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B. K. PRASHANTH AND V. S. PATIL
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dharwad
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad- 580 005, Karnataka, India
E-mail: prashanthkrishna52@gmail.com
Introduction
Kalparasa (Coconut sap) in Sanskrit means ‘life essence’ inversion reaction, Maillard reaction and Caramelisation
of coconut tree. Coconut sap, normally called as neera, is a (Apriyantono et al., 2002; Ho et al., 2007).
natural health drink, which is traditionally collected from the
coconut spadix and consumed largely by the rural population. Material and methods
It is the phloem sap, rich in sugars, protein, minerals, anti- Experiment was conducted in Division of Physiology,
oxidants, vitamins, etc., utilized by the plant for the growth and Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology (PB & PHT), ICAR-
development of tender or mature coconut. As the flow of sap is Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasargod,
slow and highly prone to fermentation, collection of unfermented Kerala during the period of 2016-2017.
sap is a challenging task. While tapping, lime is commonly Palms of the CPCRI organisation were used for neera tapping
used to inhibit fermentation. Even with lime, the sap becomes and collected by indigenously developed coco sap chiller box
white with a foul smell making it unfit as a health drink (Hebbar method to get fresh, hygienic and unfermented sample (Hebbar
et al., 2015). et al., 2015).
The fermented sap is called ‘toddy’, which has a strong Freshly collected neera brought to laboratory in an ice box
odour that makes it unpalatable despite being nutritious. and filled in to sterilized polypropylene bottle (120 ml capacity).
Eventually the toddy becomes excessively acidic, sour with Each bottle was filled with 50 ml. sap on weight basis to ensure
unacceptable off odour. Over fermentation of palm wine may exact quantity of sample. Bottles were capped immediately and
cause diseases or infections such as diarrhea, hernia and kept in ice box. All the filling activities were carried out inside
headache (Chandrasekhar et al., 2012). Hence, it is important to the laminar air flow chamber to avoid contamination during
classify and control the process of fermentation and the filling and handling. The samples were used for following
pathogenic microorganisms. studies.
The challenge of collecting unfermented neera has been Fresh sap was filled in Poly Propylene (PP) bottles and
resolved with the development of ‘Coco sap chiller’ by CPCRI pasteurized using water bath. The temperature was maintained
and the sap thus collected is fresh, hygienic and zero alcoholic. using a thermostat. The pasteurization time was five minutes
This unfermented sap of coconut is named as Kalparasa and for each treatment. After the treatments the bottles were capped
registered under trademark (trade mark no. 2813919, w.e.f. and sealed air tight using cling film. Then the pasteurized
22-09-2014). contents in the bottles were allowed to cool down. The treated
To extend shelf life of palm sap, thermal process such as samples were stored under refrigerated temperature (0-4°C).
pasteurization and sterilization is usually applied. In Thailand, The pH was measured by digital pH meter (PcTestr35, Eutech
pasteurized palm sap was normally produced by heating at instruments,
boiling temperature for approximately 60 min. It has been
reported that thermal deterioration can take place during thermal Accuracy: ± 0.01 pH). Total Soluble Solids (TSS) was
processing and affects the quality of product, especially colour, measured by Otago digital refractometer (Pocket refractometer,
flavour and nutritional values. The most common chemical ATAGO, Accuracyý: ýBrix: ± 0.2 %). Total titratable acidity as
reactions that influence on the quality of heated sap are citric acid was determined by titrating against standard 0.01 N
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J. Farm Sci., 33(1): 2020
Table 2. Effect of thermal pasteurization on total soluble solid content of kalparasa From the mean, it is evident that
Treatments Days the per cent titratable acidity
0 1 3 5 7 9 12 16 Mean increased with the advancement of
T 1 - (Control) 16.5 16.3 16.2 16.0 15.6 16.1 11.3 10.3 14.8 storage period. Considering thermal
T 2 - (60 °C) 16.7 17.1 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.3a pasteurization treatments (T1 to T5),
T 3 - (70 °C) 16.5 17.5 15.9 15.8 16.4 16.2 16.2 16.4 16.4a higher level of titratable acidity
T 4 - (80 °C) 16.4 16.9 16.1 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.3a content (0.03 %) was seen in
T 5 - (90 °C) 16.4 16.7 16.1 16.0 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.3a T1 (control) on the initial day of
Mean 16.5b 16.9a 16.1c 16.0c 16.1c 16.1c 15.3d 15.1d 16.0 storage. The same treatment
For comparing means of S. Em.± C. D. at 5% maintained maximum per cent of
Treatments (T) 0.066 0.19 titratable acidity throughout the
Days (D) 0.083 0.24 storage period with the values of
TD 0.186 0.53 0.24, 0.27, 0.31, 0.32, 0.35, 0.41 and
Means with at least one letter common are not statistically significant 0.44 per cent at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and
2
Effect of thermal pasteurization on shelf life and .................
