Erving Goffman

"Goffman" redirects here. For others with the same surname, see Goffman
(disambiguation).

Erving Goffman

Born 11 June 1922

Mannville, Alberta, Canada
Died 19 November 1982 (aged 60)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Stomach cancer
Nationality Canadian
Institutions National Institute of Mental
Health; University of California,
Berkeley; University of
Pennsylvania; American Sociological
Association;American Association for
the Abolition of Involuntary Mental
Hospitalization
Education St. John's Technical High School
Alma mater University of Manitoba BSc
University of Toronto B.A.
University of Chicago M.A., PhD
Thesis Communication Conduct in an Island
Community (1953)
Doctoral Carol Brooks Gardner, Charles
students Goodwin, Marjorie Goodwin,John
Lofland, Gary Marx, Harvey
 Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, David
Sudnow, Eviatar Zerubavel
Known for Sociology of everyday life;Symbolic
interactionism; Social constructionism
Influences Ray Birdwhistell, Herbert
Blumer,Émile Durkheim, Sigmund
Freud,C. W. M. Hart, Everett
Hughes,Alfred Radcliffe-
Brown, Talcott Parsons, Alfred
Schütz, Georg Simmel, W. Lloyd
Warner, Dennis Wrong
Notable Fellow, American Academy of Arts
awards and Sciences, 1969; Guggenheim
Fellowship, 1977; Cooley-Mead
Award, 1979; Mead Award, 1983
Spouse  Angelica Choate
 Gillian Sankoff
Children  Thomas Goffman
 Alice Goffman

Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982), a Canadian-

born sociologist and writer, was considered "the most influential American
sociologist of the twentieth century".[1] In 2007 he was listed by The Times Higher
Education Guide as the sixth most-cited author in the humanities and social
sciences, behind Anthony Giddens and ahead of Jürgen Habermas.[2]
Goffman was the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association. His
best-known contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction. This
took the form of dramaturgical analysis, beginning with his 1959 book, The
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Goffman's other major works
include Asylums (1961), Stigma (1963), Interaction Ritual (1967), Frame
Analysis (1974), and Forms of Talk (1981). His major areas of study included
the sociology of everyday life, social interaction, the social construction of self,
social organization (framing) of experience, and particular elements of social life
such as total institutions and stigmas.

Contents
Life[edit]
Goffman was born 11 June 1922, in Mannville, Alberta, Canada, to Max Goffman
and Anne Goffman, née Averbach.[3][4] He was from a family of Ukrainian
Jews who had emigrated to Canada at the turn of the century.[3] He had an older
sibling, Frances Bay, who became an actress.[4][5] The family moved to Dauphin,
Manitoba, where his father operated a successful tailoring business.[4][6]
From 1937 Goffman attended St. John's Technical High School in Winnipeg,
where his family had moved that year. In 1939 he enrolled at the University of
Manitoba, majoring in chemistry.[3][4] He interrupted his studies and moved
toOttawa to work in the film industry for the National Film Board of Canada,
established by John Grierson.[6] Later he developed an interest in sociology. Also
during this time, he met the renowned North American sociologist, Dennis
Wrong.[3] Their meeting motivated Goffman to leave the University of Manitoba
and enroll at the University of Toronto, where he studied under C. W. M.
Hart and Ray Birdwhistell, graduating in 1945 with a BA in sociology
andanthropology.[3] Later he moved to the University of Chicago, where he
received an MA (1949) and PhD (1953) in sociology. [3][7] For his doctoral
dissertation, from December 1949 to May 1951 he lived and
collected ethnographicdata on the island of Unst in the Shetland Islands.[3]
In 1952 Goffman married Angelica Choate; in 1953, their son Thomas was born.
