PREFACE Tho American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and Communicative proficiency in American English to enable thom to Successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense. ‘he General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Levels I through V consist of six separate instructional packages each. level VI contains four. Level I Books 1- 6 Level II Books 7 ~ 12 Level III Books 13 - 18 Level IV Books 19 - 24 Level V Books 25 - 30 Level VI Books 31 - 34 ‘The coordinated instructional packages for Books 1-30 consist of the following: 1. Instructor Text 2. Student Text 3. Audiotapes 4. Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 6. Quiz Kits 7. Optional training aids Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies,. should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LERW, 2235 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5259. Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, 2230 Andrews Ave., Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5203. The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights. Dimensions in Science tape The Greenhouse Effect used by permission.NOTES TO THE STUDENT the Student Text for Book 23, Level Iv, has four lessons and one review lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes. The homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this text. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes and will be given after each lesson is completed. The daily homework assignments will require about two hours to complete. The appendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A, Part One, is an alphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in this book. Next to the word is the number of the lesson where the word is introduced. Appendix A, Part Two, is a Glossary of the vocabulary presented in the book. It is divided into lessons. You are to use this Glossary in order to prepare for the lesson. Appendix B is a list of the grammar structures presented in this book. Next to the structure is the number of the lesson where the structure is presented. The rest of the appendixes are reference materials. The American Language Course focuses on four areas: 1. he Function ‘The functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences in a particular situation. 2. QD) Grammar he grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly. 3. Skills db There are exercises in the lessons to help you improve your skill or ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing. 4. vocabulary The words and expressions presented in the lesson are those you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises. whe first page of each lesson is the Focus Page. It provides a summary of the material that will be presented in the lesson. iiaLeeson Lesson Lesson BON Lesson Lesson 5 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix CONTENTS Title What Are Things Composed Of? First Aid It's in the Southwest. Marksmanship Review Lesson Word List and Glossary Structure List Principal Parts of Irregular Verbs Four Important Spelling Rules Punctuation and Capitalization Conditional Sentences Homework Evaluation 87 137 17 Al c-1 DeL E-1 HW-1 EE-1WHAT ARE THINGS COMPOSED OF? BOOK 23 LESSON 1 (1s THE DATA IN THIS ‘ FACTORY PRODUCTIO REPORT AccLI@ATE? , 158% NOW. 7 FUNCTION —_—— What is the atmosphere made of? The atmosphere consists of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, other gases, and water vapor. GRAMMAR- what when where how why who how many how much Please keep the motor running; I won't be long. The stoxm left the trees badly damaged. Air that is compressed is called compressed air. A growing child needs a good diet and plenty of rest. ~ ‘SKILLS-——-— Find the topic sentence. Use the appropriate intonation. Read in thought groups. Find the address on the map. Read the article; answer the questions. Don't use a dictionary. —WOCABUL be composed of atmospheric layer compress tiny lung consist matter convert molecule evaporate nitrogen exert oxygen exhale altitude particle exist atmosphere sea level expand atom solid float barometer space inhale carbon dioxide state melt element steam occupy form vacuum press gas vapor surround hydrogen volumeCONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 1 ST Page VOCABULARY: composition of matter 3 READING SKILL: written text (underline words/phrases signalling topic sentence) 9 VOCABULARY: the atmosphere 41 GRAMMAR: present/past participles as noun modifiers 15 READING SKILLS: phrases separated by spaces (read at a glance) 17 written text/questions (select answers; record reading time/rate) 18 GRAMMAR: question-word questions 21 FUNCTION: sesking and reporting facts 23 READING SKILLS: diagram/questions (select answers) 27 map/questions (provide answers) 29 GRAMMAR: present/past participles 30 SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals 32 READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers) 37 ENRICHMENT 40q Vocabulary WHAT IS MATTER? Repeat the underlined words, listen to the paragraphs while you read them silently, and complete the sentences which follow the reading. SOLIDS People, animals, plants, the oceans, the sun, the moon, etc., are different forms of what scientists call matter. Everything consists of matter. We can easily recognize certain states of matter. We can see and touch solids, like rock, wood, plastic and iron, and liguids, like milk, gasoline, and coffee. Gases can't be easily seen, but we can feel air, which is a nixture of gases, moving during windy days.Full of Air Vacuum fod i We know that liquids, solids, and gases have weight. A container full of air weighs more than it does when the air is removed and a acuum is created. Therefore, we can say that matter has weight. Matter takes up space, so we can also say that matter occupies space. The amount of space occupied by matter is called volume. Matter exist in many different shapes: people, animals, water, etc. What makes these forms of matter different? For one thing, matter is d_of different elements. Elements are the purest* of those substances which make up matter. A11 matter consists of these elements. You are probably familiar with many elements. Some of them are solids, such as copper, gold, and ion; and some are gases, such as oxygen and hydrogen. correR %puré = not mixedComplete the 5 in the reading ntences orally with some of the underlined words 1. ‘his classroom, the chalkboard, the students, etc., are mado up of _ : 2. Everything matter. 3. We can find matter in three 4. Rock, wood, and plastic are 5. Milk, water, and soda are Aix and oxygen are 7. when aix is removed from a container, a is created. 8. We say that matter takes up, or , space. 9. The amount of space occupied by matter is called 10. Matter ____ in many forms. are the purest of the substances which make ip matter. aa see ___ and oxygen are the two elements water is made up of. HEAY MAKES MOLECULES MOVE FAS'TER. Repeat the underlined words, read the paragraphs silently, and answer the questions which follow. @ an oxygen atom a hydrogen atomElements are made up of identical* atoms. Atoms are also made up of smaller parti sles; however, these tiny particles cannot be separated by ordinary chemical methods. Atoms of different elements combine to make different substances. The smallest possible part of a substance is a molecule. A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Matter can be converted from one form to another through the action of heat. When a solid becomes very hot, its molecules move faster and faster until it turns into a liquid. If the temperature of a liquid is raised high enough, the liquid becomes a gas. Water is a good example. When we heat ice (the solid state of water), it melts into a liquid. If we continue heating the liquid, it will evaporate or turn into a gas which is called steam or vapor. identical ~ exactly the sameAnswer these questions about the reading. What are molecules made up of? What are very small parts called? What does the word "tiny" mean? what is the