, macerators, and grinders can theoretically

eliminate the messy and offensive task of screenings handling
and disposal.
▪ The use of comminutors and macerators is particularly

advantageous in a pumping station to protect the pumps
against clogging by rags and large objects and to eliminate the
need to handle and dispose of screenings.
Grinders
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Comminutors
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Comminutors are installed in a wastewater flow channel to screen and shred material
to sizes from 6 to 20 mm without removing the shredded solids from the flow stream.
A typical comminutor uses a stationary horizontal screen to

intercept the flow and a rotating or oscillating arm that contains cutting teeth to mesh
with the screen.
The cutting teeth and the shear bars cut coarse material. The small
sheared particles pass through the screen and into the down stream channel.
Motor
Comminutor
Inlet
Outlet
Valved drain
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Motor
Stationary Slotted Screens with Oscillating

Cutter
Adjusting
Shart
screw
Oscillating
cutter
DOWNSTREAM UPSTREAM
Adjusting
screw Screen
Base plate
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▪ Macerators are slow-speed grinders that

typically consist of two sets of counterrotating
assemblies with blades
▪ The assemblies are mounted vertically in the

flow channel.
▪ The blades or teeth on the rotating assemblies

have a close tolerance that effectively chops
material as it passes through the unit.
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The cutting or knife blades force screenings

through a stationary grid or louver that encloses
the rotating assembly.
Đối
trọng
Tbị cắt rác

SCRác
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▪ Comminuting and macerating devices may be preceded by grit chambers to prolong the life
of the equipment and to reduce the wear on the cutting surfaces.
▪ Comminutors should be constructed with a bypass arrangement so that a manual bar screen
is used in case flowrates exceed the capacity of the comminutor or when there is a power or
mechanical failure.
▪ Stop gates and provisions for dewatering the channel should also be included to facilitate
maintenance.
▪ Headloss through a comminutor usually ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 m and can approach 0.9 m in
large units at maximum flowrates.
Bar Screen Bar Screen
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Thank You
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Chapter 2 - Screening

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Chapter 2 - Screening

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10/3/2020

Lọc Tách khí PACT

Ly tâm Phơi Lọc

The first unit process generally

A screen is a device with openings of

Coarse screens can remove large solids that can:

Screenings are the material retained Screening

Coarse screens Fine screen Microscreens

Manually Mechanically Static

Reciprocating Types of screens in wastewater treatment

Nomenclature of racks and screens

To prevent logs, stumps, and large heavy debris from entering

Description of screening devices

Type of screening Size Screening surface

Coarse 2.5–5 Stainless steel wedge-wire screen Preliminary treatment

➢ Coarse screens are used to protect pumps, valves,

➢ Coarse screens are designated as either manually

Parameter Unit Cleaning method

Mechanically cleaned bar screens aimed to

trục truyền động

The reciprocating-rake-type bar screen imitates the movements of a person

Reciprocating-rake-type bar screen 17

The continuous belt screen is a continuous, self-cleaning

Continuous belt screen 19

Type of screen Advantages Disadvantages

Type of screen Advantages Disadvantages

Type of screen Advantages Disadvantages

Considerations in the design of screening installations include:

The applications for fine screens include:

Fine screens used for preliminary treatment are

▪ Typically, the openings vary from 0.2 to 6 mm

Step Handles grease High headloss; shallow or wide channel required 30

Wedge-shaped bars Traveling belt

Removal of BOD and TSS with fine screens used to

Type of screen Size of openings Percent removal

The clear water headloss through fine screens:

Characteristics to consider in selecting a fine screen

Fine-screen openings and effective open areas (Keller et al., 2006)

▪ Microscreening involves the use of variable low-speed

▪ The principal applications for microscreens are to

▪ Typical TSS removal = 10 - 80 %, with an average of 55%.

The filtering fabrics have openings of 10 to 35 µm and are

The collected solids are backwashed by high-pressure jets

The functional design of a microscreen involves:

Size of opening Volume of screenings

▪ As an alternative to coarse bar screens or fine screens, comminutors and

▪ Highspeed grinders are used in conjunction with mechanically cleaned

▪ Comminutors, macerators, and grinders can theoretically

▪ The use of comminutors and macerators is particularly

A typical comminutor uses a stationary horizontal screen to

Stationary Slotted Screens with Oscillating

▪ Macerators are slow-speed grinders that

▪ The assemblies are mounted vertically in the

▪ The blades or teeth on the rotating assemblies

The cutting or knife blades force screenings

Tbị cắt rác

Bar Screen Bar Screen

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