Java Programs

CONTENTS
1. Java Program to Print an Integer (Entered by the User)

2. Java Program to Add Two Integers
3. Java Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers
4. Java Program to Find ASCII Value of a character
5. Java Program to Compute Quotient and Remainder
6. Java Program to Swap Two Numbers
7. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd
8. Java Program to Check Whether an Alphabet is Vowel or Consonant
9. Java Program to Find the Largest Among Three Numbers
10. Java Program to Find all Roots of a Quadratic Equation
11. Java Program to Check Leap Year
12. Java Program to Check Whether a Character is Alphabet or Not
13. Java Program to Calculate the Sum of Natural Numbers
14. Java Program to Find Factorial of a Number
15. Java Program to Generate Multiplication Table
16. Java Program to Display Fibonacci Series
17. Java Program to Find GCD of two Numbers
18. Java Program to Find LCM of two Numbers
19. Java Program to Display Characters from A to Z using loop
20. Java Program to Count Number of Digits in an Integer
21. Java Program to Reverse a Number
22. Java Program to Calculate the Power of a Number
23. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Palindrome or Not
24. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Prime or Not
25. Java Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Two Intervals
26. Java Program to Check Armstrong Number
27. Java Program to Display Armstrong Number Between Two Intervals
28. Java Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Intervals Using Function
29. Java Program to Display Armstrong Numbers Between Intervals Using Function
30. Java Program to Check Whether a Number can be Expressed as Sum of Two
Prime Numbers
31. Java Program to Find the Sum of Natural Numbers using Recursion
32. Java Program to Find Factorial of a Number Using Recursion
33. Java Program to Find G.C.D Using Recursion
34. Java Program to Convert Binary Number to Decimal and vice-versa
35. Java Program to Convert Octal Number to Decimal and vice-versa
36. Java Program to Convert Binary Number to Octal and vice-versa
37. Java Program to Reverse a Sentence Using Recursion
38. Java Program to calculate the power using recursion
39. Java Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays
40. Java Program to Find Largest Element of an Array
41. Java Program to Calculate Standard Deviation
42. Java Program to Add Two Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
43. Java Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays
44. Java Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to a Function
45. Java Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix
46. Java Program to Print an Array
47. Java Program to Concatenate Two Arrays
48. Java Program to Check if An Array Contains a Given Value
49. Java Program to Find the Frequency of Character in a String
50. Java Program to Count the Number of Vowels and Consonants in a Sentence
51. Java Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary Order)
52. Java Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Class to a Function
53. Java Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods
54. Java Program to Remove All Whitespaces from a String
55. Java Program to Determine the class of an object
56. Java Program to Create an enum class
57. Java Program to Print object of a class
58. Java Program to Create custom exception
59. Java Program to Create a immutable class
60. Java Program to Convert String to Date
61. Java Program to Convert a Stack Trace to a String
62. Java Program to Compare Strings
63. Java Program to Check if a String is Numeric
64. Java Program to Check if two strings are anagram
65. Java Program to Compute all the permutations of the string
66. Java Program to Create random strings
67. Java Program to Clear the StringBuffer
68. Java Program to Capitalize the first character of each word in a String
69. Java Program to Iterate through each characters of the string.
70. Java Program to Display Factors of a Number
71. Java Program to Make a Simple Calculator Using switch...case
72. Java Code To Create Pyramid and Pattern
73. Java Program to Round a Number to n Decimal Places
74. Java Program to Convert Character to String and Vice-Versa
75. Java Program to Check if a String is Empty or Null
76. Java Program to Get Current Date/TIme
77. Java Program to Convert Milliseconds to Minutes and Seconds
78. Java Program to Add Two Dates
79. Java Program to Join Two Lists
80. Java Program to Convert the ArrayList to an array and vice versa
81. Java Program to Get Current Working Directory
82. Java Program to Convert Map (HashMap) to List
83. Java Program to Convert Array to Set (HashSet) and Vice-Versa
84. Java Program to Convert Byte Array to Hexadecimal
85. Java Program to Create String from Contents of a File
86. Java Program to Append Text to an Existing File
87. Java Program to Convert File to byte array and Vice-Versa
88. Java Program to Convert InputStream to String
89. Java Program to Convert OutputStream to String
90. Java Program to Lookup enum by String value
91. Java Program to Sort a Map By Values
92. Java Program to Sort ArrayList of Custom Objects By Property
93. Java Program to Create Directories
94. Java Program to Rename File
95. Java Program to Get all Files Present in a Directory
96. Java Program to Copy File
97. Java Program to convert char type variables to int
98. Java Program to convert int type variables to char
99. Java Program to convert long type variables into int
100. Java Program to convert int type variables to long
101. Java Program to convert boolean variables into string
102. Java Program to convert string type variables into boolean
103. Java Program to convert string type variables into int
104. Java Program to convert int type variables to String
105. Java Program to convert int type variables to double
106. Java Program to convert double type variables to int
107. Java Program to convert string variables to double
108. Java Program to convert double type variables to string
109. Java Program to convert primitive types to objects and vice versa
110. Java Program to Implement Bubble Sort algorithm
111. Java Program to Implement Quick Sort Algorithm
112. Java Program to Implement Merge Sort Algorithm
113. Java Program to Implement Binary Search Algorithm
114. Java Program to Call One Constructor from another
115. Java Program to implement private constructors
116. Java Program to pass lambda expression as a method argument
117. Java Program to pass methods as arguments to other methods
118. Java Program to Calculate the Execution Time of Methods
119. Java Program to Convert a String into the InputStream
120. Java Program to Convert the InputStream into Byte Array
121. Java Program to Load File as InputStream
122. Java Program to Create File and Write to the File
123. Java Program to Read the Content of a File Line by Line
124. Java Program to Delete File in Java
125. Java Program to Delete Empty and Non-empty Directory
126. Java Program to Get the File Extension
127. Java Program to Get the name of the file from the absolute path
128. Java Program to Get the relative path from two absolute paths
129. Java Program to Count number of lines present in the file
130. Java Program to Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two strings
131. Java Program to Implement the graph data structure
132. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative
133. Java Program to Differentiate String == operator and equals() method
134. Java Program to Implement switch statement on strings
135. Java Program to Calculate simple interest and compound interest
136. Java Program to Implement multiple inheritance
137. Java Program to Determine the name and version of the operating system
138. Java Program to Check if two of three boolean variables are true
139. Java Program to Iterate over enum
140. Java Program to Check the birthday and print Happy Birthday message
141. Java Program to Implement LinkedList
142. Java Program to Implement stack data structure
143. Java Program to Implement the queue data structure
144. Java Program to Get the middle element of LinkedList in a single iteration
145. Java Program to Convert the LinkedList into an Array and vice versa
146. Java Program to Convert the ArrayList into a string and vice versa
147. Java Program to Iterate over an ArrayList
148. Java Program to Iterate over a HashMap
149. Java Program to Iterate over a Set
150. Java Program to Merge two lists
151. Java Program to Update value of HashMap using key
152. Java Program to Remove duplicate elements from ArrayList
153. Java Program to Get key from HashMap using the value
154. Java Program to Detect loop in a LinkedList
155. Java Program to Calculate union of two sets
156. Java Program to Calculate the intersection of two sets
157. Java Program to Calculate the difference between two sets
158. Java Program to Check if a set is the subset of another set
159. Java Program to Sort map by keys
160. Java Program to Pass ArrayList as the function argument
161. Java Program to Iterate over ArrayList using Lambda Expression
162. Java Program to Implement Binary Tree Data Structure
163. Java Program to Perform the preorder tree traversal
164. Java Program to Perform the postorder tree traversal
165. Java Program to Perform the inorder tree traversal
166. Java Program to Count number of leaf nodes in a tree
167. Java Program to Check if a string contains a substring
168. Java Program to Access private members of a class
1. Java Program to Print an Integer (Entered by the User)
In this program, you'll learn to print a number entered by the user in Java. The integer is stored in a variable
using System.in, and is displayed on the screen using System.out.
To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Java programming topics:
Java Hello World Program
Java Basic Input and Output
Example: How to Print an Integer entered by an user
import java.util.Scanner;
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creates a reader instance which takes
// input from standard input - keyboard
Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
// nextInt() reads the next integer from the keyboard
int number = reader.nextInt();
// println() prints the following line to the output screen
System.out.println("You entered: " + number);
Output
Enter a number: 10
You entered: 10
In this program, an object of Scanner class, reader is created to take inputs from standard input, which is
keyboard.
Then, Enter a number prompt is printed to give the user a visual cue as to what they should do next.
reader.nextInt()then reads all entered integers from the keyboard unless it encounters a new line character \n
(Enter). The entered integers are then saved to the integer variable number.
If you enter any character which is not an integer, the compiler will throw an InputMismatchException.
Finally, number is printed onto the standard output (System.out) - computer screen using the function println().
2. Java Program to Add Two Integers

In this program, you'll learn to store and add two integer numbers in Java. After addition, the final sum is
displayed on the screen.
Java Operators
Example: Program to Add Two Integers
public class AddTwoIntegers {
int first = 10;
int second = 20;
System.out.println("Enter two numbers: " + first + " " + second);
int sum = first + second;
System.out.println("The sum is: " + sum);
}
}
Output:
Enter two numbers: 10 20
The sum is: 30
In this program, two integers 10 and 20 are stored in integer variables first and second respectively.
Then, first and second are added using the + operator, and its result is stored in another variable sum.
Finally, sum is printed on the screen using println() function.
3. Java Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers

In this program, you'll learn to multiply two floating point numbers in Java, store the result and display it on the
screen.
Java Variables and (Primitive) Data Types
Example: Multiply Two Floating-Point Numbers
public class MultiplyTwoNumbers {
float first = 1.5f;
float second = 2.0f;
float product = first * second;
System.out.println("The product is: " + product);

}
Output
The product is: 3.0
In the above program, we have two floating-point numbers 1.5f and 2.0f stored in variables first and second
respectively.
Notice, we have used f after the numbers. This ensures the numbers are float, otherwise they will be assigned -
type double.
first and second are then multiplied using the * operator and the result is stored in a new float variable product.
Finally, the result product is printed on the screen using println() function.
4. Java Program to Find ASCII Value of a character

In this program, you'll learn to find and display the ASCII value of a character in Java. This is done using type-
casting and normal variable assignment operations.
Example: Find ASCII value of a character
public class AsciiValue {
char ch = 'a';
int ascii = ch;
// You can also cast char to int

int castAscii = (int) ch;
System.out.println("The ASCII value of " + ch + " is: " + ascii);
System.out.println("The ASCII value of " + ch + " is: " + castAscii);
Output
The ASCII value of a is: 97
The ASCII value of a is: 97
In the above program, character a is stored in a char variable, ch. Like, double quotes (" ") are used to declare
strings, we use single quotes (' ') to declare characters.
Now, to find the ASCII value of ch, we just assign ch to an int variable ascii. Internally, Java converts the
character value to an ASCII value.
We can also cast the character ch to an integer using (int). In simple terms, casting is converting variable from
one type to another, here char variable ch is converted to an int variable castAscii.
Finally, we print the ascii value using the println() function.
5. Java Program to Compute Quotient and Remainder

In this program, you'll learn to compute quotient and remainder from the given dividend and divisor in Java.
Java Operators
Example: Compute Quotient and Remainder
public class QuotientRemainder {

int dividend = 25, divisor = 4;
int quotient = dividend / divisor;
int remainder = dividend % divisor;
System.out.println("Quotient = " + quotient);
System.out.println("Remainder = " + remainder);
Output:
Quotient = 6
Remainder = 1
In the above program, two numbers 25 (dividend) and 4 (divisor) are stored in two variables dividend and divisor
respectively.
Now, to find the quotient we divide dividend by divisor using / operator. Since, both dividend and divisor are
integers, the result will also be computed as an integer.
So, mathematically 25/4 results 6.25, but since both operands are int, quotient variable only stores 6 (integer
part).
Likewise, to find the remainder we use the % operator. So, the remainder of 25/4, i.e. 1 is stored in an integer
variable remainder.
Finally, quotient and remainder are printed on the screen using println() function.
6. Java Program to Swap Two Numbers

In this program, you'll learn two techniques to swap two numbers in Java. The first one uses a temporary
variable for swapping, while the second one doesn't use any temporary variables.
Java Operators
Example 1: Swap two numbers using temporary variable
public class SwapNumbers {
float first = 1.20f, second = 2.45f;
System.out.println("--Before swap--");
System.out.println("First number = " + first);
System.out.println("Second number = " + second);
// Value of first is assigned to temporary
float temporary = first;
// Value of second is assigned to first
first = second;
// Value of temporary (which contains the initial value of first) is assigned to second
second = temporary;
System.out.println("--After swap--");
}
Output:
--Before swap--
First number = 1.2
Second number = 2.45
--After swap--
First number = 2.45
Second number = 1.2
In the above program, two numbers 1.20f and 2.45f which are to be swapped are stored in variables: first and
second respectively.
The variables are printed before swapping using println() to see the results clearly after swapping is done.
First, the value of first is stored in variable temporary (temporary = 1.20f).
Then, value of second is stored in first (first = 2.45f).
And, finally value of temporary is stored in second (second = 1.20f).
This completes the swapping process and the variables are printed on the screen.
Remember, the only use of temporary is to hold the value of first before swapping. You can also swap the
numbers without using temporary.
Example 2: Swap two numbers without using temporary variable
public class SwapNumbers {
float first = 12.0f, second = 24.5f;
System.out.println("--Before swap--");

first = first - second;
second = first + second;
first = second - first;
System.out.println("--After swap--");
Output:
--Before swap--
First number = 12.0
--After swap--
First number = 24.5
In the above program, instead of using temporary variable, we use simple mathematics to swap the numbers.
For the operation, storing (first - second) is important. This is stored in variable first.
first = first - second;
first = 12.0f - 24.5f
Then, we just add second (24.5f) to this number - calculated first (12.0f - 24.5f) to swap the number.
second = first + second;
second = (12.0f - 24.5f) + 24.5f = 12.0f
Now, second holds 12.0f (which was initially value of first). So, we subtract calculated first (12.0f - 24.5f) from
swapped second (12.0f) to get the other swapped number.
first = second - first;
first = 12.0f - (12.0f - 24.5f) = 24.5f
The swapped numbers are printed on the screen using println().
7. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd

In this program, you'll learn to check if a number entered by an user is even or odd. This will be done using
if...else statement and ternary operator in Java.
Java if, if...else Statement
Java Scanner Class
Example 1: Check whether a number is even or odd using if...else statement
public class EvenOdd {
int num = reader.nextInt();
if(num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + " is even");
else
System.out.println(num + " is odd");
}
}
Output
Enter a number: 12
12 is even
In the above program, a Scanner object, reader is created to read a number from the user's keyboard. The
entered number is then stored in a variable num.
Now, to check whether num is even or odd, we calculate its remainder using % operator and check if it is
divisible by 2 or not.
For this, we use if...else statement in Java. If num is divisible by 2, we print num is even. Else, we print num is
odd.
We can also check if num is even or odd by using ternary operator in Java.
Example 2: Check whether a number is even or odd using ternary operator
public class EvenOdd {
int num = reader.nextInt();
String evenOdd = (num % 2 == 0) ? "even" : "odd";

System.out.println(num + " is " + evenOdd);
Output
Enter a number: 13
13 is odd
In the above program, we've replaced if...else statement with ternary operator (? :).
Here, if num is divisible by 2,"even" is returned. Else, "odd" is returned. The returned value is saved in a string
variable evenOdd.
Then, the result is printed on the screen using string concatenation.
8. Java Program to Check Whether an Alphabet is Vowel or Consonant

In this program, you'll learn to check whether an alphabet is a vowel or a consotant using if..else and switch
statement in Java.
Java switch Statement
Example 1: Check whether an alphabet is vowel or consonant using if..else statement
public class VowelConsonant {
char ch = 'i';
if(ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u' )

System.out.println(ch + " is vowel");
else
System.out.println(ch + " is consonant");
Output
i is vowel
In the above program, 'i' is stored in a char variable ch. In Java, you use double quotes (" ") for strings and single
quotes (' ') for characters.
Now, to check whether ch is vowel or not, we check if ch is any of: ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'). This is done using a simple
if..else statement.
We can also check for vowel or consonant using a switch statement in Java.
Example 2: Check whether an alphabet is vowel or consonant using switch statement
public class VowelConsonant {
char ch = 'z';
switch (ch) {
case 'a':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'o':
case 'u':
System.out.println(ch + " is vowel");
break;
default:
System.out.println(ch + " is consonant");
Output
z is consonant
In the above program, instead of using a long if condition, we replace it with a switch case statement.
If ch is either of cases: ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'), vowel is printed. Else, default case is executed and consonant is printed
on the screen.
9. Java Program to Find the Largest Among Three Numbers

In this program, you'll learn to find the largest among three numbers using if else and nested if..else statement
in Java.
Java Operators
Example 1: Find Largest Among three numbers using if..else statement
public class Largest {
double n1 = -4.5, n2 = 3.9, n3 = 2.5;
if( n1 >= n2 && n1 >= n3)

System.out.println(n1 + " is the largest number.");
else if (n2 >= n1 && n2 >= n3)
else
Output
3.9 is the largest number.
In the above program, three numbers -4.5, 3.9 and 2.5 are stored in variables n1, n2 and n3 respectively.
Then, to find the largest, the following conditions are checked using if else statements
If n1 is greater or equals to both n2 and n3, n1 is the greatest.
If n2 is greater or equals to both n1 and n3, n2 is the greatest.
Else, n3 is the greatest.
The greatest number can also be found using a nested if..else statement.
Example 2: Find the largest number among three using nested if..else statement
double n1 = -4.5, n2 = 3.9, n3 = 5.5;
if(n1 >= n2) {

if(n1 >= n3)
else
} else {
if(n2 >= n3)
else
Output
5.5 is the largest number.
In the above program, instead of checking for two conditions in a single if statement, we use nested if to find the
greatest.
Then, to find the largest, the following conditions are checked using if else statements
If n1 is greater or equals to n2,
and if n1 is greater or equals to n3, n1 is the greatest.
else, n3 is the greatest.
Else,
if n2 is greater or equals to both n3, n2 is the greatest.
else, n3 is the greatest.
10. Java Program to Find all Roots of a Quadratic Equation

In this program, you'll learn to find all roots of a quadratic equation and print them using format() in Java.
Java Math sqrt()
The standard form of a quadratic equation is:
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where
a, b and c are real numbers and
a≠0
The term b2-4ac is known as the determinant of a quadratic equation. The determinant tells the nature of the
roots.
If determinant is greater than 0, the roots are real and different.
If determinant is equal to 0, the roots are real and equal.
If determinant is less than 0, the roots are complex and different.
Example: Java Program to Find Roots of a Quadratic Equation
public class Quadratic {
double a = 2.3, b = 4, c = 5.6;
double root1, root2;
double determinant = b * b - 4 * a * c;
// condition for real and different roots
if(determinant > 0) {
root1 = (-b + Math.sqrt(determinant)) / (2 * a);
root2 = (-b - Math.sqrt(determinant)) / (2 * a);
System.out.format("root1 = %.2f and root2 = %.2f", root1 , root2);

}
// Condition for real and equal roots
else if(determinant == 0) {
root1 = root2 = -b / (2 * a);
System.out.format("root1 = root2 = %.2f;", root1);
// If roots are not real
else {
double realPart = -b / (2 *a);
double imaginaryPart = Math.sqrt(-determinant) / (2 * a);
System.out.format("root1 = %.2f+%.2fi and root2 = %.2f-%.2fi", realPart, imaginaryPart, realPart,

imaginaryPart);
Output
root1 = -0.87+1.30i and root2 = -0.87-1.30i
In the above program, the coefficients a, b, and c are set to 2.3, 4, and 5.6 respectively. Then, the determinant is
calculated as b2 - 4ac.
Based on the value of the determinant, the roots are calculated as given in the formula above. Notice we've
used library function Math.sqrt() to calculate the square root of a number.
The calculated roots (either real or complex) are printed on the screen using format() function in Java. The
format() function can also be replaced by printf() as:
System.out.printf("root1 = root2 = %.2f;", root1);

11. Java Program to Check Leap Year
In this program, you'll learn to check if the given year is a leap year or not. This is checked using a if else
statement.
Java Operators
A leap year is exactly divisible by 4 except for century years (years ending with 00). The century year is a leap
year only if it is perfectly divisible by 400.
Example: Java Program to Check a Leap Year
public class LeapYear {
int year = 1900;
boolean leap = false;
if(year % 4 == 0)
if( year % 100 == 0)
// year is divisible by 400, hence the year is a leap year
if ( year % 400 == 0)
leap = true;
else
leap = false;
else
leap = true;
}
else
leap = false;
if(leap)
System.out.println(year + " is a leap year.");
else
System.out.println(year + " is not a leap year.");
Output
1900 is not a leap year.
When you change the value of year to 2012, the output will be:
2012 is a leap year.
In the above program, the given year 1900 is stored in the variable year.
Since 1900 is divisible by 4 and is also a century year (ending with 00), it has been divisible by 400 for a leap
year. Since it's not divisible by 400, 1900 is not a leap year.
But, if we change year to 2000, it is divisible by 4, is a century year, and is also divisible by 400. So, 2000 is a leap
year.
Likewise, If we change year to 2012, it is divisible by 4 and is not a century year, so 2012 a leap year. We don't
need to check if 2012 is divisible by 400 or not.
12. Java Program to Check Whether a Character is Alphabet or Not

In this program, you'll learn to check whether a given character is an alphabet or not. This is done using an if else
statement or a ternary operator in Java.
Java Operators
Example 1: Java Program to Check Alphabet using if else
public class Alphabet {
char c = '*';
if( (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'))
System.out.println(c + " is an alphabet.");
else
System.out.println(c + " is not an alphabet.");
Output
* is not an alphabet.
In Java, the char variable stores the ASCII value of a character (number between 0 and 127) rather than the
character itself.
The ASCII value of lowercase alphabets are from 97 to 122. And, the ASCII value of uppercase alphabets are from
65 to 90. That is, alphabet a is stored as 97 and alphabet z is stored as 122. Similarly, alphabet A is stored as 65
and alphabet Z is stored as 90.
Now, when we compare variable c between 'a' to 'z' and 'A' to 'Z', the variable is compared with the ASCII value
of the alphabets 97 to 122 and 65 to 90 respectively.
Since the ASCII value of * does not fall in between the ASCII value of alphabets. Hence, the program outputs * is
not an alphabet.
You can also solve the problem using ternary operator in Java.
Example 2: Java Program to Check Alphabet using ternary operator
public class Alphabet {
char c = 'A';
String output = (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
? c + " is an alphabet."
: c + " is not an alphabet.";
System.out.println(output);
Output
A is an alphabet.
In the above program, the if else statement is replaced with ternary operator (? :).
Example 3: Java Program to Check Alphabet using isAlphabetic() Method
class Main {
// declare a variable
char c = 'a';
// checks if c is an alphabet
if (Character.isAlphabetic(c)) {
System.out.println(c + " is an alphabet.");
else {
System.out.println(c + " is not an alphabet.");
Output
a is an alphabet.
In the above example, notice the expression,
Character.isAlphabetic(c)
Here, we have used the isAlphabetic() method of the Character class. It returns true if the specified variable is an
alphabet. Hence, the code inside if block is executed.
13. Java Program to Calculate the Sum of Natural Numbers

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the sum of natural numbers using for loop and while loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Java while and do...while Loop
The positive numbers 1, 2, 3... are known as natural numbers and its sum is the result of all numbers starting
from 1 to the given number.
For n, the sum of natural numbers is:
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
Example 1: Sum of Natural Numbers using for loop

public class SumNatural {
int num = 100, sum = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= num; ++i)
// sum = sum + i;
sum += i;
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);
Output
Sum = 5050
The above program loops from 1 to the given num(100) and adds all numbers to the variable sum.
You can solve this problem using a while loop as follows:
Example 2: Sum of Natural Numbers using while loop
public class SumNatural {
int num = 50, i = 1, sum = 0;

while(i <= num)
sum += i;
i++;
Output
Sum = 1275
In the above program, unlike a for loop, we have to increment the value of i inside the body of the loop.
Though both programs are technically correct, it is better to use for loop in this case. It's because the number of
iteration (up to num) is known.
Visit this page to learn how to find the sum of natural numbers using recursion.
14. Java Program to Find Factorial of a Number

In this program, you'll learn to find the factorial of a number using for and while loop in Java.
Java for Loop
The factorial of a positive number n is given by:
factorial of n (n!) = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * ... * n
Example 1: Find Factorial of a number using for loop

public class Factorial {
int num = 10;
long factorial = 1;
// factorial = factorial * i;
factorial *= i;
System.out.printf("Factorial of %d = %d", num, factorial);
Output
Factorial of 10 = 3628800
In this program, we've used for loop to loop through all numbers between 1 and the given number num (10),
and the product of each number till num is stored in a variable factorial.
We've used long instead of int to store large results of factorial. However, it's still not big enough to store the
value of bigger numbers (say 100).
For results that cannot be stored in a long variable, we use BigInteger variable declared in java.math library.
Example 2: Find Factorial of a number using BigInteger
import java.math.BigInteger;

int num = 30;
BigInteger factorial = BigInteger.ONE;
// factorial = factorial * i;
factorial = factorial.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i));
Output
Factorial of 30 = 265252859812191058636308480000000
Here, instead of long, we use BigInteger variable factorial.
Since, * cannot be used with BigInteger, we instead use multiply() for the product. Also, num should be casted to
BigInteger for multiplication.
Likewise, we can also use a while loop to solve this problem.
Example 3: Find Factorial of a number using while loop
int num = 5, i = 1;
long factorial = 1;
while(i <= num)
{
factorial *= i;
i++;
Output
iteration (upto num) is known.
Visit this page to learn to find factorial of a number using recursion.
15. Java Program to Generate Multiplication Table

In this program, you'll learn to generate multiplication table of a given number. This is done by using a for and a
while loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Example 1: Generate Multiplication Table using for loop
public class MultiplicationTable {
int num = 5;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i)

{
System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d \n", num, i, num * i);
Output
5*1=5
5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50
The same multiplication table can also be generated using a while loop in Java.
Example 2: Generate Multiplication Table using while loop
public class MultiplicationTable {
int num = 9, i = 1;
while(i <= 10)
System.out.printf("%d * %d = %d \n", num, i, num * i);
i++;
}
Output
9*1=9
9 * 2 = 18
9 * 3 = 27
9 * 4 = 36
9 * 5 = 45
9 * 6 = 54
9 * 7 = 63
9 * 8 = 72
9 * 9 = 81
9 * 10 = 90
iteration (from 1 to 10) is known.
16. Java Program to Display Fibonacci Series

In this program, you'll learn to display fibonacci series in Java using for and while loops. You'll learn to display
the series upto a specific term or a number.
Java for Loop
The Fibonacci series is a series where the next term is the sum of the previous two terms. The first two terms of
the Fibonacci sequence are 0 followed by 1.
The Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ...
Example 1: Display Fibonacci series using for loop
public class Fibonacci {
int n = 10, t1 = 0, t2 = 1;
System.out.print("First " + n + " terms: ");
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
System.out.print(t1 + " + ");
int sum = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = sum;
Output
0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 +
In the above program, first (t1) and second (t2) terms are initialized to the first two terms of the Fibonacci series
0 and 1 respectively.
Then, for loop iterates to n (number of terms) displaying the sum of the previous two terms stored in variable t1.
You can also generate Fibonacci series using a while loop in Java.
Example 2: Display Fibonacci series using while loop

int i = 1, n = 10, t1 = 0, t2 = 1;
System.out.print("First " + n + " terms: ");
while (i <= n)
int sum = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = sum;
i++;
The output is the same as the above program.
iteration (from 1 to n) is known.
Example 3: Display Fibonacci series up to a given number (instead of terms)

int n = 100, t1 = 0, t2 = 1;
System.out.print("Upto " + n + ": ");
while (t1 <= n)
int sum = t1 + t2;
t1 = t2;
t2 = sum;
Output
Upto 100: 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 8 + 13 + 21 + 34 + 55 + 89 +
Instead of displaying the series up to a specific number, this program displays it until a given number (100).
For this, we just need to compare the sum of the last two numbers (t1) with n.
If t1 is less than or equals to n, print t1. Else, we're finished displaying all terms.
17. Java Program to Find GCD of two Numbers

In this program, you'll learn to find GCD of two numbers in Kotlin. This is done by using for and while loops with
the help of if else statements.
Java for Loop

The HCF or GCD of two integers is the largest integer that can exactly divide both numbers (without a
remainder).
Example 1: Find GCD of two numbers using for loop and if statement
public class GCD {
int n1 = 81, n2 = 153, gcd = 1;
for(int i = 1; i <= n1 && i <= n2; ++i)
// Checks if i is factor of both integers
if(n1 % i==0 && n2 % i==0)
gcd = i;
System.out.printf("G.C.D of %d and %d is %d", n1, n2, gcd);
Output
G.C.D of 81 and 153 is 9
Here, two numbers whose GCD are to be found are stored in n1 and n2 respectively.
Then, a for loop is executed until i is less than both n1 and n2. This way, all numbers between 1 and smallest of
the two numbers are iterated to find the GCD.
If both n1 and n2 are divisble by i, gcd is set to the number. This goes on until it finds the largest number (GCD)
which divides both n1 and n2 without remainder.
We can also solve this problem using a while loop as follows:
Example 2: Find GCD of two numbers using while loop and if else statement
public class GCD {
int n1 = 81, n2 = 153;
while(n1 != n2)
if(n1 > n2)
n1 -= n2;
else
n2 -= n1;
System.out.println("G.C.D = " + n1);
Output
G.C.D = 9
This is a better way to find the GCD. In this method, smaller integer is subtracted from the larger integer, and
the result is assigned to the variable holding larger integer. This process is continued until n1 and n2 are equal.
The above two programs works as intended only if the user enters positive integers. Here's a little modification
of the second example to find the GCD for both positive and negative integers.
Example 3: GCD for both positive and negative numbers
public class GCD {
int n1 = 81, n2 = -153;
// Always set to positive
n1 = ( n1 > 0) ? n1 : -n1;
n2 = ( n2 > 0) ? n2 : -n2;
while(n1 != n2)
if(n1 > n2)
n1 -= n2;
else
n2 -= n1;
System.out.println("G.C.D = " + n1);
Output
G.C.D = 9
18. Java Program to Find LCM of two Numbers

In this program, you'll learn to find the lcm of two number by using GCD, and by not using GCD. This is done
using for and while loops in Java.
The LCM of two integers is the smallest positive integer that is perfectly divisible by both the numbers (without a
remainder).
Example 1: LCM using while Loop and if Statement
public class Main {
int n1 = 72, n2 = 120, lcm;
// maximum number between n1 and n2 is stored in lcm
lcm = (n1 > n2) ? n1 : n2;
// Always true
while(true) {
if( lcm % n1 == 0 && lcm % n2 == 0 ) {
System.out.printf("The LCM of %d and %d is %d.", n1, n2, lcm);
break;
++lcm;
Output
The LCM of 72 and 120 is 360.
In this program, the two numbers whose LCM is to be found are stored in variables n1 and n2 respectively.
Then, we initially set lcm to the largest of the two numbers. This is because, LCM cannot be less than the largest
number.
Inside the infinite while loop (while(true)), we check if lcm perfectly divides both n1 and n2 or not.
If it does, we've found the LCM. We print the LCM and break out from the while loop using break statement.
Else, we increment lcm by 1 and re-test the divisibility condition.
We can also use GCD to find the LCM of two numbers using the following formula:
LCM = (n1 * n2) / GCD
If you don't know how to calculate GCD in Java, check Java Program to find GCD of two numbers.
Example 2: Calculate LCM using GCD
public class Main {
int n1 = 72, n2 = 120, gcd = 1;
for(int i = 1; i <= n1 && i <= n2; ++i) {
// Checks if i is factor of both integers
if(n1 % i == 0 && n2 % i == 0)
gcd = i;
int lcm = (n1 * n2) / gcd;
System.out.printf("The LCM of %d and %d is %d.", n1, n2, lcm);
}
The output of this program is the same as Example 1.
Here, inside the for loop, we calculate the GCD of the two numbers - n1 and n2. After the calculation, we use the
above formula to calculate the LCM.
19. Java Program to Display Characters from A to Z using loop

In this program, you'll learn to print English alphabets using for loop in Java. You'll also learn learn to print only
uppercased and lowercased alphabets.
Java for Loop
Example 1: Display Uppercased A to Z using for loop
public class Characters {
char c;
for(c = 'A'; c <= 'Z'; ++c)
System.out.print(c + " ");
Output
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
You can loop through A to Z using for loop because they are stored as ASCII characters in Java.
So, internally, you loop through 65 to 90 to print the English alphabets.