smallest possible part of a substance? Can a substance change from one state to another? What happens when you leave ice cream out of the refrigerator? How does the sun affect sea water? What is the neme of water in the form of a gas? CLOUDS ARE COMPOSED OF WATER VAPOR. Circle the letter next to the word which has a meaning similar to that of the underlined word. Le Clouds are composed of water in the form of vapor. a. steam b. water ©. liquid Where are three forms of matter. a. solids b. elements . states Matter takes up space. a. exists b. occupies c. uses Heat can change a solid like ice into a liquid like water. a. convert b. state c. evaporateThe volume of this cylinder is 12.5 cubic feet. a. form b. size ©. solid Atoms are very small particles of elements. a. gas b. molecule c. tiny The ice tur d_into water. a. evaporated b. steamed melted Matter consists of elements. a. is composed of b. is surrounded of c¢. existsReading Skill dD IMPORTANT REGIONS ON EARTH Each of the paragraphs in this reading contains a topic sentence. The topic sentence of a paragraph states the main idea of the paragraph. In each topic sentence is a connective or transition, which signals the paragraph's relationship to the main idea of the reading or to the other paragraphs in the reading. Examples of connective words include first, second, last, before, after, another, next, then, in addition to, and also: Read the paragraphs; then underline the connective word(s) in ‘them. The earth has four important regions. First in importance are forests which provide the oxygen that animals and people need to breathe. By changing gases in the air into clean oxygen, forests provide us with a substance which is necessary for life. Forests also provide protected living space and food for thousands of different kinds of birds, insects, and animals. In addition, the floor of a forest absorbs rain, which is slowly released into rivers.In addition to forests, grasslands provide basic things for life. Grasslands are areas which are covered with grass. Many people live in these areas because there is grass for their animals to eat, and it's also easy to grow plants for food for ‘themselves. People have learned how to bring water to grasslands to grow plants for food without depending on the natural rainfall. Then there are mountains, high areas which have beon lifted up by forces inside the earth. Because conditions are so severe, fewer people live in mountain regions. People can't live or work easily at higher altitudes since it is more difficult to breathe. Very few food plants can be grown at the higher elevations, but some animals can be successfully raised in the mountains. Last of all are the deserts. ‘There is not much rain and few plants can grow. Strong sunshine and winds are characteristic of deserts. There are low, dry deserts covered with sand and small xocks like the Sahara in northern Africa. There are cooler, mountainous, dry deserts like the Atacama in Chile. ‘here are also ice deserts in the Arctic and Antarctic regions which havo freezing temperatures. Although 24% of the earth's land is desert, only 4% of the earth's population lives in desert areas. 10y Vocabulary THE ATMOSPHERE Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs silently. The atmosphere is an ocean of air which surrounds the earth. It consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen, but there are other gases present such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The atmosphere also contains a large amount of water vapor which has evaporated from oceans, lakes, and rivers. aThe atmosphere is divided into different layers. whe first layer reaches an altitude of about 10 kilometers (6 miles). This layer is also the richest in oxygen, and the heaviest. It is here where many living things exist. We have already mentioned that air has weight. This weight is called atmospheric pressure. Although we're not aware of it, it presses down on every living thing. ted at the lowest part of the atmosphere, which is at sea level. Atmospheric pressure can be measured with barometer an instrument calied a barometer. WHAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH? Answer these questions about the reading. 1. What do we call the ocean of air surrounding the earth? 2. Which two gases are the major components of the atmosphere? 3. What are some of the other gases that are also present? 4, What is the atmosphere divided into? How high is the first layer? 6. What is tho weight of the air called? 7. What does it do? 8. Where is atmospheric pressure higher? 9. Where is the lowest part of the atmosphere? 10. What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?AIR HAS MANY USES. Ext Repeat the underlined words. Then read the paragraphs silently, and answer the questions. ‘The oxygen in the atmosphere makes combustion possible. Breathing is part of a combustion process, or chemical change, which takes place in our bodies. after the air is inhaled, the lungs send oxygen through the blood to all parts of the bedy. carbon dioxide, a result of combustion, s collected by the blood, taken to the lungs, and e: inhaling causes the chest to expand. ‘this expansion of the lungs helps a swimmer oat on the water. 13The air in the atmosphere is put to many uses. Air is compressed and put in car tires. Compressed air is used as the driving force in some mechanical devices, such as certain types of drills. A vacuum, in which air is absent, is also used. The ight bulb and the familiar vacuum cleaner are two examples of ‘this use. ONE LETTER AT A TIME Read the synonym or definition, and write the words on the lines. ae He to enlarge 2. SBE Eee eee Eee __ to breathe in 3. e __.. breathing organs inside the chest 4. e to stay on the surface See EERE Eee eee _____ to breathe out ree Hee to force into less space 7 i a space that is empty of air 14rey Grammar PRESENT AND PAST’ PARTICIPLES AS NOUN MODIFIERS 15A RESPONSE THAT TS WRITTEN = A WRITTEN RESPONSE, Change the adjective clause following the noun to a participle used before the noun. ‘Then practice pronouncing the phrases. Remember that the noun receives the primary stress in each phrase. EXAMPL) : water that is boiling = boiling wa 1. a faucet which is dripping = 2. the leader who is appointed = parts that are assembled = 4, a child who is sleeping 5. streets which have been flooded = 6. a couple who have been married = 7. a car that was stolen = 8. rain which falling = 9. an order that is confusing = 10. students who are graduating = THE PLUMBER REPAIRED THE LEAKING PIPE. Change the sentence by using a participle instead of an adjective clause to modify the noun, Be sure to put primary stress on the noun. EXAMPLE: I think I smell gas that is leaking. I think I smell leaking gas. 1. We watched the storm that was approaching. 2. The building which was burning suddenly collapsed. 3. When will the window which was broken be replaced? 164, A mechanic wi has xained is always on duty here. 5. he instructor handed back the tests that he had graded. 6. Woe were blinded by snow that was blowing. 7. ‘The soldiers who were wounded were evacuated by helicopter. 8. There's a car th led in the left lane. 9. I didn't read the report that was published. 10. Why didn't the captain leave the ship that w Reading Skill > WHAT'S A BAROMETER? Read the paragraph silently; then answer your instructor's questions. Read each phrase at a glance. BAROMETER glass tube The height of the Liquid Liquid in the glass tube changes depending on the pressure aix pressure exerted on the surface of the Liquid in the container. container A barometer is an instrument which is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere. = Air has weight and exerts force or pressure against every surface. Atmospheric pressure is greater at sea level — than at high altitudes because air at sea level is more dense. =A special kind of barometer, called an altimeter, is used in airplanes to indicate altitude. 