The Journal of the Textile Institute

Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
for Predicting the Wrinkle Recovery of Woven Fabrics
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: JOTI.2505R1

Full Title: Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
for Predicting the Wrinkle Recovery of Woven Fabrics

Article Type: Research Paper

Keywords: Wrinkle recovery; woven fabric; prediction; ANN; ANFIS

Corresponding Author: Ahsan Nazir, MSc

National Textile University
Faisalabad, International PAKISTAN

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: National Textile University

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: Tanveer Hussain, PhD

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Tanveer Hussain, PhD

Zulfiqar Ali Malik, PhD

Zain Arshad

Ahsan Nazir, MSc

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive
neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) models for predicting the wrinkle recovery of polyester/cotton
woven fabrics. The prediction models were developed using experimental data set of
115 fabric samples of different constructions. Warp and weft yarn linear densities,
ends/25mm and picks/25mm were used as input/predictor variables, and warp and
weft crease recovery angles (CRA) as output/response variables. It was found that the
prediction accuracy of the ANN models was slightly better as compared to that of
ANFIS models developed in this study. However, the ANFIS models could characterize
the relationships between the input and output variables through surface plots, which
the ANN models couldn't. The developed models may be used to optimize the fabric
construction parameters for maximizing the wrinkle recovery of polyester/cotton woven
fabrics.

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Title Page With Author Information

Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy

Inference System for Predicting the Wrinkle Recovery of Woven Fabrics

Tanveer Hussain1 and Zulfiqar Ali Malik1, Zain Arshad1, Ahsan Nazir1*

1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, National Textile University Faisalabad, Pakistan

*ahsanpd@gmail.com
Response to Reviewer Comments
Reviewer’s Comments
The manuscript entitled "Comparison of Artificial
Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference
System for Predicting the Wrinkle Recovery of Woven
Fabrics" is a good experimental work and is well
presented
Why Polyester-Cotton fabrics were studied
(incorporate in introduction)? We know that wrinkle
recovery is bigger concern for cotton fabrics?
Please explain the experimental design. Why 128
samples and according to what design? It would be
better to give a table of variables with their levels
rather giving a list of 128 samples (Table 2)!
Was the ANN trained by trial or error or Levenberg-
Marquardt algorithm?
Page 5, Para 2 - Incorrect spelling of "feeforward"
Figure 2 & 3 --- The plots should be fully explained.
For warp direction, the angle increases for both "ends"
and "picks" increase while for weft direction only
"picks" cause increase at higher number of "ends" -
while for "ends" there is not much change. Why???
Authors’ Response
The authors are thankful to the reviewers for
his remarks and suggestions for further
improvement.
Although wrinkle recovery is a major concern
for 100% cotton fabrics, but the
polyester/cotton blended fabrics with
substantial amount of cotton also have poor
wrinkle recovery. This study is based on 52:48
blend ratio of polyester/cotton fabrics which
have poor wrinkle recovery as compared to
65:35 polyester/cotton blended fabrics.
In order to get higher productivity and a
balanced fabric structure, number of picks in
woven fabrics are always kept lower or equal
to the number of ends in the fabric. If a
statistical experimental design such as full
factorial is used, then there are some fabric
samples which have more number of picks
than the ends, which are practically not
feasible to produce in weaving. The fabric
constructions selected in this study are those
which are not only practically feasible in
weaving but also cover a broad range of areal
density for different end uses.
As suggested by the reviewer, Table 2 has
been changed.
The ANN was trained with ‘trainlm’ function
which uses Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
However, the network architecture, including
number of neurons, hidden layers and training
functions, were optimized through trial and
error
The correction has been made as suggested.
The following explanation has been added and
highlighted: “The interpolations of the surface
plots in Figure 2 and 3 need to be carefully
interpreted. Valid conclusions can only be
drawn by considering those parts of the surface
plots where the number of ends are equal or
greater than the number of picks, since there
were no fabric samples in the database which
had more number of picks than the ends. Such