With a little modification, you can display lowercased alphabets as shown in the example below.
Example 2: Display Lowercased a to z using for loop
public class Characters {
char c;
for(c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; ++c)
System.out.print(c + " ");
Output
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
You simply replace 'A' with 'a' and 'Z' with 'z' to display the lowercased alphabets. In this case, internally you
loop through 97 to 122.
20. Java Program to Count Number of Digits in an Integer

In this program, you'll learn to count the number of digits using a while loop and for loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Example 1: Count Number of Digits in an Integer using while loop
public class NumberDigits {

int count = 0, num = 3452;
while(num != 0)
// num = num/10
num /= 10;
++count;
System.out.println("Number of digits: " + count);
Output
Number of digits: 4
In this program, while the loop is iterated until the test expression num != 0 is evaluated to 0 (false).
After the first iteration, num will be divided by 10 and its value will be 345. Then, the count is incremented to 1.
After the second iteration, the value of num will be 34 and the count is incremented to 2.
After the third iteration, the value of num will be 3 and the count is incremented to 3.
After the fourth iteration, the value of num will be 0 and the count is incremented to 4.
Then the test expression is evaluated to false and the loop terminates.
Example 2: Count Number of Digits in an Integer using for loop
public class NumberDigits {

int count = 0, num = 123456;
for(; num != 0; num/=10, ++count) {
System.out.println("Number of digits: " + count);
Output
Number of digits: 6
In this program, instead of using a while loop, we use a for loop without any body.
On each iteration, the value of num is divided by 10 and count is incremented by 1.
The for loop exits when num != 0 is false, i.e. num = 0.
Since, for loop doesn't have a body, you can change it to a single statement in Java as such:
for(; num != 0; num/=10, ++count);
21. Java Program to Reverse a Number

In this program, you'll learn to reverse a number using a while loop and a for loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Example 1: Reverse a Number using a while loop in Java

public class ReverseNumber {
int num = 1234, reversed = 0;
while(num != 0) {
int digit = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + digit;
num /= 10;
System.out.println("Reversed Number: " + reversed);
Output
Reversed Number: 4321
In this program, while loop is used to reverse a number as given in the following steps:
First, the remainder of the num divided by 10 is stored in the variable digit. Now, the digit contains the last digit
of num, i.e. 4.
digit is then added to the variable reversed after multiplying it by 10. Multiplication by 10 adds a new place in
the reversed number. One-th place multiplied by 10 gives you tenth place, tenth gives you hundredth, and so
on. In this case, reversed contains 0 * 10 + 4 = 4.
num is then divided by 10 so that now it only contains the first three digits: 123.
After second iteration, digit equals 3, reversed equals 4 * 10 + 3 = 43 and num = 12
After third iteration, digit equals 2, reversed equals 43 * 10 + 2 = 432 and num = 1
After fourth iteration, digit equals 1, reversed equals 432 * 10 + 1 = 4321 and num = 0
Now num = 0, so the test expression num != 0 fails and while loop exits. reversed already contains the reversed
number 4321.
Example 2: Reverse a number using a for loop in Java
public class ReverseNumber {
int num = 1234567, reversed = 0;
for(;num != 0; num /= 10) {
int digit = num % 10;
reversed = reversed * 10 + digit;
System.out.println("Reversed Number: " + reversed);
Output
Reversed Number: 7654321
In the above program, the while loop is replaced by a for loop where:
no initialization expression is used
test expression remains the same (num != 0)
update/increment expression contains num /= 10.
So, after each iteration, the update expression runs which removes the last digit of num.
When the for loop exits, reversed will contain the reversed number.
22. Java Program to Calculate the Power of a Number

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the power of a number with and without using pow() function.
Java for Loop
Java Math pow()
Example 1: Calculate power of a number using a while loop
public class Power {
int base = 3, exponent = 4;
long result = 1;
while (exponent != 0)
result *= base;
--exponent;
System.out.println("Answer = " + result);
Output
Answer = 81
In this program, base and exponent are assigned values 3 and 4 respectively.
Using the while loop, we keep on multiplying the result by base until the exponent becomes zero.
In this case, we multiply result by base 4 times in total, so result = 1 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 = 81.
Example 2: Calculate the power of a number using a for loop
int base = 3, exponent = 4;
long result = 1;
for (;exponent != 0; --exponent)
result *= base;
Output
Answer = 81
Here, instead of using a while loop, we've used a for loop.
After each iteration, the exponent is decremented by 1, and the result is multiplied by the base exponent
number of times.
Both programs above do not work if you have a negative exponent. For that, you need to use the pow() function
in Java standard library.
Example 3: Calculate the power of a number using pow() function
int base = 3, exponent = -4;
double result = Math.pow(base, exponent);
Output
Answer = 0.012345679012345678
In this program, we use Java's Math.pow() function to calculate the power of the given base.
23. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Palindrome or Not

In this program, you'll learn to check whether a number is palindrome or not in Java. This is done by using for
and while loop.
Java for Loop
Example 1: Program to Check Palindrome using while loop
public class Palindrome {

int num = 121, reversedInteger = 0, remainder, originalInteger;
originalInteger = num;
// reversed integer is stored in variable
while( num != 0 )
remainder = num % 10;
reversedInteger = reversedInteger * 10 + remainder;
num /= 10;
// palindrome if orignalInteger and reversedInteger are equal
if (originalInteger == reversedInteger)
System.out.println(originalInteger + " is a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println(originalInteger + " is not a palindrome.");
Output
121 is a palindrome number.
In this program,
First, given number (num)'s value is stored in another integer variable, originalInteger. This is because, we need
to compare the values of reversed number and original number at the end.
Then, a while loop is used to loop through num until it is equal to 0.
On each iteration, the last digit of num is stored in the remainder.
Then, the remainder is added to reversedInteger such that it is added to the next place value (multiplication by
10).
Then, the last digit is removed from num after division by 10.
Finally, reversedInteger and originalInteger are compared. If equal, it is a palindrome number. If not, it isn't.
Here are the execution steps that take place:
Palindrome execution steps
num num != 0 remainder reversedInteger
121 true 1 0 * 10 + 1 = 1
12 true 2 1 * 10 + 2 = 12
1 true 1 12 * 10 + 1 = 121
0 false - 121
Example 2: Program to Check Palindrome using for loop
public class Palindrome {
int num = 11221, reversedInteger = 0, remainder, originalInteger;
originalInteger = num;
// reversed integer is stored in variable
for( ;num != 0; num /= 10 )
reversedInteger = reversedInteger * 10 + remainder;
// palindrome if orignalInteger and reversedInteger are equal
if (originalInteger == reversedInteger)
System.out.println(originalInteger + " is a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println(originalInteger + " is not a palindrome.");
Output
11221 is not a palindrome.
In the above program, for loop is used instead of a while loop.
On each iteration, num /= 10 is executed and condition num !=0 is checked.
24. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Prime or Not

In this article, you'll learn to check whether a number is prime or not. This is done using a for loop and while
loop in Java.
Java for Loop
A prime number is a number which is divisible by only two numbers: 1 and itself. So, if any number is divisible by
any other number, it is not a prime number.
Example 1: Program to Check Prime Number using a for loop
public class Main {
int num = 29;
boolean flag = false;
for(int i = 2; i <= num/2; ++i)
// condition for nonprime number

if(num % i == 0)
flag = true;
break;
if (!flag)
System.out.println(num + " is a prime number.");
else
System.out.println(num + " is not a prime number.");
Output
29 is a prime number.
In the above program, for loop is used to determine if the given number num is prime or not.
Here, note that we are looping from 2 to num/2. It is because a number is not divisible by more than its half.
Inside the for loop, we check if the number is divisible by any number in the given range (2...num/2).
If num is divisible, flag is set to true and we break out of the loop. This determines num is not a prime number.
If num isn't divisible by any number, flag is false and num is a prime number.
Example 2: Program to Check Prime Number using a while loop
public class Main {

int num = 33, i = 2;
while(i <= num/2)
if(num % i == 0)
flag = true;
break;
++i;
if (!flag)
System.out.println(num + " is a prime number.");
else
System.out.println(num + " is not a prime number.");
Output
33 is not a prime number.
In the above program, while loop is used instead of a for loop. The loop runs until i <= num/2. On each iteration,
whether num is divisble by i is checked and the value of i is incremented by 1.
Visit this page to learn, how you can display all prime numbers between two intervals.
25. Java Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Two Intervals

In this program, you'll learn to display prime numbers between two given intervals, low and high. You'll learn to
do this using a while and a for loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Example: Display Prime Numbers Between two Intervals
public class Prime {
int low = 20, high = 50;
while (low < high) {
for(int i = 2; i <= low/2; ++i) {
if(low % i == 0) {
flag = true;
break;
if (!flag && low != 0 && low != 1)
System.out.print(low + " ");
++low;
}
}
Output
23 29 31 37 41 43 47
In this program, each number between low and high are tested for prime. The inner for loop checks whether the
number is prime or not.
You can check: Java Program to Check Prime Number for more explanation.
The difference between checking a single prime number compared to an interval is, you need to reset the value
of flag = false on each iteration of while loop.
Note: If you check the interval from 0 to 10. Then, you need to exclude 0 and 1. As 0 and 1 are not prime
numbers. The condition will be:
if (!flag && low != 0 && low != 1)
26. Java Program to Check Armstrong Number

In this program, you'll learn to check whether a given number is armstrong number or not. You'll learn to do this
by using a for loop and a while loop in Java.
Java for Loop
A positive integer is called an Armstrong number of order n if
abcd... = an + bn + cn + dn + ...
In case of an Armstrong number of 3 digits, the sum of cubes of each digits is equal to the number itself. For
example:
153 = 1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3 // 153 is an Armstrong number.
Example 1: Check Armstrong Number for 3 digit number
public class Armstrong {
int number = 371, originalNumber, remainder, result = 0;
originalNumber = number;
while (originalNumber != 0)
remainder = originalNumber % 10;
result += Math.pow(remainder, 3);
originalNumber /= 10;
if(result == number)
System.out.println(number + " is an Armstrong number.");
else
System.out.println(number + " is not an Armstrong number.");
Output
371 is an Armstrong number.
First, given number (number)'s value is stored in another integer variable, originalNumber. This is because, we
need to compare the values of final number and original number at the end.
Then, a while loop is used to loop through originalNumber until it is equal to 0.
On each iteration, the last digit of num is stored in remainder.

Then, remainder is powered by 3 (number of digits) using Math.pow() function and added to result.
Then, the last digit is removed from originalNumber after division by 10.
Finally, result and number are compared. If equal, it is an Armstrong number. If not, it isn't.
Example 2: Check Armstrong number for n digits
int number = 1634, originalNumber, remainder, result = 0, n = 0;
for (;originalNumber != 0; originalNumber /= 10, ++n);
for (;originalNumber != 0; originalNumber /= 10)
remainder = originalNumber % 10;
result += Math.pow(remainder, n);
if(result == number)
System.out.println(number + " is an Armstrong number.");
else
System.out.println(number + " is not an Armstrong number.");
Output
1634 is an Armstrong number.
In this program, instead of using while loop, we've used two for loops.
The first for loop is used to count the number of digits in the number. It is the condensed form of:
for (;originalNumber != 0; originalNumber /= 10) {
n++;
The second for loop then calculates the result where on each iteration, the remainder is powered by the number
of digits n.
Visit this page to learn, how you can display all armstrong numbers between two intervals.
27. Java Program to Display Armstrong Number Between Two Intervals

In this program, you'll learn to display all armstrong numbers between two given intervals, low and high, in Java.
Java for Loop
A positive integer is called an Armstrong number of order n if
abcd... = an + bn + cn + dn + ...
In case of an Armstrong number of 3 digits, the sum of cubes of each digit is equal to the number itself. For
example:
153 = 1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3 // 153 is an Armstrong number.
This program is built on the concept of how to check whether an integer is an Armstrong number or not.
Example: Armstrong Numbers Between Two Integers

int low = 999, high = 99999;
for(int number = low + 1; number < high; ++number) {
int digits = 0;
int result = 0;
int originalNumber = number;
// number of digits calculation
while (originalNumber != 0) {
++digits;
// result contains sum of nth power of its digits
int remainder = originalNumber % 10;
result += Math.pow(remainder, digits);
if (result == number)
System.out.print(number + " ");
}
}
Output
1634 8208 9474 54748 92727 93084
In the above program, each number between the given interval high and low are checked.
After each check, the number of digits and the sum result is restored to 0.
28. Java Program to Display Prime Numbers Between Intervals Using

Function
In this program, you'll learn to display all prime numbers between the given intervals using a function in Java.
Java Methods
To find all prime numbers between two integers, checkPrimeNumber() function is created. This function checks
whether a number is prime or not.
Example: Prime Numbers Between Two Integers
public class Prime {
int low = 20, high = 50;
while (low < high) {
if(checkPrimeNumber(low))
System.out.print(low + " ");

++low;
public static boolean checkPrimeNumber(int num) {
boolean flag = true;
for(int i = 2; i <= num/2; ++i) {
if(num % i == 0) {
flag = false;
break;
return flag;
Output
23 29 31 37 41 43 47
In the above program, we've created a function named checkPrimeNumber() which takes a parameter num and
returns a boolean value.
If the number is prime, it returns true. If not, it returns false.
Based on the return value, the number is printed on the screen inside the main() method.
Note that inside the checkPrimeNumber() method, we are looping from 2 to num/2. This is because a number
cannot be divided by more than it's half.
Recommended Readings
Java Program to Check if a number is prime
29. Java Program to Display Armstrong Numbers Between Intervals Using

Function
In this program, you'll learn to display all armstrong numbers between two given intervals, low and high, using a
function in Java.
Java Methods
Java for Loop
To find all Armstrong numbers between two integers, checkArmstrong() function is created. This function checks
whether a number is Armstrong or not.
Example: Armstrong Numbers Between Two Integers
int low = 999, high = 99999;
for(int number = low + 1; number < high; ++number) {
if (checkArmstrong(number))
public static boolean checkArmstrong(int num) {
int digits = 0;
int result = 0;
int originalNumber = num;
// number of digits calculation
++digits;
originalNumber = num;
// result contains sum of nth power of its digits
int remainder = originalNumber % 10;
result += Math.pow(remainder, digits);
if (result == num)
return true;
return false;
Output
1634 8208 9474 54748 92727 93084
In the above program, we've created a function named checkArmstrong() which takes a parameter num and
returns a boolean value.
If the number is Armstrong, it returns true. If not, it returns false.

Based on the return value, the number is printed on the screen inside main() function.
30. Java Program to Check Whether a Number can be Expressed as Sum of

Two Prime Numbers
In this program, you'll learn to check whether a given number can be expressed as a sum of two prime numbers
or not. This is done with the help of loops and break statements in Java.
Java Methods
Java for Loop
To accomplish this task, checkPrime() function is created.
The checkPrime() returns 1 if the number passed to the function is a prime number.
Example: Integer as a Sum of Two Prime Numbers
public class CheckPrime {
int number = 34;
for (int i = 2; i <= number / 2; ++i) {
// condition for i to be a prime number
if (checkPrime(i)) {
// condition for n-i to be a prime number
if (checkPrime(number - i)) {
// n = primeNumber1 + primeNumber2
System.out.printf("%d = %d + %d\n", number, i, number - i);
flag = true;
if (!flag)
System.out.println(number + " cannot be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers.");
// Function to check prime number
static boolean checkPrime(int num) {
boolean isPrime = true;
for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; ++i) {
if (num % i == 0) {
isPrime = false;
break;
return isPrime;
Output
34 = 3 + 31
34 = 5 + 29
34 = 11 + 23
34 = 17 + 17
31. Java Program to Find the Sum of Natural Numbers using Recursion
In this program, you'll learn to find the sum of natural number using recursion in Java. This is done with the help
of a recursive function.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
The positive numbers 1, 2, 3... are known as natural numbers. The program below takes a positive integer from
the user and calculates the sum up to the given number.
You can find the sum of natural numbers using loop as well. However, you will learn to solve this problem using
recursion here.
Example: Sum of Natural Numbers Using Recursion
public class AddNumbers {
int number = 20;
int sum = addNumbers(number);
public static int addNumbers(int num) {
if (num != 0)
return num + addNumbers(num - 1);
else
return num;
Output
Sum = 210
The number whose sum is to be found is stored in a variable number.
Initially, the addNumbers() is called from the main() function with 20 passed as an argument.
The number (20) is added to the result of addNumbers(19).
In the next function call from addNumbers() to addNumbers(), 19 is passed which is added to the result of
addNumbers(18). This process continues until num is equal to 0.
When num is equal to 0, there is no recursive call and this returns the sum of integers to the main() function.
32. Java Program to Find Factorial of a Number Using Recursion

In this program, you'll learn to find and display the factorial of a number using a recursive function in Java.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
The factorial of a positive number n is given by:
factorial of n (n!) = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * ... * n
The factorial of a negative number doesn't exist. And the factorial of 0 is 1.
You will learn to find the factorial of a number using recursion in this example. Visit this page to learn, how you
can find the factorial of a number using loop.
Example: Factorial of a Number Using Recursion
int num = 6;
long factorial = multiplyNumbers(num);
System.out.println("Factorial of " + num + " = " + factorial);
public static long multiplyNumbers(int num)
if (num >= 1)
return num * multiplyNumbers(num - 1);
else
return 1;
Output
Initially, the multiplyNumbers() is called from the main() function with 6 passed as an argument.
Since 6 is greater than or equal to 1, 6 is multiplied to the result of multiplyNumbers() where 5 (num -1) is
passed. Since, it is called from the same function, it is a recursive call.
In each recursive call, the value of argument num is decreased by 1 until num reaches less than 1.
When the value of num is less than 1, there is no recursive call.
And each recursive calls returns giving us:

6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 1 (for 0) = 720
33. Java Program to Find G.C.D Using Recursion

In this program, you'll learn to find the GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) or HCF using a recursive function in Java.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
This program takes two positive integers and calculates GCD using recursion.
Visit this page to learn how you can calculate the GCD using loops.
Example: GCD of Two Numbers using Recursion
public class GCD {
int n1 = 366, n2 = 60;
int hcf = hcf(n1, n2);
System.out.printf("G.C.D of %d and %d is %d.", n1, n2, hcf);
public static int hcf(int n1, int n2)
if (n2 != 0)
return hcf(n2, n1 % n2);
else
return n1;
}
}
Output
G.C.D of 366 and 60 is 6.
In the above program, the recursive function is called until n2 is 0. In the end, the value of n1 is the GCD or HCF
of the given two numbers.
Execution Steps
No. Recursive call n1 n2 n1 % n2
1 hcf(366, 60) 366 60 6
2 hcf(60, 6) 60 6 0
Final hcf(6, 0) 6 0 -
34. Java Program to Convert Binary Number to Decimal and vice-versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert binary number to a decimal number and vice-versa using functions in
Java.
Java Methods
Java Operators
Visit this page to learn how to convert binary number to decimal.
Example 1: Program to convert binary number to decimal
public class BinaryDecimal {
long num = 110110111;
int decimal = convertBinaryToDecimal(num);
System.out.printf("%d in binary = %d in decimal", num, decimal);

}
public static int convertBinaryToDecimal(long num)
int decimalNumber = 0, i = 0;
long remainder;
while (num != 0)
num /= 10;
decimalNumber += remainder * Math.pow(2, i);
++i;
return decimalNumber;
Output
110110111 in binary = 439 in decimal
Visit this page to learn, how to convert decimal number to binary.
Example 2: Program to convert decimal number to binary
public class DecimalBinary {
int num = 19;
long binary = convertDecimalToBinary(num);
System.out.printf("%d in decimal = %d in binary", num, binary);
}
public static long convertDecimalToBinary(int n)
long binaryNumber = 0;
int remainder, i = 1, step = 1;
while (n!=0)
remainder = n % 2;
System.out.printf("Step %d: %d/2, Remainder = %d, Quotient = %d\n", step++, n, remainder, n/2);
n /= 2;
binaryNumber += remainder * i;
i *= 10;
return binaryNumber;
Output
Step 1: 19/2, Remainder = 1, Quotient = 9
19 in decimal = 10011 in binary
35. Java Program to Convert Octal Number to Decimal and vice-versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert octal number to a decimal number and vice-versa using functions in Java.
Java Methods
Java Operators
Example 1: Program to Convert Decimal to Octal
public class DecimalOctal {
int decimal = 78;
int octal = convertDecimalToOctal(decimal);
System.out.printf("%d in decimal = %d in octal", decimal, octal);
public static int convertDecimalToOctal(int decimal)
int octalNumber = 0, i = 1;
while (decimal != 0)
octalNumber += (decimal % 8) * i;
decimal /= 8;
i *= 10;
return octalNumber;
Output
78 in decimal = 116 in octal

This conversion takes place as:
8 | 78
8 | 9 -- 6
8 | 1 -- 1
8 | 0 -- 1
(116)
Example 2: Program to Convert Octal to Decimal
public class OctalDecimal {
int octal = 116;
int decimal = convertOctalToDecimal(octal);
System.out.printf("%d in octal = %d in decimal", octal, decimal);
public static int convertOctalToDecimal(int octal)
while(octal != 0)
decimalNumber += (octal % 10) * Math.pow(8, i);
++i;
octal/=10;
return decimalNumber;
}
}
Output
116 in octal = 78 in decimal
1 * 82 + 1 * 81 + 6 * 80 = 78
36. Java Program to Convert Binary Number to Octal and vice-versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert binary number to a octal number and vice-versa using functions in Java.
Java Methods
Java Operators
Example 1: Program to Convert Binary to Octal
In this program, we will first convert binary number to decimal. Then, the decimal number is converted to octal.
public class BinaryOctal {
long binary = 101001;
int octal = convertBinarytoOctal(binary);
System.out.printf("%d in binary = %d in octal", binary, octal);
public static int convertBinarytoOctal(long binaryNumber)
int octalNumber = 0, decimalNumber = 0, i = 0;

while(binaryNumber != 0)
decimalNumber += (binaryNumber % 10) * Math.pow(2, i);
++i;
binaryNumber /= 10;
i = 1;
while (decimalNumber != 0)
octalNumber += (decimalNumber % 8) * i;
decimalNumber /= 8;
i *= 10;
return octalNumber;
Output
101001 in binary = 51 in octal
Binary To Decimal
1 * 25 + 0 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 41
Decimal to Octal
8 | 41
8 | 5 -- 1
8 | 0 -- 5
(51)
Example 2: Program to Convert Octal to Binary
In this program, the octal number to decimal to decimal at first. Then, the decimal number is converted to
binary number.
public class OctalBinary {
int octal = 67;
long binary = convertOctalToBinary(octal);
System.out.printf("%d in octal = %d in binary", octal, binary);
public static long convertOctalToBinary(int octalNumber)
long binaryNumber = 0;
while(octalNumber != 0)
decimalNumber += (octalNumber % 10) * Math.pow(8, i);
++i;
octalNumber/=10;
i = 1;
while (decimalNumber != 0)
binaryNumber += (decimalNumber % 2) * i;
decimalNumber /= 2;
i *= 10;
return binaryNumber;
Output
67 in octal = 110111 in binary
Octal To Decimal
6 * 81 + 7 * 80 = 55
Decimal to Binary
2 | 55
2 | 27 -- 1
2 | 13 -- 1
2 | 6 -- 1
2 | 3 -- 0
2 | 1 -- 1
2 | 0 -- 1
(110111)
37. Java Program to Reverse a Sentence Using Recursion

In this program, you'll learn to reverse a given sentence using a recursive loop in Java.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
Java String
Example: Reverse a Sentence Using Recursion
public class Reverse {
String sentence = "Go work";
String reversed = reverse(sentence);
System.out.println("The reversed sentence is: " + reversed);
public static String reverse(String sentence) {
if (sentence.isEmpty())
return sentence;
return reverse(sentence.substring(1)) + sentence.charAt(0);
Output:
The reversed sentence is: krow oG
In the above program, we've a recursive function reverse().
On each iteration, we add (concatenate) the result of next reverse() function to the first character of sentence
using charAt(0).
The recursive call must be before the charAt(), because that way the last characters will start adding to the left-
hand side. If you reverse the order, you'll end up with the original sentence.
In the end, we end up with an empty sentence and reverse() returns the reversed sentence.
Note: The sentence.substring(1) method returns the portion of the string sentence starting from index 1 to end
of the string. To learn more, visit Java String substring().
Execution steps
Iteration reverse() substring() reversedString
1 reverse("Go work") "o Work" result + "G"
2 reverse("o Work") " Work"result + "o" + "G"
3 reverse(" Work") "Work" result + " " + "o" + "G"
4 reverse("Work") "ork" result + "W" + " " + "o" + "G"
5 reverse("ork") "rk" result + "o" + "W" + " " + "o" + "G"
6 reverse("rk") "k" result + "r" + "o" + "W" + " " + "o" + "G"
7 reverse("k") "" result + "k" + "r" + "o" + "W" + " " + "o" + "G"
Final reverse("") - "" + "k" + "r" + "o" + "W" + " " + "o" + "G" = "kroW oG"
38. Java Program to calculate the power using recursion

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the power of a number using a recursive function in Java.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
Example: Program to calculate power using recursion
int base = 3, powerRaised = 4;
int result = power(base, powerRaised);
System.out.printf("%d^%d = %d", base, powerRaised, result);

}
public static int power(int base, int powerRaised) {
if (powerRaised != 0)
return (base * power(base, powerRaised - 1));
else
return 1;
Output
3^4 = 81
In the above program, you calculate the power using a recursive function power().
In simple terms, the recursive function multiplies the base with itself for powerRaised times, which is:
3 * 3 * 3 * 3 = 81
Execution steps
Iteration power() powerRaised result
1 power(3, 4) 4 3 * result2
2 power(3, 3) 3 3 * 3 * result3
3 power(3, 2) 2 3 * 3 * 3 * result4
4 power(3, 1) 1 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * resultfinal
Final power(3, 0) 0 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 1 = 81
39. Java Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the average of the given arrays in Java.
Java Arrays
Java for-each Loop
Example: Program to Calculate Average Using Arrays
public class Average {
double[] numArray = { 45.3, 67.5, -45.6, 20.34, 33.0, 45.6 };
double sum = 0.0;
for (double num: numArray) {
sum += num;
double average = sum / numArray.length;
System.out.format("The average is: %.2f", average);
Output
The average is: 27.69
In the above program, the numArray stores the floating-point values whose average is to be found.
Then, to calculate the average, we need to first calculate the sum of all elements in the array. This is done using
a for-each loop in Java.
Finally, we calculate the average by the formula:
average = sum of numbers / total count
In this case, the total count is given by numArray.length.
Finally, we print the average using format() function so that we limit the decimal points to only 2 using "%.2f"
40. Java Program to Find Largest Element of an Array
In this program, you'll learn to find the largest element in an array using a for loop in Java.
Java Arrays
Java for-each Loop
Example: Find the largest element in an array
double[] numArray = { 23.4, -34.5, 50.0, 33.5, 55.5, 43.7, 5.7, -66.5 };
double largest = numArray[0];
for (double num: numArray) {
if(largest < num)
largest = num;
System.out.format("Largest element = %.2f", largest);
Output
Largest element = 55.50
In the above program, we store the first element of the array in the variable largest.
Then, largest is used to compare other elements in the array. If any number is greater than largest, largest is
assigned the number.
In this way, the largest number is stored in largest when it is printed.
41. Java Program to Calculate Standard Deviation

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the standard deviation using a function in Java.
Java Arrays
Java Methods
This program calculates the standard deviation of a individual series using arrays. Visit this page to learn about
Standard Deviation.
To calculate the standard deviation, calculateSD() function is created. The array containing 10 elements is
passed to the function and this function calculates the standard deviation and returns it to the main() function.
Example: Program to Calculate Standard Deviation
public class StandardDeviation {
double[] numArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
double SD = calculateSD(numArray);
System.out.format("Standard Deviation = %.6f", SD);
public static double calculateSD(double numArray[])
double sum = 0.0, standardDeviation = 0.0;
int length = numArray.length;

for(double num : numArray) {
sum += num;
double mean = sum/length;
for(double num: numArray) {
standardDeviation += Math.pow(num - mean, 2);
return Math.sqrt(standardDeviation/length);
Output
Standard Deviation = 2.872281
In the above program, we've used the help of Java Math.pow() and Java Math.sqrt() to calculate the power and
square root respectively.
Note: This program calculates the standard deviation of a sample. If you need to compute S.D. of a population,
return Math.sqrt(standardDeviation/(length-1)) instead of Math.sqrt(standardDeviation/length) from the
calculateSD() method.
42. Java Program to Add Two Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays

In this program, you'll learn to add two matrices using multi-dimensional arrays in Java.
Java Arrays
Java for Loop
Example: Program to Add Two Matrices

public class AddMatrices {
int rows = 2, columns = 3;
int[][] firstMatrix = { {2, 3, 4}, {5, 2, 3} };
int[][] secondMatrix = { {-4, 5, 3}, {5, 6, 3} };
// Adding Two matrices
int[][] sum = new int[rows][columns];
for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < columns; j++) {
sum[i][j] = firstMatrix[i][j] + secondMatrix[i][j];
// Displaying the result
System.out.println("Sum of two matrices is: ");
for(int[] row : sum) {
for (int column : row) {
System.out.print(column + " ");
System.out.println();
Output
Sum of two matrices is:
-2 8 7
10 8 6
In the above program, the two matrices are stored in 2d array, namely firstMatrix and secondMatrix. We've also
defined the number of rows and columns and stored them in variables rows and columns respectively.
Then, we initialize a new array of the given rows and columns called sum. This matrix array stores the addition of
the given matrices.
We loop through each index of both arrays to add and store the result.
Finally, we loop through each element in the sum array using the for-each loop to print the elements.
43. Java Program to Multiply to Matrix Using Multi-dimensional Arrays

