Thermodynamics: Mtro. Luis Alfredo García Soberano

Thermodynamics
Mtro. Luis Alfredo García Soberano
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Subject Sheet
To formulate and solve problems based on the principles and theories of
1. Proficiency physics, chemistry and mathematics, to through the scientific method to
support the taking of decisions in the scientific and technological fields.
2. Quarter Third
3. Theoretical Hours 16
4. Practice Hours 29
5. Total Hours 45
6. Total Hours per Week
3
Quarter
The student will perform thermodynamic phenomena based on the
7. Learning Objective concepts and laws to contribute to the development of physical and
chemical processes.
Hours
Learning Units
Theoretical Practices Total
I. Principles of Thermodynamics 4 5 9
II. Thermodynamic properties and State 6 12 18
II. Laws and Systems of Thermodynamics 6 12 18
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Unit 1. Principles of Thermodynamics
Objective:
The student will identify the thermodynamic variables
to define the characteristics of physical and chemical
systems.
3
Subtopics
1.1 Introduction to thermodynamics
1.2 Temperature, volume and pressure
1.3 Energy, work, heat and power
1.4 Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
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Contenido
1.1 Introduction to thermodynamics
To know
To describe the concept of thermodynamics, system and process status property.
Distinguish thermodynamic systems according to their physical characteristics: open,

isolated, adiabatic, borders.
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Subtopic 1.1 Introduction to thermodynamics
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics: is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and
temperature and other forms of energy or their relationships to energy, work, radiation, and properties
of matter. . In particular, it describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of
energy and how it affects matter.
Energy: generally, the capacity to cause change, and the basic quantity studied by thermodynamics.
In physics, the capacity for doing work. And work is moving something against a force, like gravity. It
may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are,
moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has
been transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may
become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of mechanical energy.
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System: the thermodynamic systems are the object of study of thermodynamics. A system can be
defined as a certain amount of matter, or a region in the space where attention is focused on the
analysis of a problem. Its properties may be described by thermodynamic state variables such as
temperature, entropy, internal energy, and pressure.
Examples: if we are studying the engine of the vehicle, in this case engine is called as the system.
Similarly, the other examples of system can be complete refrigerator, air-conditioner, washing
machine, heat exchange, a utensil with hot water etc. A thermodynamic system can be any amount of
substance, specimen or machine that is separated from its surroundings in a well-defined manner.
Everything external to a thermodynamic system is called surroundings. System and surroundings
are separated by a definite border called boundary and it can be fixed or movable. Mathematically,
the boundary has zero thickness, no mass, and no volume. System, surroundings and boundary
constitute the universe.
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Types of Thermodynamic Systems: energy transfer is studied in three types of systems: Isolated
system, Closed system or control mass and Open system or control volume.
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Thermodynamic equilibrium: A system is said to be in Thermodynamic Equilibrium if it is in phase,
thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium at same time. If any one of the equilibrium condition
disturb then the system cannot comes under Thermodynamic Equilibrium.
 Thermal equilibrium: The system is said to be in thermal equilibrium if it has equality of

temperature with surrounding. For example a dead body is the perfect example of thermal
equilibrium with surrounding. Two systems are said to be thermal equilibrium with each other if
their temperatures are same.
 Phase equilibrium: When mass of each phase remains constant with time then the system is in
phase Equilibrium. For example the equilibrium of a liquid and its saturated vapor, the equilibrium
of water and ice at the melting point of ice, and the separation of a mixture of water and
triethylamine into two immiscible layers, or phases, that differ in density.
 Chemical equilibrium: The system is said to be in chemical equilibrium when there are no
chemical reactions going on within the system or there is no transfer of matter from one part of the
system to other due to diffusion. Two systems are said to be in chemical equilibrium with each
other when their chemical potentials are same.
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 Mechanical equilibrium: When there are no unbalanced forces within the system and between
the system and the surrounding, the system is said to be under mechanical equilibrium. The
system is also said to be in mechanical equilibrium when the pressure throughout the system and
between the system and surrounding is same. Whenever some unbalance forces exist within the
system, they will get neutralized to attain the condition of equilibrium. Two systems are said to be
in mechanical equilibrium with each other when their pressures are same.
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Class exercise
According to the topics seen, do the following:
1. Draw a thermodynamic system with its parts and explain what each part would be (surroundings,
boundary and universe).
2. Draw an example of each type of thermodynamic system and explain why it would be an isolated,
closed or open system.
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Thermodynamic properties, thermodynamic variables or state functions: they are what
characterize a thermodynamic system or set the thermodynamic state of a system. Depending on the
nature of the thermodynamic system under study, different sets of thermodynamic variables can be
chosen to describe it. Generally, thermodynamic properties can be divided into two classes or groups:
1. Extensive properties: An extensive property is dependent upon the amount of mass present or
upon the size or extent of a system.
2. Intensive property: An intensive property is independent of the amount of mass and may vary
from place to place within the system at any moment.
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Extensive property
Example:
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Intensive property
Example:
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Thermodynamic process: A thermodynamic process is the changes of a system, from initial
conditions until other final conditions, due to the destabilization of the system. The changes must be
quasi-static. That is, slow enough to be considered as a succession of equilibrium states.
Thermodynamic processes can be interpreted as the result of the interaction of one system with
another after some ligature between them is eliminated, so that finally the systems are in equilibrium
(mechanical, thermal and / or material) with each other.
In other words when the system undergoes change from one thermodynamic state to final state due
change in properties like temperature, pressure, volume etc, the system is said to have undergone
thermodynamic process.
A thermodynamic process can

be from the melting of an ice,
the combustion of a piece of
coal, until the ignition of a
gasoline-air mixture to move the
pistons of an internal
combustion engine.
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1) Isothermal process: When the system undergoes change from one state to the other, but its
temperature remains constant, the system is said to have undergone isothermal process.
2) Adiabatic process: The process, during which the heat content of the system or certain quantity
of the matter remains constant, is called as adiabatic process. Thus in adiabatic process no
transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings takes place.
3) Isochoric process: The process, during which the volume of the system remains constant, is
called as isochoric process.
4) Isobaric process: The process during which the pressure of the system remains constant is
called as isobaric process.
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Class exercise
According to the topics seen, do the following:
1. Do two tables, one of intensive properties and one of extensive properties, containing the
following: Property, Symbol and Unit.
2. Draw an example of a thermodynamic process with its respective explanation about why it is a
thermodynamic process.
3. For each type of thermodynamic process () draw an example with its respective explanation and
make the graph that corresponds to each of them.
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Thermodynamics

Mtro. Luis Alfredo García Soberano

1.1 Introduction to thermodynamics

1.2 Temperature, volume and pressure

1.3 Energy, work, heat and power

1.4 Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

To describe the concept of thermodynamics, system and process status property.

Distinguish thermodynamic systems according to their physical characteristics: open,

 Thermal equilibrium: The system is said to be in thermal equilibrium if it has equality of

According to the topics seen, do the following:

A thermodynamic process can

According to the topics seen, do the following:

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