Figure 4 & 5 --- Compared to Figure 2 and 3, different
scale for "crease recovery angle" axis are used. It's
better to be consistent. Again the discussion needs to
be thorough.
The presented work is good but the question is that is
the amount of data presented sufficient for a journal
publication? It would have been better to study more
fabric properties. At least, detailed analysis and
discussion with references to previous studies is a
must.
fabrics with more number of picks than the
ends are not commercially manufactured in
textile mills because of low productivity in
weaving as the weaving productivity depends
on the number of picks inserted per unit time.
Therefore, such samples were not
manufactured and included in the study.
Figure 3 depicts that at 50 ends/25 mm,
increase in picks/25 mm from 50 to 80 does
not result in any increase in CRA. This is not a
valid conclusion since in actual there were no
samples in which picks were greater than the
ends. The surface plot in figure 3
corresponding only to 80 ends/25mm should
be considered to make valid conclusions, since
in the sample database, all the fabric samples
either had less number of picks than the ends
or equal. Considering this part of the surface
plot in figure 3, it can be concluded that with
increase in number of picks, the wrinkle
resistance of the fabric in weft direction
increases”.
We tried to adjust the scales but the MATLAB
ANFIS tool selects the optimum scale by
default and there is not option in the tool to
change the scales.
The following discussion has been added in
the results: “The yarns with higher tex are
thicker and larger in diameter. Fabrics made
from thicker yarns offer more resistance to
the formation of wrinkles as compared to
those made from the thinner yarns. When
thicker yarns are bent under pressing load for
wrinkling, they tend to recover back because
of better resilience. Hence, the fabrics made
from higher tex yarns give overall better
wrinkle recovery results”
Although modeling of a single parameter (i.e.
wrinkle recovery) is reported in this study but
for the development of accurate models, it
involved testing 10 specimens each of 128
fabric samples, i.e. 1280 test results in the
warp and weft direction and on the face and
back sides of the fabric. However, as
 suggested by the reviewer, other properties
will be tested and their results may be
reported in future work.

Table 2

Predictor Range of Values Range of Values

Variables (on-loom fabric) (fabric after desizing)
Min. Max. Min. Max.
Warp count, tex 15 25 15 26
Weft count, tex 15 25 15 26
Ends/25mm 40 80 41 85
Picks/25mm 40 80 41 85
Anonymous Manuscript - no identifying information
Click here to download Anonymous Manuscript - no identifying information: Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro F

Comparison of Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy

Inference System for Predicting the Wrinkle Recovery of Woven Fabrics

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive
neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) models for predicting the wrinkle recovery of polyester/cotton
woven fabrics. The prediction models were developed using experimental data set of 115
fabric samples of different constructions. Warp and weft yarn linear densities, ends/25mm
and picks/25mm were used as input/predictor variables, and warp and weft crease recovery
angles (CRA) as output/response variables. It was found that the prediction accuracy of the
ANN models was slightly better as compared to that of ANFIS models developed in this
study. However, the ANFIS models could characterize the relationships between the input
and output variables through surface plots, which the ANN models couldn’t. The
developed models may be used to optimize the fabric construction parameters for
maximizing the wrinkle recovery of polyester/cotton woven fabrics.

Keywords: Wrinkle recovery, Woven fabric, Prediction, ANN, ANFIS

Introduction

Wrinkle recovery is the ability of a fabric to recover from any folding deformation [1]. It

is one of the key properties desirable in fabrics used for apparel, to enhance their visual

aesthetics as well as easy-care properties. Different fiber, yarn and fabric properties as well as

the fabric finishing parameters are known to affect the wrinkle recovery of woven fabrics. Fiber

type, its cross-section [2] and inter-fiber friction have been identified as important factors

affecting the wrinkle recovery in fabrics [3]. Yarn twist level and inter-fiber cohesion within the

yarn structure also affect the fabric wrinkle recovery properties [4, 5]. The effect of various

fabric parameters on the wrinkle recovery properties of woven fabrics has also been reported in
various studies [6-9].

There have been a few attempts in the past to model the wrinkle recovery behaviour of

woven fabrics. A theoretical model comprising a frictional element in parallel with a generalized

linear viscoelastic element was proposed by Chapman [10]. Some improvements in the

Chapman’s model have also been proposed [11, 12]. However, little work has been reported on

the development of empirical models for predicting the wrinkle recovery of woven fabrics.