In this program, you'll learn to multiply two matrices using multi-dimensional arrays in Java.
Java Arrays
Java Multidimensional Arrays
For matrix multiplication to take place, the number of columns of first matrix must be equal to the number of
rows of second matrix. In our example, i.e.
c1 = r2
Also, the final product matrix is of size r1 x c2, i.e.
product[r1][c2]
You can also multiply two matrices using functions.
Example: Program to Multiply Two Matrices
public class MultiplyMatrices {
int r1 = 2, c1 = 3;
int r2 = 3, c2 = 2;
int[][] firstMatrix = { {3, -2, 5}, {3, 0, 4} };
int[][] secondMatrix = { {2, 3}, {-9, 0}, {0, 4} };
// Mutliplying Two matrices
int[][] product = new int[r1][c2];
for(int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < c1; k++) {
product[i][j] += firstMatrix[i][k] * secondMatrix[k][j];
System.out.println("Sum of two matrices is: ");
for(int[] row : product) {
Output
Sum of two matrices is:
24 29
6 25
In the above program, the multiplication takes place as:

|- (a11 x b11) + (a12 x b21) + (a13 x b31) (a11 x b12) + (a12 x b22) + (a13 x b32) -|
|_ (a21 x b11) + (a22 x b21) + (a23 x b31) (a21 x b12) + (a22 x b22) + (a23 x b32) _|
In our example, it takes place as:
|- (3 x 2) + (-2 x -9) + (5 x 0) = 24 (3 x 3) + (-2 x 0) + (5 x 4) = 29 -|
|_ (3 x 2) + ( 0 x -9) + (4 x 0) = 6 (3 x 3) + ( 0 x 0) + (4 x 4) = 25 _|
44. Java Program to Multiply two Matrices by Passing Matrix to a Function

In this program, you'll learn to multiply two matrices using a function in Java.
Java Arrays
For matrix multiplication to take place, the number of columns of the first matrix must be equal to the number
of rows of the second matrix. In our example, i.e.
c1 = r2
Also, the final product matrix is of size r1 x c2, i.e.
product[r1][c2]
You can also multiply two matrices without functions.
Example: Program to Multiply Two Matrices using a Function
public class MultiplyMatrices {
int r1 = 2, c1 = 3;
int r2 = 3, c2 = 2;
int[][] firstMatrix = { {3, -2, 5}, {3, 0, 4} };
int[][] secondMatrix = { {2, 3}, {-9, 0}, {0, 4} };
// Mutliplying Two matrices
int[][] product = multiplyMatrices(firstMatrix, secondMatrix, r1, c1, c2);
displayProduct(product);
public static int[][] multiplyMatrices(int[][] firstMatrix, int[][] secondMatrix, int r1, int c1, int c2) {
int[][] product = new int[r1][c2];
for(int i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
for (int k = 0; k < c1; k++) {
product[i][j] += firstMatrix[i][k] * secondMatrix[k][j];
return product;
public static void displayProduct(int[][] product) {
System.out.println("Product of two matrices is: ");
for(int[] row : product) {
}
Output
Product of two matrices is:
24 29
6 25
In the above program, there are two functions:
multiplyMatrices() which multiplies the two given matrices and returns the product matrix
displayProduct() which displays the output of the product matrix on the screen.
The multiplication takes place as:
|- (a11 x b11) + (a12 x b21) + (a13 x b31) (a11 x b12) + (a12 x b22) + (a13 x b32) -|
|_ (a21 x b11) + (a22 x b21) + (a23 x b31) (a21 x b12) + (a22 x b22) + (a23 x b32) _|
In our example, it takes place as:
|- (3 x 2) + (-2 x -9) + (5 x 0) = 24 (3 x 3) + (-2 x 0) + (5 x 4) = 29 -|
|_ (3 x 2) + ( 0 x -9) + (4 x 0) = 6 (3 x 3) + ( 0 x 0) + (4 x 4) = 25 _|
45. Java Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix

In this program, you'll learn to find and print the transpose of a given matrix in Java.
Java Arrays
Java Methods
Transpose of a matrix is the process of swapping the rows to columns. For 2x3 matrix,
Matrix
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
Transposed Matrix
a11 a21
a12 a22
a13 a23
Example: Program to Find Transpose of a Matrix
public class Transpose {
int row = 2, column = 3;
int[][] matrix = { {2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 4} };
// Display current matrix
display(matrix);
// Transpose the matrix
int[][] transpose = new int[column][row];
for(int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < column; j++) {
transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j];
// Display transposed matrix
display(transpose);
}
public static void display(int[][] matrix) {
System.out.println("The matrix is: ");
for(int[] row : matrix) {
Output
The matrix is:
2 3 4
5 6 4
The matrix is:
2 5
3 6
4 4
In the above program, display() function is only used to print the contents of a matrix to the screen.
Here, the given matrix is of form 2x3, i.e. row = 2 and column = 3.
For the transposed matrix, we change the order of transposed to 3x2, i.e. row = 3 and column = 2. So, we have
transpose = int[column][row]
The transpose of the matrix is calculated by simply swapping columns to rows:
transpose[j][i] = matrix[i][j];
46. Java Program to Print an Array
In this program, you'll learn different techniques to print the elements of a given array in Java.
Java Arrays
Java for Loop
Example 1: Print an Array using For loop
public class Array {
int[] array = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
for (int element: array) {
System.out.println(element);
Output
In the above program, the for-each loop is used to iterate over the given array, array.
It accesses each element in the array and prints using println().

Example 2: Print an Array using standard library Arrays
import java.util.Arrays;
int[] array = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array));
Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In the above program, the for loop has been replaced by a single line of code using Arrays.toString() function.
As you can see, this gives a clean output without any extra lines of code.
Example 3: Print a Multi-dimensional Array
int[][] array = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6, 7}};
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(array));
}
Output
[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6, 7]]
In the above program, since each element in array contains another array, just using Arrays.toString() prints the
address of the elements (nested array).
To get the numbers from the inner array, we just another function Arrays.deepToString(). This gets us the
numbers 1, 2 and so on, we are looking for.
This function works for 3-dimensional arrays as well.
47. Java Program to Concatenate Two Arrays

In this program, you'll learn to concatenate two arrays in Java using arraycopy and without it.
Java Arrays
Java for-each Loop
Example 1: Concatenate Two Arrays using arraycopy
public class Concat {
int[] array1 = {1, 2, 3};
int[] array2 = {4, 5, 6};
int aLen = array1.length;
int bLen = array2.length;
int[] result = new int[aLen + bLen];

System.arraycopy(array1, 0, result, 0, aLen);
System.arraycopy(array2, 0, result, aLen, bLen);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(result));
Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
In the above program, we've two integer arrays array1 and array2.
In order to combine (concatenate) two arrays, we find its length stored in aLen and bLen respectively. Then, we
create a new integer array result with length aLen + bLen.
Now, in order to combine both, we copy each element in both arrays to result by using arraycopy() function.
The arraycopy(array1, 0, result, 0, aLen) function, in simple terms, tells the program to copy array1 starting from
index 0 to result from index 0 to aLen.
Likewise, for arraycopy(array2, 0, result, aLen, bLen) tells the program to copy array2 starting from index 0 to
result from index aLen to bLen.
Example 2: Concatenate Two Arrays without using arraycopy
public class Concat {
int[] array1 = {1, 2, 3};
int[] array2 = {4, 5, 6};

int length = array1.length + array2.length;
int[] result = new int[length];
int pos = 0;
for (int element : array1) {
result[pos] = element;
pos++;
for (int element : array2) {
result[pos] = element;
pos++;
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(result));
Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
In the above program, instead of using arraycopy, we manually copy each element of both arrays array1 and
array2 to result.
We store the total length required for result, i.e. array1.length + array2. length. Then, we create a new array
result of the length.
Now, we use the for-each loop to iterate through each element of array1 and store it in the result. After
assigning it, we increase the position pos by 1, pos++.
Likewise, we do the same for array2 and store each element in result starting from the position after array1.
48. Java Program to Check if An Array Contains a Given Value
In this program, you'll learn to check if an array contains a given value in Java.
Java Arrays
Example 1: Check if Int Array contains a given value
public class Contains {
int[] num = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int toFind = 3;
boolean found = false;
for (int n : num) {
if (n == toFind) {
found = true;
break;
if(found)
System.out.println(toFind + " is found.");
else
System.out.println(toFind + " is not found.");
Output
3 is found.
In the above program, we have an array of integers stored in variable num. Likewise, the number to be found is
stored in toFind.
Now, we use a for-each loop to iterate through all elements of num and check individually if toFind is equal to n
or not.
If yes, we set found to true and break from the loop. If not, we move to the next iteration.
Example 2: Check if an array contains given value using Stream
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
int[] num = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int toFind = 7;
boolean found = IntStream.of(num).anyMatch(n -> n == toFind);
if(found)
else
Output
7 is not found.
In the above program, instead of using a for-each loop, we convert the array to an IntStream and use its
anyMatch() method.
anyMatch() method takes a predicate, an expression, or a function that returns a boolean value. In our case, the
predicate compares each element n in the stream to toFind and returns true or false.
If any of the element n returns true, found is set to true as well.
Example 3: Check if an array contains a given value for non-primitive types
String[] strings = {"One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"};
String toFind = "Four";
boolean found = Arrays.stream(strings).anyMatch(t -> t.equals(toFind));
if(found)
else
Output
Four is found.
In the above program, we've used a non-primitive data type String and used Arrays's stream() method to first
convert it to a stream and anyMatch() to check if the array contains the given value toFind.
49. Java Program to Find the Frequency of Character in a String
In this program, you'll learn to find the occurence (frequency) of a character in a given string.
Java for Loop
Java String charAt()
Example: Find Frequency of Character
public class Frequency {
String str = "This website is awesome.";
char ch = 'e';
int frequency = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
if(ch == str.charAt(i)) {
++frequency;
System.out.println("Frequency of " + ch + " = " + frequency);
Output
Frequency of e = 4
In the above program, the length of the given string, str, is found using the string method length().
We loop through each character in the string using charAt() function which takes the index (i) and returns the
character in the given index.
We compare each character to the given character ch. If it's a match, we increase the value of frequency by 1.
In the end, we get the total occurrence of a character stored in frequency and print it.
50. Java Program to Count the Number of Vowels and Consonants in a

Sentence
In this program, you'll learn to count the number of vowels, consonants, digits and spaces in a given sentence
using if else in Java.
Java for Loop
Example: Program to count vowels, consonants, digits, and spaces
public class Count {
String line = "This website is aw3som3.";
int vowels = 0, consonants = 0, digits = 0, spaces = 0;
line = line.toLowerCase();
for(int i = 0; i < line.length(); ++i)
char ch = line.charAt(i);
if(ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i'
|| ch == 'o' || ch == 'u') {
++vowels;
}
else if((ch >= 'a'&& ch <= 'z')) {
++consonants;
else if( ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
++digits;
else if (ch ==' ')
++spaces;
System.out.println("Vowels: " + vowels);
System.out.println("Consonants: " + consonants);
System.out.println("Digits: " + digits);
System.out.println("White spaces: " + spaces);
Output
Vowels: 6
Consonants: 11
Digits: 3
White spaces: 3
In the above example, we've 4 conditions for each of the checks.
The first if condition is to check whether the character is a vowel or not.
The else if condition following if is to check whether the character is a consonant or not. The order should be the
same otherwise, all vowels are treated as consonants as well.
The 3rd condition (else-if) is to check whether the character is between 0 to 9 or not.
Finally, the last condition is to check whether the character is a space character or not.
For this, we've lowercased the line using toLowerCase(). This is an optimization done not to check for capitalized
A to Z and vowels.
We've used length() function to know the length of the string and charAt() to get the character at the given
index (position).
51. Java Program to Sort Elements in Lexicographical Order (Dictionary

Order)
In this program, you'll learn to sort the element words in lexicographical order using a for loop and if else in Java.
Java for Loop
Java String
Example: Program to Sort Strings in Dictionary Order
public class Sort {
String[] words = { "Ruby", "C", "Python", "Java" };
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
for (int j = i + 1; j < 4; ++j) {
if (words[i].compareTo(words[j]) > 0) {
// swap words[i] with words[j[
String temp = words[i];
words[i] = words[j];
words[j] = temp;
}
}
System.out.println("In lexicographical order:");
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
System.out.println(words[i]);
Output
In lexicographical order:
Java
Python
Ruby
In the above program, the list of 5 words to sorted is stored in a variable, words.
Then, we loop through each word (words[i]) and compare it with all words (words[j]) after it in the array. This is
done by using the string's compareTo() method.
If the return value of compareTo() is greater than 0, it has to be swapped in position, i.e. words[i] comes after
words[j]. So, in each iteration, words[i] contains the earliest word.
Execution Steps
Iteration Initial words i j words[]
1 { "Ruby", "C", "Python", "Java" } 0 1 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" }
2 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" } 0 2 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" }
3 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" } 0 3 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" }
4 { "C", "Ruby", "Python", "Java" } 1 2 { "C", "Python", "Ruby", "Java" }
5 { "C", "Python", "Ruby", "Java" } 1 3 { "C", "Java", "Ruby", "Python" }

Final { "C", "Java", "Ruby", "Python" } 2 3 { "C", "Java", "Python", "Ruby" }
52. Java Program to Add Two Complex Numbers by Passing Class to a

Function
In this program, you'll learn to add two complex numbers in Java by creating a class named Complex and passing
it into a function add().
Java Class and Objects
Java Methods
Example: Add Two Complex Numbers
public class Complex {
double real;
double imag;
public Complex(double real, double imag) {
this.real = real;
this.imag = imag;
Complex n1 = new Complex(2.3, 4.5),
n2 = new Complex(3.4, 5.0),
temp;
temp = add(n1, n2);
System.out.printf("Sum = %.1f + %.1fi", temp.real, temp.imag);

}
public static Complex add(Complex n1, Complex n2)
Complex temp = new Complex(0.0, 0.0);
temp.real = n1.real + n2.real;
temp.imag = n1.imag + n2.imag;
return(temp);
Output
Sum = 5.7 + 9.5i
In the above program, we created a class Complex with two member variables: real and imag. As name suggests,
real stores real part of a complex number and imag stores the imaginary part.
The Complex class has a constructor with initializes the value of real and imag.
We also created a new static function add() that takes two complex numbers as parameters and returns the
result as a complex number.
Inside the add() method, we just add the real and imaginary parts of complex numbers n1 and n2, store it in a
new variable temp and return temp.
Then, in the calling function main(), we print it using printf() function.
53. Java Program to Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods

In this program, you'll learn to calculate the difference between two time periods in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Calculate Difference Between Two Time Periods
public class Time {
int seconds;
int minutes;
int hours;
public Time(int hours, int minutes, int seconds) {
this.hours = hours;
this.minutes = minutes;
this.seconds = seconds;
// create objects of Time class
Time start = new Time(8, 12, 15);
Time stop = new Time(12, 34, 55);
Time diff;
// call difference method
diff = difference(start, stop);
System.out.printf("TIME DIFFERENCE: %d:%d:%d - ", start.hours, start.minutes, start.seconds);
System.out.printf("%d:%d:%d ", stop.hours, stop.minutes, stop.seconds);
System.out.printf("= %d:%d:%d\n", diff.hours, diff.minutes, diff.seconds);

}
public static Time difference(Time start, Time stop)
Time diff = new Time(0, 0, 0);
// if start second is greater
// convert minute of stop into seconds
// and add seconds to stop second
if(start.seconds > stop.seconds){
--stop.minutes;
stop.seconds += 60;
diff.seconds = stop.seconds - start.seconds;
// if start minute is greater
// convert stop hour into minutes
// and add minutes to stop minutes
if(start.minutes > stop.minutes){
--stop.hours;
stop.minutes += 60;
diff.minutes = stop.minutes - start.minutes;
diff.hours = stop.hours - start.hours;
// return the difference time
return(diff);
}
}
Output
TIME DIFFERENCE: 12:34:55 - 8:12:15 = 4:22:40
In the above program, we've created a class named Time with three member variables: hours, minutes, and
seconds. As the name suggests, they store hours, minutes and seconds of a given time respectively.
The Time class has a constructor that initializes the value of hours, minutes, and seconds.
We've also created a static function difference that takes two Time variables as parameters, find the difference
and returns it as Time class.
54. Java Program to Remove All Whitespaces from a String

In this program, you'll learn to remove all whitespaces in a given string using regular expressions in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Program to Remove All Whitespaces
public class Whitespaces {
String sentence = "T his is b ett er.";
System.out.println("Original sentence: " + sentence);
sentence = sentence.replaceAll("\\s", "");
System.out.println("After replacement: " + sentence);
}
Output
Original sentence: T his is b ett er.
After replacement: Thisisbetter.
In the aboe program, we use String's replaceAll() method to remove and replace all whitespaces in the string
sentence.
To learn more, visit Java String replaceAll().
We've used regular expression \\s that finds all white space characters (tabs, spaces, new line character, etc.) in
the string. Then, we replace it with "" (empty string literal).
Example 2: Take string from users and remove the white space
class Main {
// create an object of Scanner
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the string");
// take the input
String input = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("Original String: " + input);
// remove white spaces
input = input.replaceAll("\\s", "");
System.out.println("Final String: " + input);
sc.close();
}
Output
Enter the string
J av a- P rog ram m ing
Original String: J av a- P rog ram m ing
Final String: Java-Programming
In the above example, we have used the Java Scanner to take input from the user.
Here, the replaceAll() method replaces all the white spaces from the string.
55. Java Program to Determine the class of an object

In this example, we will learn to determine the class of an object in Java using the getClass() method, instanceof
operator, and the isInstance() method.
Java instanceof
Example 1: Check the class of an object using getClass()
class Test1 {
// first class
class Test2 {
// second class
}
class Main {
// create objects
Test1 obj1 = new Test1();
Test2 obj2 = new Test2();
// get the class of the object obj1
System.out.print("The class of obj1 is: ");
System.out.println(obj1.getClass());
// get the class of the object obj2
System.out.print("The class of obj2 is: ");
System.out.println(obj2.getClass());
Output
The class of obj1 is: class Test1
The class of obj2 is: class Test2
In the above example, we have used the getClass() method of the Object class to get the class name of the
objects obj1 and obj2.
To learn more, visit Java Object getClass().
Example 2: Check the class of an object using instanceOf operator
class Test {
// class
class Main {

// create an object
Test obj = new Test();
// check if obj is an object of Test
if(obj instanceof Test) {
System.out.println("obj is an object of the Test class");
else {
System.out.println("obj is not an object of the Test class");
Output
obj is an object of the Test class
In the above example, we have used the instanceof operator to check if the object obj is an instance of the class
Test.
Example 3: Check the class of an object using isInstance()
class Test {
// first class
class Main {
// create an object

// check if obj is an object of Test1
if(Test.class.isInstance(obj)){
System.out.println("obj is an object of the Test class");
else {
System.out.println("obj is not an object of the Test class");
Output
obj is an object of the Test class
Here, we have used the isInstance() method of the class Class to check if the object obj is an object of the class
Test.
The isInstance() method works similarly to the instanceof operator. However, it is preferred during the run time.
56. Java Program to Create an enum class

In this example, we will learn to create an enum class in Java.
Java enums
Example 1: Java program to create an enum class
enum Size{
// enum constants
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE;

public String getSize() {
// this will refer to the object SMALL
switch(this) {
case SMALL:
return "small";
case MEDIUM:
return "medium";
case LARGE:
return "large";
case EXTRALARGE:
return "extra large";
default:
return null;
// call the method getSize()
// using the object SMALL
System.out.println("The size of Pizza I get is " + Size.SMALL.getSize());
// call the method getSize()
// using the object LARGE
System.out.println("The size of Pizza I want is " + Size.LARGE.getSize());

}
Output
The size of Pizza I get is small
The size of Pizza I want is large
In the above example, we have created an enum class named Size. The class contains four constants SMALL,
MEDIUM, LARGE, and EXTRALARGE.
Here, the compiler automatically converts all the constants of the enum into its instances. Hence, we can call the
method using the constant as objects.
Size.SMALL.getSize()
In this call, the this keyword is now associated with the SMALL object. Hence, the value small is returned.
57. Java Program to Print object of a class

In this tutorial, we will learn to print the object of a class in Java.
Example 1: Java program to print the object
class Test {
class Main {
// create an object of the Test class

// print the object
System.out.println(obj);
Output
Test@512ddf17
In the above example, we have created an object of the class Test. When we print the object, we can see that
the output looks different.
This is because while printing the object, the toString() method of the object class is called. It formats the object
in the default format. That is,
Test - name of the class
@ - joins the string
512ddf17 - hashcode value of the object
If we want to format the output in our own way, we need to override the toString() method inside the class. For
example,
class Test {
@Override
public String toString() {
return "object";
class Main {

// create an object of the Test class
// print the object
System.out.println(obj);
Output
object
In the above example, the output has changed. It is because here we override the toString() method to return
the string object.
To learn about toString() method of the object class, visit Java Object toString().
First Line
Second Line
Third Line
So, we will get output
Total Number of Lines: 3
Example 2: Java program to count the number of lines in a file using java.nio.file package
import java.nio.file.*;
class Main {
try {
// make a connection to the file
Path file = Paths.get("input.txt");

// read all lines of the file
long count = Files.lines(file).count();
System.out.println("Total Lines: " + count);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example,
lines() - read all lines of the file as a stream
count() - returns the number of elements in the stream
Here, if the file input.txt contains the following content:
This is the article on Java Examples.
The examples count number of lines in a file.
Here, we have used the java.nio.file package.
The program will print Total Lines: 3.
58. Java Program to Create custom exception

In this example, we will learn to create custom checked and unchecked exception in Java.
Java Exceptions
Java Exception Handling
Example 1: Java program to create custom checked exception
import java.util.ArrayList;
// create a checked exception class
class CustomException extends Exception {
public CustomException(String message) {
// call the constructor of Exception class
super(message);
class Main {
ArrayList<String> languages = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Java", "Python", "JavaScript"));
// check the exception condition
public void checkLanguage(String language) throws CustomException {
// throw exception if language already present in ArrayList
if(languages.contains(language)) {
throw new CustomException(language + " already exists");
else {
// insert language to ArrayList
languages.add(language);
System.out.println(language + " is added to the ArrayList");

// create object of Main class
Main obj = new Main();
// exception is handled using try...catch
try {
obj.checkLanguage("Swift");
obj.checkLanguage("Java");
catch(CustomException e) {
System.out.println("[" + e + "] Exception Occured");
Output
Swift is added to the ArrayList
[CustomException: Java already exists] Exception Occured
In the above example, we have extended the Exception class to create a custom exception named
CustomException. Here, we call the constructor of Exception class from the CustomException class using super()
keyword.
Inside the method checkLanguage(), we have checked the exception condition, and if the exception occurs, the
try..catch block handles the exception.
Here, this is the checked exception. We can also create unchecked exception class in Java. To learn more on
checked and unchecked exception, visit Java Exception.
Example 2: Create custom unchecked exception class
// create a unchecked exception class
class CustomException extends RuntimeException {
public CustomException(String message) {
// call the constructor of RuntimeException
super(message);
class Main {
ArrayList<String> languages = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("Java", "Python", "JavaScript"));
// check the exception condition
public void checkLanguage(String language) {
// throw exception if language already present in ArrayList
if(languages.contains(language)) {
throw new CustomException(language + " already exists");
else {
// insert language to ArrayList
languages.add(language);
System.out.println(language + " is added to the ArrayList");

// check if language already present
obj.checkLanguage("Swift");
obj.checkLanguage("Java");
Output
Swift is added to the ArrayList
Exception in thread "main" CustomException: Java already exists
at Main.checkLanguage(Main.java:21)
at Main.main(Main.java:37)
In the above example, we have extended the RuntimeException class to create an unchecked custom exception
class.
Here, you can notice that, we haven't declared any try...catch block. It is because the unchecked exception is
checked at runtime.
Besides that, other functionality of unchecked exception is similar to the above mentioned program.
59. Java Program to Create a immutable class

In this example, we will learn to create an immutable class in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java program to create immutable class
final class Immutable {

private String name;
private int date;
Immutable(String name, int date) {
// initialize the immutable variables
this.name = name;
this.date = date;
// private getter methods
public String getName() {
return name;
public int getDate() {
return date;
class Main {
// create object of Immutable
Immutable obj = new Immutable("Programiz", 2011);
System.out.println("Name: " + obj.getName());
System.out.println("Date: " + obj.getDate());
}
Output
Name: Programiz
Date: 2011
In Java, immutable classes are those classes whose values are not changed. To create an immutable class, here
class is declared final so it cannot be extended
class members name and date are private so cannot be accessed outside of class
does not contain any setter methods so outer class cannot change the class members
getter method returns the copy of class members
class members are initialized using the constructor
60. Java Program to Convert String to Date

In this program, you'll learn to convert string to date in Java using formatter.
Java String
Example 1: Convert String to Date using predefined formatters
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
public class TimeString {
// Format y-M-d or yyyy-MM-d
String string = "2017-07-25";
LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(string, DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE);

System.out.println(date);
Output
2017-07-25
In the above program, we've used the predefined formatter ISO_DATE that takes date string in the format 2017-
07-25 or 2017-07-25+05:45'.
The LocalDate's parse() function parses the given string using the given formatter. You can also remove the
ISO_DATE formatter in the above example and replace the parse() method with:
LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(string, DateTimeFormatter);
Example 2: Convert String to Date using pattern formatters
import java.util.Locale;
public class TimeString {
String string = "July 25, 2017";
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("MMMM d, yyyy", Locale.ENGLISH);
LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(string, formatter);
System.out.println(date);
Output
2017-07-25
In the above program, our date is in the format MMMM d, yyyy. So, we create a formatter of the given pattern.
Check all DateTimeFormatter patterns, if you're interested.
Now, we can parse the date using LocalDate.parse() function and get the LocalDate object.
61. Java Program to Convert a Stack Trace to a String

In this program, you'll learn to convert a stack trace to a string in Java.
Java String
Example: Convert stack trace to a string
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
public class PrintStackTrace {
try {
int division = 0 / 0;
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
e.printStackTrace(new PrintWriter(sw));
String exceptionAsString = sw.toString();
System.out.println(exceptionAsString);
}
}
Output
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at PrintStackTrace.main(PrintStackTrace.java:9)
In the above program, we've forced our program to throw ArithmeticException by dividing 0 by 0.
In the catch block, we use StringWriter and PrintWriter to print any given output to a string. We then print the
stack trace using printStackTrace() method of the exception and write it in the writer.
Then, we simply convert it to string using toString() method.
62. Java Program to Compare Strings

In this program, you'll learn to compare two strings in Java.
Java String
Java Operators
Example 1: Compare two strings
public class CompareStrings {
String style = "Bold";
String style2 = "Bold";
if(style == style2)
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
Output
Equal
In the above program, we've two strings style and style2. We simply use the equal to operator (==) to compare
the two strings, which compares the value Bold to Bold and prints Equal.
Example 2: Compare two strings using equals()
String style = new String("Bold");
String style2 = new String("Bold");
if(style.equals(style2))
else
Output
Equal
In the above program, we have two strings named style and style2 both containing the same world Bold.
However, we've used String constructor to create the strings. To compare these strings in Java, we need to use
the equals() method of the string.
You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the
string, i.e. whether they are the same object or not.
On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object
itself.
If you instead change the program to use equality operator, you'll get Not Equal as shown in the program below.
Example 3: Compare two string objects using == (Doesn't work)
if(style == style2)
else
Output
Not Equal
Example 4: Different ways to compare two strings
Here is the string comparison which is possible in Java.

boolean result = style.equals("Bold"); // true
System.out.println(result);
result = style2 == "Bold"; // false
result = style == style2; // false
result = "Bold" == "Bold"; // true
Output
true
false
false
true
63. Java Program to Check if a String is Numeric

In this program, you'll learn different techniques to check if a string is numeric or not in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Check if a string is numeric
public class Numeric {
String string = "12345.15";
boolean numeric = true;
try {
Double num = Double.parseDouble(string);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
numeric = false;
if(numeric)
System.out.println(string + " is a number");
else
System.out.println(string + " is not a number");
Output
12345.15 is a number
In the above program, we have a String named string that contains the string to be checked. We also have a
boolean value numeric which stores if the final result is numeric or not.
To check if the string contains numbers only, in the try block, we use Double's parseDouble() method to convert
the string to a Double.
If it throws an error (i.e. NumberFormatException error), it means the string isn't a number and numeric is set to
false. Else, it's a number.
However, if you want to check if for a number of strings, you would need to change it to a function. And, the
logic is based on throwing exceptions, this can be pretty expensive.
Instead, we can use the power of regular expressions to check if the string is numeric or not as shown below.
Example 2: Check if a string is numeric or not using regular expressions (regex)
public class Numeric {
String string = "-1234.15";
boolean numeric = true;
numeric = string.matches("-?\\d+(\\.\\d+)?");
if(numeric)
System.out.println(string + " is a number");
else
System.out.println(string + " is not a number");
Output
-1234.15 is a number
In the above program, instead of using a try-catch block, we use regex to check if string is numeric or not. This is
done using String's matches() method.
In the matches() method,
-? allows zero or more - for negative numbers in the string.
\\d+ checks the string must have at least 1 or more numbers (\\d).
(\\.\\d+)? allows zero or more of the given pattern (\\.\\d+) in which
\\. checks if the string contains . (decimal points) or not
If yes, it should be followed by at least one or more number \\d+.
64. Java Program to Check if two strings are anagram

In this example, we will check if two strings are anagram or not in Java.
Java String
Java Arrays
Two strings are said to be anagram, if we can form one string by arranging the characters of another string. For
example, Race and Care. Here, we can form Race by arranging the characters of Care.
Example 1: Java program to check if two strings are anagram
class Main {
String str1 = "Java";
String str2 = "Vaaj";
// check if length is same
if(str1.length() == str2.length()) {
// convert strings to char array
char[] charArray1 = str1.toCharArray();
// sort the char array
Arrays.sort(charArray1);
// if sorted char arrays are same
// then the string is anagram
boolean result = Arrays.equals(charArray1, charArray2);
if(result) {
System.out.println(str1 + " and " + str2 + " are anagram.");
else {
Output
Java and Vaaj are anagram.
In Java, we have two strings named str1 and str2. Here, we are checking if str1 and str2 are anagram.
Here,
str1.toCharArray() - converts the string into a char array

Arrays.sort() - sorts both the char arrays
Arrays.equal() - checks if the sorted char array are equal
If sorted arrays are equal, then the strings are anagram.
Example 2: Take string inputs from users and check if the strings are anagram
class Main {
// create an object of Scanner class
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// take input from users
System.out.print("Enter first String: ");
String str1 = input.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter second String: ");
String str2 = input.nextLine();
// check if length is same
if(str1.length() == str2.length()) {
// convert strings to char array
// sort the char array
// if sorted char arrays are same
// then the string is anagram
boolean result = Arrays.equals(charArray1, charArray2);
if(result) {
else {
input.close();
Output
Enter first String: Race
Enter second String: Care
Race and Care are anagram.
In the above example, we have used the Scanner class to take input from the user. Here, we checked if the
strings provided by users are anagram.
65. Java Program to Compute all the permutations of the string