Table 3. Effect of thermal pasteurization on titratable acidity of kalparasa value of total sugar content was
Treatments Days 14.9 per cent. The mean values of
0 1 3 5 7 9 12 16 Mean total sugar content (14.1, 13.8, 13.4,
T 1 - (Control) 0.03 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.44 0.29a 13.3, 12.8, 12.0 and 11.8 %) at 1, 3, 5,
T 2 - (60 °C) 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.04b 7, 9, 12 and 16th day, respectively
T 3 - (70 °C) 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03c indicated that decreasing trend
T 4 - (80 °C) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02d with the increase in storage period.
T 5 - (90 °C) 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02e With respect to thermal
Mean 0.02f 0.06e 0.07e 0.08d 0.08d 0.10c 0.11b 0.12a 0.08 pasteurization treatments, maximum
For comparing means of S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% mean total sugar content of 14.4 per
Treatments (T) 0.003 0.010 cent was recorded in T5 (90 °C) and
Days (D) 0.003 0.010 also in T3 (70 °C) with the mean value
T D 0.007 0.020 of 14.3 per cent which were on par
Means with at least one letter common are not statistically significant with each other. The next higher
mean value of per cent total sugar
Table 4. Effect of thermal pasteurization on total sugar content of kalparasa
content was shown in T2 (13.9 %)
Treatments Days
and T4 (13.8 %), which were on par
0 1 3 5 7 9 12 16 Mean
with each other. However, minimum
T 1 - (Control) 14.9 12.1 11.5 9.8 9.7 9.1 6.1 5.8 9.9c
total sugar content was recorded
T 2 - (60 °C) 14.7 14.7 14.5 14.2 13.9 13.4 13.1 13.0 13.9b
T 3 - (70 °C) 15.2 15.0 14.7 14.4 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.4 14.3a
by T1 (control)
T 4 - (80 °C) 14.3 14.1 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.6 13.4 13.3 13.8b Total sugar content increased
T 5 - (90 °C) 15.1 14.8 14.5 14.5 14.7 14.1 13.9 13.6 14.4a after heat treatment, this was due to
Mean 14.9a 14.1b 13.8c 13.4d 13.3d 12.8e 12.0f 11.8g 13.3 evaporation of moisture during
For comparing means of S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% pasteurization. Per cent total sugar
Treatments (T) 0.059 0.17 content was decreased during
Days (D) 0.075 0.21 storage period and it was high in
TD 0.167 0.48 control; it declined from the initial
Means with at least one letter common are not statistically significant value of 14.9 per cent to 5.8 per cent
at the end of refrigerated storage
Table 5. Effect of thermal pasteurization on reducing sugar content of kalparasa condition. Nankean et al. (2015)
Treatments Days observed a positive correlation
0 1 3 5 7 9 12 16 Mean between the total sugar and TSS,
T 1 - (Control) 0.3 3.8 3.9 5.6 5.7 2.9 2.3 1.6 3.2a suggesting that the highest
T 2 - (60 °C) 0.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.8 1.7b
proportion of the soluble solid in
T 3 - (70 °C) 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.4 1.5bc
pasteurized palm sap were sugars.