Although wrinkle recovery is a major concern for 100% cotton fabrics, but the polyester/cotton

blended fabrics with substantial amount of cotton also have poor wrinkle recovery. This study is

based on 52:48 blend ratio of polyester/cotton fabrics which have poor wrinkle recovery as

compared to 65:35 polyester/cotton blended fabrics.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been applied extensively in modeling and

predicting textile behavior [13, 14]. Some recent studies on the application of ANN in predicting

textile behaviour include: prediction of tensile properties of cotton/spandex core-spun yarns [15],

prediction of tensile strength of polyester/cotton blended woven fabrics [16], prediction of

thermal resistance of woven fabrics [17], prediction of UV radiation protection of

polyester/cotton blended fabrics [18], and prediction of drape profile of woven fabrics [19].

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems have also been used quite successfully in recent

years for predicting different properties of fabrics including: bursting strength of knitted fabrics

[20], load-extension behaviour of woven fabrics [21], and bending rigidity of woven fabrics [22].

The aim of this study was to develop and compare the the artificial neural network (ANN) and

adaptive neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) models for predicting the wrinkle recovery of polyester/cotton

woven fabrics.
Materials and Methods
One hundred and twenty eight (128) fabric samples were woven on Sulzer weaving

machine (P 7150) in 3/1 twill weave design using polyester/cotton (52/48) blended yarns in both

warp and weft. Yarn specifications are given in Table 1. All the fabric samples were desized on

jigger machine using 5 g/L amylases enzyme at 5.5 pH and 60 °C temperature for 30 minutes,

followed by rinsing and drying. After desizing, the fabric specimens were placed in hot air oven

for preconditioning at a temperature of 47°C and relative humidity of 10 to 25% for 4 hours and

then for conditioning for 24 hours in standard atmospheric conditions according to ASTM D

1776. After conditioning the samples, actual fabric constructions including warp yarn linear

density, weft yarn linear density, ends per 25 mm and picks per 25mm were determined again

becauses these may have changed after any possible shrinkage during desizing. Total number of

warp

yarns and weft yarns in 25 mm length were counted according to ASTM D 3775. Linear

density of the warp and weft yarns was determined according to ASTM D 1059-01. The crease

recovery angle (CRA) of the fabric specimens was tested according to AATCC Test Method 66.

Out of the total 128 fabric samples, the data of 115 samples (Table 2) were used for developing

the prediction models, while the data of remaining 13 samples were selected for validation of the

models as hidden data set. In order to get higher productivity and a balanced fabric structure,

number of picks in woven fabrics is always kept lower or equal to the number of ends in the

fabric. If a statistical experimental design such as full factorial is used, then there are some fabric

samples which have more number of picks than the ends, which are practically not feasible to

produce in weaving. The fabric constructions selected in this study are those which are not only

practically feasible in weaving but also cover a broad range of areal density for different end
uses.

(Table 1)

(Table 2)

Development of ANN Models

The ANN Toolbox of MATLAB R2008b was used for developing the ANN models. Two

ANN models were designed separately for warp-way and weft-way crease recovery angle

prediction. ANNwp was developed for the prediction of warp-way crease recovery angle while

ANNwt for weft-way crease recovery angle. The most important component of ANN modelling

is the network architecture, including number of neurons, hidden layers and training functions,

which is optimized through trial and error. In this study, networks developed for both the warp

and weft-way wrinkle recovery were single layered feed-forward back propagation networks,

which are one of the most commonly used ANN. The number of hidden neurons for both the

models was 4. Both the networks were trained with ‘trainlm’ function which uses Levenberg-

Marquardt algorithm. However, the network architecture, including number of neurons, hidden

layers and training functions, were optimized through trial and error. In this study, 115 total input

output patterns each for warp and weft-way wrinkle recovery were divided among training,

testing and validation sets as 70 %, 15 % and 15 % respectively. The network performance

function was set to ‘mse’ which validates the performance on basis of mean squared error.

Backpropagation is a gradient descent algorithm and supervised form of learning from

the input and output pattern of data given to the network. Backpropagation feedforward networks

work on the principle of adjustment of initially set network weights according to the given output

by each observation presented during training session. The weight adjustment process continues
until the training error attains the minimum possible value. The change in the weights of the

network input variables is governed by the rule given in the following equation:

Where represents the change to be carried out in the weight of the link that is

connecting ith and jth unit when the p pattern is given to the network for training. The constant K

represents the learning rate of the neural network; is the error between the target and actual

output while is the value of the ith element of the input pattern [23].