In this example, we will learn to compute all the permutations of the string in Java.
Java String
Java Recursion
Java Scanner Class
Permutation of the string means all the possible new strings that can be formed by interchanging the position of
the characters of the string. For example, string ABC has permutations [ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA].
Example: Java program to get all the permutation of a string
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
class Main {
public static Set<String> getPermutation(String str) {
// create a set to avoid duplicate permutation
Set<String> permutations = new HashSet<String>();
// check if string is null
if (str == null) {
return null;
} else if (str.length() == 0) {
// terminating condition for recursion
permutations.add("");
return permutations;
// get the first character
char first = str.charAt(0);
// get the remaining substring
String sub = str.substring(1);
// make recursive call to getPermutation()

Set<String> words = getPermutation(sub);
// access each element from words
for (String strNew : words) {
for (int i = 0;i<=strNew.length();i++){
// insert the permutation to the set
permutations.add(strNew.substring(0, i) + first + strNew.substring(i));
return permutations;
// create an object of scanner class
System.out.print("Enter the string: ");
String data = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Permutations of " + data + ": \n" + getPermutation(data));
Output
Enter the string: ABC
Permutations of ABC:
[ACB, BCA, ABC, CBA, BAC, CAB]
In Java, we have used the recursion to compute all the permutations of a string. Here, we store the permutation
in a set. So, there will be no duplicate permutation.
66. Java Program to Create random strings
In this example, we will learn to generate a random string and an alphanumeric random string in Java.
Java String
Java for Loop
Java String charAt()
Example 1: Java program to generate a random string
import java.util.Random;
class Main {
// create a string of all characters
String alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
// create random string builder
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
// create an object of Random class
Random random = new Random();
// specify length of random string
int length = 7;
for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// generate random index number

int index = random.nextInt(alphabet.length());
// get character specified by index
// from the string
char randomChar = alphabet.charAt(index);
// append the character to string builder
sb.append(randomChar);
String randomString = sb.toString();
System.out.println("Random String is: " + randomString);
Output
Random String is: IIYOBRK
In the above example, we have first created a string containing all the alphabets. Next, we have generated a
random index number using the nextInt() method of the Random class.
Using the random index number, we have generated the random character from the string alphabet. We then
used the StringBuilder class to append all the characters together.
If we want to change the random string into lower case, we can use the toLowerCase() method of the String.
randomString.toLowerCase()
Note: The output will be different every time you run the program.
Example 2: Java Program to generate a random alphanumeric string

import java.util.Random;
class Main {
// create a string of uppercase and lowercase characters and numbers
String upperAlphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
String lowerAlphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
String numbers = "0123456789";
// combine all strings
String alphaNumeric = upperAlphabet + lowerAlphabet + numbers;
// create random string builder
// create an object of Random class
Random random = new Random();
// specify length of random string
int length = 10;
for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// generate random index number
int index = random.nextInt(alphaNumeric.length());
// get character specified by index
// from the string
char randomChar = alphaNumeric.charAt(index);

// append the character to string builder
sb.append(randomChar);
String randomString = sb.toString();
System.out.println("Random String is: " + randomString);
Output
Random Alphanumeric String is: pxg1Uzz9Ju
Here, we have created a string that contains numbers from 0 to 9 and the alphabets in uppercase and
lowercase.
From the string, we have randomly generated an alphanumeric string of length 10.
67. Java Program to Clear the StringBuffer

In this example, we will learn to clear the string buffer using the delete() and setLength() method and creating a
new StringBuffer object in Java.
Example 1: Java program to clear using StringBuffer using delete()
class Main {
// create a string buffer
StringBuffer str = new StringBuffer();
// add string to string buffer
str.append("Java");
str.append(" is");
str.append(" popular.");
System.out.println("StringBuffer: " + str);
// clear the string
// using delete()
str.delete(0, str.length());
System.out.println("Updated StringBuffer: " + str);
Output
StringBuffer: Java is popular.
Updated StringBuffer:
In the above example, we have used the delete() method of the StringBuffer class to clear the string buffer.
Here, the delete() method removes all the characters within the specified index numbers.
Example 2: Clear the StringBuffer using setLength()
class Main {
str.append("Java");
str.append(" is");
str.append(" awesome.");

// clear the string
// using setLength()
str.setLength(0);
Output
StringBuffer: Java is awesome.
Updated StringBuffer
Here, the setLength() method changes the character sequences present in StringBuffer to a new character
sequence. And, set the length of the new character sequence to 0.
Hence, the older character sequence is garbage collected.
Note: The setLength() method completely ignores the character sequence present in the string buffer. However,
the delete() method accesses the character sequence and deletes it. Hence, setLength() is more faster than
delete().
Example 3: Clear the StringBuffer by creating a new object
class Main {
str.append("Java");
str.append(" is");
str.append(" awesome.");
// clear the string
// using new
// here new object is created and assigned to str
str = new StringBuffer();
Output
StringBuffer: Java is awesome.
Updated StringBuffer:
Here, new StringBuffer() creates a new string buffer object and assigns the previous variable to the new objects.
In this case, the previous object will be there. But it won't be accessible so it will be garbage collected.
Since, every time instead of clearing the previous string buffer, a new string buffer is created. So it is less
efficient in terms of performance.
68. Java Program to Capitalize the first character of each word in a String
In this example, we will learn to convert the first letter of a string into the uppercase in Java.
Java String
Java String toUpperCase()
Example 1: Java program to make the first letter of a String capital
class Main {
// create a string
String name = "programiz";
// create two substrings from name
// first substring contains first letter of name
// second substring contains remaining letters
String firstLetter = name.substring(0, 1);
String remainingLetters = name.substring(1, name.length());
// change the first letter to uppercase
firstLetter = firstLetter.toUpperCase();
// join the two substrings
name = firstLetter + remainingLetters;
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
Output
Name: Programiz
In the example, we have converted the first letter of the string name to upper case.
Example 2: Convert every word of a String to uppercase
class Main {
// create a string
String message = "everyone loves java";

// stores each characters to a char array
char[] charArray = message.toCharArray();
boolean foundSpace = true;
for(int i = 0; i < charArray.length; i++) {
// if the array element is a letter
if(Character.isLetter(charArray[i])) {
// check space is present before the letter
if(foundSpace) {
// change the letter into uppercase
charArray[i] = Character.toUpperCase(charArray[i]);
foundSpace = false;
else {
// if the new character is not character
foundSpace = true;
// convert the char array to the string
message = String.valueOf(charArray);
System.out.println("Message: " + message);
Output
Message: Everyone Loves Java
Here,
we have created a string named message
we converted the string into a char array
we access every element of the char array
if the element is a white space, we convert the next element into uppercase
69. Java Program to Iterate through each characters of the string.

In this tutorial, we will learn to iterate through each characters of the string.
Java String
Java for Loop
Java for-each Loop
Example 1: Loop through each character of a string using for loop
class Main {
// create a string
String name = "Programiz";
System.out.println("Characters in " + name + " are:");
// loop through each element
for(int i = 0; i<name.length(); i++) {
// access each character

char a = name.charAt(i);
System.out.print(a + ", ");
Output
Characters in Programiz are:
P, r, o, g, r, a, m, i, z,
In the above example, we have used the for-loop to access each element of the string. Here, we have used the
charAt() method to access each character of the string.
Example 2: Loop through each character of a string using for-each loop
class Main {
// create a string
System.out.println("Characters in string \"" + name + "\":");
// loop through each element using for-each loop
for(char c : name.toCharArray()) {
// access each character
System.out.print(c + ", ");
}
}
Output
Characters in string "Programiz":
P, r, o, g, r, a, m, i, z,
In the above example, we have converted the string into a char array using the toCharArray(). We then access
each element of the char array using the for-each loop.
70. Java Program to Display Factors of a Number

In this program, you'll learn to display all factors of a given number using for loop in Java.
Java for Loop
Example: Factors of a Positive Integer
public class Factors {
int number = 60;
System.out.print("Factors of " + number + " are: ");
for(int i = 1; i <= number; ++i) {
if (number % i == 0) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
Output
Factors of 60 are: 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 12 15 20 30 60
In the above program, number whose factors are to be found is stored in the variable number (60).
The for loop is iterated until i <= number is false. In each iteration, whether number is exactly divisible by i is
checked (condition for i to be the factor of number) and the value of i is
incremented by 1.
71. Java Program to Make a Simple Calculator Using switch...case

In this program, you'll learn to make a simple calculator using switch..case in Java. This calculator would be able
to add, subtract, multiply and divide two numbers.
Java Scanner Class
Example: Simple Calculator using switch Statement
public class Calculator {
System.out.print("Enter two numbers: ");
// nextDouble() reads the next double from the keyboard
double first = reader.nextDouble();
double second = reader.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");
char operator = reader.next().charAt(0);

double result;
switch(operator)
case '+':
result = first + second;
break;
case '-':
result = first - second;
break;
case '*':
result = first * second;
break;
case '/':
result = first / second;
break;
// operator doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
default:
System.out.printf("Error! operator is not correct");
return;
System.out.printf("%.1f %c %.1f = %.1f", first, operator, second, result);
Output
Enter two numbers: 1.5
4.5
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): *
1.5 * 4.5 = 6.8
The * operator entered by the user is stored in the operator variable using the next() method of Scanner object.
Likewise, the two operands, 1.5 and 4.5 are stored in variables first and second respectively using the
nextDouble() method of Scanner object.
Since the operator * matches the when condition '*':, the control of the program jumps to
result = first * second;
This statement calculates the product and stores in the variable result and the break; the statement ends the
switch statement.
Finally, the printf statement is executed.
Note: We have used the printf() method instead of println. This is because here we are printing the formatted
string. To learn more, visit the Java printf() method.
72. Java Code To Create Pyramid and Pattern

In this program, you'll learn to create pyramid, half pyramid, inverted pyramid, Pascal's triangle and Floyd's
triangle sing control statements in Java.
Java for Loop
List of Source Code
Code to print triangles using *, digits and characters

Code to print inverted triangles using * and digits
Code to print full pyramids
Code to print Pascal's triangle
Code to print Floyd's triangle
Programs to print triangles using *, numbers and characters
Example 1: Program to print half pyramid using *
**
***
****
*****
Source code
public class Pattern {
int rows = 5;
for(int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
System.out.print("* ");
Example 2: Program to print half pyramid a using numbers
12
123
1234
12345
Source Code
int rows = 5;
for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
System.out.print(j + " ");
Example 3: Program to print half pyramid using alphabets
BB
CCC
DDDD
EEEEE
Source Code
char last = 'E', alphabet = 'A';

for(int i = 1; i <= (last-'A'+1); ++i) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
System.out.print(alphabet + " ");
++alphabet;
Programs to print inverted half pyramid using * and numbers
Example 4: Inverted half pyramid using *
*****
****
***
**
Source Code
int rows = 5;
for(int i = rows; i >= 1; --i) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
}
}
Example 5: Inverted half pyramid using numbers
12345
1234
123
12
Source Code
int rows = 5;
for(int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
System.out.print(j + " ");
Programs to display pyramid and inverted pyramid using * and digits
Example 6: Program to print full pyramid using *
***
*****
*******
*********
Source Code
int rows = 5, k = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i, k = 0) {
for(int space = 1; space <= rows - i; ++space) {
System.out.print(" ");
while(k != 2 * i - 1) {
++k;
Example 7: Program to print pyramid using numbers
232
34543
4567654
567898765
Source Code
int rows = 5, k = 0, count = 0, count1 = 0;
++count;
while(k != 2 * i - 1) {
if (count <= rows - 1) {
System.out.print((i + k) + " ");
++count;
else {
++count1;
System.out.print((i + k - 2 * count1) + " ");
++k;
count1 = count = k = 0;
}
Example 8: Inverted full pyramid using *
*********
*******
*****
***
Source Code
int rows = 5;
for(int j=i; j <= 2 * i - 1; ++j) {
for(int j = 0; j < i - 1; ++j) {
}
}
Example 9: Print Pascal's triangle
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Source Code
int rows = 6, coef = 1;
for(int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for(int space = 1; space < rows - i; ++space) {
for(int j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
if (j == 0 || i == 0)
coef = 1;
else
coef = coef * (i - j + 1) / j;
System.out.printf("%4d", coef);
}
Example 10: Print Floyd's Triangle.
23
456
7 8 9 10
Source Code
int rows = 4, number = 1;
for(int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
++number;
73. Java Program to Round a Number to n Decimal Places

In this program, you'll learn to round a given number to n decimal places in Java.
Example 1: Round a Number using format
public class Decimal {
double num = 1.34567;
System.out.format("%.4f", num);
Output
1.3457
In the above program, we've used the format() method to print the given floating-point number num to 4
decimal places. The 4 decimal places are given by the format .4f.
This means, print only up to 4 places after the dot (decimal places), and f means to print the floating-point
number.
Example 2: Round a Number using DecimalFormat
import java.math.RoundingMode;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class Decimal {
double num = 1.34567;
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.###");

df.setRoundingMode(RoundingMode.CEILING);
System.out.println(df.format(num));
Output
1.346
In the above program, we've used DecimalFormat class to round a given number num.
We declare the format using the # patterns #.###. This means we want num up to 3 decimal places. We also set
the rounding mode to Ceiling, this causes the last given place to be rounded to its
next number.
So, 1.34567 rounded to 3 decimal places prints 1.346, 6 is the next number for 3rd place decimal 5.
74. Java Program to Convert Character to String and Vice-Versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert a character (char) to a string and vice-versa in Java.
Java String
Java Arrays
Example 1: Convert char to String
public class CharString {
char ch = 'c';
String st = Character.toString(ch);
// Alternatively
// st = String.valueOf(ch);
System.out.println("The string is: " + st);
Output
The string is: c
In the above program, we have a character stored in the variable ch. We use the Character class's toString()
method to convert character to the string st.
Alternatively, we can also use String's valueOf() method for conversion. However, both internally are the same.
Example 2: Convert char array to String
If you have a char array instead of just a char, we can easily convert it to String using String methods as follows:
public class CharString {
char[] ch = {'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'};
String st = String.valueOf(ch);
String st2 = new String(ch);
System.out.println(st);
System.out.println(st2);
Output
aeiou
aeiou
In the above program, we have a char array ch containing vowels. We use String's valueOf() method again to
convert the character array to String.
We can also use the String constructor which takes character array ch as the parameter for conversion.
Example 3: Convert String to char array
We can also convert a string to char array (but not char) using String's method toCharArray().
public class StringChar {
String st = "This is great";
char[] chars = st.toCharArray();
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(chars));
Output
[T, h, i, s, , i, s, , g, r, e, a, t]
In the above program, we have a string stored in the variable st. We use String's toCharArray() method to
convert the string to an array of characters stored in chars.
We then, use Arrays's toString() method to print the elements of chars in an array-like form.
75. Java Program to Check if a String is Empty or Null

In this program, you'll learn to check if a string is empty or null using if-else statement and functions in Java.
Java Methods
Example 1: Check if String is Empty or Null
public class Null {
String str1 = null;
String str2 = "";
if(isNullOrEmpty(str1))
System.out.println("First string is null or empty.");
else
System.out.println("First string is not null or empty.");
System.out.println("Second string is null or empty.");
else
System.out.println("Second string is not null or empty.");
public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(String str) {
if(str != null && !str.isEmpty())
return false;
return true;
Output
str1 is null or empty.
In the above program, we've two strings str1 and str2. str1 contains null value and str2 is an empty string.
We've also created a function isNullOrEmpty() which checks, as the name suggests, whether the string is null or
empty. It checks it using a null check using != null and isEmpty() method of string.
In plain terms, if a string isn't a null and isEmpty() returns false, it's not either null or empty. Else, it is.
However, the above program doesn't return empty if a string contains only whitespace characters (spaces).
Technically, isEmpty() sees it contains spaces and returns false. For string with spaces,
we use the string method trim() to trim out all the leading and trailing whitespace characters.
Example 2: Check if String with spaces is Empty or Null
public class Null {
String str1 = null;
String str2 = " ";
System.out.println("str1 is null or empty.");
else
System.out.println("str1 is not null or empty.");
System.out.println("str2 is null or empty.");
else
System.out.println("str2 is not null or empty.");

}
public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(String str) {
if(str != null && !str.trim().isEmpty())
return false;
return true;
Output
Here in the isNullorEmpty(), we've added an extra method trim() which removes all leading and trailing
whitespace characters in the given string.
So, now if a string contains spaces only, the function returns true.
76. Java Program to Get Current Date/Time

In this program, you'll learn to get the current date and time in different formats in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Get Current date and time in default format
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
public class CurrentDateTime {
LocalDateTime current = LocalDateTime.now();

System.out.println("Current Date and Time is: " + current);
Output
Current Date and Time is: 2017-08-02T11:25:44.973
In the above program, the current date and time is stored in variable current using LocalDateTime.now()
method.
For default format, it is simply converted from a LocalDateTime object to a string internally using a toString()
method.
Example 2: Get Current date and time with pattern
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS");
String formatted = current.format(formatter);
System.out.println("Current Date and Time is: " + formatted);
Output
Current Date and Time is: 2017-08-02 11:29:57.401

In the above program, we've defined a pattern of format Year-Month-Day Hours:Minutes:Seconds.Milliseconds
using a DateTimeFormatter object.
Then, we've used LocalDateTime's format() method to use the given formatter. This gets us the formatted string
output.
Example 3: Get Current Date time using predefined constants
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE;
System.out.println("Current Date is: " + formatted);
Output
Current Date is: 20170802
In the above program, we've used a predefined format constant BASIC_ISO_DATE to get the current ISO date as
the output.
Example 4: Get Current Date time in localized style
import java.time.format.FormatStyle;
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDateTime(FormatStyle.MEDIUM);
System.out.println("Current Date is: " + formatted);
Output
Current Date is: Aug 2, 2017 11:44:19 AM
In the above program, we've used a Localized style Medium to get the current date-time in the given format.
There are other styles as well: Full, Long and Short.
If you're interested, here's a list of all DateTimeFormatter patterns.
77. Java Program to Convert Milliseconds to Minutes and Seconds

In the above program, you'll learn to convert milliseconds to minutes and seconds individually, and together in
Java.
Example 1: Convert milliseconds to minutes and seconds individually
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class Milliseconds {
long milliseconds = 1000000;
// long minutes = (milliseconds / 1000) / 60;
long minutes = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMinutes(milliseconds);
// long seconds = (milliseconds / 1000);
long seconds = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(milliseconds);
System.out.format("%d Milliseconds = %d minutes\n", milliseconds, minutes );
System.out.println("Or");
System.out.format("%d Milliseconds = %d seconds", milliseconds, seconds );
Output
1000000 Milliseconds = 16 minutes
Or
1000000 Milliseconds = 1000 seconds
In the above program, we've converted given milliseconds to minutes using toMinutes() method. Likewise, we
used toSeconds() method to convert it to seconds.
We can also use basic math to convert it to minutes and seconds.
Seconds = Milliseconds / 1000
while minutes is
Minutes = Seconds / 60
or
Minutes = (Milliseconds / 1000) / 60
Example 2: Convert Milliseconds to Minutes and Seconds
public class Milliseconds {
long milliseconds = 1000000;
long minutes = (milliseconds / 1000) / 60;
long seconds = (milliseconds / 1000) % 60;
System.out.format("%d Milliseconds = %d minutes and %d seconds.", milliseconds, minutes, seconds);
Output
1000000 Milliseconds = 16 minutes and 40 seconds.
In the above program, we've used formula:
Minutes = (Milliseconds / 1000) / 60
And
Remaining Seconds = (Milliseconds / 1000) % 60
First, we calculate the minutes by simply dividing it to seconds and then to minutes by dividing it with 60.
Then, we calculate the remaining seconds by dividing it to seconds and getting the remainder when divided by
60.
78. Java Program to Add Two Dates

In this program, you'll learn to add two dates in Java using Calendar.
Since, Java epoch is 1970, any time represented in a Date object will not work. This means, your Dates will start
from 1970 and when two Date objects are added, the sum misses by about 1970 years.
So, we use Calendar instead.
Example: Java program to add two dates
import java.util.Calendar;
public class AddDates {
Calendar c1 = Calendar.getInstance();
Calendar c2 = Calendar.getInstance();
Calendar cTotal = (Calendar) c1.clone();
cTotal.add(Calendar.YEAR, c2.get(Calendar.YEAR));
cTotal.add(Calendar.MONTH, c2.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1); // Zero-based months
cTotal.add(Calendar.DATE, c2.get(Calendar.DATE));
cTotal.add(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, c2.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY));
cTotal.add(Calendar.MINUTE, c2.get(Calendar.MINUTE));
cTotal.add(Calendar.SECOND, c2.get(Calendar.SECOND));
cTotal.add(Calendar.MILLISECOND, c2.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND));
System.out.format("%s + %s = %s", c1.getTime(), c2.getTime(), cTotal.getTime());

}
Output
Tue Aug 08 10:20:56 NPT 2017 + Tue Aug 08 10:20:56 NPT 2017 = Mon Apr 16 20:41:53 NPT 4035
In the above program, c1 and c2 stores the current date. Then, we simply clone c1 and add c2's each DateTime
properties one after the other.
As you can see, we've added 1 to the months. This is because months start with 0 in Java.
Alternatively, you can also use Joda for time/date operations in Java.
79. Java Program to Join Two Lists

In this program, you'll learn different techniques to join two lists in Java.
Java List
Java ArrayList Class
Java ArrayList addAll()
Example 1: Join Two Lists using addAll()
import java.util.List;
public class JoinLists {
List<String> list1 = new ArrayList<String>();
list1.add("a");
list2.add("b");
List<String> joined = new ArrayList<String>();
joined.addAll(list1);
joined.addAll(list2);
System.out.println("list1: " + list1);
System.out.println("joined: " + joined);
Output
list1: [a]
list2: [b]
joined: [a, b]
In the above program, we used List's addAll() method to join lists list1 and list2 to the joined list.
Example 2: Join Two Lists using union()
import org.apache.commons.collections.ListUtils;

list1.add("a");
list2.add("b");
List<String> joined = ListUtils.union(list1, list2);
In the above program, we used union() method to join the given lists to joined.
Example 3: Join Two Lists using stream
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

list1.add("a");
list2.add("b");
List<String> joined = Stream.concat(list1.stream(), list2.stream())
.collect(Collectors.toList());
In the above program, we used Stream's concat() method to join two lists converted to streams. Then, we
convert them back to List using toList().
80. Java Program to Convert the ArrayList to an array and vice versa
In this example, we will learn to convert the arraylist into an array and vice versa in Java.
Java Arrays
Example 1: Convert the Arraylist into Array
class Main {

ArrayList<String> languages= new ArrayList<>();
// Add elements in the arraylist
languages.add("Java");
languages.add("Python");
languages.add("JavaScript");
System.out.println("ArrayList: " + languages);
// Create a new array of String type
String[] arr = new String[languages.size()];
// Convert ArrayList into the string array
languages.toArray(arr);
System.out.print("Array: ");
for(String item:arr) {
System.out.print(item+", ");
Output
ArrayList: [Java, Python, JavaScript]
Array: Java, Python, JavaScript,
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named languages. Notice the line,
Here, the toArray() method converts the arraylist languages into an array. And stores it in the string array arr.
Note: If we don't pass any argument to the toArray() method, the method returns an array of the Object type.
Example 2: Convert Array to ArrayList
class Main {
// create an array
String[] array = {"Java", "Python", "C"};
System.out.println("Array: " + Arrays.toString(array));
// convert array to arraylist
ArrayList<String> languages= new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(array));
Output
Array: [Java, Python, C]
ArrayList: [Java, Python, C]
In the above example, we have created an array of String type. Notice the expression,
Arrays.asList(array)
Here, the asList() method of the Arrays class converts the specified array into the arraylist.
81. Java Program to Get Current Working Directory

In this program, you'll learn to get the current working directory in Java.
Java File Class
Java String
Example 1: Get current working directory
public class CurrDirectory {
String path = System.getProperty("user.dir");
System.out.println("Working Directory = " + path);
Output
Working Directory = C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\currDir
In the above program, we used System's getProperty() method to get the user.dir property of the program. This
returns the directory which contains our Java project.
Example 2: Get the current working directory using Path
import java.nio.file.Paths;
public class CurrDirectory {
String path = Paths.get("").toAbsolutePath().toString();
System.out.println("Working Directory = " + path);

}
Output
Working Directory = C:\Users\Admin\Desktop\currDir
In the above program, we used Path's get() method to get the current path of our program. This returns a
relative path to the working directory.
We then change the relative path to an absolute path using toAbsolutePath(). Since it returns a Path object, we
need to change it to a string using toString() method.
82. Java Program to Convert Map (HashMap) to List

In this program, you'll learn different techniques to convert a map to a list in Java.
Java Map Interface
Java HashMap
Java List
Example 1: Convert Map to List
import java.util.*;
public class MapList {
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, "a");
map.put(2, "b");
map.put(3, "c");
map.put(4, "d");
map.put(5, "e");
List<Integer> keyList = new ArrayList(map.keySet());
List<String> valueList = new ArrayList(map.values());
System.out.println("Key List: " + keyList);
System.out.println("Value List: " + valueList);
Output
Key List: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Value List: [a, b, c, d, e]
In the above program, we have a map of Integer and String named map. Since the map contains a key, value
pair, we need two lists to store each of them, namely keyList for keys and valueList for
values.
We used map's keySet() method to get all the keys and created an ArrayList keyList from them. Likewise, we
used the map's values() method to get all the values and created an ArrayList valueList
from them.
Example 2: Convert Map to List using stream
import java.util.*;
public class MapList {

Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, "a");
map.put(2, "b");
map.put(3, "c");
map.put(4, "d");
map.put(5, "e");
List<Integer> keyList = map.keySet().stream().collect(Collectors.toList());
List<String> valueList = map.values().stream().collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Key List: " + keyList);
System.out.println("Value List: " + valueList);
The output of the program is the same as Example 1.
In the above program, instead of using ArrayList constructor, we've used stream() to convert the map to a list.
We've converted the keys and values to stream and convert it to a list using collect() method passing Collectors'
toList() as a parameter.
83. Java Program to Convert Array to Set (HashSet) and Vice-Versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert an array to a set and vice versa in Java.
Java Set Interface
Java HashSet Class
Java Arrays
Example 1: Convert Array to Set
import java.util.*;
public class ArraySet {
String[] array = {"a", "b", "c"};
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(array));
System.out.println("Set: " + set);
Output
Set: [a, b, c]
In the above program, we have an array named array. To convert array to set, we first convert it to a list using
asList() as HashSet accepts a list as a constructor.
Then, we initialize the set with the elements of the converted list.
Example 2: Convert Array to Set using stream
import java.util.*;
public class ArraySet {
String[] array = {"a", "b", "c"};
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>(Arrays.stream(array).collect(Collectors.toSet()));

System.out.println("Set: " + set);
In the above program, instead of converting an array to list and then to a set, we use a stream to convert to set.
We first convert the array to stream using stream() method and use collect() method with toSet() as a parameter
to convert the stream to a set.
Example 3: Convert Set to Array
import java.util.*;
public class SetArray {
Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
set.add("a");
set.add("b");
set.add("c");
String[] array = new String[set.size()];
set.toArray(array);
}
Output
Array: [a, b, c]
In the above program, we have a HashSet named set. To convert set into an array, we first create an array of
length equal to the size of the set and use toArray() method.
84. Java Program to Convert Byte Array to Hexadecimal

In this program, you'll learn different techniques to convert byte array to hexadecimal in Java.
Java Arrays
Example 1: Convert Byte Array to Hex value
public class ByteHex {
byte[] bytes = {10, 2, 15, 11};
for (byte b : bytes) {
String st = String.format("%02X", b);
System.out.print(st);
Output
0A020F0B
In the above program, we have a byte array named bytes. To convert byte array to a hex value, we loop through
each byte in the array and use String's format().
We use %02X to print two places (02) of Hexadecimal (X) value and store it in the string st.
This is a relatively slower process for large byte array conversion. We can dramatically increase the speed of
execution using byte operations shown below.
Example 2: Convert Byte Array to Hex value using byte operations
public class ByteHex {
private final static char[] hexArray = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();
public static String bytesToHex(byte[] bytes) {
char[] hexChars = new char[bytes.length * 2];
for ( int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++ ) {
int v = bytes[j] & 0xFF;
hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];
hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];
return new String(hexChars);
byte[] bytes = {10, 2, 15, 11};
String s = bytesToHex(bytes);
System.out.println(s);

85. Java Program to Create String from Contents of a File
In this program, you'll learn different techniques to create a string from concents of a given file in Java.
Java String
Java File Class
Before we create a string from a file, we assume we have a file named test.txt in our src folder.
Here's the content of test.txt
This is a
Test file.
Example 1: Create String from file
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
public class FileString {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
String path = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "\\src\\test.txt";
Charset encoding = Charset.defaultCharset();
List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(Paths.get(path), encoding);
System.out.println(lines);
}
Output
[This is a, Test file.]
In the above program, we use System's user.dir property to get the current directory stored in the variable path.
Check Java Program to get the current directory for more information.
We used defaultCharset() for the file's encoding. If you know the encoding, use it, else it's safe to use default
encoding.
Then, we used readAllLines() method to read all lines from the file. It takes the path of the file and its encoding
and returns all the lines as a list as shown in the output.
Since readAllLines may also throw an IOException, we have to define our main method as such
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
Example 2: Create String from a file
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
public class FileString {
Charset encoding = Charset.defaultCharset();
byte[] encoded = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get(path));

String lines = new String(encoded, encoding);
System.out.println(lines);
Output
This is a
Test file.
In the above program, instead of getting a list of string, we get a single string, lines, with all the contents.
For this, we used readAllBytes() method to read all bytes from the given path. These bytes are then converted to
a string using the default encoding.
86. Java Program to Append Text to an Existing File

In this program, you'll learn different techniques to append text to an existing file in Java.
Java File Class
Before we append text to an existing file, we assume we have a file named test.txt in our src folder.
This is a
Test file.
Example 1: Append text to existing file
import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
public class AppendFile {
String text = "Added text";
try {
Files.write(Paths.get(path), text.getBytes(), StandardOpenOption.APPEND);
} catch (IOException e) {
When you run the program, the test.txt file now contains:
This is a
Test file.Added text
In the above program, we use System's user.dir property to get the current directory stored in the variable path.
Check Java Program to get the current directory for more information.
Likewise, the text to be added is stored in the variable text. Then, inside a try-catch block we use Files' write()
method to append text to the existing file.
The write() method takes the path of the given file, the text to the written, and how the file should be open for
writing. In our case, we used APPEND option for writing.
Since the write() method may return an IOException, we use a try-catch block to catch the exception properly.
Example 2: Append text to an existing file using FileWriter

import java.io.FileWriter;
public class AppendFile {
String text = "Added text";
try {
FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(path, true);
fw.write(text);
fw.close();
catch(IOException e) {
In the above program, instead of using write() method, we use an instance (object) FileWriter to append text to
an existing file.
When creating a FileWriter object, we pass the path of the file and true as the second parameter. true means we
allow the file to be appended.
Then, we use write() method to append the given text and close the filewriter.
87. Java Program to Convert File to byte array and Vice-Versa

In this program, you'll learn to convert a File object to byte[] and vice-versa in Java.
Java File Class
Java Arrays
Before we convert a file to byte array and vice-versa, we assume we have a file named test.txt in our src folder.
This is a
Test file.
Example 1: Convert File to byte[]
public class FileByte {
try {
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(encoded));
}
v
[84, 104, 105, 115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 13, 10, 84, 101, 115, 116, 32, 102, 105, 108, 101, 46]
In the above program, we store the path to the file in the variable path.
Then, inside the try block, we read all the bytes from the given path using readAllBytes() method.
Then, we use Arrays' toString() method to print the byte array.
Since, readAllBytes() might throw an IOException, we've used the try-catch block in the program.
Example 2: Convert byte[] to File
public class ByteFile {
String finalPath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "\\src\\final.txt";
try {
Files.write(Paths.get(finalPath), encoded);
}
}
When you run the program, the contents of test.txt is copied to final.txt.
In the above program, we've used the same method as Example 1 to read all the bytes from the File stored in
path. These bytes are stored in the array encoded.
We also have a finalPath where the bytes are to be written.
Then, we simply use the Files' write() method to write the encoded byte array to a File in the given finalPath.
88. Java Program to Convert InputStream to String

In this program, you'll learn to convert input stream to a string using InputStreamReader in Java.
Java InputStream Class
Java String
Example: Convert InputStream to String
import java.io.*;
public class InputStreamString {
InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream("Hello there!".getBytes());
String line;
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream));
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

sb.append(line);
br.close();
System.out.println(sb);
Output
Hello there!
In the above program, the input stream is created from a String and stored in a variable stream. We also require
a string builder sb to create the string from the stream.
Then, we created a buffered reader br from the InputStreamReader to read the lines from the stream. Using a
while loop, we read each line and append it to the string builder. Finally, we closed
the bufferedReader.
Since, the reader can throw IOException, we have the throws IOException in the main function as:
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
89. Java Program to Convert OutputStream to String

In this program, you'll learn to convert outputstream to a string using String initializer in Java.
Java OutputStream Class
Java String
Example: Convert OutputStream to String
import java.io.*;
public class OutputStreamString {
ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
String line = "Hello there!";
stream.write(line.getBytes());
String finalString = new String(stream.toByteArray());
System.out.println(finalString);
Output
Hello there!
In the above program, we've created an OutputStream based on the given string line. This is done using stream's
write() method.
Then, we simply convert the OutputStream to finalString using String's constructor which takes byte array. For
this, we use stream's toByteArray() method.
90. Java Program to Lookup enum by String value

In this program, you'll learn to convert a string value to a enum in Java using enum's valueOf() method.
Java String
Java enums
Example: Lookup enum by string value
public class EnumString {

public enum TextStyle {
BOLD, ITALICS, UNDERLINE, STRIKETHROUGH
String style = "Bold";
TextStyle textStyle = TextStyle.valueOf(style.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(textStyle);
Output
BOLD
In the above program, we have an enum TextStyle which represents the different styles a block of text can have,
i.e. Bold, Italics, Underline, Strikethrough.
We also have a string named style which holds the current style we want. However, it is not in all-caps.
We then use the enum TextStyle's valueOf() method to pass the style and get the enum value we require.
Since valueOf() takes a case-sensitive string value, we had to use the toUpperCase() method to convert the given
string to upper case.
If, instead, we'd used:
TextStyle.valueOf(style)
the program would've thrown an exception No enum constant EnumString.TextStyle.Bold.

