Electrical Technology Lab Manual

Contents
1. MEASURING METHODS OF RESISTANCE ............................................................................. 2

2. VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW & POWER CALCULATION................................................ 5
3. CHARCTERISTICS OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS ............................................. 11
4. COMBINATION OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS................................................... 15
5. VERIFICATION OF VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE .................................................................... 19
6. VERIFICATION OF CURRENT DIVIDER RULE .................................................................... 21
7. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW............................................................... 23
8. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW .............................................................. 25
9. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM ................................................................. 27
10. MESH ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 30
11. UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF OSCILLOSCOPE ........................................................ 32
Experiment No. 1
1. MEASURING METHODS OF RESISTANCE
OBJECTIVE
To understand about the resistance measurement through color coding and multimeter
APPARATUS/COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Different Valued Resistors.
2. Multimeter.
PROCEDURE
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY MULTIMETER
 Resistance is never measured by an ohm-meter in a live network, due to the possibility of

damaging the meter with excessively high currents and obtaining readings that have no
meaning.
 Always start with the highest range of the instrument and switch down to the proper range
successively.
 Use the range in which the deflection falls in the upper half of the meter scale.
 Try to ascertain the polarity of dc voltages before making the measurement.
 Whenever measuring the resistance of a resistor in a circuit, note whether there are any other
resistive elements that could cause an error in the reading. It may be necessary to disconnect
one side of the resistor before measuring.
 Check the zero and ohms adjustments each time the range is changed.
 When making measurements, grip the test prods by the handles as close to the lead end as
possible. Do not allow the fingers to touch the prod tips while measuring.
 Keep the instruments away from the edge of the workbench, and away from heat and
dangerous fumes.
 There is no zero adjustment on a DMM, but make sure that R=0 ohm when the leads are
touching or an adjustment internal to the meter may have to be made. Any resistance above
the maximum for a chosen scale will result in an O.L. indication. The ranges are usually
marked as multiples of R.
2
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY COLOR CODING
 The resistance of many resistors can be determined by reading a series of colored bands
imprinted on the resistor body. In this scheme called “Resistor Color Code” each color
represents a different decimal digit.
 The first three bands of the color code are used to specify nominal value of the resistance, and
the fourth, or tolerance band, gives the percent deviation from the nominal value that the
actual resistor may have.
 Due to manufacturing variations, the actual resistance may be anywhere in a range equal to
the nominal value plus or minus a certain percentage of that value.
3
OBSERVATIONS & READINGS
PRECAUTIONS
 Pay full attention in lab.

 Use tools properly.
4
Experiment No. 2
2. VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW & POWER CALCULATION
A) VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW

OBJECTIVE
To understand and verify the ohms law and their characteristics
 BASIC TRAINER (DEV-2769)
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
 Connecting wires
THEORY
Ohm’s law describes how voltage ‘V’, current ’I’, and resistance ‘R’ in a circuit are related.
According to this law:
“The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the circuit resistance”
Mathematically, it can written as,
V V
I ; thus R 
R I
CIRCUIT
5
PROCEDURE
Current versus voltage
 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

 Turn on the power supply and adjust it to 2V. Measure the current I in amperes and record it
in the table.
 Measure and record in turn, the current I (in amperes) at each of the voltage settings shown in
the table, for R =100 Ω.
 Calculate the value of current I by using I=V/R.
 Plot a graph of I versus V. (use measured values)
Current versus resistance

 Turn on the power supply and adjust it to 10V. Measure the current I in amperes and record it
in the table.
 Measure and record in turn, the current I (in amperes) at each of the resistance settings shown
in the table, for V= 10V.
 Calculate the value of current I by using I=V/R.
 Plot a graph of I versus R. (use measured values)

Current versus voltage
S.NO VOLTAGE(V) RESISTANCE(Ω) MEASURED I CALCULATED I

(AMP) (AMP)
1
2
3
4
5
Current versus resistance
S.NO VOLTAGE(V) RESISTANCE(Ω) MEASURED I CALCULATED I

(AMP) (AMP)
1
2
3
4
5
6
PRECAUTIONS

 Handle the trainer and multimeter properly.
 Insert the components properly in breadboard.
 After completion of the lab, switch off the power supply and return the apparatus.
7
b) POWER IN DC CIRCUITS
OBJECTIVE
To understand about the power in series & parallel DC circuits.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
The power absorbed or delivered by a resistor can be calculated from the expression P = VI
together with Ohm’s law V = IR. If we know the resistance and the voltage, then
On the other hand, if we know the current through the resistor then we write
Remember, a resistor is an element that gives off energy, usually in the form of heat and
sometimes in the form of light. Hence, a resistor always absorbs power.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
POWER IN SERIES CIRCUIT
8
POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT
PROCEDURE

 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 220Ω, 100Ω and
1KΩ.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Measure voltage across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Calculate the power across each resistor.