T 4 - (80 °C) 0.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.9 1.4c
Among treatments, T 5 (90°C)
T 5 - (90 °C) 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.0d
recorded the maximum mean total
Mean 0.4d 1.5c 1.7c 2.1ab 2.3a 1.9bc 2.0ab 2.3a 1.8 sugar content in all storage
For comparing means of S. Em. ± C. D. at 5% conditions; this could be due to
Treatments (T) 0.091 0.26
more moisture loss during high
Days (D) 0.115 0.33
heating and maximum killing of
TD 0.256 0.73
microorganisms. Dioha et al. (2015)
Means with at least one letter common are not statistically significant
reported that palm wine sample was
16th day, respectively, followed by treatment T2 (60 °C) with the mean value of 0.04 per not degraded by microbes even after
cent. While treatment T5 (90 °C) recorded least acidity of 0.01 per cent up to 12th day of six months which was pasteurized
storage and 0.03 per cent on 16th day with the mean value of 0.02 per cent. at 60 °C for one hour.
The acids present in coconut inflorescence sap include lactic, acetic, tartaric Reducing sugar
and malic and citric acid, but the volatile acid mainly consists of acetic acid (Samarajeewa The data pertaining to per cent
et al., 1985). In refrigerated condition, treatment T5 (90°C) had lowest mean acid content reducing sugar co ntent of
(0.02 %), this indicates that, high temperature pasteurization could kill the fermenting ka lpa rasa as influenced by
microorganisms initially but during storage time, conditions favours the growth of thermal pasteurization treatments
micro-organisms. ar e p resented in Tab le 5. In
general, percentage of reducing
Total sugar
sugar increased with the
The data on the effect of thermal pasteurization treatments on the per cent total advancement of storage period
sugar content of Kalparasa are presented in Table 4. On the day of storage the mean was evident with the increasing
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J. Farm Sci., 33(1): 2020
trend in the mean values (0.4, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.3, 1.9, 2.0 and the minimum mean reducing sugar content (1.0 %) was observed
2.3 % at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 16 DAS, respectively) of in T5 (90 °C).
reducing sugar content. The inversion of sucrose has taken
Among the thermal treatments, increase in the temperature
place during storage, leading to the formation of fructose
increased the shelf life of the kalparasa. Higher temperature
and glucose (Naknean et al. 2015).
could kill the fermenting micro-organisms and preserve the bio
Among thermal pasteurization treatments (T 1 to T 5), chemical parameters from being degraded. As the colour of the
maximum reducing sugar content was observed in T1 (control) sap indicates quality, it indicates good when the sap colour is
with the increasing trend up to 7th day of storage (0.3, 3.8, 3.9, brown and devoid of foul smell. But, thermal pasteurization for
5.6 and 5.7 % at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 DAS, respectively) and declined five minutes at higher temperature (90 °C) leads to degradation
thereafter (2.9, 2.3 and 1.6 % at 9, 12 and 16th DAS, respectively). of its natural colour and imparts cooking flavour. The
The probable reason was explained by Xia et al. (2011) and intermediate thermal treatments like 70 and 80 °C could minimize
Shetty et al. (2017) that, this was due to sucrose being converted the thermal degradation with maintaining the optimum bio-
into fructose and glucose during initial fermentation, and the chemical constituents. So both 70 and 80 °C treatments were
reducing sugar was consumed by microorganisms at the later comparatively better. While treatment 60 °C for five minutes
stage.The next higher level of per cent mean reducing sugar could not able to completely inhibit the fermenting micro-
content was noticed in T2 (60 °C) with the value of 1.7. However, organisms during entire storage period.
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