Angelica suffered from mental illness and committed suicide in 1964. [7] Outside
his academic career, Goffman was known for his interest, and relative success, in
the stock market and in gambling. At one point, in pursuit of his hobbies and
ethnographic studies, he became a pit boss at a Las Vegas casino.[7][8]
In 1981 Goffman married sociolinguist Gillian Sankoff. The following year, their
daughter Alice was born.[9] In 1982 Goffman died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
on 19 November, of stomach cancer.[9][10][11] Their daughter, Alice Goffman, also
is a sociologist.[12]
Career[edit]
The research that Goffman had done in Unst inspired him to write his first major
work, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1956).[7][13] After graduating from
the University of Chicago, in 1954–57 he was an assistant to the athletic director
at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland.[7] Participant
observation done there led to his essays on mental illness and total institutions
which came to form his second book, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of
Mental Patients and Other Inmates (1961).[7]
In 1958 Goffman became a faculty member in the sociology department at
the University of California, Berkeley, first as a visiting professor, then from 1962
as a full professor.[7] In 1968 he moved to the University of Pennsylvania,
receiving the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology, [7] due
largely to the efforts of Dell Hymes, a former colleague at Berkeley.[14] In 1969 he
became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[15] In 1970
Goffman became a cofounder of the American Association for the Abolition of
Involuntary Mental Hospitalization[16] and coauthored its Platform Statement. [17] In
1971 he publishedRelations in Public, in which he tied together many of his ideas
about everyday life, seen from a sociological perspective.[9] Another major book
of his, Frame Analysis, came out in 1974.[9] He received a Guggenheim
Fellowship for 1977–78.[8] In 1979, Goffman received the Cooley-Mead Award
for Distinguished Scholarship, from the Section on Social Psychology of the
American Sociological Association.[18] He was elected the 73rd president of
the American Sociological Association, serving in 1981–82; he was, however,
unable to deliver the presidential address in person due to progressing illness.[9][19]
Posthumously, in 1983, he received the Mead Award from the Society for the
Study of Symbolic Interaction.[20]
Influence and legacy[edit]

Goffman was influenced by Herbert Blumer, Émile Durkheim, Sigmund

Freud, Everett Hughes, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown,Talcott Parsons, Alfred
Schütz, Georg Simmel and W. Lloyd Warner. Hughes was the "most influential of
his teachers", according to Tom Burns.[1][3][21] Gary Alan Fine and Philip Manning
state that Goffman never engaged in serious dialogue with other theorists. [1] His
work has, however, influenced and been discussed by numerous contemporary
sociologists, including Anthony Giddens, Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu.
[22]

Though Goffman is often associated with the symbolic interaction school of

sociological thought, he did not see himself as a representative of it, and so Fine
and Manning conclude that he "does not easily fit within a specific school of
sociological thought".[1] His ideas are also "difficult to reduce to a number of key
themes"; his work can be broadly described as developing "a comparative,
qualitative sociology that aimed to produce generalizations about human
behavior".[22][23]
Goffman made substantial advances in the study of face-to-face interaction,
elaborated the "dramaturgical approach" to human interaction, and developed
numerous concepts that have had a massive influence, particularly in the field of
the micro-sociology of everyday life.[22][24] Many of his works have concerned the
organization of everyday behavior, a concept he termed "interaction order".[22][25]
[26]
 He contributed to the sociological concept of framing (frame analysis), to game
theory (the concept of strategic interaction), and to the study of interactions
and linguistics.[22] With regard to the latter, he argued that the activity of speaking
must be seen as a social rather than a linguistic construct.[27] From a
methodological perspective, Goffman often employed qualitative approaches,
specifically ethnography, most famously in his study of social aspects of mental
illness, in particular the functioning of total institutions. [22] Overall, his
contributions are valued as an attempt to create a theory that bridges the agency-
and-structure divide – for popularizing social constructionism, symbolic
interaction, conversation analysis, ethnographic studies, and the study and
importance of individual interactions.[28][29] His influence extended far beyond
sociology: for example, his work provided the assumptions of much current
research in language and social interaction within the discipline of
communication.[30]
In 2007 Goffman was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the sixth
most-cited author in the humanities andsocial sciences, behind Anthony Giddens
and ahead of Jürgen Habermas.[2] His popularity with the general public has been
attributed to his writing style, described as "sardonic, satiric, jokey", [29] and as
"ironic and self-consciously literary",[31] and to its being more accessible than that
of most academics.[32] His style has also been influential in academia, and is
credited with popularizing a less formal style in academic publications.[29]
His students included Carol Brooks Gardner, Charles Goodwin, Marjorie
Goodwin, John Lofland, Gary Marx, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, David
Sudnow andEviatar Zerubavel.[1]
Despite his influence, according to Fine and Manning there are "remarkably few
scholars who are continuing his work", nor has there been a "Goffman school";
thus, his impact on social theory has been simultaneously "great and modest".