1KΩ.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Measure current across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Calculate the power across each resistor.
MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

(V)
V1
V2
V3
VT
MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

(I)
I1
I2
I3
IT
9
CALCULATED
VALUE (P)
P1
P2
P3

(V)
V1
V2
V3
VT

(I)
I1
I2
I3
IT
CALCULATED
VALUE (P)
P1
P2
P3
PRECAUTIONS

10
Experiment No. 3
3. CHARCTERISTICS OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS
OBJECTIVE
To understand about the characteristics of series & parallel DC circuits.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
In a series circuit the resistors are connected end-to-end such that the current is the same
through each resistor; the current has only one path available. The voltage drop across each
resistor depends on the resistor value. For a series circuit the total equivalent resistance, Req,
is:
Resistors are said to be in parallel when they are connected at both ends, such that the
potential difference applied across the combination is the same as the potential difference
applied across an individual resistor. The current through each resistor depends on the
resistor value. The current has more than one path available, and takes all available paths. For
a parallel circuit the total equivalent resistance, Req, is:
11
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
PROCEDURE
SERIES CIRCUIT

100Ω.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Calculate the total resistance RT and total current IT.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 Measure the currents iT, i1, i2, i3.
12
SERIES CIRCUIT
 RESISTOR
 VOLTAGE
 CURRENT
13
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 R ESISTOR
 VOLTAGE
 CURRENT
PRECAUTIONS

14
Experiment No. 4
4. COMBINATION OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC

CIRCUITS
OBJECTIVE
To understand about the combination of series & parallel DC circuits and also Verify
the voltage divider rule (VDR) and the current divider rule (CDR).
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT
15
PARALLEL-SERIES CIRCUIT
PROCEDURE

 Calculate the total resistance RT and total current IT.
 Measure current & voltage across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.

 Measure voltage drop across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Compute total current IT.
16

(V)
V1
V2
V3

(I)
I1
I2
I3
SR.NO TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

RESISTANCE VOLTAGE CURRENT
CALCULATED
MEASURED

(V)
V1
V2
V3

(I)
I1
I2
I3
SR.NO TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

RESISTANCE VOLTAGE CURRENT
CALCULATED
MEASURED
17
PRECAUTIONS

18
Experiment No. 5
5. VERIFICATION OF VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to analyze and verify the Voltage Divider Rule.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
The Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) states that the voltage across an element or across a series
combination of elements in a series circuit is equal to the resistance of the element or series
combination of elements divided by the total resistance of the series circuit and multiplied by
the total impressed voltage:
Rn
vn = vs
Rtotal
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
19
PROCEDURE
 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 1.1k, 2.2k, and
3.3kΩ.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Calculate voltage across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.

(V)
V1
V2
V3
MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE

(R) (R)
R1
R2
R3
CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
 Do not disassemble your circuit until your Instructor has been signed off as complete.
20
Experiment No. 6
6. VERIFICATION OF CURRENT DIVIDER RULE
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to analyze and verify the Current Divider Rule.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
The Current Divider Rule (CDR) states that the current through one of two parallel
branches is equal to the resistance of the other branch divided by the sum of the resistances of
the two parallel branches and multiplied by the total current entering the two parallel
branches. That is,
Rparallel
in = isource
Rn
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
21
PROCEDURE
 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 1.1kΩ, 2.2kΩ,
and 3.3kΩ. Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Measure current through each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Calculate current through each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.