91. Java Program to Sort a Map By Values
In this program, you'll learn to sort a given map by values in Java.
Java Map Interface
Java LinkedHashMap
Example: Sort a map by values
import java.util.*;
public class SortMap {
LinkedHashMap<String, String> capitals = new LinkedHashMap<>();
capitals.put("Nepal", "Kathmandu");
capitals.put("India", "New Delhi");
capitals.put("United States", "Washington");
capitals.put("England", "London");
capitals.put("Australia", "Canberra");
Map<String, String> result = sortMap(capitals);
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : result.entrySet())
System.out.print("Key: " + entry.getKey());
System.out.println(" Value: " + entry.getValue());
}
public static LinkedHashMap<String, String> sortMap(LinkedHashMap<String, String> map) {
List<Map.Entry<String, String>> capitalList = new LinkedList<>(map.entrySet());
Collections.sort(capitalList, (o1, o2) -> o1.getValue().compareTo(o2.getValue()));
LinkedHashMap<String, String> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : capitalList)
result.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
return result;
Output
Key: Australia Value: Canberra
Key: Nepal Value: Kathmandu
Key: England Value: London
Key: India Value: New Delhi
Key: United States Value: Washington
In the above program, we have a LinkedHashMap with countries and their respective capitals stored in variable
capital.
We have a method sortMap() that takes a linked hash map and returns the sorted linked hash map.
Inside the method, we converted the hash map to a list capitalList. Then, we use sort() method which takes a list
and a comparator.
In our case, the comparator is the lambda which compares (o1, o2) -> o1.getValue().compareTo(o2.getValue())
two values of the items in the list o1 and o2.
After the operation, we get the sorted list capitalList. Then, we simply convert the list to LinkedHashMap result
and return it.
Back in the main() method, we loop through each item in the map and print its key and value.
92. Java Program to Sort ArrayList of Custom Objects By Property

In this program, you'll learn to sort an arraylist of custom object by their given property in Java.
Example: Sort ArrayList of Custom Objects By Property
import java.util.*;
public class CustomObject {
private String customProperty;
public CustomObject(String property) {
this.customProperty = property;
public String getCustomProperty() {
return this.customProperty;
ArrayList<Customobject> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(new CustomObject("Z"));
list.add(new CustomObject("A"));
list.add(new CustomObject("B"));
list.add(new CustomObject("X"));
list.add(new CustomObject("Aa"));
list.sort((o1, o2) -> o1.getCustomProperty().compareTo(o2.getCustomProperty()));
for (CustomObject obj : list) {
System.out.println(obj.getCustomProperty());
Output
Aa
In the above program, we've defined a CustomObject class with a String property, customProperty.
We've also added a constructor that initializes the property, and a getter function getCustomProperty() which
returns customProperty.
In the main() method, we've created an array list of custom objects list, initialized with 5 objects.
For sorting the list with the given property, we use list's sort() method. The sort() method takes the list to be
sorted (final sorted list is also the same) and a comparator.
In our case, the comparator is a lambda which

takes two objects from the list o1 and o2,
compares the two object's customProperty using compareTo() method,
and finally returns positive number if o1's property is greater than o2's, negative if o1's property is lesser than
o2's, and zero if they are equal.
Based on this, list is sorted based on least property to greatest and stored back to list.
93. Java Program to Create Directories

In this example, we will learn to create directories in Java.
Java File Class
The Java File class provides the mkdir() method to create a new directory. The method returns
true if the new directory is created
false if the directory already exists
Example 1: Create a new directory in Java
import java.io.File;
class Main {
// creates a file object with specified path
File file = new File("Java Example\\directory");
// tries to create a new directory
boolean value = file.mkdir();
if(value) {
System.out.println("The new directory is created.");

}
else {
System.out.println("The directory already exists.");
In the above example, we have created a file object named file. The object includes information about the
specified directory path.
File file = new File("Java Example\\directory");
Here, we have used the mkdir() method to create a new directory in the specified path.
If the directory doesn't exist in the specified location, the new directory is created and this message is shown.
The new directory is created.
However, if the directory already exists, we will see this message.
The directory already exists.
It is important to note that, the directory is created inside the Java Example parent directory.
However, if the Java Example parent directory doesn't exist, then the mkdir() method cannot create the
directory.
In this case, we can use the mkdirs() method of the Java File class. The method allows us to create the parent
directory as well if it's not already there.
Example 2: Create a new Directory using the mkdirs() method
class Main {
// creates a file object in the current path
File file = new File("Java Tutorial\\abc");
// tries to create a new directory
boolean value = file.mkdirs();
if(value) {
System.out.println("The new directory is created.");
else {
System.out.println("The directory already exists.");
In the above example, we have created a file object named file. The object includes information about the
directory path.
File file = new File("Tutorial\\directory");
Here, we have used the mkdirs() method to create a new directory with the specified path.
If the directory doesn't exist in the current location, the new directory is created and this message is shown.
The new directory is created.
However, if the directory already exists, we will see this message.
The directory already exists.
Here, if the Tutorial directory doesn't exist, then the mkdirs() method creates the Tutorial directory as well along
with the directory.
Note: We have used double-backslash while specifying the path. It is because the \ character is used as an
escape character in Java. Hence the first backslash is used as an escape character for
the second one.
94. Java Program to Rename File

In this tutorial, we will learn to rename file in Java.
Java File Class
The Java File class provides the renameTo() method to change the name of the file. It returns true if the
renaming operation succeeds otherwise returns false.
Example: Rename a File in Java
class Main {
// create a file object
File file = new File("oldName");
// create a file
try {
file.createNewFile();
catch(Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
}
// create an object that contains the new name of file
File newFile = new File("newName");
// change the name of file
boolean value = file.renameTo(newFile);
if(value) {
System.out.println("The name of the file is changed.");
else {
System.out.println("The name cannot be changed.");
In the above example, we have created a file object named file. The object holds information about the specified
file path.
File file = new File("oldName");
We then create a new file with the specified file path.
// create a new file with the specified path
file.createNewFile();
Here, we have created another file object named newFile. The object holds information about the specified file
path.
File newFile = new File("newFile");
To change the name of the file, we have used the renameTo() method. The name specified by the newFile object
is used to rename the file specified by the file object.
file.renameTo(newFile);
If the operation succeeds, then the following message is shown.
The name of the file is changed.
If the operation cannot succeed, the following message is shown.
The name cannot be changed.
95. Java Program to Get all Files Present in a Directory

In this example, we will learn to list all the files and sub-directories present inside a directory.
Java File Class
The list() method of the Java File class is used to list all the files and subdirectories present inside a directory. It
returns all the files and directories as a string array.
Example 1: Java Program to List all files
class Main {
// creates a file object
File file = new File("C:\\Users\\Guest User\\Desktop\\Java File\\List Method");
// returns an array of all files
String[] fileList = file.list();
for(String str : fileList) {
System.out.println(str);
}
Output
.vscode
file.txt
directory
newFile.txt
In the above example, we have created a file object named file. The object holds information about the specified
path.
File file = new File("C:\\Users\\Guest User\\Desktop\\Java File\\List Method");
We have used the list() method to list all the files and subdirectories present in the specified path.
file.list();
Note: We have used double-backslash while specifying the path. It is because the \ character is used as an
escape character in Java. Hence the first backslash is used as an escape character for
the second one.
Example 2: List files present in a Directory excluding Subdirectories
class Main {
try {
File folder = new File("C:\\Users\\Sudip Bhandari\\Desktop\\Java Article");

// list all the files
File[] files = folder.listFiles();
for(File file : files) {
if(file.isFile()) {
System.out.println(file);
e.getStackTrace();
Output
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Language.class
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Languages.class
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Main.class
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Main.java
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\sidebar.html
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Test.class
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Time.class
C:\Users\Unknown\Desktop\Java Article\Time.java
In the above example, we have used the listFiles() method to store all files in an array.
96. Java Program to Copy File

In this tutorial, we will learn to copy files in Java.
Java File Class

Java I/O Streams
The Java File class doesn't provide any method to copy one file to another. However, we can use Java I/O
Streams to read content from one file and write to another.
Example: Copy files using i/o streams
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
class Main {
byte[] array = new byte[50];
try {
FileInputStream sourceFile = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
FileOutputStream destFile = new FileOutputStream("newFile");
// reads all data from input.txt
sourceFile.read(array);
// writes all data to newFile
destFile.write(array);
System.out.println("The input.txt file is copied to newFile.");
// closes the stream
sourceFile.close();
destFile.close();
catch (Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
Output
The input.txt file is copied to newFile.
In the above example, we have used the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream to copy one file to another.
Here,
FileInputStream reads all the content from input.txt to an array
FileOutputStream writes all the content from the array to newFile
Note:
The FileUtils class of org.apache.commons.io package provides the copyFile() method to copy the file.
The Files class of java.nio package provides the copy() method to copy the file.
97. Java Program to convert char type variables to int

In this program, we will learn to convert the character (char) type variable into an integer (int) in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert char to int
class Main {
// create char variables
char a = '5';
char b = 'c';
// convert char variables to int

// ASCII value of characters is assigned
int num1 = a;
int num2 = b;
// print the values
System.out.println(num1); // 53
In the above example, we have char type variables a and b. Note that we have assigned the char variables to int
variables.
Here, instead of the characters, the ASCII value of the characters are assigned to the int variables. Hence, we get
the value 53 (ASCII value of '5') and 99 (ASCII value of 'c') as output.
Example 2: char to int using getNumericValue() method
We can also use the getNumericValue() method of the Character class to convert the char type variable into int
type.
class Main {
char a = '5';
char b = '9';
// Use getNumericValue()
int num1 = Character.getNumericValue(a);
int num2 = Character.getNumericValue(b);

// print the numeric value of characters
Here, as we can see the getNumericValue() method returns the numeric value of the character. The character '5'
is converted into an integer 5 and the character '9' is converted into an integer 9.
To learn more about the getNumericValue() method, visit Java getNumericValue() (Official Oracle
Documentation).
Example 3: char to int using parseInt() method
We can also use the parseInt() method of the Integer class to convert the char type variable to an int type.
class Main {
char a = '5';
char b = '9';
// Use parseInt()
int num1 = Integer.parseInt(String.valueOf(a));
int num2 = Integer.parseInt(String.valueOf(b));
// print numeric value
}
}
Notice the expression,
Integer.parseInt(String.valueOf(a))
Here,
String.valueOf(a) - converts the char type variable a into a String
Integer.parseInt() - converts the string into an int
Note: The Integer.parseInt() method only works with string type variables. Hence, the character 'a' is converted
into a String.
Example 4: char to int by subtracting with '0'
In Java, we can also convert the character into an integer by subtracting it with character 0. For example,
class Main {
char a = '9';
char b = '3';
// by subtracting with char 0
int num1 = a - '0';
int num2 = b - '0';
// print numeric value
}
In the above example, notice the line,
int num1 = a -'0';
Here, we have subtracted the character 'a' by the character '0'. In this case, the characters are converted into
integers. And subtracting a value by zero gives the same value. That is, 9 - 0 = 9.
Hence, we get the integer values 9 and 3 of the character '9' and '3' respectively.
98. Java Program to convert int type variables to char

In this program, we will learn to convert the integer (int) variable into a character (char) in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert int to char
class Main {
// create int variables
int num1 = 80;
int num2 = 81;
// convert int to char
// typecasting
char a = (char)num1;
char b = (char)num2;
// print value
System.out.println(a); // P
System.out.println(b); // Q
}
In the above example, we have int type variables num1 and num2. Notice the line,
char a = (char)num1;
Here, we are using typecasting to covert an int type variable into the char type variable. To learn more, visit Java
Typecasting.
Note that the int values are treated as ASCII values. Hence, we get P for int value 80 and Q for int value 81. It is
because the ASCII value of P and Q are 80 and 81 respectively.
Example 2: int to char by using forDigit()
We can also use the forDigit() method of the Character class to convert the int type variable into char type.
class Main {
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 13;
// for value between 0-9
char a = Character.forDigit(num1, 10);
// for value between 0-9
char b = Character.forDigit(num2, 16);
// print value
System.out.println(a); // 1
System.out.println(b); // d
}
char a = Character.forDigit(num1, 10);
We have used the forDigit() method converts the specified int value into char value.
Here, 10 and 16 are radix values for decimal and hexadecimal numbers respectively. That is, if the int value is
between 0 to 9, we use 10 as radix value, if the int value is between 0 to 15, we
use 16, and so on.
To learn more about the forDigit() method, visit Java Character.forDigit() (Official Oracle Documentation).
Example 3: int to char by adding '0'
In Java, we can also convert the integer into a character by adding the character '0' with it. For example,
class Main {
int num1 = 1;
int num2 = 9;
char a = (char)(num1 + '0');
char b = (char)(num2 + '0');
// print value
System.out.println(b); // 9
In the above example, notice the line,
char a = (char)(num1 + '0');
Here, the character '0' is converted into ASCII value 48. The value 48 is added to the value of num1 (i.e. 1). The
result 49 is the ASCII value of 1. Hence, we get the character '1' as the output.
Note: This is only applicable for int value 0 to 9.
99. Java Program to convert long type variables into int

In this program, we will learn to convert the long variable into an integer (int) in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert long to int using Typecasting
class Main {
// create long variables
long a = 2322331L;
long b = 52341241L;
// convert long into int
// using typecasting
int c = (int)a;
int d = (int)b;
System.out.println(c); // 2322331
System.out.println(d); // 52341241
In the above example, we have long type variables a and b. Notice the lines,
int c = (int)a;
Here, the higher data type long is converted into the lower data type int. Hence, this is called narrowing
typecasting. To learn more, visit Java Typecasting.
This process works fine when the value of the long variable is less than or equal to the maximum value of int
(2147483647). However, if the value of the long variable is greater than the maximum
int value, then there will be a loss in data.
Example 2: long to int conversion using toIntExact()
We can also use the toIntExact() method of the Math class to convert the long value into an int.
class Main {
// create long variable
long value1 = 52336L;
long value2 = -445636L;
// change long to int
int num1 = Math.toIntExact(value1);
int num2 = Math.toIntExact(value2);
// print the int value
System.out.println(num2); // -445636
}
Here, the Math.toIntExact(value1) method converts the long variable value1 into int and returns it.
The toIntExact() method throws an exception if the returned int value is not within the range of the int data
type. That is,
// value out of range of int
long value = 32147483648L
// throws the integer overflow exception
int num = Math.toIntExact(value);
To learn more on toIntExact() method, visit Java Math.toIntExact().
Example 3: Convert object of the Long class to int
In Java, we can also convert the object of wrapper class Long into an int. For this, we can use the intValue()
method. For, example,
class Main {
// create an object of Long class
Long obj = 52341241L;
// convert object of Long into int
// using intValue()
int a = obj.intValue();
}
}
Here, we have created an object of the Long class named obj. We then used the intValue() method to convert
the object into int type.
To learn more about wrapper class, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
100. Java Program to convert int type variables to long

In this program, we will learn to convert integer (int) variables into the long variables in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert int to long using Typecasting
class Main {
int a = 25;
int b = 34;
// convert int into long
long c = a;
long d = b;
In the above example, we have int type variables a and b. Notice the lines,
long c = a;
Here, the int type variable is automatically converted into long. It is because long is a higher data type and int is
a lower data type.
Hence, there will be no loss in data while converting from int to long. This is called widening typecasting. To
learn more, visit Java Typecasting.
Example 2: Java Program to Convert int into object of Long using valueof()
We can convert the int type variable into an object of the Long class. For example,
class Main {
int a = 251;
// convert to an object of Long
// using valueOf()
Long obj = Long.valueOf(a);
System.out.println(obj); // 251
In the above example, we have used the Long.valueOf() method to convert the variable a into an object of Long.
Here, Long is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
101. Java Program to convert boolean variables into string

In this program, we will learn to convert the boolean type variables into string in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Convert boolean to string using valueOf()
class Main {
// create boolean variables
boolean booleanValue1 = true;
boolean booleanValue2 = false;
// convert boolean to string
// using valueOf()
String stringValue1 = String.valueOf(booleanValue1);
String stringValue2 = String.valueOf(booleanValue2);
System.out.println(stringValue1); // true
In the above example, we have used the valueOf() method of String class to convert the boolean variables into
strings.
Example 2: Convert boolean to String using toString()
We can also convert the boolean variables into strings using the toString() method of the Boolean class. For
example,
class Main {

// create boolean variables
boolean booleanValue1 = true;
boolean booleanValue2 = false;
// convert boolean to string
// using toString()
String stringValue1 = Boolean.toString(booleanValue1);
String stringValue2 = Boolean.toString(booleanValue2);
In the above example, the toString() method of Boolean class converts the boolean variables into strings. Here,
Boolean is a wrapper class. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
102. Java Program to convert string type variables into boolean

In this program, we will learn to convert the String type variables into boolean in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Convert string to boolean using parseBoolean()
class Main {
// create string variables
String str1 = "true";
String str2 = "false";

// convert string to boolean
// using parseBoolean()
boolean b1 = Boolean.parseBoolean(str1);
boolean b2 = Boolean.parseBoolean(str2);
// print boolean values
System.out.println(b1); // true
System.out.println(b2); // false
In the above example, we have used the parseBoolean() method of the Boolean class to convert the string
variables into boolean.
Here, Boolean is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
Example 2: Convert string to boolean using valueOf()
We can also convert the string variables into boolean using the valueOf() method. For example,
class Main {
String str1 = "true";
String str2 = "false";
// convert string to boolean
// using valueOf()
boolean b1 = Boolean.valueOf(str1);
boolean b2 = Boolean.valueOf(str2);
// print boolean values
System.out.println(b1); // true
System.out.println(b2); // false
In the above example, the valueOf() method of Boolean class converts the string variables into boolean.
Here, the valueOf() method actually returns an object of the Boolean class. However, the object is automatically
converted into a primitive type. This is called unboxing in Java. To learn more,
visit Java autoboxing and unboxing.
That is,
// valueOf() returns object of Boolean
// object is converted onto boolean value
boolean b1 = Boolean obj = Boolean.valueOf(str1)
103. Java Program to convert string type variables into int

In this program, we will learn to convert the String type variables into the integer (int) in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Java Program to Convert string to int using parseInt()
class Main {
String str1 = "23";
String str2 = "4566";

// convert string to int
// using parseInt()
int num1 = Integer.parseInt(str1);
// print int values
In the above example, we have used the parseInt() method of the Integer class to convert the string variables
into the int.
Here, Integer is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
Note: The string variables should represent the int values. Otherwise the compiler will throw an exception. For
example,
class Main {
// create a string variable
String str1 = "Programiz";
// convert string to int
// using parseInt()
// print int values

System.out.println(num1); // throws NumberFormatException
Example 2: Java Program to Convert string to int using valueOf()
We can also convert the string variables into an object of Integer using the valueOf() method. For example,
class Main {
// convert String to int
// using valueOf()
int num1 = Integer.valueOf(str1);
int num2 = Integer.valueOf(str2);
// print int values
In the above example, the valueOf() method of Integer class converts the string variables into the int.
Here, the valueOf() method actually returns an object of the Integer class. However, the object is automatically
converted into the primitive type. This is called unboxing in Java. To learn more,
That is,
// valueOf() returns object of Integer
// object is converted onto int
int num1 = Integer obj = Integer.valueOf(str1)
104. Java Program to convert int type variables to String

In this program, we will learn to convert the integer (int) variables into the string in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Java Program to Convert int to string using valueOf()
class Main {
// create int variable
int num1 = 36;
int num2 = 99;
// convert int to string
// using valueOf()
String str1 = String.valueOf(num1);
// print string variables
System.out.println(str1); // 36
}
In the above example, we have used the valueOf() method of the String class to convert the int variables into
string.
Note: This is the most preferred way of converting int variables to string in Java.
Example 2: Java Program to Convert int to string using toString()
We can also convert the int variable into string using the toString() method of the Integer class. For example,
class Main {
int num1 = 476;
int num2 = 78656;
// using toString()
String str1 = Integer.toString(num1);
String str2 = Integer.toString(num2);
In the above example, we have used the toString() method of the Integer class to convert the int variables into
string.
Here, Integer is the wrapper class. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
Example 3: Java Program to Convert int to String using + Operator
class Main {
int num1 = 3476;
int num2 = 8656;
// using + sign
String str1 = "" + num1;
Notice the line,
Here, we are using the string concatenation operation to convert an integer into the string. To learn more, visit
Java String concatenation.
Example 4: Java Program to Convert int to String using format()
class Main {
// create a int variable
int num = 9999;

// convert int to string using format()
String str = String.format("%d", num);
System.out.println(str); // 9999
Here, we have used the format() method to format the specified int variable into a string. To learn more about
formatting string, visit Java String format().
105. Java Program to convert int type variables to double

In this program, we will learn to convert the integer (int) variables into the double in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert int to double using Typecasting
class Main {
int a =33;
int b = 29;
// convert int into double
double c = a;
double d = b;
System.out.println(c); // 33.0
System.out.println(d); // 29.0
}
In the above example, we have int type variables a and b. Notice the line,
double c = a;
Here, the int type variable is automatically converted into double. It is because double is a higher data type (data
type with larger size) and int is a lower data type (data type with smaller
size).
Hence, there will be no loss in data while converting from int to double. This is called widening typecasting. To
learn more, visit Java Typecasting.
Example 2: Convert int to object of Double using valueOf()
We can also convert the int type variable into an object of the Double class. For example,
class Main {
int a = 332;
// convert to an object of Double
// using valueOf()
Double obj = Double.valueOf(a);
System.out.println(obj); // 332.0
In the above example, we have used the Double.valueOf() method to convert the variable a into an object of
Double.
Here, Double is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
106. Java Program to convert double type variables to int

In this program, we will learn to convert the double variables into the integer (int) in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert double to int using Typecasting
class Main {
// create double variables
double a = 23.78D;
double b = 52.11D;
// convert double into int
int c = (int)a;
int d = (int)b;
In the above example, we have double type variables a and b. Notice the line,
int c = (int)a;
Here, the higher data type double is converted into a lower data type int. Hence, we need to explicitly use int
inside the bracket.
This is called narrowing typecasting. To learn more, visit Java Typecasting.
Note: This process works when the value of double is less than or equal to the maximum value of int
(2147483647). Otherwise, there will be a loss in data.
Example 2: Convert double to int using Math.round()
We can also convert the double type variable into int using the Math.round() method. For example,
class Main {
double a = 99.99D;
double b = 52.11D;
// convert double into int
int c = (int)Math.round(a);
int d = (int)Math.round(b);
In the above example, we have created two double variables named a and b. Notice the line,
int c = (int)Math.round(a);
Here,
Math.round(a) - converts the decimal value into long value
(int) - converts the long value into int using typecasting
The Math.round() method rounds the decimal value to the closest long value. To learn more, visit the Java Math
round().
Example 3: Java Program to Convert Double to int
We can also convert an instance of Double class to int using the intValue() method. For example,
class Main {
// create an instance of Double
Double obj = 78.6;
// convert obj to int
// using intValue()
int num = obj.intValue();
// print the int value
System.out.println(num); // 78
Here, we have used the intValue() method to convert the object of Double to int.
The Double is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
107. Java Program to convert string variables to double

In this tutorial, we will learn to convert the string variables into double in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Java Program to Convert string to double using parseDouble()
class Main {
String str1 = "23";
String str2 = "456.6";
// convert string to double
// using parseDouble()
double num1 = Double.parseDouble(str1);
// print double values
System.out.println(num1); // 23.0
In the above example, we have used the parseDouble() method of the Double class to convert the string
variables into double.
Here, Double is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
Note: The string variables should represent the number value. Otherwise, the compiler will throw an exception.
For example,
class Main {

// create a string variable
// convert string to double
// using parseDouble()
System.out.println(num1); // throws NumberFormatException
Example 2: Java Program to Convert string to double using valueOf()
We can also convert the string variables into a double using the valueOf() method. For example,
class Main {
// convert String to double
// using valueOf()
double num1 = Double.valueOf(str1);
double num2 = Double.valueOf(str2);
}
}
In the above example, the valueOf() method of Double class converts the string values into the double.
Here, the valueOf() method actually returns an object of the Double class. However, the object is automatically
converted into the primitive type. This is called unboxing in Java. To learn more,
That is,
// valueOf() returns object of Double
// object is converted into double
double num1 = Double obj = Double.valueOf(str1);
Example 3: Java Program to Convert a String containing comma to double
class Main {
String str = "614,33";
// replace the , with .
str = str.replace(",", ".");
// convert String to double
// using valueOf()
double value = Double.parseDouble(str);
// print double value
System.out.println(value); // 614.33
}
}
In the above example, we have created a string named str. Notice the line,
str = str.replace(",", ".");
Here, the replace() method replaces the comma present in the string with the dot character. To learn more
about replacing the character, visit Java String replace().
We then used the parseDouble() method to convert the string into double.
108. Java Program to convert double type variables to string

In this tutorial, we will learn to convert double variables into the string in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Java Program to Convert double to string using valueOf()
class Main {
// create double variable
double num1 = 36.33;
// convert double to string
// using valueOf()
System.out.println(str1); // 36.33
In the above example, we have used the valueOf() method of the String class to convert the double variables
into strings.
Note: This is the most preferred way of converting double variables to string in Java.
Example 2: Java Program to Convert double to string using toString()
We can also convert the double variables into strings using the toString() method of the Double class. For
example,
class Main {
double num1 = 4.76;
// using toString()
String str1 = Double.toString(num1);
String str2 = Double.toString(num2);
Here, we have used the toString() method of the Double class to convert the double variables into a string.
The Double is a wrapper class in Java. To learn more, visit the Java Wrapper Class.
Example 3: Java Program to Convert double to String using + Operator
class Main {
double num1 = 347.6D;
double num2 = 86.56D;
// using + sign
Notice the line,
Here, we are using the string concatenation operation to convert a double variable into the string. To learn
more, visit Java String concatenation.
Example 4: Java Program to Convert double to String using format()
class Main {

// create a double variable
double num = 99.99;
// convert double to string using format()
String str = String.format("%f", num);
System.out.println(str); // 99.990000
Here, we have used the format() method to format the specified double variable into a string. To learn more
about formatting string, visit Java String format().
109. Java Program to convert primitive types to objects and vice versa
In this tutorial, we will learn to convert the primitive data types to their corresponding wrapper objects and vice
versa in Java.
Example 1: Java Program to Convert Primitive Types to Wrapper Objects
class Main {
// create primitive types
int var1 = 5;
double var2 = 5.65;
boolean var3 = true;
//converts into wrapper objects

Integer obj1 = Integer.valueOf(var1);
Double obj2 = Double.valueOf(var2);
Boolean obj3 = Boolean.valueOf(var3);
// checks if obj are objects of
// corresponding wrapper class
if(obj1 instanceof Integer) {
System.out.println("An object of Integer is created.");
if(obj2 instanceof Double) {
System.out.println("An object of Double is created.");
if(obj3 instanceof Boolean) {
System.out.println("An object of Boolean is created");
Output
An object of Integer is created.
An object of Double is created.
An object of Boolean is created.
In the above example, we have created variables of primitive types (int, double, and boolean). Here, we have
used the valueOf() method of the Wrapper class (Integer, Double, and Boolean) to
convert the primitive types to the objects.
To learn about wrapper classes in Java, visit Java Wrapper Class.