[28]
 Fine and Manning attribute the lack of subsequent Goffman-style research and
writing to the nature of his signature style, which they consider very difficult to
duplicate (even "mimic-proof"), and also to his writing style and subjects not
being widely valued in the social sciences.[3][28] With regard to his style, Fine and
Manning remark that he tends to be seen either as a scholar whose style is difficult
to reproduce, and therefore daunting to those who might wish to emulate his style,
or as a scholar whose work was transitional, bridging the work of the Chicago
school and that of contemporary sociologists, and thus of less interest to
sociologists than the classics of either of those two groups. [23][28] With regard to his
subjects, Fine and Manning observe that the topic of behavior in public places is
often stigmatized as being trivial, and thus unworthy of serious scholarly
attention.[28]
Nonetheless, Fine and Manning note that Goffman is "the most influential
American sociologist of the twentieth century". [33] Elliott and Turner see him as "a
revered figure – an outlaw theorist who came to exemplify the best of the
sociological imagination", and "perhaps the first postmodern sociological
theorist".[13]
Works[edit]
Early works[edit]
Goffman's early works consist of his graduate writings of 1949–53. [22] His master's
thesis was a survey of audience responses to a radio soap opera, Big Sister.[22]One
of its most important elements was a critique of his research methodology –
of experimental logic and of variable analysis.[34] Other writings of the period
include Symbols of Class Status (1951) and On Cooling the Mark Out (1952).
[34]
 His doctoral dissertation, Communication Conduct in an Island
Community (1953), presented a model of communication strategies in face-to-face
interaction, and focused on how everyday life rituals affect public projections of
self.[31][34]
Presentation of Self[edit]
Main article: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Goffman's The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life was published in 1956, with
a revised edition in 1959.[13] He had developed the book's core ideas from his
doctoral dissertation.[31] It was Goffman's first and most famous book, [13] for which
he received the American Sociological Association's 1961 MacIver Award.[35]
Goffman describes the theatrical performances that occur in face-to-face
interactions.[36] He holds that when an individual comes in contact with another
person, he attempts to control or guide the impression that the other person will
form of him, by altering his own setting, appearance and manner. At the same
time, the person that the individual is interacting with attempts to form an
impression of, and obtain information about, the individual. [37] Goffman also
believes that participants in social interactions engage in certain practices to avoid
embarrassing themselves or others. Society is not homogeneous; we must act
differently in different settings. This recognition led Goffman to his dramaturgical
analysis. He saw a connection between the kinds of "acts" that people put on in
their daily lives and theatrical performances. In a social interaction, as in a
theatrical performance, there is an onstage area where actors (individuals) appear
before the audience; this is where positive self-concepts and desired impressions
are offered. But there is, as well, a backstage – a hidden, private area where
individuals can be themselves and drop their societal roles and identities.[31][38][39]
Asylums[edit]
Main article: Asylums (book)
Goffman is sometimes credited with having in 1957 coined the term "total
institution",[40] though Fine and Manning note that he had heard it in lectures by
Everett Hughes[7] in reference to any type of institution in which people are treated
alike and in which behavior is regulated.[41][42] Regardless of whether Goffman
coined the term "total institution", he popularized it[43] with his 1961
book, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other
Inmates.[44] The book has been described as "ethnography of the concept of the
total institution".[45] The book was one of the first sociological examinations of the
social situation of mental patients in psychiatric hospitals[46] and a major
contribution to understanding of social aspects of mental illness.[22]
The book is composed of four essays: "Characteristics of Total Institutions"
(1957); "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient" (1959); "The Underlife of a
Public Institution: A Study of Ways of Making Out in a Mental Hospital"; and
"The Medical Model and Mental Hospitalization: Some Notes on the Vicissitudes