(V)
V1
V2
V3

(I)
I1
I2
I3
CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
22
Experiment No. 7
7. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law for the dc
circuit by experimental methods.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the sum of the currents into a node is
zero, or, alternatively, the sum of currents out of a node is zero. For KCL to hold, all
the currents must have a reference direction that is into the node, or, all the currents
must have a reference direction that is out of the node. You cannot mix directions.
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
23
PROCEDURE

 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 47Ω, 1kΩ, 22kΩ,
and 1.2KΩ.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Calculate the total resistance and total current.
 Measure current across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
RT IT IN I2 I3 I4
CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
24
Experiment No. 8
8. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law for the dc
circuit by experimental methods.
(DEV
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
This law is also called Kirchhoff's second law, rule, and Kirchhoff's
law Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule
second rule. The principle of conservation of energy implies that
“The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed
circuit is zero”
We observe five voltages in Figure, v4 across a voltage source, and the four voltages v1, v2,
v3 and v5 across the resistors R1, R2, R3 and R5, respectively. The voltage source and resistors
R1, R2 and R3 comprise a closed circuit path, thus the sum of the voltages v4, v1, v2 and
v3 must be zero:
∑ v n = v4 + v 1 + v 2 + v3 = 0
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
25
PROCEDURE
 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 2.2kΩ, 1kΩ,
470kΩ, and 1.2KΩ.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Calculate the total resistance and total current.
 Measure the voltage across each resistor with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Calculate the total voltage.
RT IT VAB VBC VCD VDE Vsum
CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
26
Experiment No. 9
9. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to analyze and verify the superposition theorem.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that
“The response (Voltage or Current) in any branch of a bilateral linear circuit having
more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused
by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources are
replaced by their internal impedances”
To ascertain the contribution of each individual source, all of the other sources first
must be "turned off" (set to zero) by:
1. Replacing all other independent voltage sources with a short circuit (thereby
eliminating difference of potential. i.e. V=0, internal impedance of ideal voltage
source is ZERO (short circuit)).
2. Replacing all other independent current sources with an open circuit (thereby
eliminating current. i.e. I=0, internal impedance of ideal current source is infinite
(open circuit).
This procedure is followed for each source in turn, and then the resultant responses
are added to determine the true operation of the circuit. The resultant circuit operation
is the superposition of the various voltage and current sources.
27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
 Set the Dc supply to 12V and 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 3.3kΩ,
2.2kΩ, 1.2KΩ .Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Measure the Current across each resistance and total current considering V1 and replace the
V2 and record it in the Table.
 Measure the Current across each resistance and total current considering V2 and replace the
V1 and record it in the Table.
 Now considering both sources and find the current across each resistance and total current
and record in table.
 Calculate the current considering last steps and verify the results.

SERIAL I1 I2 I3 IT
FOR 12V
FOR 5V
BOTH (5 &
12V)
CALCULATIONS
28
PRECAUTIONS
29
Experiment No. 5
10. MESH ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to Mesh Analysis for the dc circuit by
experimental methods.
 DC Power Supply
 Multi-meter
 Resistors
THEORY
In mesh analysis, KVL is applied with mesh currents, which are currents assigned to meshes,
and, preferably referenced to flow clockwise, as shown in Figure. KVL is applied to each
mesh, one at a time, using the fact that in the direction of a current I. the voltage drop across a
resistor is IR. The voltage drops across the resistors taken in the direction of the mesh currents
are set equal to the voltage rises across the voltage sources.
As an illustration, in the circuit shown in Figure, around mesh 1 the drops across resistors R1
and R3 , are I1R1 , and (I1-I2) R3 , respectively, the latter because the current through R , in the
direction of I , is I1 – I2. The total voltage rise from voltage sources is V, - V, in which V3 has
a negative sign because it is a voltage drop. So, the mesh equation for mesh 1 is;
It is easier to write mesh equations using self-resistances and mutual resistances than it is to
directly apply KVL. Doing this for mesh 2 results in
30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
 Set the Dc supply to 5V by using DMM. Pick the resistances having values 1.2kΩ, 2.2kΩ,
330Ω, and 100Ω.Also verify their resistance by using DMM.
 Measure the Current across each Mesh with DMM and record it in the Table.
 Calculate the current across each Mesh using loop equations and verify the results.