17Reading Skil > GIVING ATID 'TO A PERSON WHO HAS SWALLOWED POTSON Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. ‘Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tells you to. TIME SCORE WORDS-PER-MINUTE People need to be prepared to act with intelligence in emergencies. For example, do you know what to do if someone you are with chokes on a piece of food or swallows something poisonous? When someone swallows poison, you should first look for the poisonous substance itself, such as a plant or spoiled food, or for the container which held it, such as a pill bottle or a’can of insecticide. When you find 4 container, read the label on it. Next, call your local Poison Control Center or a doctor and be prepared to give them the following informatio! ~ what kind of poison was swallowed - how much was swallowed - when it was swallowed ~ the person's age - his or her symptoms ~ whether or not he or she has vomited* - how long it will take you to get to an emergency room Follow ali the instructions the person at the Poison Control Center or the doctor gives you. If you can't contact a Poison Control Center, you will have to decide whether or not to make the person vomit. Read the label for advice. As a rule, you should make the person vomit *to vomit: to bring up the contents of the stomach 18pills or medicines, spoiled food, any plant part, alcohol, and animal poisons. He or she should not be made to vomit chemicals, cleaning products or gasoline products, as these will burn the lips, mouth, and throat. When the person vomits, make sure his head is lower than his chest so he doesn't choke, ‘He should lie with his head over the edge of a bed. Make the person vomit into a container and take dt with you to the hospital. The doctor wili want to know exactly what the poison is and how much is still in the person's stomach. The third thing to remember is that some poisons can be absorbed through the skin, so if the person's clothes have been soaked with insect poison, for example, be sure to remove the clothing and wash any affected skin with soap and water. If you come in contact with the poison, wash yourself, too. Fourth, take the person to a doctor or an emergency room as quickly as possible. Also take the pill bottle, plant, poison container, spoiled food, and any vomited material with you so it can be tested. While you're driving to an emergency room or waiting for an ambulance, keep the person calm. Make the person lie on his side to keep his airway (entrance to lungs) open if he vomits. (410 words) Circle the correct answer to these questions. + Swallowing poison means - a. something is in your throat end you can't breathe b. eating or drinking something which can kill you c. ‘that you feel sleepy and can't keep awake d. you ate something that makes your stomach hurt 2. ‘The first thing you should do when someone has swallowed poison is to a. hit him or her on the back b. ask him how he feels c. call up any doctor d. find the poison container 3. A€ter you find a bottle of pills or container of poison, you should immediately 7 a. xead the label b. wash your hands c. throw it in the trash d. hide it from the police 195. 10. The pou Tel If take off his clothes and : Whe als a. b. second thing you should do if someone has swallowed son is to. call on your mother quickly call up the police at once call. the Poison Control Center call back your English instructor 1 the person at the Poison Control Center ____ what kind of poison was swallowed what the poisoned person's symptoms are whether or not the poisoned person has vomited all of the answers above should make a person vomit if he has swallowed ____. chemicals too many pills cleaning products gasoline products choke means _ ‘ something is in your throat and you can't breathe eating or drinking something which can Kil you ‘that you feel sleepy and can't keep awake you ate something that makes your stomach hurt be sure a person doesn't choke when he vomits, have him drink a big glass of water have him lie on the floor beside the bed put his head lower than his chest make him vomit into a container the person's clothes are soaked with poison, you should burn them wash them wash his skin call the doctor mn you take the person to the emergency room, you should o take the container the poison was in the spoiled food the person ate the pill bottle the pills were in any or all of the above items 20WHAT DOES I't SAY? Unscramble these questions that begin with question words. is composed what water of gas convert water a you how can to a water when solid is pressure where atmospheric is highest the who barometer invented the vacuum borrow did cleaner whose you evaporate why the did water of is a molecule composed what elements how are man to many known 21WHEN ARE YOU LEAVING? Listen while another student reads a statement; then ask a question-word question about it. The other student will answer your question. Begin the question with who, (to) whom, which, what, whose, when, where, why, or how. EXAMPLE: Sl: My car won't start. 82: What's wrong with it? Sli The battery's dead. I'm going on leave next week. The major just got his orders. I saw a traffic accident last night. The meeting lasted for five hours. If I don't hurry, I'11 miss my plane. I borrowed this car. It isn't mine. We are going on vacation. Let's go to one of the movies at the mall. Our hotel room was a real bargain. A new computer course is being offered. 22he Function FACTS ABOUT THE ATMOSPHERE Read the questions and answers. Then with your book closed, make a statement using the facts you've learned about the topic. what are some facts about the lowest layor of the atmosphere? It's called the troposphere, and it has an altitude of about 10 kilometers. The word “tropos" means change. Most of the great changes in weather, pressure, and water vapor take place in this layer. 2. What is the weight of the atmosphere? The total weight is something like 5,200, 000,000,000,000* metric tons** which means that each square centimeter of the earth's surface supports one kilogram of pressure. 3. Why is there a difference in air pressure at sea level and at the top of a mountain? Because there are fewer molecules of air the higher you go. In other words, the air density is lower in the higher elevations. 4. What makes the sky blue? Tiny dust particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere break up and scatter (spread) sunlight into the various colors of which it is composed. The blue part of sunlight is usually scattered more than the other colors. 5. What are some facts about the mercurial barometer? It's an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It consists of a tube with one end closed. It's filled with mercury and put in a bowl upside down. he mercury in the tube drops only as much as the pressure applied to the surface of the mercury permits it to drop. (The atmospheric pressure does not let the liquid drop down completely.) ® yead: § quadrillion, 200 trillion &* metric ton = 1,000 kilograms 23WHAT ARE SOME FACTS ABOUT BREATHING? Your instructor will assign you two items from the list. Copy each on a separate piece of paper. Close your book after you finish. Answers: 1. You breathe enough air each day to fill 13,000 milk bottles. 2, ‘The 2 complimentary movements, inhaling and exhaling, are repeated approximately 18 times overy minute for as long as we live. 3. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the body only when it is allowed to accumulate indefinitely. 4, The presence of carbon dioxide in the air actually causes the lungs to breathe. This gas affects the respiratory* nerve center and causes movement in the muscles which control breathing. 5. Nitrogen is the third gas contained in the blood. It doesn't take part in the chemical changes that take place ir ‘the body. 6. The nitrogen in the blood might cause trouble only if the person breathes air which is under pressure. Then it may lead to a sickness called "decompression iliness." 7. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in small "bags" called "alveoli," which are in the lungs. 8. Oxygen is necessary for all body functions because cells obtain most of their energy from chemical reactions involving oxygen. 9. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood to the heart. 10. The nose functions like a filter, and like a humidifier. It keeps dust particles out of the lungs, and it gives some of its humidity to the air before it enters the lungs. *respiratory = of breathing 24Questions: a. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. When is carbon dioxide harmful? What is the function of the nose? What is the difference between an artery and a vein? How much air does a person breathe in one day? What is decompression illness? Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place? why is oxygen necessary to men? How many times does an adult breathe in one minute? How is carbon dioxide useful to man? What is the third gas present in blood? 25ATOMS Listen to your teacher and take notes. You will use these notes to ask questions and answer questions, so listen carefully. EXAMPLE: What are elements composed of? ‘They are composed of atoms. 26Reading Skill > dots fly at on altitude of about 30,000 t0 40,000 feet. DIAGRAM OF THE EARTH 40,000 feet 30.000 Feet 20,000 feet 10,000 feet eee sen fever UV \, -esaon set '$ of sand and tock -20,000 feot -30,000 foet deepest ocean point 35800 feet \ \ Look at the diagram and answer the questions below. 1. The point where the surface of the ocean touches land is called 7 a. b. co. a. The sea level Mt. Everest deepest point layers of sand and rock deepest or lowest point known is in the lake hills ocean mountains 27The deepest ocean point is at ___sea level. a. 10,000 feet above b. 30,000 feet above >. 30,000 feet below a. 35,800 feet below Hills are from __ sea level. a. 2,000 to 10,000 feet below b. 2,000 to 7,000 feet above c. 20,000 to 30,000 feet below d. 20,000 to 30,000 feet above Land is composed of _ a. the ocean and islands b. air, clouds, and sky ©. the’ deepest’ ocean point d. layers of sand and rock ‘The highest land form shown in the diagram is sea level. a. 29,141 feet above b. 40,000 feet above c. 20,000 feet below d. 35,800 feet below 28Reading Skill > THE PARTY'S AT 0. HERE'S A MAP TO HELP YOU FIND MY HOUSE. Look at the map and answer the questions your instructor asks. Use complete sentences. / Guoene, on Leno Viekenure Boynton Seach | Famene ioe Gloeafe seeeeseereece Danmoath = interstate 25 Freeway ieee Second Ave, Hitn Aver i 29@ Grammar PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS A present or past participle can be used after a direct object to modify the direct object. The direct object and participle will follow the verb catch, discover, find, keep, or leave. (Note: The verb catch does not ordinarily take a past participle as a complement. ) A present participle is used when the direct object performs an action. A past participle is used when the direct object receives the action. SUBJECT | VERB | — DrRECr onsecr =| —_—_sPARTICIPLE We the other guest: | waiting for us. He Kept | his fear of heights | —_—_idden. THEY CAUGHT LT JONES USING A GOVERNMENT CAR WITHOUT PERMISSION. Read the sentences; then answer questions about them. 1. We caught tho children watching television after bedtime. 2, ‘The picnickers discovered ants eating their sandwiches. 3. They found Edward sleeping peacefully on the couch. 4. You should keep some soup boiling on the stove for Dad. 5. He leaves his shoes lying on the closet floor. 6. She found the cookie half-eaten on her desk. 7. They've discovered a window broken in their car. 8. Jim keeps his money hidden somewhere in his room. 9. Jack found the stadium filled with people. 10. I left food covered in the refrigerator. 30SUE CAUGHT THE CHILDREN EATING CAKE BEFORE DINNER. Complete the sentences with the words listed below. wrapped hidden lost waiting misplaced parked pumping hunting painting shining sitting playing 9. 10. a. 12. When I discover an animal __—s saad hungry, I take it home and feed it. If you catch someone without a license, call the police. She finds items on her shelves regularly. He keeps his stairway light all night. Mc. and Mrs. Walters kept their dinner guests for half an hour. We caught the workmen _ the wrong wall. He discovered someone else's car in his driveway. The ship's captain found the sailor __ air into a rubber boat. he secretary kept fresh flowers on her desk. He left an envelope full of money _____ in the drawer. They keep their radio __ even after midnight. If you find a package in red paper, it's mine. 31Speaking Skill > YES-OR-NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS When we sing, our voices go up and down. When we speak, our voices do the same thing. In English, we use three basic levels for our voices when we speak. All sentences, whether they are statements or questions, begin at Level 2. This is our normal level for speaking. From this level, our voices can go up or down, depending on whether we make a statement or ask a question. The rising and lowering of our voices when we speak is called intonation. In English, two basic intonation patterns are those for statements and yes-or-no questions. The statement pattern is used for the answers to yes-or-no questions. Look at the statement below and the intonation pattern. Notice that the first part of the sentence begins at Level 2, our nozmal level for speaking, and continues until it reaches the primary sentence stress. At this point, there is a rising intonation to Level 3 and then a falling intonation to Level 1. This 2-3-1 falling pattern is the normal pattern for statements. He's studying English. 2 3a He's studying /Eng\lish. \ \ Another basic pattern is the rising yes-or-no question pattern. Look at the question below. For a yes-or-no question, your voice begins on Level 2 and continues until it reaches the primary sentence stress. At this point, there is a rising intonation to Level 3 that continues to the end of the sentence. ‘This 2-3-3 rising pattern is the signal for a yes-or-no question. Are you going to study tonight? 2 3 3 Are you going to study /tonight? 7 32Look at the sentences below. Listen to your instructor ask the yes-or-no question and then give the answer. Notice the 2-3-3 ising pattern in the question and the 2-3-1 falling pattern in the answer. 2 3 3 Do you ever go to the /iibrary? 7 2 31 Yes, I go about twice a /wO\ek. \ \ Listen to your instructor and repeat the yes-or-no questions and responses. The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the rising intonation that is used in the question and the falling intonation in the response. ‘hen read the yes-or-no questions and responses. 2 3 3 1. Is Tom wearing a /uniform? A 2 a1 Yes, he's wearing a /Na\vy uniform. \ 2 3 3 2. Are barometers used by /woathormen? 2 31 Yes, they /a\re. \ \ 2 3 3 Are _hyG@rogen and oxygen both /gases? / 2 a_3 Do people exhale ox/ygen? / 2 atta No. They exhale carbon di/oz\ide. \ 332 3.3 Did TV exist in the 19/20's? A 2 SHH No, it /did\n't. y \ 2 a3 6. Can people see /atoms? 4” 2 au No, not even with a /mi\croscope. \ 2 3 3 Do_you like to float in the /swimming pool? 2 3.1 No, I like to /sw\im. \ \ 2 aes 8. Can people live in a /vacuum2 f 2 3 1 No, of /course\ not! \ \ 2 3.3 9. Do you like to relax with good books end /misic? f 2 31 Yes. I like /b\oth. VW 2 3 3 10, Can a solid turn into a /iigitae 4 2 3 1 Sure, if you /heat\ it. \ \ 34COULD YOU LOAN ME FIVE DOLLARS? Now, with your instructor, ask and respond to these yes-or-no questions. Be sure to use correct rising intonation in your question and falling intonation in the response. 2 3.3 Could you loan me five /doiiars? / 2 ati No, I'm /bzo\ke! pee 2 3 3 Is Sally at the /dentist’s officer 7 2 a1 She's been there ali after/no\on. \ NL 2 3 3 Is it raining yet? 7 2 3 1 Yeah. It just /start\ed. \ \ 2 3 Do_you want to go out for /dinnér? 7 2 31 Let's /g\o. \ \ 2 3.3 Do you have a double room available for _to/night’ ee /¥es, we\ do. \ \ 3510. 2 3 1 No. She's going /shop\ping. Pee Sees imost /dinner time? 2 31 Yes, it's/rea\dy. \ Reet i 3 3 Is the baby feeling /better? | She acts like she still has a 3 A 3 3 going to the game /withus? f x f Srey ‘sto\machache. \ 3 A 2 Will you be home in time for /dinner? f 2 3 1 L_/think\ so. \ VL 2 3 3 Is Tommy /upstairs? 