Example 2: Java Program to Convert Wrapper Objects to Primitive Types
class Main {
// creates objects of wrapper class
Integer obj1 = Integer.valueOf(23);
Double obj2 = Double.valueOf(5.55);
Boolean obj3 = Boolean.valueOf(true);
// converts into primitive types
int var1 = obj1.intValue();
double var2 = obj2.doubleValue();
boolean var3 = obj3.booleanValue();
// print the primitive values
System.out.println("The value of int variable: " + var1);
System.out.println("The value of double variable: " + var2);
System.out.println("The value of boolean variable: " + var3);
Output
The value of int variable: 23
The value of double variable: 5.55
The value of boolean variable: true
In the above example, we have created objects of Wrapper class (Integer, Double, and Boolean).
We then change the objects into corresponding primitive types (int, double, and boolean) using the intValue(),
doubleValue(), and booleanValue() methods respectively.
Note: The Java compiler automatically converts the primitive types into corresponding objects and vice versa.
This process is known as autoboxing and unboxing. To learn more, visit Java autoboxing
and unboxing.
110. Java Program to Implement Bubble Sort algorithm

In this example, we will learn to execute bubble sort algorithm in Java.
Java Methods
Java for Loop
Java Arrays
Example: Java Program to Implement Bubble Sort Algorithm
// import the Class
class Main {
// create an object of scanner
// to take input from the user
// method to perform bubble sort
void bubbleSort(int array[]) {
int size = array.length;
// for ascending or descending sort
System.out.println("Choose Sorting Order:");
System.out.println("1 for Ascending \n2 for Descending");
int sortOrder = input.nextInt();

// run loops two times
// first loop access each element of the array
for (int i = 0; i < size - 1; i++)
// second loop performs the comparison in each iteration
for (int j = 0; j < size - i - 1; j++)
// sort the array in ascending order
if (sortOrder == 1) {
// compares the adjacent element
if (array[j] > array[j + 1]) {
// swap if left element is greater than right
int temp = array[j];
array[j] = array[j + 1];
array[j + 1] = temp;
// sort the array in descending order
else {
// compares the adjacent element
if (array[j] < array[j + 1]) {
// swap if left element is smaller than right
int temp = array[j];
array[j] = array[j + 1];
array[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
// driver code
public static void main(String args[]) {
// create an array
int[] data = { -2, 45, 0, 11, -9 };
// create an object of Main class
Main bs = new Main();
// call the method bubbleSort using object bs
// pass the array as the method argument
bs.bubbleSort(data);
System.out.println("Sorted Array in Ascending Order:");
// call toString() of Arrays class
// to convert data into the string
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
Output 1
Choose Sorting Order:
1 for Ascending
2 for Descending
Sorted Array:
[-9, -2, 0, 11, 45]
In this case, we have entered 1 as input. Hence, the program sort the array in ascending order.
Output 2
Choose Sorting Order:
1 for Ascending
2 for Descending
Sorted Array:
[45, 11, 0, -2, -9]
In this case, we have entered 2 as input. Hence, the program sort the array in descending order.
If you want to learn more about the bubble sort algorithm, visit Bubble Sort Algorithm.
Note: We have used the Java Scanner Class to take input from the user.
111. Java Program to Implement Quick Sort Algorithm

In this example, we will learn to implement quick sort algorithm in Java.
Java Methods
Java for Loop
Java Arrays
Example: Java Program to Implement Quick Sort Algorithm
// Quick sort in Java
class Main {
// divide the array on the basis of pivot
int partition(int array[], int low, int high) {
// select last element as pivot
int pivot = array[high];
// initialize the second pointer
int i = (low - 1);
// Put the elements smaller than pivot on the left and
// greater than pivot on the right of pivot
for (int j = low; j < high; j++) {
// compare all elements with pivot
// swap the element greater than pivot
// with element smaller than pivot
// to sort in descending order
// if (array[j] >= pivot)
if (array[j] <= pivot) {
// increase the second pointer if
// smaller element is swapped with greater
i++;
int temp = array[i];
array[i] = array[j];
array[j] = temp;
}
// put pivot in position
// so that element on left are smaller
// element on right are greater than pivot
int temp = array[i + 1];
array[i + 1] = array[high];
array[high] = temp;
return (i + 1);
void quickSort(int array[], int low, int high) {
if (low < high) {
// Select pivot position and put all the elements smaller
// than pivot on the left and greater than pivot on right
int pi = partition(array, low, high);
// sort the elements on the left of the pivot
quickSort(array, low, pi - 1);
// sort the elements on the right of pivot
quickSort(array, pi + 1, high);
// Driver code
// create an unsorted array
int[] data = { 8, 7, 2, 1, 0, 9, 6 };
int size = data.length;

// create an object of the Main class
Main qs = new Main();
// pass the array with the first and last index
qs.quickSort(data, 0, size - 1);
System.out.println("Sorted Array: ");
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
Output 1
Unsorted Array:
[8, 7, 2, 1, 0, 9, 6]
Sorted Array:
[0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Here, the elements of the array are sorted in ascending order. If we want to sort the elements in descending
order, then inside the for loop of the partition() method, we can change the code as:
// the less than sign is changed to greater than
if (array[j] >= pivot) {
If you want to learn more about the quick sort algorithm, visit Quick Sort Algorithm.
112. Java Program to Implement Merge Sort Algorithm

In this example, we will learn to execute merge sort algorithm in Java.
Java Methods
Java Arrays
Example: Java Program to Implement Merge Sort Algorithm
// Merge sort in Java
class Main {
// Merge two sub arrays L and M into array
void merge(int array[], int p, int q, int r) {
int n1 = q - p + 1;
int n2 = r - q;
int L[] = new int[n1];
int M[] = new int[n2];
// fill the left and right array
for (int i = 0; i < n1; i++)
L[i] = array[p + i];
for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++)
M[j] = array[q + 1 + j];
// Maintain current index of sub-arrays and main array
int i, j, k;
i = 0;
j = 0;
k = p;
// Until we reach either end of either L or M, pick larger among
// elements L and M and place them in the correct position at A[p..r]

// for sorting in descending
// use if(L[i] >= <[j])
while (i < n1 && j < n2) {
if (L[i] <= M[j]) {
array[k] = L[i];
i++;
} else {
array[k] = M[j];
j++;
k++;
// When we run out of elements in either L or M,
// pick up the remaining elements and put in A[p..r]
while (i < n1) {
array[k] = L[i];
i++;
k++;
while (j < n2) {
array[k] = M[j];
j++;
k++;
// Divide the array into two sub arrays, sort them and merge them
void mergeSort(int array[], int left, int right) {

if (left < right) {
// m is the point where the array is divided into two sub arrays
int mid = (left + right) / 2;
// recursive call to each sub arrays
mergeSort(array, left, mid);
mergeSort(array, mid + 1, right);
// Merge the sorted sub arrays
merge(array, left, mid, right);
// created an unsorted array
int[] array = { 6, 5, 12, 10, 9, 1 };
Main ob = new Main();
// call the method mergeSort()
// pass argument: array, first index and last index
ob.mergeSort(array, 0, array.length - 1);
System.out.println("Sorted Array:");
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array));
Output 1
Unsorted Array:
[6, 5, 12, 10, 9, 1]
Sorted Array:
[1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12]
Here, the elements of the array are sorted in ascending order. If we want to sort the elements in descending
order, then inside the first while loop of the merge() method, we can change the code
as:
// the less than sign is changed to greater than
if (L[i] >= M[j]) {
If you want to learn more about the merge sort algorithm, visit Merge Sort Algorithm.
113. Java Program to Implement Binary Search Algorithm

In this example, we will learn to implement binary search algorithm in Java.
Java Arrays
Example: Java Program to Implement Binary Search Algorithm
// Binary Search in Java
class Main {
int binarySearch(int array[], int element, int low, int high) {
// Repeat until the pointers low and high meet each other
while (low <= high) {

// get index of mid element
int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
// if element to be searched is the mid element
if (array[mid] == element)
return mid;
// if element is less than mid element
// search only the left side of mid
if (array[mid] < element)
low = mid + 1;
// if element is greater than mid element
// search only the right side of mid
else
high = mid - 1;
return -1;
// create an object of Main class
// create a sorted array
int[] array = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int n = array.length;
// get input from user for element to be searched
System.out.println("Enter element to be searched:");
// element to be searched
int element = input.nextInt();
input.close();
// call the binary search method
// pass arguments: array, element, index of first and last element
int result = obj.binarySearch(array, element, 0, n - 1);
if (result == -1)
System.out.println("Not found");
else
System.out.println("Element found at index " + result);
Output 1
Enter element to be searched:
Element found at index 3
Here, we have used the Java Scanner Class to take input from the user. Based on the input from user, we used
the binary search to check if the element is present in the array.
We can also use the recursive call to perform the same task.
int binarySearch(int array[], int element, int low, int high) {

if (high >= low) {
int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;
// check if mid element is searched element
if (array[mid] == element)
return mid;
// Search the left half of mid
if (array[mid] > element)
return binarySearch(array, element, low, mid - 1);
// Search the right half of mid
return binarySearch(array, element, mid + 1, high);
return -1;
Here, the method binarySearch() is calling itself until the element is found or, the if condition fails.
If you want to learn more about the binary search algorithm, visit Binary Search Algorithm.
114. Java Program to Call One Constructor from another

In this example, we will learn how we can call one constructor from another constructor in Java.
Java Constructors
Java Methods
Example 1: Java program to call one constructor from another
class Main {
int sum;
// first constructor
Main() {
// calling the second constructor
this(5, 2);
// second constructor
Main(int arg1, int arg2) {
// add two value
this.sum = arg1 + arg2;
void display() {
System.out.println("Sum is: " + sum);
// main class
// call the first constructor
// call display method
obj.display();
Output
Sum is: 7
In the above example, we have created a class named Main. Here, you have created two constructors inside the
Main class.
Main() {..}
Main(int arg1, int arg2) {...}
Inside the first constructor, we have used this keyword to call the second constructor.
this(5, 2);
Here, the second constructor is called from the first constructor by passing arguments 5 and 2.
Note: The line inside a constructor that calls another constructor should be the first line of the constructor. That
is, this(5, 2) should be the first line of Main().
Example 2: Call the constructor of the superclass from the constructor of the child class
We can also call the constructor of the superclass from the constructor of child class using super().
// superclass
class Languages {
// constructor of the superclass
Languages(int version1, int version2) {
if (version1 > version2) {
System.out.println("The latest version is: " + version1);
else {
System.out.println("The latest version is: " + version2);
// child class
class Main extends Languages {
// constructor of the child class
Main() {
// calling the constructor of super class
super(11, 8);
// main method
// call the first constructor
Output
The latest version is: 11
In the above example, we have created a superclass named Languages and a subclass Main. Inside the
constructor of the Main class, notice the line,
super(11, 8);
Here, we are calling the constructor of the superclass (i.e. Languages(int version1, int version2)) from the
constructor of the subclass (Main()).
115. Java Program to implement private constructors

In this example, we will learn to implement private constructors in Java.
Java Constructors
Java Singleton
Example 1: Java program to create a private constructor
class Test {
// create private constructor
private Test () {
System.out.println("This is a private constructor.");
// create a public static method
public static void instanceMethod() {
// create an instance of Test class
class Main {

// call the instanceMethod()
Test.instanceMethod();
Output
This is a private constructor.
In the above example, we have created a private constructor of the Test class. Hence, we cannot create an
object of the Test class outside of the class.
This is why we have created a public static method named instanceMethod() inside the class that is used to
create an object of the Test class. And from the Main class, we call the method using the
class name.
Example 2: Java Singleton design using a private constructor
The Java Singleton design pattern ensures that there should be only one instance of a class. To achieve this we
use the private constructor.
class Language {
// create a public static variable of class type
private static Language language;
// private constructor
private Language() {
System.out.println("Inside Private Constructor");
// public static method
public static Language getInstance() {

// create object if it's not already created
if(language == null) {
language = new Language();
// returns the singleton object
return language;
public void display() {
System.out.println("Singleton Pattern is achieved");
class Main {
Language db1;
// call the getInstance method
db1= Language.getInstance();
db1.display();
Output
Inside Private Constructor
Singleton Pattern is achieved
In the above example, we have created a class named Languages. The class contains,
language - class type private variable
Language() - private constructor
getInstance() - public static class type method
display() - public method
Since the constructor is private, we cannot create objects of Language from the outer class. Hence, we have
created an object of the class inside the getInstance() method.
However, we have set the condition in such a way that only one object is created. And, the method returns the
object.
Notice the line,
db1 = Language.getInstance();
Here,
db1 is a variable of Language type
Language.getInstance() - calls the method getInstance()
Since, getInstance() returns the object of the Language class, the db1 variable is assigned with the returned
object.
Finally, we have called the display() method using the object.
116. Java Program to pass lambda expression as a method argument

In this example, we will learn to pass lambda expression as the method argument in Java.
Java Lambda Expressions
Java Methods
Example 1: Define lambda expressions as method parameters

class Main {
// create an ArrayList
ArrayList<String> languages = new ArrayList<>();
// add elements to the ArrayList
languages.add("java");
languages.add("swift");
languages.add("python");
// pass lambda expression as parameter to replaceAll() method
languages.replaceAll(e -> e.toUpperCase());
System.out.println("Updated ArrayList: " + languages);
Output
ArrayList: [java, swift, python]
Updated ArrayList: [JAVA, SWIFT, PYTHON]
languages.replaceAll(e -> e.toUpperCase());
Here, e -> e.toUpperCase() is a lambda expression. It takes all elements of the arraylist and converts them into
uppercase.
Example 2: Pass multiline lambda body as function arguments
class Main {
ArrayList<String> languages = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("java", "python"));
// call the foEach() method
// pass lambda as argument fo forEach()
// reverse each element of ArrayList
System.out.print("Reversed ArrayList: ");
languages.forEach((e) -> {
// body of lambda expression
String result = "";
for (int i = e.length()-1; i >= 0 ; i--)
result += e.charAt(i);
System.out.print(result + ", ");
});
Output
ArrayList: [java, python]
Reversed ArrayList: avaj, nohtyp,
In the above example, we have created an arraylist languages. Notice the line,
// body of lambda expression
String result = "";
for (int i = e.length()-1; i >= 0 ; i--)
result += e.charAt(i);
System.out.print(result + ", ");
});
Here, we are passing lambda expression as an argument to the ArrayList forEach() method. The lambda
expression will reverse each element of the arraylist.
117. Java Program to pass methods as arguments to other methods

In this example, we will learn to pass methods as arguments to other methods in Java
Java Methods
Example 1: Java program to pass method as a parameter to other method
class Main {
// calculate the sum
public int add(int a, int b) {
// calculate sum
int sum = a + b;
return sum;
// calculate the square
public void square(int num) {

int result = num * num;
System.out.println(result); // prints 576
// call the square() method
// passing add() as parameter
obj.square(obj.add(15, 9));
In the above example, we have created two methods named square() and add(). Notice the line,
obj.square(obj.add(15, 9));
Here, we are calling the square() method. The square() method takes the method add() as its argument.
With the introduction lambda expression, now passing methods as arguments has been made easy in Java. To
learn more, visit Passing Lambda Expression as method argument in Java.
118. Java Program to Calculate the Execution Time of Methods

In this example, we will learn to calculate the execution time of normal methods and recursive methods in Java.
Java Methods
Java Recursion
Example 1: Java Program to calculate the method execution time
class Main {
// create a method
public void display() {
System.out.println("Calculating Method execution time:");
// main method
// create an object of the Main class
// get the start time
long start = System.nanoTime();
// call the method
obj.display();
// get the end time
long end = System.nanoTime();
// execution time
long execution = end - start;
System.out.println("Execution time: " + execution + " nanoseconds");
Output
Calculating Method execution time:
Execution time: 656100 nanoseconds

In the above example, we have created a method named display(). The method prints a statement to the
console. The program calculates the execution time of the method display().
Here, we have used the method nanoTime() of the System class. The nanoTime() method returns the current
value of the running JVM in nanoseconds.
Example 2: Calculate the execution time of Recursive method
class Main {
// create a recursive method
public int factorial( int n ) {
if (n != 0) // termination condition
return n * factorial(n-1); // recursive call
else
return 1;
// main method
// get the start time
long start = System.nanoTime();
// call the method
obj.factorial(128);
// get the end time
long end = System.nanoTime();

// execution time in seconds
long execution = (end - start);
System.out.println("Execution time of Recursive Method is");
System.out.println(execution + " nanoseconds");
Output
Execution time of Recursive Method is
18600 nanoseconds
In the above example, we are calculating the execution time of recursive method named factorial().
119. Java Program to Convert a String into the InputStream

In this program, we will learn to convert a string to an inputstream in Java.
Java String
Java ByteArrayInputStream Class
Example: Java Program to convert String to InputStream
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
public class Main {
// Creates a string

System.out.println("String is: " + name);
try {
InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(name.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
System.out.println("InputStream: " + stream);
// Returns the available number of bytes
System.out.println("Available bytes at the beginning: " + stream.available());
// Reads 3 bytes from the stream stream
stream.read();
stream.read();
stream.read();
// After reading 3 bytes
// Returns the available number of bytes
System.out.println("Available bytes at the end: " + stream.available());
stream.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
String is: Programiz

InputStream: java.io.ByteArrayInputStream@5479e3f
Available bytes at the beginning: 9
Available bytes at the end: 6
In the above example, we have created a string named name. Here, we have are converting the string into the
input stream named stream.
The getBytes() method converts the string into bytes. To learn more, visit Java String getBytes()
120. Java Program to Convert the InputStream into Byte Array

In this example, we will learn to convert an input stream into the byte array in Java.
Java ByteArrayInputStream Class
Java ByteArrayOutputStream Class
Example 1: Java Program to Convert InputStream to Byte Array
public class Main {
try {
// create an input stream
byte[] input = {1, 2, 3, 4};
InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(input);

System.out.println("Input Stream: " + stream);
// convert the input stream to byte array
byte[] array = stream.readAllBytes();
System.out.println("Byte Array: " + Arrays.toString(array));
stream.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Input Stream: java.io.ByteArrayInputStream@27082746
Byte Array: [1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, we have created an input stream named stream. Note the line,
byte[] array = stream.readAllBytes();
Here, the readAllBytes() method returns all the data from the stream and stores in the byte array.
Note: We have used the Arrays.toString() method to convert all the entire array into a string.
Example 2: Convert InputStream to Byte Array using Output Stream
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
public class Main {
try {
// create an input stream
byte[] input = {1, 2, 3, 4};
InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(input);
System.out.println("Input Stream: " + stream);
// create an output stream
ByteArrayOutputStream output = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
// create a byte array to store input stream
byte[] array = new byte[4];
int i;
// read all data from input stream to array
while ((i = stream.read(array, 0, array.length)) != -1) {
// write all data from array to output
output.write(array, 0, i);
byte[] data = output.toByteArray();
// convert the input stream to byte array
System.out.println("Byte Array: " + Arrays.toString(data));

stream.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Input Stream: java.io.ByteArrayInputStream@27082746
Byte Array: [1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, we have created an input stream from the array input. Notice the expression,
stream.read(array, 0, array.length)
Here, all elements from stream are stored in array, starting from index 0. We then store all elements of array to
the output stream named output.
output.write(array, 0, i)
Finally, we call the toByteArray() method of the ByteArrayOutputStream class, to convert the output stream into
a byte array named data.
121. Java Program to Load File as InputStream

In this example, we will learn to load a file as an input stream using the FileInputStream class in Java.
Java File Class
Java FileInputStream Class
Example 1: Java Program to Load a Text File as InputStream
public class Main {
try {
// file input.txt is loaded as input stream
// input.txt file contains:
// This is a content of the file input.txt
InputStream input = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
System.out.println("Data in the file: ");
// Reads the first byte
int i = input.read();
while(i != -1) {
System.out.print((char)i);
// Reads next byte from the file
i = input.read();
input.close();
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
Output
Data in the file:
This is a content of the file input.txt.
In the above example, we have a file named input.txt. The content of the file is
This is a content of the file input.txt.
Here, we used the FileInputStream class to load the input.txt file as input stream. We then used the read()
method to read all the data from the file.
Example 2: Java Program to Load Java File as InputStream
Consider we have a Java file named Test.java,
class Test {
System.out.println("This is Java File");
We can also load this Java file as input stream.
public class Main {
try {
// file Test.java is loaded as input stream
InputStream input = new FileInputStream("Time.java");
// Reads the first byte
int i = input.read();
while(i != -1) {
System.out.print((char)i);
i = input.read();
input.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Data in the file:
class Test {
System.out.println("This is Java File");
}
}
In the above example, we have used the FileInputStream class to load the Java file as an input stream.
122. Java Program to Create File and Write to the File

In this example, we will learn to create files in Java and write some information to the file.
Java File Class
Java FileWriter Class
Example 1: Java Program to Create a File
// importing the File class
class Main {
// create a file object for the current location
File file = new File("JavaFile.java");
try {
// create a new file with name specified
// by the file object
boolean value = file.createNewFile();
if (value) {
System.out.println("New Java File is created.");
else {
System.out.println("The file already exists.");
}
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example, we have created a file object named file. The file object is linked with the specified path.
// javaFile.java is equivalent to
// currentdirectory/JavaFile.java
We then use the createNewFile() method of the File class to create new file to the specified path.
Note: If the file JavaFile.java is not already present, then only the new file is created. Otherwise the program
returns The file already exists.
Example 2: Java Program to Write Content to the File
In Java, we can use the FileWriter class to write data to a file. In the previous example, we have created the file
named JavaFile.java. Now let's write a program to the file.
// importing the FileWriter class
import java.io.FileWriter;
class Main {
// creates a multiline string using + operator
// the string is a Java Program
String program = "class JavaFile { " +
"public static void main(String[] args) { " +
"System.out.println(\"This is file\");"+
"}"+
"}";
try {
// Creates a Writer using FileWriter
FileWriter output = new FileWriter("JavaFile.java");
// Writes the program to file
output.write(program);
System.out.println("Data is written to the file.");
// Closes the writer
output.close();
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example, we have used the FileWriter lass to write the string data to the file Javafile.java.
When you run the program, the file JavaFile.java will includes the data present in the string program.
123. Java Program to Read the Content of a File Line by Line

In this example, we will learn to read a the content of a file using various class in Java.
Java File Class
Java BufferedInputStream Class
Java FileReader Class
Example 1: Java Program to Read File Using BufferedInputStream
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
class Main {
try {
// Creates a FileInputStream
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("input.txt");
// Creates a BufferedInputStream
BufferedInputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(file);
// Reads first byte from file
int i = input .read();
while (i != -1) {
System.out.print((char) i);
i = input.read();
input.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
First Line
Second Line
Third Line
Fourth Line
Fifth Line
In the above example, we have used the BufferedInputStream Class to read each line from the file named
input.txt.
Note: In order to run this file, you should have a file named input.txt in your current working directory.
Example 2: Java Program to Read File Using BufferedReader
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
class Main {
// Creates an array of character
char[] array = new char[100];
try {
// Creates a FileReader
FileReader file = new FileReader("input.txt");
// Creates a BufferedReader
BufferedReader input = new BufferedReader(file);
// Reads characters
input.read(array);

System.out.println(array);
// Closes the reader
input.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Data in the file:
First Line
Second Line
Third Line
Fourth Line
Fifth Line
In the above example, we have used the BufferedReader Class to read the file named input.txt.
Example 3: Java Program to Read File Using Scanner
class Main {
try {
// create a new file object
File file = new File("input.txt");
// associated with the file
Scanner sc = new Scanner(file);
// read each line from file and print it
System.out.println("Reading File Using Scanner:");
while(sc.hasNextLine()) {
System.out.println(sc.nextLine());
// close scanner
sc.close();
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Reading File Using Scanner:
First Line
Second Line
Third Line
Fourth Line
Fifth Line
In the above example, we have created an object of File class named file. We then created a Scanner object
associated with the file.
Here, we have used the scanner methods
hasNextLine() - returns true if there is next line in the file
nextLine() - returns the entire line from the file
To learn more on scanner, visit Java Scanner.
124. Java Program to Delete File in Java

In this example, we will learn to delete file in using the File and Files class in Java.
Java File Class
Example 1: Java Program to Delete a file using delete()
class Main {
// deletes the file
boolean value = file.delete();
if(value) {
System.out.println("JavaFile.java is successfully deleted.");
else {
System.out.println("File doesn't exit");
}
}
In the above example, we have used the delete() method of the File class to delete the file named JavaFile.java.
Here, if the file is present, then the message JavaFile.java is successfully deleted is shown. Otherwise, File
doesn't exit is shown.
Example 2: Java Program to Delete a file using deleteIfExists()
import java.nio.file.Path;
class Main {
try {
Path path = Paths.get("JavaFile.java");
// deletes the file
boolean value = Files.deleteIfExists(path);
if(value) {
System.out.println("JavaFile.java is successfully deleted.");
else {
System.out.println("File doesn't exit");
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
Here, we have used the deleteIfExists() method of java.nio.file.Files class. The method deletes the file if it is
present in the specified path.
Note: java.nio.file is a new package introduced to deal with files in Java.
125. Java Program to Delete Empty and Non-empty Directory

In this example, we will learn to delete an empty directory, a non-empty directory, and a directory with non-
empty subdirectory in Java.
Java File Class
Java Recursion
Example 1: Java Program to delete an empty directory
class Main {
try {
File directory = new File("Directory");
// delete the directory
boolean result = directory.delete();
if(result) {
System.out.println("Directory Deleted");
else {
System.out.println("Directory not Found");
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example, we have used the delete() method of the File class to delete the directory named
Directory.
Here, if the directory is present, then the message Directory Deleted is shown. Otherwise, Directory not Found is
shown.
Example 2: Delete a non-empty directory
In Java, to delete a non-empty directory, we must first delete all the files present in the directory. Then, we can
delete the directory.
class Main {
try {
// list all the files in an array
File[] files = directory.listFiles();
// delete each file from the directory

System.out.println(file + " deleted.");
file.delete();
// delete the directory
if(directory.delete()) {
System.out.println("Directory Deleted");
else {
System.out.println("Directory not Found");
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example, we have used the for-each loop to delete all the files present in the directory. Once, all
files are deleted, we used the delete() method to delete the directory.
Example 3: Delete non-empty directory recursively
class Main {
public static void deleteDirectory(File directory) {
// if the file is directory or not
if(directory.isDirectory()) {
// if the directory contains any file
if(files != null) {
// recursive call if the subdirectory is non-empty
deleteDirectory(file);
if(directory.delete()) {
System.out.println(directory + " is deleted");
else {
System.out.println("Directory not deleted");
try {
Main.deleteDirectory(directory);
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
Here, suppose we have a non-empty directory named Directory. The Directory contains 2 files named file1.txt
and file2.txt and a non-empty subdirectory named Subdirectory. Again, the Subdirectory
contains a file named file11.txt.
Now, when we run the program, we will get the following output.
Directory\file1.txt is deleted
Directory\file2.txt is deleted
Directory\Subdirectory\file11.txt is deleted
Directory\Subdirectory is deleted
Directory is deleted
Here, first 2 files are deleted, then the recursive function delete the files inside the Subdirectory. Once, the
Subdirectory is empty, it is deleted. And, finally the Directory is deleted.
126. Java Program to Get the File Extension

In this example, we will learn to get the file extension in Java.
Java File Class
Java String lastIndexOf()
Java String substring()
Example 1: Java Program to get the file extension
class Main {
File file = new File("Test.java");

// convert the file name into string
String fileName = file.toString();
int index = fileName.lastIndexOf('.');
if(index > 0) {
String extension = fileName.substring(index + 1);
System.out.println("File extension is " + extension);
file.toString() - Converts the File object into a string.
fileName.lastIndexOf('.') - Returns the last occurrence of character. Since all file extension starts with '.', we use
the character '.'.
fileName.substring() - Returns the string after character '.'.
Example 2: Get the file extension of all files present in a directory
Now, suppose we want to get the file extension of all the files present in a directory. We can use the above
process in the loop.
class Main {
// list all files present in the directory

System.out.println("Files\t\t\tExtension");
// convert the file name into string
String fileName = file.toString();
int index = fileName.lastIndexOf('.');
if(index > 0) {
String extension = fileName.substring(index + 1);
System.out.println(fileName + "\t" + extension);
Output
Files Extension
Directory\file1.txt txt
Directory\file2.svg svg
Directory\file3.java java
Directory\file4.py py
Directory\file5.html html
Note: The output of the program depends on the directory you use and the files in the directory.
If you are using the Gauva Library, you can directly use the getFileExtension() method to get the file extension.
For example,
String fileName = "Test.java";
String extension = Files.getFileExtension(fileName);

And, also the Apache Commons IO provides the FilenameUtils class provides the getExtension method to get the
extension of the file.
String extension = FilenameUtils.getExtension("file.py") // returns py
127. Java Program to Get the name of the file from the absolute path
In this example, we will learn to get the name of the file from the absolute path in Java.
Java File Class
Java String
Example 1: Get file name from the absolute path using getName()
class Main {
// link to file Test.class
File file = new File("C:\\Users\\Sudip Bhandari\\Desktop\\Programiz\\Java Article\\Test.class");
// get file name using getName()
String fileName = file.getName();
System.out.println("File Name: " + fileName);
Output
File Name: Test.class

In the above example, we have used the getName() method of the File class to get the name of the file.
Example 2: Get the file name using string methods
We can also get the name of the file from its absolute path using the string methods.
class Main {
File file = new File("C:\\Users\\Sudip Bhandari\\Desktop\\Programiz\\Java Article\\Test.class");
// convert the file into the string
String stringFile = file.toString();
int index = stringFile.lastIndexOf('\\');
if(index > 0) {
String fileName = stringFile.substring(index + 1);
System.out.println("File Name: " + fileName);
Output
File Name: Test.class
file.toString() - Converts the File object into the string.
stringFile.lastIndexOf() - Returns the last occurrence of character '\\' in stringFile. To learn more, visit Java String
lastindexOf().
stringFile.substring(index + 1) - Returns all the substring after position index + 1. To learn more, visit Java String
substring().
128. Java Program to Get the relative path from two absolute paths
In this example, we will learn to get the relative path from two absolute paths in Java using String methods, URI
class, and java.nio.file package.
Example 1: Get a relative path from two absolute paths using URI class
import java.net.URI;
class Main {
try {
// Two absolute paths
File absolutePath1 = new File("C:\\Users\\Desktop\\Programiz\\Java\\Time.java");
System.out.println("Absolute Path1: " + absolutePath1);
File absolutePath2 = new File("C:\\Users\\Desktop");
// convert the absolute path to URI
URI path1 = absolutePath1.toURI();
URI path2 = absolutePath2.toURI();
// create a relative path from the two paths
URI relativePath = path2.relativize(path1);
// convert the URI to string
String path = relativePath.getPath();

System.out.println("Relative Path: " + path);
e.getStackTrace();
Output
Absolute Path1: C:\Users\Desktop\Programiz\Java\Time.java
Absolute Path2: C:\Users\Desktop
Relative Path: Programiz/Java/Time.java
In the above example, we have two absolute paths named absolutePath1 and absolutePath2. We have used the
URI class to convert the absolute paths into the relative path.
toURI() - converts the File object to a Uri
relativize() - extracts the relative path by comparing two absolute paths with one another
getPath() - converts the Uri into a string
Recommended Reading:
Java File
Java URI class
Example 2: Get a relative path from two absolute path using String methods
class Main {
// Create file objects
File file1 = new File("C:\\Users\\Desktop\\Programiz\\Java\\Time.java");

