Code No: RR210202 Set No.

1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics and Electronics &
Computer Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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V ′ V
1. (a) Verify V1 = 1+ e− T /2RC
V1 = 1+eT / 2RC
(figure1a)

Figure 1a
For a symmetrical square wave applied to a high pass RC circuit.
(b) Draw the RC high pass circuit and explain its working with step voltage input.
[10+6]
2. (a) Give the circuits of series clipper circuits and explain their operation with the
help of transfer characteristics. [8]
(b) For the circuit shown in the figure 2b : sketch the input and output waveforms
if R = 1 KΩ [8]

Figure 2b
VR = 10 V, Vi = 20 Sin ωt
Rf = 100 Ω Rr =∝
Vγ = 0
3. (a) Explain the behavior of a BJT as a switch. Give Applications. [8]
(b) Write a short note on switching times of a transistor. [8]
4. (a) With the help of a diagram explain the working of a fixed Bias transistor
binary. [6]

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 1
(b) The fixed bias binary uses n-p-n silicon transistors with hf e =20. Assume that
Vcc =12volts, Vbb =3volts,Rc =1kΩ, R1 =10kΩ R2 =20kΩ. Find the stable state
current and voltages if Vce (sat)=0 and Vbe (sat)=0. [10]

5. (a) Bring out the necessity and importance of Time base circuits. [6]
(b) In the UJT sweep circuit, VBB = 20V, Vyy = 50V, R=5k, C=0.01 micro F.
UJT has η= 0.5. Calculate
i. amplitude of sweep signal
ii. Slope and displacement errors and
iii. estimated recovery time. [10]

6. (a) Bring out the importance of synchronization and frequency division. [8]
(b) The relaxation oscillator when running freely, generates an output sweep am-
plitude of 100V and frequency 1kHz. Synchronizing pulses are applied such
that at each pulse the breakdown voltage is lowered by 20V. Over what fre-
quency range may the synchronizing pulse frequency be varied if 1:1 synchro-
nization is to result? [8]

7. (a) What is a sampling gate? Explain the operation of series gate using JFET.
Sketch the input and output waveforms. [8]
(b) Illustrate the errors encountered in series sampling and what is the design
procedure to minimize these errors? [8]

8. Explain the recovery and loading considerations in blocking oscillator and the effect
of providing damping. Give an alternate circuit to have pulse period independent
of RL. [16]

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics and Electronics &
Computer Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. Explain the response of a low pass RC circuit to an exponential input and ramp
input. Derive the required equations. [16]

2. (a) Explain the principle of clamping. Discuss the effect of source impedance,
shunt resistance and cut in voltage. [6]
(b) For the figure 2b shown below, Vs is a sinusoidal voltage of peak 100 volts.
Assume ideal diodes. Sketch the output voltage. [10]

Figure 2b
3. (a) Explain the phenomenon of “latching” in a transistor switch. [6]
(b) A transistor has fT = 50 MHz, hF E =40, Cb′ c =3PF and operates with Vcc =12
V and Rc =500 Ω. The transistor is operating initially in the neighbourhood
of the cut-in point. What base current must be applied to drive the transistor
to saturation in 1µ sec? [10]

4. Design a Schmitt trigger circuit using n-p-n silicon transistors to meet the following
specifications:
Vcc =12v, UTP=4v, LTP=2v, hf e =60, Ic2 =3mA.
Use relevant assumptions and the empirical relationships. [16]

5. (a) List the methods of generating time-base waveforms. [4]

(b) Explain with neat diagrams the following methods of linearizing a voltage
sweep. [12]
i. Miller sweep
ii. Bootstrap sweep
Compare their merits and limitations.

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 2
6. (a) How astable multivibrator can be synchronized? Illustrate with waveforms.[8]
(b) A symmetrical astable multivibrator using transistor operates from 10V supply
has a period of 1msec. Triggering pulses of spacing 750 microsec are applied
to one base through a small capacitor from a high-impedance source. Find the
minimum triggering pulse amplitude required to achieve 1:1 synchronization.
[8]

7. Explain the operation of bi-directional sampling gate using diodes. Give the equiv-
alent circuit and derive the expression for gain. Derive the expressions for minimum
control voltages required. [16]

8. (a) Compare the diode controlled and RC controlled astable operated blocking
oscillator. [6]
(b) What are the advantages of RC controlled oscillator? [4]
(c) List the applications of blocking oscillators. [6]

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics and Electronics &
Computer Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) A square wave whose peak-to-peak value is 1V extends ± 0.5 V with respect
to ground. The duration of the positive section is 0.1 Sec and of the negative
section is 0.2 sec. If this wave form is impressed up on an RC differentiating
circuit whose time constant is 0.2 sec; what are the steady state maximum
and minimum values of the output waveform? [10]
(b) Prove that the area under the positive section is equal to the area under the
negative section of the output waveform of a high- pass RC circuit. [6]