7 2 3 L No. He's in the /base\ment. \ 36 \Reading Skill > SCIENTISTS CAN GO DEEP INTO THE OCEAN IN A BATHYSCAPHES. ight window pressurized chamber ) gasoline-fi1led compartments motor-driven propeller £. rudder gage ° Read the article; then circle the best answer to each question. A bathyscaphe is a kind of pressurized chamber which goos underwater, deap into the ocean. A bathyscaphe must be airtight and have very strong walls, because the deep ocean exerts great pressure against it. Scientists use the bathyscephe to look at the ocean floor and to photograph fish and other life forms which live far below sea level. Scientists can look at the ocean which surrounds them through tiny, thick, round windows. There are lights attached to the outside of the bathyscaphe because the deep ocean is completely dark. Sunlight reaches only the top layer of the ocean. It gets darker, and the pressure gets greater the farther jown it 1s. Working in a bathyscaphe is uncomfortable, A person breathes in an artificially pressurized atmosphere. There isn't much space to move around in, either, because the interior is full of instruments, gauges, and operating controls. Working in a bathyscaphe can also be scary. The surrounding ocean squeezes against the outside of the bathyscaphe. Tf a seal 3k the window started to leak, the bathyscaphe would £111 up with water and the operators inside would drown. é / ¥ pathyscaphe = pronounced bath- 1 -skaf anthe bathyscaphe was designed by a Swiss scientist, Auguste Piccard. The first one was built in 1948. On January 23, 1960, ‘the bathyscaphe TRIESTE I descended to a depth of 35,800 feet in the Pacific Ocean near the coast of the island of Guam. Lt Don Walsh of the U.S. Navy and Jacques Piccard (Auguste's son) are honored because they have been to the deepest part of the ocean in a bathyscaphe. es A bathyscaphe is a vehicle which 7 a. flies above the earth b. goes down into the ocean c. travels on highways A bathyscaphe must be : a. airtight b. overheated c. stationary There are attached to the outside of a bathyscaphe a. brakes b. mirrors c. lights The farther down into the ocean one goes, the ‘the pressure becomes. a. greater b. deeper c. fewer Some people might think working in a bathyscaphe is a. scary b. leaky c. messy The bathyscaphe was invented by . a. Auguste Piccard b. Jacques Piccard c. Lt Don Walsh 38is the name of the bathyscaphe Towest point in the ocean. a. Guam b. Trieste I c. Pacific 39 which went to theb Enrichment Get TROUBLESOME ENGLISH We use get every day in many common expressions. 1. 2. 13. A. 15. 16. 17. Could you get me some coffee? (bring) I got a package from home today. (received) can you get Europe on your shortwave radio? (receive) She's getting sick; I think she has a fever. (becoming) When will we get to New York? (arrive) I got Fred to help me move the refrigerator. (influenced) He's nice when you get to know him. (succeed in) Come on, Dad; we never get to go to the movies! (permission’ We'll have to get our own lunch; Mom's sick. (prepare) He didn't get what I meant. (understand) Her loud gum chewing really gets to me! (annoys) I got a bull's-eye! (1 hit the center of the target!) She has to get her car fixed. (have something done) Maybe you can get a blanket from Joe. (borrow) He got his leg broken in the accident. (experienced) Get off my back! (angry response: Don't bother me anymore!, Get lost! Get outa here! (angry response: Go away!) 40IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS FULL STEAM AHEAD Meaning “Full steam ahead" means to proceed using a lot of force and energy. Example sentences 1. Jack couldn't wait any longer and proceeded full steam ahead with his plan to open a new store. 2. Sometimes, people go full steam ahead on a project and then have to slow down. 3. Ace you slow and cautious, or do you like to do things full steam ahead? ALADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words in the box. You will have to change the form of some words and use some words more than one time. atom gas vapor convert matter space element melt state exist molecule steam form particle tiny Clouds are composed of water in the form of a gas called 2. A substance that cannot be changed into a simpler substance is a/an That which surrounds all objects and continues outward in all directions is . 4, Scientists have not found any elements in space that are not known to on earth. 5. Matter is often defined as thet which has weight and occupies : 6. ‘here are three states of —__ _+ liquid, solid, and gas. 7. Liquids and take the shape of their container. 8. Heat can ice into a Liquid. 9. When water is heated to the boiling point, it turns into 4210. qi. 12. 13. 14. 45. There is not always a clear difference between the forms or of matter. An atom consists of tiny : When ice turns into water, we say it The in a drop of water are so that it would take over 200 million years to count ther A solid is one or state of matter. a _ is made up of atoms. CAN YOU MATCH THEM? Match the statements in Column A with the words in Column B. Column A Column B The chest grows larger a. is composed of during breathing. 2. It's necessary for a fire. b. the atmosphere 3. One atom of oxygen and two atoms of this gas make up one molecule of water. c. It melts. 4. It's exhaled during breathing. 4. It expands. 5. It's the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. e. nitrogen 6. It means "consist of." f£. hydrogen 7. It occupies space and is what everything is madé of. g. It exists. 8. What. happens when ice turns into a liquid? h. carbon dioxide 9. It lives; it is. i. oxygen 10, It's the most common element j. matter in the air. 43NOTESFIRST AID ; BOOK 23 LESSON 2 FIRST, You Stor THE BLEEDING. THEN You ‘FUNCTION: —-—- First ask, "Are you okay?" If the person is unconscious, check his or her pulse and breathing. GRAMMAR. ssesscnasseseeees gurn left on Commerce Street. Next, make your selection. He was watching TV while she was talking to me. / I read an article while I was in the waiting room. —-SKILLS——— aH Circle the connectives and use numbers to show the sequence. 2 3 3 2 3 1 Was the man un/conscious? =f No, he was a/sie\ep. \ outline the paragraph. apply aware artery carry on conscious bandage carry out continuous collision collapse firm first aid collide initial fracture erush somewhat procedure elevate steady safety expose unconscious sequence infect whenever series investigate step proceed vein restrict by the time (that) victim wound during the time (that) wound first of all 45CONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 2 VOCABULARY: first aid LISTENING SKILL: oral text (select true statement) VOCABULARY: an investigation GRAMMAR: imperative form READING SKILLS: written text with time sequence/ series (circle words) written text with time sequence/ series (circle words; number ideas) GRAMMAR: adverb clauses of time FUNCTION: giving sequenced instructions SPEAKING SKILL: semi-technical instructions (give orally) LISTENING SKILL: semi-technical instructions (evaluate) SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals GRAMMAR: present gerund as noun modifier WRITING SKILL: written text (take notes in outline form) READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers; Yecord reading time/rate) ENRICHMENT 46 ST Page 47 53 54 56 60 60 62 67 67 67 73 76 79 81 a4¥ Vocabulary FIRST AID Repeat the underlined words and listen to the paragraphs. Then answer the questions using the underlined words. First is the emergency medical treatment given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care is available. HELPING THE VICTIM In case of an accident or sudden illness, certain steps must be followed in rendering first aid to the sick or injured person. Here's a sequence of steps to follow: 1. First of all, try to get medical help. During the time that you wait for medical assistance to arrive, do as much as you can to help. 2. Keep the victim lying down. 3. Investigate the situation: Find out the kind of injury or illness that's affecting the person. 