ADVANCED TEXTILES FOR

WOUND COMPRESSION
 Purposes of bandage
 Retention bandages are used to retain dressings in the correct
position.
 Support bandages provide retention and prevent the development of a deformity or
change in shape of a mass of tissue due to swelling or sagging.
 Compression bandages are employed mainly for the treatment of leg ulcers and
varicose veins.

BANDAGES
ELASTIC COMPRESSION
BANDAGES
 Function of Arteries
 Function of Veins
 Chronic venous insufficiency
 skin deteriorates to form ulcer
 high venous pressure causes oedema followed by tissue breakdown
 swollen veins (varicose veins) and Deep vein thrombosis may occur
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgENAX40DPI
 Venous ulcers
 appear between the ankle and mid-calf
 shallow, irregular in shape, and has sloping well-defined borders
 skin surrounding the wound is thickened and hyperpigmented
 With chronic ulcers a yellow–white exudate is observed
 A shiny appearance

VENOUS LEG ULCERS

 venous leg ulcers are chronic and there is no medication to cure the disease
other than the compression therapy
 A sustained graduated compression
 enhances the flow of blood back to the heart
 Improves the functioning of valves and calf muscle pumps
 Reduces oedema
 prevents the swelling of veins

VENOUS LEG ULCER TREATMENT

 The main function of a compression bandage is to exert external pressure onto the leg,
and this is determined by its elastic properties
 For compression therapy to be effective, it has to exceed the hydrostatic pressure within
the veins in order to
 narrow the vessels and
 achieve a subsequent increase in blood flow
 Initial narrowing of the veins occurs at a pressure of 30–40 mm Hg in both the sitting
and standing positions
 complete occlusion occurrs at 20–25 mm Hg (supine position),
50–60 mm Hg (sitting position), and at 70 mm Hg (standing position)

COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 compression stockings which exert external pressures of up to 40 mm Hg are
effective in increasing blood flow velocity and reducing oedema after
extended periods of sitting and standing
 short-stretch and multi-layered compression bandages which exert pressures of
over 40 mm Hg reduce venous hypertension during walking and improve the
venous pumping function.

COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 Classification
 elastic
 non-elastic
 Elastic
 Further classified acc. To level of compression

COMPRESSION BANDAGES
ELASTIC COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 Contains elastomeric yarns that are capable of recovering their size and shape
after extension giving similar performance properties to long-stretch
compression bandages
 There are three classification Standards for graduated compression hosiery: the
British Standard, French Standard, and German Standard.
 Patients are advised to wear elastic stockings every day after the ulcer has
healed in order to prevent recurrence

COMPRESSION BANDAGES
COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 single-layer bandage or multilayer bandages
 Multilayer
 Four layer
 comprises of padding bandage, crepe bandage, highcompression bandage and cohesive
bandage
 Two layer
 Both the two layer and four layer systems require padding bandage applied next to
skin

COMPRESSION SYSTEM
 compression bandages may be harmful if not applied properly
 high tension as well as high pressure
 thorough assessment involving several criteria is therefore essential before applying
a compression bandage on a limb
 it is important to consider
 the magnitude of the pressure
 the distribution of the pressure
 duration of the pressure
 radius of the limb
 number of bandage layers

IDEAL COMPRESSION BANDAGES

 The ability of a bandage to provide compression is determined by its construction and
the tensile force generated in the elastomeric fibres when extended
 Compression can be calculated by Laplace’s Law,
 states that the sub-bandage pressure is directly proportional to the
bandage tension during application and the number of layers applied
 inversely proportional to limb radius
 Sub-bandage pressure is a function of the tension induced into the compression bandage
during application
 Applying the bandage with a 50% overlap effectively produces two layers,
which generates twice the pressure

IDEAL COMPRESSION BANDAGES

 When a compression bandage is applied at a constant tension on a limb of
increasing circumference, it will produce a sub-bandage pressure gradient with
the highest pressure exerted on the ankle
 The ability of a bandage to maintain sub-bandage pressure is determined by
 the elastomeric properties of the yarns
 fabric structure
 finishing treatments applied to the fabric

IDEAL COMPRESSION BANDAGES

 An ideal compression bandage should:
 provide compression appropriate for the individual
 provide pressure evenly distributed over the anatomical contours;
 provide a gradient pressure diminishing from the angle to the upper
calf;
 maintain pressure and remain in position until the next change of
dressing;
 extend from the base of the toes to the tibial tuberosity without gap;
 function in a complimentary way with the dressing; and
 possess non-irritant and non-allergenic properties

IDEAL COMPRESSION BANDAGES

 sub-bandage pressure of 35–40 mm Hg at the ankle, which gradually reduces
to 17–20 mm Hg at the knee, is required to overcome venous hypertension and
successfully treat venous leg ulcers
 Changes with positions
 Elastic compression bandages that extend up to 200% are applied at 50%
extension and at 50% overlap to achieve the
desired pressure on the limb

IDEAL BANDAGE PRESSURE

 Nonuniform pressure may cause damage to venous system and promote
arterial diseases
 Commercial bandages do not distribute the pressure evenly at the ankle as well
as the calf region
 the structure of the non-woven padding bandages may collapse
 Comfort and a cushioning effect
 Multilayer bandages are too bulky for patients and the cost involved is high
 Stretch the bandages at 50%
 Selection of right compression bandage for the treatment

PRESENT PROBLEMS AND NOVEL

BANDAGES
 Inelastic short stretch bandage has the advantage of applying at full stretch
 do not expand when the calf muscle pump is exercised and the force of the muscle is directed
back into the leg which promotes venous return
 a small increase in the volume of the leg will result in a large increase in compression
 the bandage provides high compression in the upright position and little or no compression in
the recumbent position when it is not required.
 During walking and other exercises the sub-bandage pressure rises steeply and while at rest the
pressure comparatively drops

PRESENT PROBLEMS AND NOVEL

BANDAGES
 patients must be mobile to achieve effective compression and exercise is a vital part of this
form of compression
 the compression bandage is not in contact with the
skin when there is a reduction in limb swelling because the short stretch bandage is inelastic,
and it has already been stretched to its full
 For multi layer bandages successful bandaging relies upon adopting good technique in both
stretching the bandage to the correct tension and ensuring proper overlap between layers
 Need to have knowledge of the different performance properties of each bandage within the
multilayer system
 Novel non-woven variable compression bandage

PRESENT PROBLEMS AND NOVEL

BANDAGES
 Flexible, versatile, cost effective
 Meets the prerequisites of both ideal padding and compression bandages
 Different properties of inner, binding and upper layer fibers
 Possibility to produce low modulus structures using elastic fibers
 3D structure allows greater control over elasticity
 Engineered to be uni-directional, bi-directional and multi-directional
 Uni-directional elasticity is one of the desired properties for compression bandages

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACER
COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 Structure possesses desirable properties that are ideal for the human body
 Breathable
 control heat and moisture transfer
 Can also be produced using double-jersey weft knitting machines
 Cost effective

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACER
COMPRESSION BANDAGES
 Mainly depends on the structure and fibre content
 Distributes the applied pressure more uniformly
 Can be used as ideal padding bandages

PRESSURE TRANSFERENCE OF THREE-

DIMENSIONAL SPACER COMPRESSION
BANDAGES
 Infection control
 Healing improvement
 Controlling transport of biological fluid
 Haemostatic properties

APPLICATIONS OF DRUG DELIVERY

DRESSINGS