of the Tinkering Trades".[47] The first three essays focus on the experiences of
patients; the last, on professional-client interactions.[45] Goffman is mainly
concerned with the details of psychiatric hospitalization and with the nature and
effects of the process he calls "institutionalization". [48] He describes how
institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient, someone
"dull, harmless and inconspicuous" – a condition which in turn reinforces notions
of chronicity in severe mental illness.[49] Total institutions greatly affect people's
interactions; yet, even in such places, people find ways to redefine their roles and
reclaim their identities.[41]
Asylums has been credited with helping catalyze the reform of mental
health systems in a number of countries, leading to reductions in the numbers of
large mental hospitals and of the individuals locked up in them. [29] It has also been
influential in the anti-psychiatry movement.[35][50]
Behavior in Public[edit]
In Behavior in Public Places (1963), Goffman again focuses on everyday public
interactions. He draws distinctions between several types of public gatherings
("gatherings", "situations", "social occasions") and types of audiences (acquainted
versus unacquainted).[26]
Stigma[edit]
Goffman's book Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (1963)
examines how, to protect their identities when they depart from approved
standards of behavior or appearance, people manage impressions of themselves –
mainly through concealment. Stigma pertains to the shame that a person may feel
when he or she fails to meet other people's standards, and to the fear of being
discredited – which causes the individual not to reveal his or her shortcomings.
Thus, a person with a criminal record may simply withhold that information from
fear of being judged by whomever that person happens to encounter.[51]
Interaction Ritual[edit]
Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior is a collection of six
Goffman essays. The first four were originally published in the 1950s, the fifth in
1964, and the last was written for the collection. They include: "On Face-work"
(1955); "Embarrassment and Social Organization" (1956); "The Nature of
Deference and Demeanor" (1956); "Alienation from Interaction" (1957); "Mental
Symptoms and Public Order" (1964); and "Where the Action Is".[52]
The first essay, "On Face-work", discusses the concept of face, which is the
positive self-image that an individual holds when interacting with others.
Goffman believes that face "as a sociological construct of interaction, is neither
inherent in nor a permanent aspect of the person". [52] Once an individual offers a
positive self-image of him or herself to others, that individual feels a need to
maintain and live up to that image. Inconsistency in how a person projects him or
herself in society risks embarrassment and discrediting. Therefore people remain
guarded, to ensure that they do not show themselves to others in an unfavorable
light.[52]
Strategic Interaction[edit]
Goffman's book Strategic Interaction (1969) is his contribution to game theory. It
discusses the compatibility of game theory with the legacy of the Chicago School
of sociology and with the perspective of symbolic interactionism. It is one of his
few works that clearly engage with that perspective. Goffman's view on game
theory was shaped by the works of Thomas Schelling. Goffman presents reality as
a form of game, and discusses its rules and the various moves that players can
make (the "unwitting", the "naive", the "covering", the "uncovering", and the
"counter-uncovering").[53]
Frame Analysis[edit]
Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (1974) is Goffman's
attempt to explain how conceptual frames – ways to organize experience –
structure an individual's perception of society.[54] This book is thus about the
organization of experience rather than the organization of society. A frame is a set
of concepts and theoretical perspectives that organize experiences and guide the
actions of individuals, groups and societies. Frame analysis, then, is the study of
the organization of social experience. To illustrate the concept of the frame,
Goffman gives the example of a picture frame: a person uses the frame (which
represents structure) to hold together his picture (which represents the content) of
what he is experiencing in his life.[55][56]
The most basic frames are called primary frameworks. A primary framework
takes an individual's experience or an aspect of a scene that would originally be
meaningless and makes it meaningful. One type of primary framework is a natural
framework, which identifies situations in the natural world and is