File file2 = new File("C:\\Users\\Desktop");
// convert file objects to string
String absolutePath1 = file1.toString();
String absolutePath2 = file2.toString();
// get the relative path
String relativePath = absolutePath1.substring(absolutePath2.length());
System.out.println("Absolute Path: " + relativePath);
Output
Absolute Path1: C:\Users\Desktop\Programiz\Java\Time.java
Absolute Path2: C:\Users\Desktop
Absolute Path: \Programiz\Java\Time.java
In the above example, we have converted the file paths to strings. Notice the expression,
absolutePath1.substring(absolutePath2.length())
Here, the substring() method returns the part of absolutePath1 starting from index equal to the length of
absolutePath2. That is, the string represented by absolutePath2 is removed from
absolutePath1.
To learn more about how substring works, visit Java String substring().
Example 3: Get a relative path from two absolute paths using java.nio.file package
import java.nio.file.Path;
class Main {
// Create file objects
Path absolutePath1 = Paths.get("C:\\Users\\Desktop\\Programiz\\Java\\Time.java");
Path absolutePath2 = Paths.get("C:\\Users\\Desktop");
// convert the absolute path to relative path
Path relativePath = absolutePath2.relativize(absolutePath1);
System.out.println("Relative Path: " + relativePath);
Output
Relative Path: Programiz\Java\Time.java
In the above example, we have used the relativize() method of the Path interface to get a relative path from two
absolute paths.
Recommended Readings:
Java Paths Class
Java Path Interface
129. Java Program to Count number of lines present in the file

In this example, we will learn to count the number of lines present in a file in Java.
Java File Class
Java Scanner Class
Example 1: Java program to count the number of lines in a file using Scanner class
class Main {
int count = 0;
try {
File file = new File("input.txt");
// associated with the file
Scanner sc = new Scanner(file);
// read each line and
// count number of lines
while(sc.hasNextLine()) {
sc.nextLine();
count++;
System.out.println("Total Number of Lines: " + count);
// close scanner
sc.close();
e.getStackTrace();
In the above example, we have used the nextLine() method of the Scanner class to access each line of the file.
Here, depending on the number of lines the file input.txt file contains, the program
shows the output.
In this case, we have a file name input.txt with the following content
130. Java Program to Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two strings

In this example, we will check if a string is the valid shuffle of two other strings in Java.
Java String
Example: Check if a string is a valid shuffle of two other strings
class Main {
// check if result string is valid shuffle of string first and second
static boolean shuffleCheck(String first, String second, String result) {
// check length of result is same as
// sum of result of first and second
if(first.length() + second.length() != result.length()) {
return false;
// variables to track each character of 3 strings
int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
// iterate through all characters of result
while (k != result.length()) {
// check if first character of result matches with first character of first string
if (i < first.length() && first.charAt(i) == result.charAt(k))
i++;
// check if first character of result matches the first character of second string
else if (j < second.length() && second.charAt(j) == result.charAt(k))
j++;
// if the character doesn't match
else {
return false;
// access next character of result
k++;
// after accessing all characters of result
// if either first or second has some characters left
if(i < first.length() || j < second.length()) {
return false;
return true;
}
String first = "XY";
String second = "12";
String[] results = {"1XY2", "Y12X"};
// call the method to check if result string is
// shuffle of the string first and second
for (String result : results) {
if (shuffleCheck(first, second, result) == true) {
System.out.println(result + " is a valid shuffle of " + first + " and " + second);
else {
System.out.println(result + " is not a valid shuffle of " + first + " and " + second);
Output
1XY2 is a valid shuffle of XY and 12
Y12X is not a valid shuffle of XY and 12
In the above example, we have a string array named results. It contains two strings: 1XY2 and Y12X. We are
checking if these two strings are valid shuffle of strings first(XY) and second(12).
Here, the program says 1XY2 is a valid shuffle of XY and 12. However, Y12X is not a valid shuffle.
This is because Y12X has altered the order of string XY. Here, Y is used before X. Hence, to be a valid shuffle, the
order of string should be maintained.
131. Java Program to Implement the graph data structure

In this example, we will implement the graph data structure in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Implement Graph Data Structure
class Graph {
// inner class
// to keep track of edges
class Edge {
int src, dest;
// number of vertices and edges
int vertices, edges;
// array to store all edges
Edge[] edge;
Graph(int vertices, int edges) {
this.vertices = vertices;
this.edges = edges;
// initialize the edge array
edge = new Edge[edges];
for(int i = 0; i < edges; i++) {
// each element of the edge array
// is an object of Edge type
edge[i] = new Edge();

}
// create an object of Graph class
int noVertices = 5;
int noEdges = 8;
Graph g = new Graph(noVertices, noEdges);
// create graph
g.edge[0].src = 1; // edge 1---2
g.edge[0].dest = 2;
g.edge[1].src = 1; // edge 1---3
g.edge[1].dest = 3;
g.edge[2].src = 1; // edge 1---4
g.edge[2].dest = 4;
g.edge[3].src = 2; // edge 2---4
g.edge[3].dest = 4;
g.edge[4].src = 2; // edge 2---5
g.edge[4].dest = 5;
g.edge[5].src = 3; // edge 3---4
g.edge[5].dest = 4;
g.edge[6].src = 3; // edge 3---5

g.edge[6].dest = 5;
g.edge[7].src = 4; // edge 4---5
g.edge[7].dest = 5;
// print graph
for(int i = 0; i < noEdges; i++) {
System.out.println(g.edge[i].src + " - " + g.edge[i].dest);
Output
1-2
1-3
1-4
2-4
2-5
3-4
3-5
4-5
Graph data structure in Java with 5 nodes
Graph Output
In the above example, we have implemented the graph data structure in Java. To learn more about graphs, visit
Graph Data Structure.
132. Java Program to Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative

In this program, you'll learn to check whether a given number is positive or negative. This is done by using a if
else statement in Java.
Java Operators
Example: Check if a Number is Positive or Negative using if else
public class PositiveNegative {
double number = 12.3;
// true if number is less than 0
if (number < 0.0)
System.out.println(number + " is a negative number.");
// true if number is greater than 0
else if ( number > 0.0)
System.out.println(number + " is a positive number.");
// if both test expression is evaluated to false
else
System.out.println(number + " is 0.");
Output
12.3 is a positive number.
If you change the value of number to a negative number (say -12.3), the output will be:
-12.3 is a negative number.
In the above program, it is quite clear how the variable number is checked to be positive or negative, by
comparing it to 0.
If you're not sure, here is the breakdown:
If a number is greater than zero, it is a positive number.
If a number is less than zero, it is a negative number.
If a number equals to zero, it is zero.
133. Java Program to Differentiate String == operator and equals() method

In this tutorial, we will learn to differentiate the string == operator and equals() method in Java
Java String
Java String equals()
Example 1: Java program to differentiate == and equals()
class Main {
String name1 = new String("Programiz");
System.out.println("Check if two strings are equal");
// check if two strings are equal
// using == operator
boolean result1 = (name1 == name2);
System.out.println("Using == operator: " + result1);
// using equals() method

boolean result2 = name1.equals(name2);
System.out.println("Using equals(): " + result2);
Output
Check if two strings are equal
Using == operator: false
Using equals(): true
In the above example, we have used the == operator and equals() method to check if two strings are equal.
Here,
== checks if the reference to string objects are equal or not. Here, name1 and name2 are two different
references. Hence, it returns false.
equals() checks if the content of the string object are equal. Here, the content of both the objects name1 and
name2 is the same Programiz. Hence, it returns true.
Example 2: Differentiate == and equals()
class Main {
String name2 = name1;
System.out.println("Check if two strings are equal");
// check if two strings are equal
// using == operator
boolean result1 = (name1 == name2);
System.out.println("Using == operator: " + result1);

// using equals() method
boolean result2 = name1.equals(name2);
System.out.println("Using equals(): " + result2);
Output
Check if two strings are equal
Using == operator: true
Using equals(): true
Here, name1 and name2 both are refering to the same object. Hence, name1 == name2 returns true.
134. Java Program to Implement switch statement on strings

In this example, we will learn to implement the switch statement on strings in Java.
Java String
Example: Implement the switch statement on Strings
// Java Program to implement String on switch statements in Java
class Main {
// create a string
String language = "Java";
switch(language) {
case "Java":
System.out.println(language + " is famous for enterprise applications.");
break;
case "JavaScript":
System.out.println(language + " is famous for frontend and backend.");
break;
case "Python":
System.out.println(language + " is famous for ML and AI.");
break;
default:
System.out.println(language + " not found on record.");
break;
Output
Java is famous for enterprise applications.
In the above example, we have implemented the switch statement on Strings. This feature was introduced in
Java 7.
135. Java Program to Calculate simple interest and compound interest

In this example, we will learn to calculate the simple interest and compound interest in Java.
Java Scanner Class
Java Operators
Example 1: Calculate Simple Interest in Java
class Main {
System.out.print("Enter the principal: ");
double principal = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the rate: ");
double rate = input.nextDouble();
rate = rate/100;
System.out.print("Enter the time: ");
double time = input.nextDouble();
double interest = (principal * time * rate) / 100;
System.out.println("Principal: " + principal);
System.out.println("Interest Rate: " + rate);
System.out.println("Time Duration: " + time);
System.out.println("Simple Interest: " + interest);
input.close();
}
Output
Enter the principal: 1000
Enter the rate: 8
Enter the time: 2
Principal: 1000.0
Interest Rate: 8.0
Time Duration: 2.0
Simple Interest: 160.0
In the above example, we have used the Scanner class to take principal, rate, and time as input from the user.
We then use the formula of simple interest to compute the simple interest.
Simple Interest = (Principal * Rate * Time) / 100
Example 2: Calculate Compound Interest
class Main {
System.out.print("Enter the principal: ");
double principal = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the rate: ");
double rate = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the time: ");

double time = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter number of times interest is compounded: ");
int number = input.nextInt();
double interest = principal * (Math.pow((1 + rate/100), (time * number))) - principal;
System.out.println("Principal: " + principal);
System.out.println("Interest Rate: " + rate);
System.out.println("Time Duration: " + time);
System.out.println("Number of Time interest Compounded: " + number);
System.out.println("Compound Interest: " + interest);
input.close();
Output
Enter the principal: 1000
Enter the rate: 10
Enter the time: 3
Enter number of times interest is compounded: 1
Principal: 1000.0
Interest Rate: 10.0
Time Duration: 3.0
Number of Time interest Compounded: 1
Compound Interest: 331.00000000000045
In the above example, we have used the formula of compound interest to calculate the compound interest.
Here, we have used the Math.pow() method to calculate the power of the number.
136. Java Program to Implement multiple inheritance
In this example, we will learn to implement multiple inheritance in Java.
Java Inheritance
Java Interface
When the child class extends from more than one superclass, it is known as multiple inheritance. However, Java
does not support multiple inheritance.
To achieve multiple inheritance in Java, we must use the interface.
Example: Multiple Inheritance in Java
interface Backend {
// abstract class
public void connectServer();
class Frontend {
public void responsive(String str) {
System.out.println(str + " can also be used as frontend.");
// Language extends Frontend class
// Language implements Backend interface
class Language extends Frontend implements Backend {

String language = "Java";
// implement method of interface
public void connectServer() {
System.out.println(language + " can be used as backend language.");
// create object of Language class
Language java = new Language();
java.connectServer();
// call the inherited method of Frontend class
java.responsive(java.language);
Output
Java can be used as backend language.
Java can also be used as frontend.
In the above example, we have created an interface named Backend and a class named Frontend. The class
Language extends the Frontend class and implements the Backend interface.
Multiple inheritance in Java
Multiple Inheritancy in Java
Here, the Language class is inheriting the property of both Backend and Frontend. Hence, we can say it is an
example of multiple inheritance.
137. Java Program to Determine the name and version of the operating
system
In this example, we will learn to get the name and version of operating system in which the program run using
Java.
Java String
Example: Determine the Operating System
class Main {
// get the name of operating system
String operatingSystem = System.getProperty("os.name");
System.out.println(operatingSystem);
Output
Windows 10
In the above example, we have used the getProperty() method of the System class. Here, we have passed the
os.name key as an argument to the method.
The method returns the property of the system specified by the key.
There are other keys that can be used to get other system properties. For example,
// returns the version of Operating system
// 10.0
System.getProperty("os.version");
Here, the key os.version returns the version of the operating system.
To learn more, visit the Java System Class.
138. Java Program to Check if two of three boolean variables are true
In this example, we will learn to check if two of the three boolean variables are true in Java.
Java Ternary Operator
Example: Check if two of the three boolean variables are true
// Java Program to check if 2 variables
// among the 3 variables are true
class Main {
// create 3 boolean variables
boolean first;
boolean second;
boolean third;
boolean result;
// get boolean input from the user
System.out.print("Enter first boolean value: ");
first = input.nextBoolean();
System.out.print("Enter second boolean value: ");

second = input.nextBoolean();
System.out.print("Enter third boolean value: ");
third = input.nextBoolean();
// check if two are true
if(first) {
// if first is true
// and one of the second and third is true
// result will be true
result = second || third;
else {
// if first is false
// both the second and third should be true
// so result will be true
result = second && third;
if(result) {
System.out.println("Two boolean variables are true.");
else {
System.out.println("Two boolean variables are not true.");
input.close();
}
}
Output 1
Enter first boolean value: true
Enter second boolean value: false
Enter third boolean value: true
Two boolean variables are true.
Output 2
Enter first boolean value: false
Enter second boolean value: true
Enter third boolean value: false
Two boolean variables are not true.
In the above example, we have three boolean variables named first, second, and third. Here, we have checked if
two of the boolean variables among the three are true or not.
We have used the if...else statement to check if two boolean variables are true or not.
if(first) {
result = second || third;
else {
result = second && third;
Here, instead of the if...else statement, we can also use the ternary operator.
result = first ? second || third : second && third;
139. Java Program to Iterate over enum

In this example, we will learn to iterate over the elements of enum in Java by converting the enum into an array
and enumset.
Java enums
Java EnumSet
Example 1: Loop through enum using forEach loop
enum Size {
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE
class Main {
System.out.println("Access each enum constants");
// use foreach loop to access each value of enum
for(Size size : Size.values()) {
System.out.print(size + ", ");
Output 1
Access each enum constants
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE,
In the above example, we have an enum named Size. Notice the expression,
Size.values()
Here, the values() method converts the enum constants in an array of the Size type. We then used the forEach
loop to access each element of the enum.
Example 2: Loop through enum using EnumSet Class
import java.util.EnumSet;
// create an enum
enum Size {
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE
class Main {
// create an EnumSet class
// convert the enum Size into the enumset
EnumSet<Size> enumSet = EnumSet.allOf(Size.class);
System.out.println("Elements of EnumSet: ");
// loop through the EnumSet class
for (Size constant : enumSet) {
System.out.print(constant + ", ");
Output
Elements of EnumSet:
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRALARGE,

Here, we have used the allOf() method to create an EnumSet class from the enum Size. We then access each
element of the enumset class using the forEach loop.
140. Java Program to Check the birthday and print Happy Birthday message
In this example, we will learn to check the current day with the birthday and print the Happy Birthday message
in Java.
Example: Check birthday and return Happy Birthday message
import java.time.Month;
public class Main {
// declare variables for birthday
int birthDate = 23;
Month birthMonth = Month.SEPTEMBER;
// get current date
LocalDate currentDate = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Todays Date: " + currentDate);
// get current date and month
int date = currentDate.getDayOfMonth();
Month month = currentDate.getMonth();
if(date == birthDate && month == birthMonth) {
System.out.println("HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU !!");

}
else {
System.out.println("Today is not my birthday.");
Output 1
Todays Date: 2020-07-28
HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO YOU !!
LocalDate.now() - returns the current date
getDayOfMonth() - returns the current day
getMonth() - returns the current month
Here, we have used the if...else statement to check if the current date matches the birthdate. If true, the Happy
Birthday message is printed.
141. Java Program to Implement LinkedList

In this example, we will learn to implement the linked list data structure in Java.
Java LinkedList
Java Generics
Example 1: Java program to implement LinkedList
class LinkedList {
// create an object of Node class
// represent the head of the linked list
Node head;
// static inner class
static class Node {
int value;
// connect each node to next node
Node next;
Node(int d) {
value = d;
next = null;
// create an object of LinkedList
LinkedList linkedList = new LinkedList();
// assign values to each linked list node
linkedList.head = new Node(1);
Node second = new Node(2);
Node third = new Node(3);
// connect each node of linked list to next node
linkedList.head.next = second;
second.next = third;
// printing node-value
System.out.print("LinkedList: ");
while (linkedList.head != null) {
System.out.print(linkedList.head.value + " ");
linkedList.head = linkedList.head.next;
Output
LinkedList: 1 2 3
In the above example, we have implemented the singly linked list in Java. Here, the linked list consists of 3
nodes.
Each node consists of value and next. The value variable represents the value of the node and the next
represents the link to the next node.
To learn about the working of LinkedList, visit LinkedList Data Structure.
Example 2: Implement LinkedList using LinkedList class
Java provides a built LinkedList class that can be used to implement a linked list.
import java.util.LinkedList;
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args){
// create a linked list using the LinkedList class
LinkedList<String> animals = new LinkedList<>();
// Add elements to LinkedList
animals.add("Dog");
// add element at the beginning of linked list
animals.addFirst("Cat");
// add element at the end of linked list
animals.addLast("Horse");
System.out.println("LinkedList: " + animals);
// access first element
System.out.println("First Element: " + animals.getFirst());
// access last element
System.out.println("Last Element: " + animals.getLast());
Output
LinkedList: [Cat, Dog, Horse]
First Element: Cat
Last Element: Horse
In the above example, we have used the LinkedList class to implement the linked list in Java. Here, we have used
methods provided by the class to add elements and access elements from the linked
list.
Notice, we have used the angle brackets (<>) while creating the linked list. It represents that the linked list is of
the generic type.
142. Java Program to Implement stack data structure

In this example, we will learn to implement the stack data structure in Java.
Java Stack Class
Java Generics
Example 1: Java program to implement Stack
// Stack implementation in Java
class Stack {
// store elements of stack
private int arr[];
// represent top of stack
private int top;
// total capacity of the stack
private int capacity;
// Creating a stack
Stack(int size) {
// initialize the array
// initialize the stack variables
arr = new int[size];
capacity = size;
top = -1;
// push elements to the top of stack
public void push(int x) {
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("Stack OverFlow");
// terminates the program

System.exit(1);
// insert element on top of stack
System.out.println("Inserting " + x);
arr[++top] = x;
// pop elements from top of stack
public int pop() {
// if stack is empty
// no element to pop
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("STACK EMPTY");
// terminates the program
System.exit(1);
// pop element from top of stack
return arr[top--];
// return size of the stack
public int getSize() {
return top + 1;
// check if the stack is empty
public Boolean isEmpty() {

return top == -1;
// check if the stack is full
public Boolean isFull() {
return top == capacity - 1;
// display elements of stack
public void printStack() {
for (int i = 0; i <= top; i++) {
System.out.print(arr[i] + ", ");
Stack stack = new Stack(5);
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
System.out.print("Stack: ");
stack.printStack();
// remove element from stack
stack.pop();
System.out.println("\nAfter popping out");
stack.printStack();
}
Output
Inserting 1
Inserting 2
Inserting 3
Stack: 1, 2, 3,
After popping out
1, 2,
In the above example, we have implemented the stack data structure in Java.
To learn more, visit Stack Data Structure.
Example 2: Implement stack using Stack class
Java provides a built Stack class that can be used to implement a stack.
import java.util.Stack;
class Main {
// create an object of Stack class
Stack<String> animals= new Stack<>();
// push elements to top of stack
animals.push("Dog");
animals.push("Horse");
animals.push("Cat");
System.out.println("Stack: " + animals);
// pop element from top of stack
animals.pop();
System.out.println("Stack after pop: " + animals);
Output
Stack: [Dog, Horse, Cat]
Stack after pop: [Dog, Horse]
In the above example, we have used the Stack class to implement the stack in Java. Here,
animals.push() - insert elements to top of the stack
animals.pop() - remove element from the top of the stack
Notice, we have used the angle brackets <String> while creating the stack. It represents that the stack is of the
generic type.
143. Java Program to Implement the queue data structure

In this example, we will learn to implement the queue data structure in Java.
Java Queue Interface
Java Generics
Example 1: Java program to implement Stack
public class Queue {
int SIZE = 5;
int items[] = new int[SIZE];
int front, rear;

Queue() {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
// check if the queue is full
boolean isFull() {
if (front == 0 && rear == SIZE - 1) {
return true;
return false;
// check if the queue is empty
boolean isEmpty() {
if (front == -1)
return true;
else
return false;
// insert elements to the queue
void enQueue(int element) {
// if queue is full
if (isFull()) {
System.out.println("Queue is full");
else {
if (front == -1) {
// mark front denote first element of queue
front = 0;
rear++;
// insert element at the rear
items[rear] = element;
System.out.println("Insert " + element);
// delete element from the queue
int deQueue() {
int element;
// if queue is empty
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Queue is empty");
return (-1);
else {
// remove element from the front of queue
element = items[front];
// if the queue has only one element
if (front >= rear) {
front = -1;
rear = -1;
else {
// mark next element as the front
front++;
System.out.println( element + " Deleted");
return (element);
// display element of the queue
void display() {
int i;
if (isEmpty()) {
System.out.println("Empty Queue");
else {
// display the front of the queue
System.out.println("\nFront index-> " + front);
// display element of the queue
System.out.println("Items -> ");
for (i = front; i <= rear; i++)
System.out.print(items[i] + " ");
// display the rear of the queue
System.out.println("\nRear index-> " + rear);

// create an object of Queue class
Queue q = new Queue();
// try to delete element from the queue
// currently queue is empty
// so deletion is not possible
q.deQueue();
// insert elements to the queue
for(int i = 1; i < 6; i ++) {
q.enQueue(i);
// 6th element can't be added to queue because queue is full
q.enQueue(6);
q.display();
// deQueue removes element entered first i.e. 1
q.deQueue();
// Now we have just 4 elements
q.display();
Output
Queue is empty
Insert 1
Insert 2
Insert 3
Insert 4
Insert 5
Queue is full
Front index-> 0
Items ->
1 2 3 4 5
Rear index-> 4
1 Deleted
Front index-> 1
Items ->
2 3 4 5
Rear index-> 4
In the above example, we have implemented the queue data structure in Java.
To learn the working about the queue, visit Queue Data Structure.
Example 2: Implement stack using Queue interface
Java provides a built Queue interface that can be used to implement a queue.
import java.util.Queue;
class Main {

// Creating Queue using the LinkedList class
Queue<Integer> numbers = new LinkedList<>();
// enqueue
// insert element at the rear of the queue
numbers.offer(1);
numbers.offer(2);
numbers.offer(3);
System.out.println("Queue: " + numbers);
// dequeue
// delete element from the front of the queue
int removedNumber = numbers.poll();
System.out.println("Removed Element: " + removedNumber);
System.out.println("Queue after deletion: " + numbers);
Output
Queue: [1, 2, 3]
Removed Element: 1
Queue after deletion: [2, 3]
In the above example, we have used the Queue interface to implement the queue in Java. Here, we have used
the LinkedList class that implements the Queue interface.
numbers.offer() - insert elements to the rear of the queue
numbers.poll() - remove an element from the front of the queue
Notice, we have used the angle brackets <Integer> while creating the queue. It represents that the queue is of
the generic type.
We can also use other interfaces and classes instead of Queue and LinkedList. For example,
Deque Interface
ArrayDeque Class
PriorityQueue Class
144. Java Program to Get the middle element of LinkedList in a single

iteration
In this example, we will learn to get the middle element of the linked list in a single iteration in Java.
To understand this example, make sure you first visit the following tutorials,
Java LinkedList Class
LinkedList Data Structure
Example 1: Get the middle element of LinkedList in a single search
class LinkedList {
Node head;
static class Node {
int value;
Node next;
Node(int d) {
value = d;
next = null;
}
// print the linked list
Node pointer = linkedList.head;
System.out.print("LinkedList: " );
while (pointer != null) {
System.out.print(pointer.value + " ");
pointer = pointer.next;
// Find the middle element
Node ptr1 = linkedList.head;
Node ptr2 = linkedList.head;
while (ptr1.next != null) {

// increase the ptr1 by 2 and ptr2 by 1
// if ptr1 points to last element
// ptr2 will points to middle element
ptr1 = ptr1.next;
if(ptr1.next !=null) {
ptr1 = ptr1.next;
ptr2 = ptr2.next;
System.out.println("\nMiddle Element: " + ptr2.value);
Output
LinkedList: 1 2 3
Middle Element: 2
In the above example, we have implemented the linked list data structure in Java. We then find the middle
element of the linked list in a single loop. Notice the code,
while (ptr1.next != null) {
// increase the ptr1 by 2 and ptr2 by 1
// if ptr1 points to last element
// ptr2 will points to middle element
ptr1 = ptr1.next;
if(ptr1.next !=null) {
ptr1 = ptr1.next;
ptr2 = ptr2.next;
}
Here, we have two variables ptr1 and ptr2. We use these variables to iterate through the linked list.
In each iteration, the ptr1 will access the two nodes and the ptr2 will access the single node of the linked list.
Now, when the ptr1 reaches the end of the linked list, the ptr2 will be in the middle. In this way, we are able to
get the middle of linked list in a single iteration.
Example 2: Get the middle element of LinkedList using the LinkedList class
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args){
// create a linked list using the LinkedList class
LinkedList<String> animals = new LinkedList<>();
// Add elements to LinkedList
animals.add("Dog");
animals.addFirst("Cat");
animals.addLast("Horse");
System.out.println("LinkedList: " + animals);
// access middle element
String middle = animals.get(animals.size()/2);
System.out.println("Middle Element: " + middle);
Output
LinkedList: [Cat, Dog, Horse]
Middle Element: Dog
In the above example, we have used the LinkedList class to implement the linked list data structure. Notice the
expression,
animals.get(animals.size()/2)
size()/2 - returns the position of middle element
get() - returns the element at the middle position
145. Java Program to Convert the LinkedList into an Array and vice versa
In this example, we will learn to convert the linked list into an array and vice versa in Java.
Before you learn about the example, make sure you first visit the following tutorials,
Java LinkedList Class
Java Array
LinkedList Data Structure
Example 1: Convert the LinkedList into Array
class Main {
LinkedList<String> languages= new LinkedList<>();
// Add elements in the linked list
System.out.println("LinkedList: " + languages);

// Create a new array of String type
String[] arr = new String[languages.size()];
// Convert LinkedList into the string array
System.out.print("Array: ");
for(String item:arr) {
System.out.print(item+", ");
Output
LinkedList: [Java, Python, JavaScript]
Array: Java, Python, JavaScript,
In the above example, we have created a linked list named languages. Notice the line,
Here, the toArray() method converts the linked list languages into an array. And stores it in the string array arr.
Note: If we don't pass any argument to the toArray() method, the method returns an array of the Object type.
Example 2: Convert Array to LinkedList
class Main {

// create an array
String[] array = {"Java", "Python", "C"};
// convert array to a linked list
LinkedList<String> languages= new LinkedList<>(Arrays.asList(array));
System.out.println("LinkedList: " + languages);
Output
Array: [Java, Python, C]
LinkedList: [Java, Python, C]
In the above example, we have created an array of String type. Notice the expression,
Arrays.asList(array)
Here, the asList() method of the Arrays class converts the specified array into the linked list.
146. Java Program to Convert the ArrayList into a string and vice versa
In this example, we will learn to convert the arraylist into a string and vice versa in Java.
Java String
Example 1: Convert the Arraylist into a String
class Main {
// Add elements in the array list
// convert the arraylist into a string
String arraylist = languages.toString();
System.out.println("String: " + arraylist);
Output
String: [Java, Python, JavaScript]
languages.toString();
Here, the toString() method converts arraylist into a string. The entire arraylist is converted as a single string.
Note: We can also convert the arraylist into a string array. To learn more, visit Java ArrayList to Array
Conversion.
Example 2: Convert ArrayList to String Using join()
class Main {
// Add elements in the array list
// convert the arraylist into a string
String arraylist = String.join(", ", languages);
System.out.println("String: " + arraylist);
Output
String: Java, Python, JavaScript
In the above example, we have used the join() method of the String class to convert the arraylist into a string. To
learn more, visit Java String join().
Example 3: Convert a String to ArrayList
class Main {
// create a string
String str = "Java, JavaScript, Python";
System.out.println("String: " + str);
// convert the string into an array
String[] arr = str.split(",");
// create an arraylist from the string
ArrayList<String> languages = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(arr));
Output
String: Java, JavaScript, Python
ArrayList: [Java, JavaScript, Python]
In the above example, we have created a string named str. We have used the split() method to convert the given
string into an array. To learn more about splitting a string, visit Java String
split().
Arrays.asList(arr)
The asList() method converts the string array into an arraylist.
147. Java Program to Iterate over an ArrayList

In this example, we will learn to iterate over the elements of an arraylist in Java.
Java for Loop

Java for-each Loop
Java ListIterator Interface
Example 1: Iterate through ArrayList using for loop
class Main {
// Creating an array list
// Using for loop
System.out.println("Iterating over ArrayList using for loop: ");
for(int i = 0; i < languages.size(); i++) {
System.out.print(languages.get(i));
System.out.print(", ");
Output
Iterating over ArrayList using for loop:
Java, JavaScript, Python,
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named languages. Here, we have used the for loop to access
each element of the arraylist.
Example 2: Iterate through ArrayList using for-each loop
class Main {
// Creating an array list
// Using forEach loop
System.out.println("Iterating over ArrayList using for-each loop:");
for(String language : languages) {
System.out.print(language);
Output
Iterating over ArrayList using for-each loop:
Here, we have used the for-each loop to iterate over the ArrayList and print each element.
Example 3: Iterate over ArrayList using listIterator()
import java.util.ListIterator;
class Main {
// Creating an ArrayList
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(3);
numbers.add(2);
System.out.println("ArrayList: " + numbers);
// Creating an instance of ListIterator
ListIterator<Integer> iterate = numbers.listIterator();
System.out.println("Iterating over ArrayList:");
while(iterate.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iterate.next() + ", ");
Output
ArrayList: [1, 3, 2]
Iterating over ArrayList:
1, 3, 2,
In the above example, we have used the listIterator() method to iterate over the arraylist. Here,
hasNext() - returns true if there is next element in the arraylist
next() - returns the next element of the arraylist
Note: We can also use the ArrayList iterator() method and the ArrayList forEach() method to iterate over the
arraylist.
148. Java Program to Iterate over a HashMap
In this example, we will learn to iterate over keys, values, and key/value mappings of a Java HashMap.
Java HashMap
Java for-each Loop
Java Iterator Interface
In Java HashMap, we can iterate through its keys, values, and key/value mappings.
Example 1: Iterate through HashMap using the forEach loop
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
class Main {
// Creating a HashMap
HashMap<String, String> languages = new HashMap<>();
languages.put("Java", "Enterprise");
languages.put("Python", "ML/AI");
languages.put("JavaScript", "Frontend");
System.out.println("HashMap: " + languages);
// iterating through key/value mappings
System.out.print("Entries: ");
for(Entry<String, String> entry: languages.entrySet()) {
System.out.print(entry);
}
// iterating through keys
System.out.print("\nKeys: ");
for(String key: languages.keySet()) {
System.out.print(key);
// iterating through values
System.out.print("\nValues: ");
for(String value: languages.values()) {
System.out.print(value);
Output
HashMap: {Java=Enterprise, JavaScript=Frontend, Python=ML/AI}
Entries: Java=Enterprise, JavaScript=Frontend, Python=ML/AI,
Keys: Java, JavaScript, Python,
Values: Enterprise, Frontend, ML/AI,
In the above example, we have created a hashmap named languages. Here, we have used the forEach loop to
iterate through the elements of the hashmap.
Notice that we are independently iterating through the keys, values, and key/value mappings.
languages.entrySet() - returns the set view of all the entries
languages.keySet() - returns the set view of all the keys
languages.values() - returns the set view of all the values