2. (a) For the circuit shown in figure 2a Rs = Rf = 100 ohms, R = 10 K,

C= 1.0 micro farad. At t=0 symmetrical square wave is applied
with an amplitude of 10V and a frequency of 5KHz, sketch the output
wave form for the first two cycles. [8]

Figure 2a
(b) In the circuit shown in figure 2b Rf = 100 ohms, Rr = 10K, Vr =0.
Sketch the steady state output voltage indicating all voltages and time
constants, for the given input periodic waveform. [8]

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 3

Figure 2b
3. (a) Explain the behavior of a BJT as a switch. Give Applications. [8]
(b) Write a short note on switching times of a transistor. [8]
4. What is a monostable multivibrator? with the help of a neat circuit diagram explain
the principle of operation of a monostable multi and derive an expression for pulse
width. [16]
5. (a) Bring out the necessity and importance of Time base circuits. [6]
(b) In the UJT sweep circuit, VBB = 20V, Vyy = 50V, R=5k, C=0.01 micro F.
UJT has η= 0.5. Calculate
i. amplitude of sweep signal
ii. Slope and displacement errors and
iii. estimated recovery time. [10]
6. (a) Explain the operation of a sweep circuit as a divider. [8]
(b) The UJT relaxation oscillator is to be used as a 3:1 divider for pulses which
occur at a 2500 Hz rate. The available supply voltage is 30 V. The pulses are
applied at base B2 . Draw the circuit and calculate pulse amplitude. [8]
7. (a) What is a sampling gate? Explain the operation of series gate using JFET.
Sketch the input and output waveforms. [8]
(b) Illustrate the errors encountered in series sampling and what is the design
procedure to minimize these errors? [8]
8. In an astable transistor (diode controlled) blocking oscillator, if L = 5.2 mH, C =
90 pF, VCC = = 10 V, R = 500 Ω, Vr = 6V, η = 1 and VBB = 0.5V. Calculate
(a) the period and duty cycle of free oscillations [6]
(b) the peak voltage and currents [4]
(c) the current in the magnetizing inductance at the end one cycle. [6]
Neglect saturation junction voltages.

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS
( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Electronics & Telematics and Electronics &
Computer Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) For a parallel RLC circuit an input Vi is applied. Derive the Q factor of the
circuit. [4]
(b) Draw the response of the circuit for step input critically damped and over
damped cases for a fixed value of R and C. [12]
2. (a) Explain the principle of clamping. Discuss the effect of source impedance,
shunt resistance and cut in voltage. [6]
(b) For the figure 2b shown below, Vs is a sinusoidal voltage of peak 100 volts.
Assume ideal diodes. Sketch the output voltage. [10]

Figure 2b
3. (a) Explain how transistor can be used as a switch in the circuit, under what
condition a transistor is said to be ‘OFF’ and ‘ON’ respectively. [6]
(b) A germanium transistor is operated at room temperature in the CE configu-
ration. The supply voltage is 6 V, the collector-circuit resistance is 200 Ω and
the base current is 20 percent higher than the minimum value required to drive
the transistor into saturation. Assume the following transistor parameters:
Ico =-5µA, IEO =-2µA, hF E =100, and rbb′ =250 Ω. Find VBE (Sat) and VCE (Sat).
[10]
4. (a) What is an astable multivibrator? Explain. How does this differ with the
other multivibrators? [6]
(b) Derive an expression for the period of oscillations of astable multivibrator.[6]
(c) Bring out the effect of supply voltage, Junction voltages and temperature on
the period of oscillations of the astable multi. [4]
5. (a) Draw the circuit of a constant current sweep circuit and derive the expression
for sweep voltage. [8]

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Code No: RR210202 Set No. 4
(b) In transistor constant current sweep circuit what happens if temperature is
increased? What sort of circuit provides temperature compensation? [8]

6. (a) How astable multivibrator can be synchronized? Illustrate with waveforms.[8]

(b) A symmetrical astable multivibrator using transistor operates from 10V supply
has a period of 1msec. Triggering pulses of spacing 750 microsec are applied
to one base through a small capacitor from a high-impedance source. Find the
minimum triggering pulse amplitude required to achieve 1:1 synchronization.
[8]

7. (a) What is Pedestal? How does it occur in a gate circuit? [8]

(b) How pedestal can be reduced in a gate circuit? [8]

8. In an astable transistor (diode controlled) blocking oscillator, if L = 5.2 mH, C =

90 pF, VCC = = 10 V, R = 500 Ω, Vr = 6V, η = 1 and VBB = 0.5V. Calculate

(a) the period and duty cycle of free oscillations [6]

(b) the peak voltage and currents [4]
(c) the current in the magnetizing inductance at the end one cycle. [6]

Neglect saturation junction voltages.

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