4, Plan what to do and carry out your plan. a7If the victim is unconscious, do not move, talk to, or shout at the victim to awaken him or her. Loosen the victim's clothing. Do not give the victim any liquids. If the victim is awake, calm him/her down. He/She should be conscious of what you intend to do to help. PROCEDURES Different emergencies require different first aid procedures; therefore, the treatment for wounds (cuts and torn tissue) is different from the treatment for fractures (broken bones). Some first aid procedures for these emergencies are on the use following pages. the underlined words in the reading to answer the questions. What is the emergency treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly gets sick? What can a person who is injured or killed be called? In case of an accident or sudden iliness, what should we follow? How are the steps done? What should one do first? What should you do while you wait? How do you determine what has happened? What do you do with your plan? What two things should not be done if the victim is unconscious? What should the victim be conscious of? Are the treatments for cuts and broken bones the same? 48IN _ Aw There are two things which need to be accomplished when treating wounds: 1) control of the bleeding, and 2) protection of the wound from contact with anything which might infect it. The initial step should be to wash your hands if possible. If the bleeding is not severe, proceed to wash the wound with soap and water. Next, the wound should be covered with a bandage. If the bleeding is severe, apply direct pressure to the wound. Place a clean cloth on the wound, and hold it firmly in place. If the cloth becomes soaked, do not remove it. Put additional clean cloths on top of the old one. Apply continuous pressure until the bleeding stops. Sometimes it's necessary to apply pressure to the vein or artery that was wounded at the same time that fixm or steady pressure is being applied to the wound. Elevate the injured part of the body so that it is higher than the heart. 49Answer these questions using the underlined words. Le 10. When treating cuts, what needs to be accomplished? What should the first step be? If the bleeding is not severe, what should the person who is giving first aid do? What is the covering for wounds called? Where do you put pressure if the bleeding is severe? What should be used to apply pressure? What is the phrase that means "apply pressure without stopping"? What do we call the small tubes inside the body through which blood flows? What is the word that means "unchanging", as in “unchanging pressure"? What should be put higher than the heart? 50FRACTURES. A fracture is a break in a bone. Whenever a serious accident occurs, look for fractures. ‘There are two kinds of fractures: closed and open. A closed fracture occurs without an open wound. An open fracture includes a wound which may expose the broken bone. Open fractures are more serious because of the added danger of infection. Stop the bleeding by applying pressure above the wound to the vein or artery between the wound and the heart. Put a bandage on the wound to prevent infection. The movement of broken bones should be completely restricted to prevent more damage to the muscles and nerves. Make a splint using a flat, thin board, a magazine, or a newspaper and place it along the fracture. Then tie it in place with a long, narrow piece of cloth. Be sure the fracture is secure by the time the victim is transported to the hospital. SLAnswer these questions using the underlined words. 1. What do we call the injury in which a bone is cracked or broken? 2. When do you look for fractures? 3. What is an open fracture? 4. what is the most important thing to do for a fracture? 5. Should the fracture be secured before or after a victim is transported to the hospital? WOUNDS AND FRACTURES Use the words to complete the sentences. restrict victim first aid exposed wound elevate steady step conscious apply vein unconscious bandage artery procedure first of all EXAMPLE: If you cut a vein or __ artery _, you might bleed to death. 1. To something means to raise it. 2. You shouldn't _ a dirty to wound. 3. Apply pressure to the cere 7 4. Most patients are during an operation. yates Sues ___ is someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or by i1in 6. We should __ the movement of a broken arm or 1eg. 7. What is the for treating a wound? 5210. ql. 12. aH » try to get medical help. The second is to check the victim for injury or illness, The driver wasn't of his speed when the policeman stopped him. In an open fracture, the bone is _ 7 The policeman gave the victims of the accident _ before the ambulance arrived. Listening Skill > FIRST AID FOR AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON Listen to your instructor. Then circle the number(s) next to the statement(s) which is/are true based on the information in the text. 1. Help the victim breathe only if you're trained in the correct procedure. If the victim is unconscious, try to wake him or her up. if the victim looks unconscious, touch him or her firmly and ask if he or she is okay. If the victim is unconscious, ask someone to notify his relatives immediately.¥ Vocabulary A SERIES OF ACCIDENTS Repeat the underlined words. Then read the dialog between a policeman and a witness to a traffic accident, and answer your instructor's questions. Sgt Slim: Good morning, ma'am. I'm Sgt Slim from the city Ms. police department. I'm investigating the accident that occurred in front of your house yesterday. Can you tell me anything about it? More: Yes, I can. I was first aware that something was happening when I heard the sound of screeching* brakes. I looked out the window just in time to see two trucks collide in the intersection. The force of the collision caused the smaller truck to hit a telephone pole, and the telephone pole collapsed. Sgt Slim: Did the pole do any damage when it fe11? Ms. More: Yes, it crushed the top of the truck. Sgt Slim: Was the driver seriously injured? ¥ Sereeching = making a high, unpleasant noise 54Ms. More: Sgt Slim: I thought so at first, but by the time the ambulance arrived, he seomed somewhat better. He was just badly shaken up, I guess. He's lucky. This is just the latest in a series of accidents at this intersection. The city needs to garry on the safety program they began last year. ‘The Public should be made aware of the safety measures that will prevent accidents. MATCH THE WORDS AND PHRASES. Write the letter of the word or phrase in Column B that matches the word in Column A. Number 1 is an example. 10. Hane 12. 13. Column A Column B safety a. a little, not much initial b. first collision ©. to start, advance ‘to proceed d. to fa11 down series e. to carry on to investigate f. when somewhat g. while to collide h. a crash to collapse i. to crash by the time j. to examine closely during the time k. condition of being sate to continue, to do 1. conscious aware a number of persons or things coming one after another 55REVSEW OF THE IMPERATIVE FORM the sentences. Don't forget the safety briefing at 1500 hours. Bathe the wound with hot water and soap before you put a bandage on it. Don't change the bandage if it becomes soaked. Put a new one on top of the old one. Calm down! Evacuate the building; then call the fire department. Yake Third St. south till you get to E. Kennedy Boulevard. Turn right and go one block past the bridge, and turn loft. The Children's Hospital is on your right. 56GIVE A COMMAND. Complete each of the following with an imperative verb (either affirmative or negative). More than one answer is possible. EXAMPLE: Toll Sgt Reyes that he has a telephone call. Don't touch the pot. It's hot. 1. a loaf of bread on your way home. __ Ted his present until tomorrow. 