completelybiophysical, with no human influences. The other type of framework is
a social framework, which explains events and connects them to humans. An
example of a natural framework is the weather, and an example of a social
framework is a meteorologist who predicts the weather. Focusing on the social
frameworks, Goffman seeks to "construct a general statement regarding the
structure, or form, of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social
life".[56][57]
Goffman saw this book as his magnum opus, but it was not as popular as his
earlier works.[9][54]
Gender Advertisements[edit]
Main article: Gender advertisement
Gender Advertisements[58] is a 1979 book that, as part of Goffman's series of
studies in the anthropology of visual communication, deals with the topic
of gender representation in advertising.[59][60] The book is a visual essay about sex
roles in advertising, differences in the depictions of men and women and the
subtle, underlying messages about the sexual roles projected by masculine and
feminine images in advertising, as well as and symbolism in advertising. In the
book Goffman examined over 500 advertisements in order to find general patterns
in stereotypical gender representation, which he placed into six categories:[61][62][63]
1. Relative Size: Goffman argues that social situation is expressed through
the relative size of the persons in the advertisements, with men showing
their superiority through their girth and height.
2. Feminine Touch: Women are frequently depicted touching persons or
objects in a ritualistic manner, occasionally just barely touching the object
or person.
3. Function Ranking: When a man and woman are shown in a collaborative
manner, the male is more likely to be shown as the higher ranked person
than the woman.
4. The Family: When families are depicted in advertising, parents are shown
to be closer to their children of the same gender and in some instances men
are shown separate from the rest of the family, in a protective manner.
5. Ritualization of Subordination: Difference is expressed by lowering
oneself physically. Superiority and disdain, holding the body erect and the
head high.
6. Licensed Withdrawal: Goffman states that women in advertisements are
frequently depicted as removed from the scene around them, either
physically turning away from the scene or appearing lost in thought.
In her 2001 work Measuring Up: How Advertising Affects Self-Image, Vickie
Rutledge Shields stated that the work was "unique at the time for employing a
method now being labeled 'semiotic content analysis'" and that it "[provided] the
base for textual analyses ... such as poststructuralist and psychoanalytic
approaches".[64]She also noted that feminist scholars like Jean Kilbourne "[built]
their highly persusasive and widely circulated findings on the nature of gender in
advertising on Goffman's original categories".[64]
Forms of Talk[edit]
Goffman's book, Forms of Talk (1981), includes five essays: "Replies and
Responses" (1976); "Response Cries" (1978); "Footing" (1979); "The Lecture"
(1976); and "Radio Talk" (1981).[65] Each essay addresses both verbal and non-
verbal communication through a sociolinguistic model. The book provides a
comprehensive overview of the study of talk.[66] In the introduction, Goffman
identifies three themes that recur throughout the text: "ritualization, participation
framework, and embedding".[67]
The first essay, "Replies and Responses", concerns "conversational dialogue" and
the way people respond during a conversation, both verbally and non-verbally.
[68]
 The second essay, "Response Cries", considers the use of utterances and their
social implications in different social contexts. Specifically, Goffman discusses
"self-talk" (talking to no one in particular) and its role in social situations. Next, in
"Footing", Goffman addresses the way that footing, or alignment, can shift during
a conversation.[66] The fourth essay, "The Lecture", originally an oral presentation,
describes different types and methods of lecture. Lastly, in "Radio Talk",
Goffman describes the types and forms of talk used in radio programming and the
effect they have on listeners.[69]
Positions[edit]
In his career, Goffman worked at the:
 University of Chicago, Division of Social Sciences, Chicago: assistant,
1952–53; resident associate, 1953–54;
 National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland: visiting scientist,
1954–57;
 University of California, Berkeley: assistant professor, 1957–59;
professor, 1959–62; professor of sociology, 1962–68;
 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Benjamin Franklin Professor of
Anthropology and Sociology, 1969–82.