Note: We have used the Map.Entry class. It is the nested class that returns a view of the map.
Example 2: Iterate through HashMap using iterator()
import java.util.Iterator;
class Main {
// create a HashMap
HashMap<String, String> languages = new HashMap<>();
languages.put("Java", "Enterprise");
languages.put("Python", "ML/AI");
languages.put("JavaScript", "Frontend");
System.out.println("HashMap: " + languages);
// create an object of Iterator
Iterator<Entry<String, String>> iterate1 = languages.entrySet().iterator();
// iterate through key/value mappings
System.out.print("Entries: ");
while(iterate1.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iterate1.next());
// iterate through keys
Iterator<String> iterate2 = languages.keySet().iterator();
System.out.print("\nKeys: ");
// iterate through values
Iterator<String> iterate3 = languages.values().iterator();
System.out.print("\nValues: ");
Output
HashMap: {Java=Enterprise, JavaScript=Frontend, Python=ML/AI}
Entries: Java=Enterprise, JavaScript=Frontend, Python=ML/AI,
Keys: Java, JavaScript, Python,
Values: Enterprise, Frontend, ML/AI,
In the above example, we are iterating through keys, values, and key/value mappings of the hash map. We have
used the iterator() method to iterate over the hashmap. Here,
hasNext() - returns true if there is next element in the hashmap
next() - returns the next element of the hashmap
Note: We can also use the HashMap forEach() method to iterate over the hashmap.
149. Java Program to Iterate over a Set

In this example, we will learn to iterate over the elements of a set in Java.
Java HashSet Class
Java Iterator Interface
Java for-each Loop
Example 1: Iterate through Set using the forEach loop
class Main {
// Creating an set
Set<String> languages = new HashSet<>();
System.out.println("Set: " + languages);
// Using forEach loop
System.out.println("Iterating over Set using for-each loop:");
System.out.print(language);
Output
Set: [Java, JavaScript, Python]
Iterating over Set using for-each loop:

In the above example, we have created a set using the HashSet class. Here, we have used the for-each loop to
iterate each element of the set.
Example 2: Iterate through Set using iterator()
import java.util.Iterator;
class Main {
// Creating an Set
Set<Integer> numbers = new HashSet<>();
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(3);
numbers.add(2);
System.out.println("Set: " + numbers);
// Creating an instance of Iterator
Iterator<Integer> iterate = numbers.iterator();
System.out.println("Iterating over Set:");
while(iterate.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iterate.next() + ", ");
Output
Set: [1, 2, 3]
Iterating over Set:
1, 2, 3,
In the above example, we have used the HashSet class to create a set. We have used the iterator() method to
iterate over the set. Here,
hasNext() - returns true if there is next element in the set
next() - returns the next element of the set
Example 3: Iterate through Set using forEach() method
class Main {
// create an Set
// add elements to the HashSet
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(2);
numbers.add(3);
numbers.add(4);
System.out.println("Set: " + numbers);
// iterate each element of the set
System.out.print("Element of Set: ");
// access each element using forEach() method
// pass lambda expression to forEach()
numbers.forEach((e) -> {
System.out.print(e + " ");
});
}
Output
Set: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Element of Set: 1 2 3 4
In the above example, we have created a set named numbers using the HashSet class. Notice the code,
numbers.forEach((e) -> {
System.out.print(e + " ");
});
Here, we have used the forEach() method to access each element of the set. The method takes the lambda
expressions as it's argument. To learn more about lamnda expression, visit Java Lambda
Expressions.
150. Java Program to Merge two lists

In this example, we will learn to merge two lists with the help of the addAll() method and the Stream class in
Java.
Java List
Example 1: Merge two lists using addAll()
class Main {
// create first list
List<Integer> prime = new ArrayList<>();
prime.add(2);
prime.add(3);
prime.add(5);
System.out.println("First List: " + prime);
// create second list
List<Integer> even = new ArrayList<>();
even.add(4);
even.add(6);
System.out.println("Second List: " + even);
// create merged list
List<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>();
numbers.addAll(prime);
numbers.addAll(even);
System.out.println("Merged List: " + numbers);
Output
First List: [2, 3, 5]
Second List: [4, 6]
Merged List: [2, 3, 5, 4, 6]
In the above example, have two lists named prime and even. Here, we have used the Java ArrayList addAll()
method to add all elements from prime and even to the new list named numbers.
Example 2: Merge two lists using the Stream class
class Main {
// create first list
// asList() converts the array into the arraylist
List<Integer> prime = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(2, 3, 5));
System.out.println("First List: " + prime);
// create second list
List<Integer> even = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(4, 6));
System.out.println("Second List: " + even);
// convert both lists into stream
Stream<Integer> list1 = prime.stream();
Stream<Integer> list2 = even.stream();
// merge two streams
Stream<Integer> merged = Stream.concat(list1, list2);
// convert the merged stream into list
List<Integer> numbers = merged.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("Merged List: " + numbers);
}
Output
First List: [2, 3, 5]
Second List: [4, 6]
Merged List: [2, 3, 5, 4, 6]
In the above example, we have used the Stream class to merge the two lists. Here,
stream() - converts the list into a stream
concat() - merges the two streams
collect(Collectors.toList()) - convert the stream into a list
To learn more about stream, visit Java Stream Class.
151. Java Program to Update value of HashMap using key

In this example, we will learn to update the value of the Java HashMap using key.
Java HashMap
Example 1: Update value of HashMap using put()
class Main {
HashMap<String, Integer> numbers = new HashMap<>();
numbers.put("First", 1);
numbers.put("Second", 2);
numbers.put("Third", 3);
System.out.println("HashMap: " + numbers);

// return the value of key Second
int value = numbers.get("Second");
// update the value
value = value * value;
// insert the updated value to the HashMap
numbers.put("Second", value);
System.out.println("HashMap with updated value: " + numbers);
Output
HashMap: {Second=2, Third=3, First=1}
HashMap with updated value: {Second=4, Third=3, First=1}
In the above example, we have used the HashMap put() method to update the value of the key Second. Here,
first, we access the value using the HashMap get() method.
Example 2: Update value of HashMap using computeIfPresent()
class Main {
// update the value of Second
// Using computeIfPresent()
numbers.computeIfPresent("Second", (key, oldValue) -> oldValue * 2);
Output
HashMap: {Second=2, First=1}
HashMap with updated value: {Second=4, First=1}
In the above example, we have recomputed the value of the key Second using the computeIfPresent() method.
To learn more, visit HashMap computeIfPresent().
Here, we have used the lambda expression as the method argument to the method.
Example 3: Update value of Hashmap using merge()
class Main {
// update the value of First
// Using the merge() method
numbers.merge("First", 4, (oldValue, newValue) -> oldValue + newValue);
}
}
Output
HashMap: {Second=2, First=1}
HashMap with updated value: {Second=2, First=5}
In the above example, the merge() method adds the old value and new value of the key First. And, insert the
updated value to HashMap. To learn more, visit HashMap merge().
152. Java Program to Remove duplicate elements from ArrayList

In this example, we will learn to convert the duplicate element from the ArrayList in Java.
Java Set Interface
Example 1: Remove duplicate elements from ArrayList using Set
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
class Main {
// create an arraylist from the array
// using asList() method of the Arrays class
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3));
System.out.println("ArrayList with duplicate elements: " + numbers);
// convert the arraylist into a set
Set<Integer> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
set.addAll(numbers);
// delete al elements of arraylist
numbers.clear();
// add element from set to arraylist
numbers.addAll(set);
System.out.println("ArrayList without duplicate elements: " + numbers);
Output
ArrayList with duplicate elements: [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3]
ArrayList without duplicate elements: [1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named numbers. The arraylist contains duplicate elements.
To remove duplicate elements from the arraylist, we have
add all elements from arraylist to set
empty the arraylist using clear() method
add all elements from set to arraylist
Here, we have used the LinkedHashSet to create a set. It is because it removes the duplicate elements and
maintains insertion order. To learn more, visit Java LinkedHashSet.
Example 2: Remove duplicate elements from ArrayList using Stream
class Main {

// create an arraylist from the array
// using asList() method of the Arrays class
ArrayList<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3));
System.out.println("ArrayList with duplicate elements: " + numbers);
// create a stream from arraylist
Stream<Integer> stream = numbers.stream();
// call the distinct() of Stream
// to remove duplicate elements
stream = stream.distinct();
// convert the stream to arraylist
numbers = (ArrayList<Integer>)stream.collect(Collectors.toList());
System.out.println("ArrayList without duplicate elements: " + numbers);
Output
ArrayList with duplicate elements: [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3]
ArrayList without duplicate elements: [1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named numbers. The arraylist contains duplicate elements.
Here, we have used the Stream class to remove duplicate elements from the arraylist.
numbers.stream() - create a stream from the arraylist
stream.distinct() - removes duplicate elements
stream.collect(Collectors.toList()) - returns a list from the stream

Here, we have used typecasting to convert the returned list into an arraylist.
153. Java Program to Get key from HashMap using the value
In this example, we will learn to get the key from HashMap using the value in Java.
Java HashMap
Java for-each Loop
Example: Get key for a given value in HashMap
class Main {
// create a hashmap
numbers.put("One", 1);
numbers.put("Two", 2);
numbers.put("Three", 3);
// value whose key is to be searched
Integer value = 3;
// iterate each entry of hashmap
for(Entry<String, Integer> entry: numbers.entrySet()) {
// if give value is equal to value from entry
// print the corresponding key

if(entry.getValue() == value) {
System.out.println("The key for value " + value + " is " + entry.getKey());
break;
Output
HashMap: {One=1, Two=2, Three=3}
The key for value 3 is Three
In the above example, we have created a hashmap named numbers. Here, we want to get the key for the value
3. Notice the line,
Entry<String, Integer> entry : numbers.entrySet()
Here, the entrySet() method returns a set view of all the entries.
entry.getValue() - get value from the entry
entry.getKey() - get key from the entry
Inside the if statement we check if the value from the entry is the same as the given value. And, for matching
value, we get the corresponding key.
154. Java Program to Detect loop in a LinkedList

In this example, we will learn to detect whether there is a loop in LinkedList in Java.
Java LinkedList
Java Methods
Example: Detect Loop in a LinkedList
class LinkedList {
Node head;
static class Node {
int value;
Node next;
Node(int d) {
value = d;
next = null;
// check if loop is present
public boolean checkLoop() {
// create two references at start of LinkedList
Node first = head;
Node second = head;
while(first != null && first.next !=null) {
// move first reference by 2 nodes
first = first.next.next;
// move second reference by 1 node

second = second.next;
// if two references meet
// then there is a loop
if(first == second) {
return true;
return false;
Node fourth = new Node(4);
third.next = fourth;
// make loop in LinkedList
fourth.next = second;
// printing node-value
System.out.print("LinkedList: ");
int i = 1;
while (i <= 4) {
System.out.print(linkedList.head.value + " ");
linkedList.head = linkedList.head.next;
i++;
// call method to check loop
boolean loop = linkedList.checkLoop();
if(loop) {
System.out.println("\nThere is a loop in LinkedList.");
else {
System.out.println("\nThere is no loop in LinkedList.");
Output
LinkedList: 1 2 3 4
There is a loop in LinkedList.
In the above example, we have implemented a LinkedList in Java. We have used Floyd's cycle finding algorithm
to check if there is a loop in LinkedList.
Notice the code inside the checkLoop() method. Here, we have two variables named first and second that
traverse the nodes in LinkedList.
first - traverse with 2 nodes at single iteration

second - traverse with 1 node at single iteration
Two nodes are traversing at different speeds. Hence, they will meet if there is a loop in LinkedList.
155. Java Program to Calculate union of two sets

In this example, we will learn to calculate the union of two sets in Java.
Java Set Interface
Java HashSet Class
Example 1: Calculate the union of two sets using addAll()
class Main {
// create the first set
Set<Integer> evenNumbers = new HashSet<>();
evenNumbers.add(2);
evenNumbers.add(4);
System.out.println("Set1: " + evenNumbers);
// create second set
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(3);
System.out.println("Set2: " + numbers);
// Union of two sets
numbers.addAll(evenNumbers);
System.out.println("Union is: " + numbers);
Output
Set1: [2, 4]
Set2: [1, 3]
Union is: [1, 2, 3, 4]
In the above example, we have created two sets named evenNumbers and numbers. We have implemented the
set using the HashSet class. Notice the line,
numbers.addAll(evenNumbers);
Here, we have used the addAll() method to get the union of two sets.
Example 2: Get union of two sets using Guava Library
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
class Main {
Set<String> languages1 = new HashSet<>();
languages1.add("Java");
languages1.add("Python");
System.out.println("Programming Languages: " + languages1);

languages2.add("English");
languages2.add("Spanish");
System.out.println("Human Language: " + languages2);
Set<String> unionSet = Sets.union(languages1, languages2);
System.out.println("Union is: " + unionSet);
Output
Programming Languages: [Java, Python]
Human Languages: [English, Spanish]
Languages: [Java, Python, English, Spanish]
In the above example, we have used the Guava library to get the union of two sets. In order to run this program,
you need to implement Guava Library by adding it in your dependency.
Here, we have used the union() method of the Sets class present in the Guava library.
156. Java Program to Calculate the intersection of two sets

In this example, we will learn to calculate the intersection of two sets in Java.
Java Set Interface
Java HashSet Class
Example 1: Calculate the intersection of two sets
class Main {

// create first set
Set<Integer> primeNumbers = new HashSet<>();
primeNumbers.add(2);
System.out.println("Prime Numbers: " + primeNumbers);
Set<Integer> evenNumbers = new HashSet<>();
evenNumbers.add(2);
evenNumbers.add(4);
System.out.println("Even Numbers: " + evenNumbers);
// Intersection of two sets
evenNumbers.retainAll(primeNumbers);
System.out.println("Intersection: " + evenNumbers);
Output
Prime Numbers: [2, 3]
Even Numbers: [2, 4]
Intersection: [2]
In the above example, we have created two sets named primeNumbers and evenNumbers. We have
implemented the set using the HashSet class. Notice the line,
evenNumbers.retainAll(primeNumbers);
Here, we have used the retainAll() method to get the intersection of two sets.
Example 2: Get union of two sets using Guava Library
class Main {
Set<String> backend = new HashSet<>();
backend.add("Java");
backend.add("JavaScript");
System.out.println("Backend Languages: " + backend);
Set<String> frontend = new HashSet<>();
frontend.add("JavaScript");
frontend.add("CSS");
System.out.println("Frontend Languages: " + frontend);
Set<String> intersect = Sets.intersection(backend, frontend);
System.out.println("Common Languages: " + intersect);
Output
Backend Languages: [Java, JavaScript]
Frontend Languages: [JavaScript, CSS]
Common Languages: [JavaScript]
In the above example, we have used the Guava library to get the intersection of two sets. In order to run this
program, you need to implement Guava Library by adding it to your dependency.
Here, we have used the intersection() method of the Sets class present in the Guava library.
157. Java Program to Calculate the difference between two sets
In this example, we will learn to calculate the difference between two sets in Java.
Java Set Interface
Java HashSet Class
Example 1: Calculate the difference between two sets
class Main {
// create first set
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(2);
numbers.add(3);
numbers.add(4);
System.out.println("Numbers: " + numbers);
// Difference between HashSet1 and HashSet2
numbers.removeAll(primeNumbers);
System.out.println("Numbers without prime numbers: " + numbers);
Output
Numbers: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Numbers without prime numbers: [1, 4]
In the above example, we have created two sets named numbers and primeNumbers. We have implemented
the set using the HashSet class. Notice the line,
numbers.retainAll(primeNumbers);
Here, we have used the removeAll() method to calculate the difference between two sets.
Example 2: Get difference between two sets using Guava Library
class Main {
languages1.add("Java");
languages1.add("JavaScript");
System.out.println("Languages: " + languages1);

System.out.println("Human Languages: " + languages2);
Set<String> intersect = Sets.difference(languages1, languages2);
System.out.println("Programming Languages: " + intersect);
Output
Languages: [Java, JavaScript, English, Spanish]
Human Languages: [English, Spanish]
Programming Languages: [Java, JavaScript]
In the above example, we have used the Guava library to get the difference between two sets. In order to run
this program, you need to implement Guava Library by adding it in your dependency.
Here, we have used the difference() method of the Sets class present in the Guava library.
158. Java Program to Check if a set is the subset of another set

In this example, we will learn to check if a set is the subset of another set in Java.
Java Set Interface
Java HashSet Class
Java TreeSet
Example 1: Check subset of a Set using HashSet class
class Main {
numbers.add(1);
numbers.add(2);
numbers.add(3);
numbers.add(4);
System.out.println("Numbers: " + numbers);
// create the second set
// check if primeNumbers is a subset of numbers
boolean result = numbers.containsAll(primeNumbers);
System.out.println("Is Prime Numbers is subset of Numbers? " + result);
Output
Numbers: [1, 2, 3, 4]
Is Prime Numbers is subset of Numbers? true
In the above example, we have created two sets named numbers and primeNumbers. We have implemented
the set using the HashSet class. Notice the line,
numbers.containsAll(primeNumbers);
Here, we have used the containsAll() method to check if primeNumbers is the subset of numbers.
Example 2: Check subset of a Set using TreeSet class
import java.util.TreeSet;
class Main {
Set<String> languages = new TreeSet<>();
languages.add("CSS");
System.out.println("Programming Languages: " + languages);
// create the second set
Set<String> frontend = new TreeSet<>();
frontend.add("CSS");
frontend.add("JavaScript");
System.out.println("Frontend Languages: " + frontend);
// check if frontend is a subset of languages
boolean result = languages.containsAll(frontend);
System.out.println("Is frontend is subset of languages? " + result);
}
Output
Programming Languages: [CSS, Java, JavaScript, Python]
Frontend Languages: [CSS, JavaScript]
Is frontend is subset of languages? true
Here, we have implemented the set using the TreeSet class.
159. Java Program to Sort map by keys

In this example, we will learn to sort the map by keys in Java.
Java Map Interface
Java HashMap
Java TreeMap
Example: Sort a map by keys using TreeMap
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.TreeMap;
class Main {
// create a hashmap
Map<String, String> languages = new HashMap<>();
languages.put("pos3", "JS");
languages.put("pos1", "Java");
languages.put("pos2", "Python");
System.out.println("Map: " + languages);
// create a tree map from the map

TreeMap<String, String> sortedNumbers = new TreeMap<>(languages);
System.out.println("Map with sorted Key" + sortedNumbers);
Output
Map: {pos1=Java, pos2=Python, pos3=JS}
Map with sorted Key{pos1=Java, pos2=Python, pos3=JS}
In the above example, we have created a map named languages using HashMap. Here, the map is not sorted.
To sort the map, we created a treemap from the map. Now, the map is sorted by its keys.
160. Java Program to Pass ArrayList as the function argument

In this example, we will learn to pass an arraylist as the funcion argument in Java.
Java Arrays
Example 1: Pass ArrayList as Function Parameter
class Main {
public static void display(ArrayList<String> languages) {
System.out.print("ArrayList: ");
System.out.print(language + ", ");
}
}
// create an arraylist
// passing arraylist as function parameter
display(languages);
Output
ArrayList: Java, Python, JavaScript,
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named languages. Here, we have a method display(). It prints
elements of arraylist.
Notice the line,
display(languages);
Here, we have passed languages as the function parameter.
Example 2: Pass ArrayList as Function Parameter by converting into Array
class Main {
public static void percentage(Integer[] marks) {

int totalMarks = 300;
int obtainedMarks = 0;
for(int mark : marks) {
obtainedMarks += mark;
// compute average
double percent = (obtainedMarks * 100) / totalMarks;
System.out.println("Percentage: " + percent);
// create an arraylist
ArrayList<Integer> marks = new ArrayList<>();
marks.add(67);
marks.add(87);
marks.add(56);
System.out.println("Marks: " + marks);
// passing arraylist as function parameter
percentage(marks.toArray(new Integer[marks.size()]));
Output
Marks: [67, 87, 56]
Percentage: 70.0
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named marks. Notice the line,
percentage(marks.toArray(new Integer[0]));
Here, we are passing the arraylist as an argument to the percentage() method.
161. Java Program to Iterate over ArrayList using Lambda Expression

In this example, we will learn to iterate over each elements of the arraylist using lambda expression in Java.
Example: Pass ArrayList as Function Parameter
class Main {
// add elements to the ArrayList
// print arraylist
System.out.print("ArrayList: ");
// iterate over each element of arraylist
// using forEach() method
System.out.print(e + ", ");
});
}
Output
ArrayList: Java, Python, JavaScript,
In the above example, we have created an arraylist named languages. Notice the code,
System.out.print(e + ", ");
});
Here, we are passing the lambda expression as an argument to ArrayList forEach().
162. Java Program to Implement Binary Tree Data Structure

In this example, we will learn to implement the binary tree data structure in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java Program to Implement Binary Tree
// class to create nodes
class Node {
int key;
Node left, right;
public Node(int item) {
key = item;
left = right = null;
class BinaryTree {
Node root;
// Traverse tree
public void traverseTree(Node node) {
if (node != null) {
traverseTree(node.left);
System.out.print(" " + node.key);
traverseTree(node.right);
// create an object of BinaryTree
BinaryTree tree = new BinaryTree();
// create nodes of the tree
tree.root = new Node(1);
tree.root.left = new Node(2);
tree.root.right = new Node(3);
tree.root.left.left = new Node(4);
System.out.print("\nBinary Tree: ");
tree.traverseTree(tree.root);
Output
Binary Tree: 4 2 1 3
Binary tree implementation in Java with 4 nodes
Binary Tree Output
In the above example, we have implemented the binary tree in Java. Unlike other data structures, Java doesn't
provide a built-in class for trees.
Here, we have created our own class of BinaryTree. To learn about the binary tree, visit Binary Tree Data
Structure.
163. Java Program to Perform the preorder tree traversal

In this example, we will learn to perform the preorder tree traversal in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java Program to perform preorder tree traversal
class Node {
int item;
Node left, right;
public Node(int key) {
item = key;
class Tree {
// root of Tree
Node root;
Tree() {
root = null;
void preorder(Node node) {
if (node == null)
return;
// traverse the root node
System.out.print(node.item + "->");
// traverse the left child
preorder(node.left);
// traverse the right child
preorder(node.right);
// create object of tree
Tree tree = new Tree();
tree.root.left.right = new Node(6);
// preorder tree traversal
System.out.println("\nPreorder traversal ");
tree.preorder(tree.root);
Preorder Traversal of Tree
Preorder Traversal of Tree
Output
Preorder traversal
1->12->5->6->9->
In the above example, we have implemented the tree data structure in Java. Here, we are performing the
preorder traversal of the tree.
Binary Tree Data Structure
Tree Traversal
Binary Tree Implementation in Java
164. Java Program to Perform the postorder tree traversal

In this example, we will learn to perform the postorder tree traversal in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java Program to perform postorder tree traversal
class Node {
int item;
Node left, right;
item = key;
class Tree {
// Root of Binary Tree
Node root;
Tree() {
root = null;
void postorder(Node node) {
if (node == null)
return;
postorder(node.left);
postorder(node.right);
// create an object of Tree
// child nodes of left child

// postorder tree traversal
System.out.println("Postorder traversal");
tree.postorder(tree.root);
Postorder Tree Traversal
Postorder Tree Traversal
Output
Postorder traversal
5->6->12->9->1->
postorder traversal of the tree.
Tree Traversal
165. Java Program to Perform the inorder tree traversal

In this example, we will learn to perform the inorder tree traversal in Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java Program to perform inorder tree traversal
class Node {
int item;
Node left, right;
item = key;
class Tree {
// root of Tree
Node root;
Tree() {
root = null;
void inOrder(Node node) {
if (node == null)
return;
inOrder(node.left);
inOrder(node.right);
}
// create nodes of tree
// create child nodes of left child
System.out.println("In Order traversal");
tree.inOrder(tree.root);
Inorder Tree Traversal
Inorder Tree Traversal
Output
In Order traversal
5->12->6->1->9->
inorder traversal of the tree.
Tree Traversal
166. Java Program to Count number of leaf nodes in a tree

In this example, we will learn to count the number of leaf nodes in a tree using Java.
Java Methods
Example: Java Program to count the number of leaf nodes in a tree
class Node {
int item;
Node left, right;
item = key;
class Main {
// root of Tree
Node root;
Main() {
root = null;
// method to count leaf nodes
public static int countLeaf(Node node) {
if(node == null) {
return 0;
// if left and right of the node is null
// it is leaf node
if (node.left == null && node.right == null) {
return 1;
else {
return countLeaf(node.left) + countLeaf(node.right);
Main tree = new Main();
// create nodes of tree
// create child nodes of left child
// create child nodes of right child
tree.root.right.left = new Node(7);
tree.root.right.right = new Node(9);

// call method to count leaf nodes
int leafNodes = countLeaf(tree.root);
System.out.println("Total Leaf Nodes = " + leafNodes);
Output
Total Leaf Nodes = 4
Treee data structure with 7 nodes and 4 leaf nodes
Count Number of Leaf Nodes
In the above example, we have implemented the tree data structure in Java. Here, we are using recursion to
count the number of leaf nodes in the tree.
Tree Data Structure
167. Java Program to Check if a string contains a substring

In this example, we will learn to check if a string contains a substring using contains() and indexOf() method in
Java.
Java String
Java String substring()
Example 1: Check if a string contains a substring using contains()
class Main {
// create a string
String txt = "This is Programiz";

String str2 = "Programming";
// check if name is present in txt
// using contains()
boolean result = txt.contains(str1);
if(result) {
System.out.println(str1 + " is present in the string.");
else {
System.out.println(str1 + " is not present in the string.");
result = txt.contains(str2);
if(result) {
else {
Output
Programiz is present in the string.
Programming is not present in the string.
In the above example, we have three string txt, str1, and str2. Here, we have used the String contains() method
to check if strings str1 and str2 are present in txt.
Example 2: Check if a string contains a substring using indexOf()
class Main {
// create a string
String txt = "This is Programiz";
String str2 = "Programming";
// check if str1 is present in txt
// using indexOf()
int result = txt.indexOf(str1);
if(result == -1) {
System.out.println(str1 + " not is present in the string.");
else {
// check if str2 is present in txt
// using indexOf()
result = txt.indexOf(str2);
if(result == -1) {
else {
Output
Programiz is present in the string.

Programming is not present in the string.
In this example, we have used the String indexOf() method to find the position of the strings str1 and str2 in txt.
If the string is found the position of the string is returned. Otherwise, -1 is
returned.
168. Java Program to Access private members of a class

In this example, we will learn to access the private methods and fields of a class in Java.
Java Methods
Java Access Modifiers
Example 1: Access private fields using getter and setter methods
class Test {
// private variables
private int age;
// initialize age
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
// initialize name
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
// access age
public int getAge() {

return this.age;
// access name
public String getName() {
return this.name;
class Main {
// create an object of Test
Test test = new Test();
// set value of private variables
test.setAge(24);
test.setName("Programiz");
// get value of private variables
System.out.println("Age: " + test.getAge());
System.out.println("Name: " + test.getName());
Output
Age: 24
Name: Programiz
In the above example, we have private variables named age and name. Here, we are trying to access the private
variables from other class named Main.
We have used the getter and setter method to access the private variables. Here,
the setter methods setAge() and setName() initializes the private variables
the getter methods getAge() and getName() returns the value of private variables
Example 2: Access the private field and method using Reflection
import java.lang.reflect.*;
class Test {
// private variables
// private method
private void display() {
System.out.println("The name is " + name);
class Main {
try {
// create an object of Test
Test test = new Test();
// create an object of the class named Class
Class obj = test.getClass();
// access the private variable

Field field = obj.getDeclaredField("name");
// make private field accessible
field.setAccessible(true);
// set value of field
field.set(test, "Programiz");
// get value of field
// and convert it in string
String value = (String)field.get(test);
System.out.println("Name: " + value);
// access the private method
Method[] methods = obj.getDeclaredMethods();
System.out.println("Method Name: " + methods[0].getName());
int modifier = methods[0].getModifiers();
System.out.println("Access Modifier: " + Modifier.toString(modifier));
e.printStackTrace();
Output
Name: Programiz
Method Name: display
Access Modifier: private
In this example, we have a private field named name and a private method named display(). Here, we are using
the reflection to access the private fields and methods of the class Test.
To learn about reflection, visit Java Reflection.

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CONTENTS

1. Java Program to Print an Integer (Entered by the User)

Java Hello World Program

Java Basic Input and Output

Example: How to Print an Integer entered by an user

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creates a reader instance which takes

// input from standard input - keyboard

Scanner reader = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

// nextInt() reads the next integer from the keyboard

int number = reader.nextInt();

// println() prints the following line to the output screen

System.out.println("You entered: " + number);

2. Java Program to Add Two Integers

Java Basic Input and Output

Example: Program to Add Two Integers

public class AddTwoIntegers {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int first = 10;

int second = 20;

System.out.println("Enter two numbers: " + first + " " + second);

int sum = first + second;

System.out.println("The sum is: " + sum);

Enter two numbers: 10 20

The sum is: 30

Finally, sum is printed on the screen using println() function.

3. Java Program to Multiply two Floating Point Numbers

Java Variables and (Primitive) Data Types

Java Hello World Program

Example: Multiply Two Floating-Point Numbers

public class MultiplyTwoNumbers {

public static void main(String[] args) {

float first = 1.5f;

float second = 2.0f;

float product = first * second;

System.out.println("The product is: " + product);

The product is: 3.0

4. Java Program to Find ASCII Value of a character

Java Variables and (Primitive) Data Types

Java Hello World Program

Example: Find ASCII value of a character

public class AsciiValue {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int ascii = ch;

// You can also cast char to int

System.out.println("The ASCII value of " + ch + " is: " + ascii);

System.out.println("The ASCII value of " + ch + " is: " + castAscii);

The ASCII value of a is: 97

The ASCII value of a is: 97

Finally, we print the ascii value using the println() function.

5. Java Program to Compute Quotient and Remainder

Java Hello World Program

Example: Compute Quotient and Remainder

public class QuotientRemainder {

int dividend = 25, divisor = 4;

int quotient = dividend / divisor;

int remainder = dividend % divisor;

System.out.println("Quotient = " + quotient);

System.out.println("Remainder = " + remainder);

6. Java Program to Swap Two Numbers

Java Variables and (Primitive) Data Types

Example 1: Swap two numbers using temporary variable