SERIAL
MESH 1 (I1) MESH 2 (I2)
PRACTICAL
CALCULATED
CALCULATIONS
PRECAUTIONS
31
Experiment No. 11
11. Understanding the basics of Oscilloscope
OBJECTIVE
A brief description of the equipment (Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Power Supply, and Digital
Multimeter) and its operational principles are discussed. The students are urged to read the operational
manuals of the equipment and do all the pre-lab problems before coming to perform the experiment
designed to familiarize to the equipment.
In this experiment the students will learn how to use:
i) Oscilloscope
ii) Function Generator
iii) Digital Multimeter
iv) Power Supply
Ground:
The issue of ground connections is a concern in the lab. Lab instruments have terminals so that we
connect them to circuits. For example, in the Tek PS 280 Dual Power Supply, we see plus (+) and
minus (-) terminals.
The voltage between the two terminals is well defined by your setting. Also, we see the third
terminal (called "ground") between plus and minus terminals. The ground terminal may be
connected to the internal chassis of the power supply ("chassis ground") and to the ground lead
of the power cord's plug.
When you plug in the power supply, the ground lead of the power cord comes in contact with the
ground terminal of the power outlets on your bench, which is connected to earth potential for
safety. In fact, other instruments on your bench, on other benches, or even elsewhere in the
building may have their grounds connected to that same point, through the third wire of their
power cords.
When we use a power supply with output floating (i.e., neither plus or minus terminal connected
to ground), then the voltage between A and B, VAB, is well defined as V.
32
However, VAG and VBG are not defined. To avoid this, we should strap one of the two output
terminals to the ground, as shown below.
Then, all the voltages are well defined: VAB=V, VBG=0, VAG=VAB+VBG=V. By this we develop a
positive voltage at terminal A. When we need a negative voltage with respect to ground, we use
the following connection.
Here terminal B has -V with respect to ground.

Generation of Signal Using Function Generator
Tek CFG280 Function Generator can generates Outputs of Square wave, sine wave,
triangle wave, TTL pulse, positive and negative ramp, pulse and skewed sine wave,
AM, and sweep functions in the Frequency Ranges 0.1 Hz to 11 MHz Main output
amplitudes are:
200 mV to 20V p-p (open
circuit)
100 mV to 10V p-p (50 _ load)
33
1. Describe the functions of each of the following oscilloscope controls.
a) Focus
b) Vertical position
c) A and B SEC/DIV Switches
d) Input Coupling (AC-GND-DC) Switches
2. Calculate the time elapsed between two points on a waveform separated by 4 cm., if the sweep time
of the scope is :
a) 1 ms/cm
b) 2 s/cm
c) 50 s/cm
3. Sketch a 1 Volt peak to peak, 1 KHz. Square wave as it would appear on a scope with a
horizontal sweep of 1 ms/div. and a vertical deflection of 1 Volt/div. A graph sheet must be
used for this sketch and the units on each axis must be clearly indicated.
4. For the given Sine wave pattern on the scope, calculate

a) V pp
b) T(period)
c) Frequency
*note that the time in x-axis is in milli-second.
5. Explain and draw a connection diagram of terminals, using the Tek PS280 dual power supply,
how to generate dual voltage of +5Vdc and -9V dc.
34

Electrical Technology Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Technology Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

1. MEASURING METHODS OF RESISTANCE ............................................................................. 2

 Resistance is never measured by an ohm-meter in a live network, due to the possibility of

 Pay full attention in lab.

A) VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

Current versus resistance

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

S.NO VOLTAGE(V) RESISTANCE(Ω) MEASURED I CALCULATED I

Current versus resistance

S.NO VOLTAGE(V) RESISTANCE(Ω) MEASURED I CALCULATED I

 Pay full attention in lab.

POWER IN SERIES CIRCUIT

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

POWER IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

 Pay full attention in lab.

3. CHARCTERISTICS OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

 Pay full attention in lab.

4. COMBINATION OF SERIES & PARALLEL DC

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

SR.NO TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

SR.NO TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

 Pay full attention in lab.

5. VERIFICATION OF VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE

6. VERIFICATION OF CURRENT DIVIDER RULE

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (V)

MEASURED VALUE CALCULATED VALUE (I)

7. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

 Connect the circuit according to circuit diagram.

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

8. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

RT IT VAB VBC VCD VDE Vsum

9. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The superposition theorem for electrical circuits states that

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

10. MESH ANALYSIS

OBSERVATIONS & READINGS

11. Understanding the basics of Oscilloscope

In this experiment the students will learn how to use:

Here terminal B has -V with respect to ground.

4. For the given Sine wave pattern on the scope, calculate

You might also like