See also[edit]
 American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental
Hospitalization
 Franco Basaglia
 Deinstitutionalization
 The Radical Therapist
 Symbolic interactionism
Selected works[edit]
 1959: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, University of Edinburgh
Social Sciences Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-14-013571-8. Anchor
Books edition
 1961: Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and
Other Inmates. New York, Doubleday. ISBN 0-14-013739-4
 1961: Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction – Fun in
Games & Role Distance. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill.
 1963: Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of
Gatherings, The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-911940-5
 1963: Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-
Hall. ISBN 0-671-62244-7
 1967: Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Anchor
Books. ISBN 0-394-70631-5
 1969: Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press. ISBN 0-345-02804-X
  1969: Where the action is. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0079-2
 1971: Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order. New York:
Basic Books. ISBN 0-06-131957-0
 1974: Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of
experience. London: Harper and Row. ISBN 978-0-06-090372-5
 1979: Gender Advertisements, Macmillian. ISBN 0-06-132076-5
 1981: Forms of Talk, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7790-6
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Fine and Manning (2003), p. 34.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b "The most cited authors of books in the humanities".
Times Higher Education. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16
November 2009.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Fine and Manning (2003), p. 35.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Greg Smith (1 November 2002). Goffman and
Social Organization: Studies of a Sociological Legacy. Taylor &
Francis. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-203-01900-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
5. Jump up^ S. Leonard Syme (27 July 2011). Memoir of A Useless
Boy. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4653-3958-4.
Retrieved 29 May 2013.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Burns (2002), p.9.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Fine and Manning (2003), p. 36.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b Jeff Sallaz (1 January 2009). The Labor of Luck:
Casino Capitalism in the United States and South Africa.
University of California Press. pp. 262–263.ISBN 978-0-520-
94465-7. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Fine and Manning (2003), p. 37.
10. Jump up^ Roland Turner (1982). The Annual Obituary. St.
Martin's. p. 550. Retrieved29 May 2013.
11. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 6.
12. Jump up^ Marc Parry (18 November 2013). "The American
Police State: A sociologist interrogates the criminal-justice system,
and tries to stay out of the spotlight".The Chronicle of Higher
Education.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Anthony Elliott; Bryan S Turner (23 July
2001). Profiles in Contemporary Social Theory. SAGE
Publications. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7619-6589-3. Retrieved29
May 2013.
14. Jump up^ Winkin, Y., & Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2013). Erving
Goffman: A critical introduction to media and communication
theory. New York: Peter Lang.
15. Jump up^ Greg Smith (1 November 2002). Goffman and Social
Organization: Studies of a Sociological Legacy. Taylor & Francis.
p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-01900-9. Retrieved29 May 2013.
16. Jump up^ Constance Fischer; Stanley Brodsky (1978). Client
Participation in Human Services: The Prometheus
Principle. Transaction Publishers. p. 114.ISBN 087855131X.
17. Jump up^ Thomas Szasz (1 June 1971). "American Association
for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization". American
Journal of Psychiatry (American Psychiatric
Association) 127 (12):
1698. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.12.1698.PMID 5565860.
18. Jump up^ Section on Social Psychology Award Recipients,
American Sociological Association. Accessed: 14 August 2013.
19. Jump up^ "American Sociological Association: Erving Manual
Goffman". Asanet.org. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
20. Jump up^ Norman K. Denzin (30 April 2008). Symbolic
Interactionism and Cultural Studies: The Politics of Interpretation.
John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-470-69841-9. Retrieved 29
May 2013.
21. Jump up^ Burns (2002), p.11.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Fine and Manning (2003), p. 43.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 42.
24. Jump up^ Ben Highmore (2002). The Everyday Life Reader.
Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-415-23024-7. Retrieved 4
June 2013.
25. Jump up^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 51.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 52.
27. Jump up^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 55.
28. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Fine and Manning (2003), p. 56.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Fine and Manning (2003), p. 57.