Development of ANFIS Models

The same data set that was used for developing the ANN model was used for developing

the ANFIS model. The ANFIS Models were also developed using MATLAB R2008b. Figure 1

shows the structure of the developed adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS).

(Figure 1)

The ANFIS structure consists of four input variables, viz., warp tex, weft tex,

ends/25mm, picks/25mm, each with 3 triangular membership functions (MF). There is one

output variable i.e., crease recovery angle (CRA), each for warp and weft fabric directions. Both

the ANFIS models for warp and weft are based on 81 if-then rules of the form:

If w is A1 and x is B1 and y is C1, and D1 is z then output = k1w+k2x +k3y+k4z+k5

where w, x, y and z are inputs, A, B C and D are fuzzy membership functions (MF) for

corresponding inputs, and k1, k2, k3, k4 and k5 are constants determined by training the model.

The Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system (fis) was generated using grid partition method, and the
training of the system was accomplished using hybrid learning algorithm which applies a

combination of least-square method and the backpropagation gradient descent method. The

number and type of membership functions for different inputs were determined through trial and

error to result in a model with good fit and prediction accuracy of unknown input values.

Results and Discussion

The relationships between the inputs and the output variables were characterized through surface

plots as determined by the ANFIS. Figures 2 and 3 show that the warp crease recovery angle

(CRA) increases with increase in ends/25mm while the weft crease recovery angle improves

with increase in picks/25mm. The results are in agreement with a previous study [24]. As the

number of yarns in a fabric direction increases, their collective resistance to wrinkling and ability

to recover from wrinkling in that direction also increases. The interpolations of the surface plots

in Figure 2 and 3 need to be carefully interpreted. Valid conclusions can only be drawn by

considering those parts of the surface plots where the number of ends is equal or greater than the

number of picks, since there were no fabric samples in the database which had more number of

picks than the ends. Such fabrics with more number of picks than the ends are not commercially

manufactured in textile mills because of low productivity in weaving as the weaving productivity

depends on the number of picks inserted per unit time. Therefore, such samples were not

manufactured and included in the study.

Figure 3 depicts that at 50 ends/25 mm, increase in picks/25 mm from 50 to 80 does not

result in any increase in CRA. This is not a valid conclusion since in actual there were no

samples in which picks were greater than the ends. The surface plot in figure 3 corresponding

only to 80 ends/25mm should be considered to make valid conclusions, since in the sample

database, all the fabric samples either had less number of picks than the ends or equal.
Considering this part of the surface plot in figure 3, it can be concluded that with increase in

number of picks, the wrinkle resistance of the fabric in weft direction increases

(Figure 2 & 3)

Figures 4 and 5 show that increase in warp yarn tex improves the warp crease recovery

angle and increase in weft yarn tex results in increase in weft crease recovery angle. As the yarn

become coarser with increase in tex, it bending rigidity increases leading to increase in its

resistance to wrinkling and improved recovery from wrinkling. The yarns with higher tex are

thicker and larger in diameter. Fabrics made from thicker yarns offer more resistance to the

formation of wrinkles as compared to those made from the thinner yarns. When thicker yarns are

bent under pressing load for wrinkling, they tend to recover back because of better resilience.

Hence, the fabrics made from higher tex yarns give overall better wrinkle recovery results

(Figure 4 & 5)

Validation of the prediction models

Out of 128 fabrics samples, 13 each were used to check the validity of the developed

models for warp and weft crease recovery angle (CRA). A comparison of actual CRA values and

those predicted by the developed ANN and ANFIS models, is shown in Table 3. The Pearson

correlations between the actual and the predicted warp CRA by the ANN and ANFIS models

were found to be 0.974 (P-value 0.000) and 0.931 (P-value 0.000) respectively. The Pearson

correlations between the actual and the predicted weft CRA by the ANN and ANFIS models

were found to be 0.986 (P-value 0.000) and 0.962 (P-value 0.000) respectively. Overall, ANN

models were found to exhibit less absolute error (%) as compared to the ANFIS models.