3. your seat belt before you drive. A. ___ We're late. during the test, or the instructor will take away your paper. USING THE IMPERATIVE 0 GIVE DIRECTIONS Read a question. ‘Then look at the map on the next page and answer the question giving directions. Use the imperative form in your answers. EXAMPLE: How do you get from the post office to the Ace Apartments? Go north on Third Street about three blocks. 1. Can you tell me how to get from the airport to the Business Center? 2. We're at the police station, and we want to go to the University. How do we get there? 3. How can I get from the pool to the airport? 4, How do you get from the post office to the Actors’ Theater? What's the best way to get from the Courthouse to the Sports Stadium? 87rel Ante : CONNECTIVE WORDS INDICATING A SEQUENCE first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of ali initial(y) third next at the stact following fourth then afterward final (1y) Silently read the paragraphs and circle the.connective words. Then, number the sequence of the connectives and be ready to explain why you think those are the steps in the sequence. FIRST AID FOR A BLEEDING NOSE If a porson's nose is bleeding, the first thing you should do is have him put his head down and forward so that he doesn't swallow any blood. After that, have the person squeeze his nose firmly for at least 10 minutes. Get a cold cloth next, and put it on the nose while the person is still squeezing it. Then, if the bleeding hasn't stopped after 10 minutes, put clean gauze or cloth into the nose and squeeze the nose with gauze in it for 5 more minutes. For minor nosebleeds, you do not need to go to the doctor. 60FIRST AID FOR A HEART AYTACK If a person collapses and you believe that he or she has had a heart attack, your initial act should be to call for an ambulance ox an emergency medical team. Next you should help the person sit up or sit with his feet level with his hip: if he lies down, he'll have more difficulty breathing. After that, keep him comfortable by loosening tight clothing, especially around the neck, and by keeping him warm and calm. If he is conscious, the next thing you should do is to help him take his heart pills if he has any. Medication should essen the chest pains. If the person loses consciousness, lay him flat on his back. ‘Then check his breathing and pulse. If he vomits, turn his head to the side. After that, clean his mouth to keep his airway clear. Finally, if his breathing stops and you are trained in the method of getting breathing started artificially, give him CPR*. *CPR =" cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a method of starting another person's heartbeat and breathing 61cay Grammar ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME Adverb clauses of time show the chronological pele lenship of one action to another, They usually modify the verb of the — main Clause but can also modify the whole sentence. Most follow the main” pg oe are not | epereted from at py a comma. a p EXAMPLE: Piece ce te co hea en you eave. others precede the: main elause and ere followed by EXAMPLE: ‘When you leave, please lock the door. adverb clauses of time are introduced by the following conjunctions: as, after, before, now that, untia, when, while, whenever, since, and as soon as os As you read these examples, notice the tenses of the verbs in the main and adverb clauses. in Main Clause | Verb in Time Clause| 1. present: simple present/imperative simple present pres simple present/imperative s! We select the candy we want before we pull the handle. Don't stop this procedure until the doctor comes. present: simple prosent/imperative present progressive Moke some tea now that the water is boiling. ‘They can read their letters now that the children are sleeping. future: future/future equivalent simple present She'll read a magazine after she washes her clothes. We'll eat as soon as John arrives. I plan to eat lunch after I wash the car. past: past progressive simple past He was waiting at the corner when the light turned green. They were playing soccer when I came home. 62|Time Expressed | Verb in Main Clause | Verb in Time Clause| ast: simple past past progressive pas simple past It rained for about an hour while (when) we were fishing. He played the guitar while she was dancing. 6. past: past progressive past_progressive John was singing as (while) he was driving to work. We were thinking of home as (while) we were looking at the pictures. 7. past: simple past simple past Last winter, Linda caught a cold whenever anyone sneezed in her direction. Tom jumped whenever (when) the drill sergeant yelled at him. 8. past: present _perfect/past perfect simple past I haven't talked to him since he came home. I had forgotten Ellen until I ran into her at the mall. He had refused to believe it until (before) he saw it on TV. HE LISTENS 'TO THE RADIO WHILE HE STUDIES. as when before now that since until — after as soon as — whenever. while Complete the sentence with one of the words in the box above. EXAMPLE: He had always liked cherry ice cream until __ he ate ‘too much one day. leet he lied to us, we had trusted him completely. 6310. ql. 12. They were listening to the radio they S SEE were working in the yard. Pay for an item __ __ you leave the store. we retire, we hope to enjoy our free time. He was riding his bike _ he fell. it's getting dark, we ought to turn on the lights. He'll graduate __he attends school for four years. you give the report to Col Brown, please type it again. I was sleeping _ the phone rang. he has the chance, he goes to the gym. She has been studying French she was a child. you finish reading the newspaper, we'll go. 64PUT THE CAT OUTSIDE BEFORE YOU LOCK THE DOOR TONIGHT, PLEASE. Complete the sentence using a form of the words under the lines and a conjunction from the box. as when before now that since until after as soon as whenever while EXAMPLE: Put the cat outside before you lock the doo 1. Tommy, brush your teeth _ Teave for school weather/get coid we should work indoors. 3. We was smoking a cigarette __ we/swim it started to rain. 5. Mary was ironing _ she/watch TV Instructor/ask question Larry answered. 7. He had bled continuously ‘aoctor/come guests/ieave” please help me find their coats. 6510. 1. 12. he/iisten radio he washed his car. We couldn't see the sign __ we/get closer I've met a lot of interesting people Join/boat club ~hear/tone dial the number. 66Kk Function WHAT SHOULD you Do? Read the dialogs about giving instructions. - first Fae second Ray: sim: third iast Do you know how to splice a wire? Yes. I£ an electrical wire is damaged, first switch off the electricity or unplug the wire. Second, cut the wire where it's damaged and remove the rubber insulation. Leave about an inch of bare copper wire on both ends. Third, twist the two ends of wire together so they are firmly joined. Last of all, solder the wires together if you have a soldering iron, or wrap the spliced wire with black insulation tape so that all of the copper wire is covered. 67Tom: Pat: Ken: Ted: Ken: Joe: Don: Bob: what should you do if someone's clothes catch fir First of all, put out the fire by wrapping the victim in a coat or blanket, by turning him over on the ground in dirt or sand, or by putting water over him. Next, check to see if the person is breathing and his heart is beating. ‘Then, call, or ask someone to call, an ambulance. What should I tell the person who answers about the burn victim? the phone First, say that someone has been burned. ‘Tell the person that the victim is breathing and that you can feel a pulse. Next, give your name and the exact location where the ambulance should go. Include the address, building, and room or apartment number. Stay calm and answer all questions. What should I do if a person stops breathing? vurn the person on his back first. Then lift his head back, open his mouth, and be certain that his tongue has not fallen in his throat. Next, squeeze his nose closed and cover his mouth with your mouth. Breathe into his mouth until his chest raises up. Blow into his mouth three times; then check to see if he is exhaling. Change the position of his head if no air comes out and try again. Blow into his mouth about 12 times a minute. Don't stop this procedure until the victim can breathe by himself or an ambulance or doctor arrives. What should you do if the person's heart stops beating? Place both your hands on the victim's chest and apply firm pressure, then release. Again apply pressure and release. Work with a continuous sequence of pressure and release until the heart starts to beat again. 