30. Jump up^ Leeds-Hurwitz, W. (2008). Goffman, Erving. In W.
Donsbach (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of
communication (vol. 5, pp. 2001-2003). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
31. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Fine and Manning (2003), p. 45.
32. Jump up^ Kathy S. Stolley (2005). The basics of sociology.
Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-32387-4.
Retrieved 29 May 2013.
33. Jump up^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 58.
34. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fine and Manning (2003), p. 44.
35. ^ Jump up to:a b Smith (2006), p. 9.
36. Jump up^ Smith (2006), pp. 33–34.
37. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 35.
38. Jump up^ George Ritzer (2008). Sociological Theory. McGraw-
Hill Education. p. 372.
39. Jump up^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 46.
40. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 152.
41. ^ Jump up to:a b Lois Holzman; Fred Newman (10 May 2007). Lev
Vygotsky: Revolutionary Scientist. Taylor & Francis.
p. 211. ISBN 978-0-203-97786-6. Retrieved 29 May2013.
42. Jump up^ Steven J. Taylor (2009). Acts of Conscience: World
War II, Mental Institutions, and Religious Objectors. Syracuse
University Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-8156-0915-5. Retrieved 29
May 2013.
43. Jump up^ Michael Tonry (29 September 2011). The Oxford
Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press.
p. 884. ISBN 978-0-19-539508-2. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
44. Jump up^ "Extracts from Erving Goffman". A Middlesex
University resource. Retrieved8 November 2010.
45. ^ Jump up to:a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 49.
46. Jump up^ Weinstein R. (1982). "Goffman's Asylums and the
Social Situation of Mental Patients" (PDF). Orthomolecular
psychiatry 11 (N 4): 267–274.
47. Jump up^ Burns (2002), p. viii.
48. Jump up^ Davidson, Larry; Rakfeldt, Jaak; Strauss, John (editors)
(2010). The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry:
Lessons Learned. John Wiley and Sons. p. 150. ISBN 88-464-
5358-1.
49. Jump up^ Lester H., Gask L. (May 2006). "Delivering medical
care for patients with serious mental illness or promoting a
collaborative model of recovery?". British Journal of
Psychiatry 188 (5): 401–
402. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015933.PMID 16648523.
50. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 9.
51. Jump up^ John Scott (16 October 2006). Fifty Key Sociologists:
The Contemporary Theorists. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-203-
12890-9. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
52. ^ Jump up to:a b c Trevino (2003), p. 37.
53. Jump up^ Fine and Manning (2003), p. 47.
54. ^ Jump up to:a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 53.
55. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 39.
56. ^ Jump up to:a b Fine and Manning (2003), p. 54.
57. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 40.
58. Jump up^ Gender Advertisements by Erving Goffman. Harper &
Row,
1987http://books.google.com/books/about/Gender_advertisements.
html?id=u-btAAAAMAAJ
59. Jump up^ Riggins, Stephen Harold (1990). Beyond Goffman:
Studies on Communication, Institution, and Social Interaction.
Walter de Gruyter. pp. 4, 12, 54–56, 277–
280. ISBN 9783110122084. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
60. Jump up^ Bell, Philip; Milic, Marko (June 2002). "Goffman’s
Gender Advertisements revisited: combining content analysis with
semiotic analysis". Visual Communication 1 (2): 203–
222. doi:10.1177/147035720200100205. Retrieved12
December 2014.
 61. Jump up^ Russell Hochschild, Arlie (2003). The
Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes from Home and Work.
University of California Press. pp. 45–47.ISBN 0520214870.
Retrieved 12 December 2014.
62. Jump up^ Kang, Mee-Eun (December 1997). "The portrayal of
women’s images in magazine advertisements: Goffman’s gender
analysis revisited". Sex Roles 37 (11-12): 979–
996. doi:10.1007/bf02936350. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
63. Jump up^ Smith, Greg. Erving Goffman. Routledge. pp. 62, 68,
91–93, 116.ISBN 9781134252671. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b Rutledge Shields, Vickie (2001). Measuring Up: How
Advertising Affects Self-Image. University of Pennsylvania Press.
pp. 35–39. ISBN 0812236319. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
65. Jump up^ Trevino (2003), p. 41.
66. ^ Jump up to:a b Helm, David (1982). "Talk's Form: Comments on
Goffman’s Forms of Talk.".Human Studies 5 (2):
156. doi:10.1007/bf02127674. JSTOR 20008837.