(Table 3)
Conclusion
Artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (ANFIS) models

were developed for predicting the warp and weft crease recovery angles of polyester/cotton

woven fabrics by taking warp and weft yarn linear densities, ends/25mm and picks/25mm as

predictor variables. It was found that the fabric wrinkle recovery in warp or weft direction

increases with increase in yarn linear density and the fabric density in that direction. It was found

that both the ANN and ANFIS models have the ability to predict warp and weft wrinkle recovery

with very good accuracy, with ANN models being slightly better in performance. The developed

models could be used for optimizing the woven fabric wrinkle recovery through appropriate

selection of the fabric construction parameters.

References

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[16] Z. A. Malik, N. Haleem, M. H. Malik, and A. Tanwari, "Predicting the tensile strength of
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List of Figures

List of figures

Figure 1. ANFIS Structure

Figure 2 Effect of ends and picks on warp crease recovery angle (CRA)

Figure 3. Effect of ends and picks on weft crease recovery angle (CRA)

Figure 4. Effect of warp and weft tex on warp crease recovery angle (CRA)

Figure 5. Effect of warp and weft tex on weft crease recovery angle (CRA)
Figure

Figure 1. ANFIS Structure

Figure 2 Effect of ends and picks on warp crease recovery angle (CRA)
Figure 3. Effect of ends and picks on weft crease recovery angle (CRA)

Figure 4. Effect of warp and weft tex on warp crease recovery angle (CRA)

Figure 5. Effect of warp and weft tex on weft crease recovery angle (CRA)
List of Tables

List of tables

Table 1: Yarn Specifications

Table 2: Variables and range of values used

Table 3: Comparison of actual and predicted CRA values

Table

Table 1: Yarn Specifications

Linear density (tex)

S. No Specification
15 20 25

1 Actual linear density ( tex) 14.66 19.77 24.86

2 Linear density CV % 1.23 1.54 1.25

3 CVm % 15.74 17.24 15.19

4 CVb % 1.70 1.97 2.75

5 Hairiness 5.79 6.16 6.72

6 Imperfection 956 785 731

7 Breaking force ( CN) 272.47 391.82 537.93

8 CV for breaking force % 9.45 8.90 8.50

9 Breaking tenacity ( CN/tex) 18.59 19.82 18.59

10 Breaking elongation % 7.25 7.96 8.19

11 CV for elongation % 9.85 9.90 10.10

Table 2: Variables and range of values used

Predictor Range of Values Range of Values

Variables (on-loom fabric) (fabric after desizing)
Min. Max. Min. Max.
Warp count, tex 15 25 15 26
Weft count, tex 15 25 15 26
Ends/25mm 40 80 41 85
Picks/25mm 40 80 41 85
Table 3: Comparison of actual and predicted CRA values

Warp CRA Weft CRA

Warp Weft Absolute Error Absolute Error
No. E P Predicted Predicted
tex tex Actual % Actual %
ANN ANFIS ANN ANFIS ANN ANFIS ANN ANFIS
1 15 15 75 44 91 93 98 2 8 64 63 69 1.6 7.8
2 15 21 84 83 117 111 126 5 8 139 134 142 3.6 2.2
3 15 26 72 43 87 86 87 1 0 72 78 78 8.3 8.3
4 15 26 81 65 105 104 104 1 1 108 111 114 2.8 5.6
5 21 15 75 53 97 96 95 1 2 76 80 80 5.3 5.3
6 21 15 81 43 105 108 106 3 1 68 66 65 2.9 4.4
7 21 21 61 42 85 84 78 1 8 71 73 76 2.8 7.0
8 21 21 83 64 115 112 110 3 4 101 100 93 1.0 7.9
9 21 26 73 54 96 92 94 4 2 91 88 88 3.3 3.3
10 26 15 63 42 96 96 105 0 9 66 70 71 6.1 7.6
11 26 15 76 63 120 119 117 1 3 90 87 85 3.3 5.6
12 26 15 83 63 130 134 126 3 3 87 87 79 0.0 9.2
13 26 21 74 53 109 115 110 6 1 82 77 74 6.1 9.8
Mean 20.6 19.3 75.5 54.8 104.1 103.8 104.3 2.4 3.8 85.8 85.7 85.7 3.6 6.5