67. Jump up^ Erving Goffman (1981). Forms of talk. University of
Pennsylvania Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-0-8122-1112-2. Retrieved 29
May 2013.
68. Jump up^ Erving Goffman (1981). Forms of talk. University of
Pennsylvania Press. p. 5.ISBN 978-0-8122-1112-2. Retrieved 29
May 2013.
69. Jump up^ Helm, David (1982). "Talk's Form: Comments on
Goffman’s Forms of Talk.".Human Studies 5 (2):
154. doi:10.1007/bf02127674. JSTOR 20008837.
Bibliography[edit]
 Burns, Tom (1992). Erving Goffman. London;New York:
Routledge. ISBN 0415064929.
 Burns, Tom (2002). Erving Goffman. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-20550-2.
 Elliot, Anthony; Ray, Larry J. (2003). Key Contemporary Social Theorists.
Blackwell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-631-21972-2.
 Fine, Gary A.; Manning, Philip (2003), "Erving Goffman", in Ritzer,
George, The Blackwell companion to major contemporary social theorists,
Malden, Massachusetts Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 9781405105958.
Also available as: Fine, Gary A.; Manning, Philip (2003). "Chapter 2. Erving
Goffman". Ritzer/Blackwell (Wiley): 34–
62. doi:10.1002/9780470999912.ch3.Extract.
 Fine, Gary Alan; Smith, Gregory W. H. (2000). Erving Goffman. vol. 1–
4. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-6863-6.
 Smith, Greg (2006). Erving Goffman ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Hoboken:
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00234-6.
 Trevino, A. Javier (2003). Goffman's Legacy. Lanham, Md.:Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0742519775.
  Winkin, Yves; Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy (2013). Erving Goffman: A critical
introduction to media and communication theory. New York: Peter
Lang.ISBN 143310993X.
Further reading[edit]
 Dirda, Michael (2010). "Waiting for Goffman", Lapham's Quarterly (Vol
3 No 4). ISSN 1935-7494
 Ditton, Jason (1980). The View of Goffman, New York:St. Martin’s
Press ISBN 978-0-312-84598-8
 Drew, Paul; Anthony J. Wootton (1988). Erving Goffman: Exploring the
Interaction Order. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-0393-3.
 Goffman, Erving; Lemert, Charles; Branaman, Ann (1997). The Goffman
reader. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-894-8.
 Manning, Philip (1992). Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology. Stanford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2026-7.
 Scheff, Thomas J. (2006). Goffman unbound!: a new paradigm for social
science. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-195-0.
 Verhoeven, J (1993). "An interview with Erving Goffman". Research on
Language and Social Interaction 26 (3): 317–
348. doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi2603_5.
 Verhoeven, J (1993). "Backstage with Erving Goffman: The context of the
interview". Research on Language and Social Interaction 26 (3): 307–
31.doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi2603_4.
 Algazi, Gadi. "Erving Goffman: A Bibliography,"  Department of
History, Tel Aviv University
 Brackwood, B. Diane. (1997). "Erving Goffman,"  Magill's Guide to 20th
Century Authors. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
 Cavan, Sherri. (2011, July). "When Erving Goffman Was a Boy."  Erving
Goffman Archive, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
 Dear Habermas (weekly journal), "Articles on Goffman," California State
University, Dominguez Hills. A listing of further reading and online
resources.
 Delaney, Michael. "Erving Goffman: Professional and Personal
Timeline," University of Nevada Las Vegas
 Teuber, Andreas. "Erving Goffman Biography," Brandeis University
 On Cooling the Mark Out: Some Aspects of Adaptation to Failure  (1952),
Erving Goffman