68PLEASE GIVE ME SOME INSTRUCTIONS. wt I: Your instructor will read examples of instructions. sten and take notes in the boxes below the questions. Then use your notes and your experience to give instructions for doing something. Part IX: After each of your classmate gives his instructions, rate his performance using the chart at the end of this exerci EXAMPLE: Abe: Dan: What are the things you need to do to get a driver's license? First, study the "Driver's Handbook" and memorize all the traffic laws. Next, go to the Department of Public Safety to apply for a driver's license. Take a written test, a driving test, and an eye exam. Then, have your picture taken and pay the fee. Your new license will be sent to your house in approximately one month. 1. Private, how do you shine your shoes? 2. Corpsman, how do you change the sheets on a hospital bed? 693. How do you take a photograph? 4. Can you tell me how to change a flat tire? 5. Can you give me instructions for giving first aid for a broken ankle? 6. Could you te11 me how to make a chicken sandwich? 7. Could you give me instructions for building a fire outdoors? 70How can I get a check cashed? What steps would you take to build a house? 10. What instructions would you give to a person who's just learning how to swim? 72Student Student Student Student Student Student Student student student Student 10 NOW, ABOUT THEIR INSTRUCTIONS - Was the good? yes yes ves Yes Yes ves Yes Yes Yes sequencing No No No No No No No. No No No Were they understand- able? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No. Could they be carried out? ves yes Yes Yes ves yes Yes Yes Yes ves No. No No No No No No No No No 72Speaking Skill > YES OR NO QUESTIONS Read the dialogs using a rising intonation for questions and a falling intonation for answers. Listen as your instructor reads the example. 2 33 EXAMPLE? Are you a /nurse? 1 2 au No, but I've had a course in first /a\ia. \ \ 2 3 3 1. Did Ken collapse from a /heart attack? 7 31 nd_got too /h\ot. \ 2 No, he just xan too far 2 33 2. Did the truck collide with a /bus? 7 2 3.1 No, it collided with a /t@\xi. \ \ 2 3 3. Could you tell me how to get to the post /offic« 2 Sipe Go_two blocks and /turn\ieft. \ \ 2 3 3 4. Was he /woundea? 7 2 3001 Yes, by a mach/iné\ gun. \ \ 732 a3 5. Does a vein take blood away from the /heart? A 2 3 1 No, an /artery\ docs. 2 3 3 6. Is the ident victim /conscious? 2 atte No, she's /un\conscious. \ 2 3 3 7. Is the grouna /firm there? f/f 2 a1 No, it's soft and /mud\dy*. \, \ 2 3 3 8. Shall we proceed with the /meeting? / 2 3 1 Well, Ted isn't /heré\ yet. \ \ 2 3 3 9. Could you elevate the victim's arm as I tie the /bandage? / atid Su\re. cae 2 3 3 10. Can_you restrict your speech to /ten minutes? ff eHiatd Be /giad\ to. \ \ full of dirt mixed with water 742 3 11. Is this Ben's first /aiduait? / 2 ste I think it's /Har\old's. \ By 2 3 12. Doesn't this phone /work: / 2 ig It's out of /or\der. \ NURSE, IS THE PATIENT'S PULSE STEADY? Read the dialogs using a rising intonation for questions and a falling intonation for answers. Listen as your instructor reads the first one as an example. EXAMPLE: Is the patient's pulse steady? No, doctor, it isn't. 1. Is Bill in the kitchen? Yes, he's making coffee. 2. Did you get some medication for your sore throat? Yes, 1 got some on my lunch break. 3. Did you investigate the cause of the accident? Yes, and I found out the fire started because of bad wiring. 4, Was the door of your car crushed during the accident? No, it was already damaged. 755. Nurse, could you cut his shirt sleeve and expose the wound? Certainty. 6. Did the wound get infected? T hope not. 7. Is his wound a burn? Yes, It's a third-degree burn. 8. Could you get me some more supplies? Fill out this request form. | 9. Is there a certain procedure for getting a weekend pass? Just ask Captain Jones. 10. Isn't this photograph out of sequence? Yes, it should be fifth, not twenty-fifth. © Grammar ‘THE GERUND AS A NOUN MODIFIER 76YOU CAN CHANGE INTO YOUR BATHING SUI'T IN THE DRESSING ROOM. tdsten to the stress pattern as your instructor reads. hen read the sentences aloud with the correct stress. f \ / \ 1. You can change into your bathing suit in the dressing roo / \ 2. It costs $4.00 a day to leave your car in that parking lot. / \ 3. Do you want to go to the shopping center tomorrow? / \ 4. You can get a drink of water at that drinking fountain. / \ 5. You'll have to wait for the doctor in the waiting room. / \ 6. My checking account is at the Bank of New York. GOOD EVENING. DO YOU WANT SMOKING OR NONSMOKING? I'D LIKE 0 SIT IN THE SMOKING SECTION, PLEASE. Repeat the words with the correct stress pattern. ‘Then complete the sentences with the best gerund-noun combination. parking lots smoking section cleaning lady waiting room vending machine firing range ironing board driving gloves sewing machine answering machine 1. oA is a machine which sells drinks, newspapers, candy, cigarettes, snacks, or other items. 2. People who drive for long distances often wear _ 3. People have to pay money to leave their cars in downtown. 774. o 9. 10. A is a woman you hire to clean your house. There are magazines in the _ to read while you're waiting for the dentist. Ask to sit in the if, you like to smoke. An will automatically answer the phone and record a message for you if you're not home. A is a special area where people go to practice shooting guns. People usually iron their clothes on an It's a lot faster to use a than it is to sew by hand. 78Writing Skill > TOPIC OUTLINE NOTE TAKING Read the passage and take notes in the form of a skeleton topic outline (words and phrases). Look at the example. EXAMPLE? BITES Clean the bite wound thoroughly. Scrub the area with soap and water. Continue scrubbing for at least 5 minutes. control the bleeding by covering the complete wound with clean gauze or cloth and pressing down firmly. Put ice on the cloth but not on the skin. Raise the wound above the level of the victim's heart. Locate the animal which bit the victim. Catch or kill it; don't damage its head. Take the bite victim and tho animal to the doctor to check for rabies (a fatal illness carried by animals). Report all animal bites to the authorities. A. Clean bite wound by scrubbing with soap and water for 5 minutes B. Control bleeding 1. Cover wound with clean cloth a. Press down firmly b. Put ice on cloth (not on skin) 2. Raise injury above level of victim's heart Cc. Locate animal 1. Catch or kill animal without damaging its head 2. take victim and animal to doctor to check for rabies 3. Report all animal bites to authoriti 79FIRST AID FOR BURNS Take notes in the form of a topic outline. First-degree burns show red skin and cause pain. Give first aid by cooling the burned area under cold water or with a cold, wet, clean cloth. ‘Then dry and cover the wound with a clean bandage. Second-degree burns have red, swollen skin, wet blisters* and, pain. Give the same first aid as above; then take victim to a doctor. Don't open blisters or remove clothing sticking to burned skin. Third-degree burns have white or cooked black skin with little or no pain. All electrical burns are third-degree. First aid is the same as above. For electrical burns, look for both an entry and an exit burn. vaised area of skin filled with fluid 80Reading sicinf-> FIRST AID FOR CHOKING INTERNATIONAL CHOKING SIGNAL. HEIMLICH MANEUVER Read the following paragraphs silently as quickly as you can. Write your time in the box. Then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tel1s you to. TIME SCORE WORDS-PER-MINUTE, 81If you see someone who has been eating or a child who has been playing with small objects suddenly collapse, start to cough, become unable to talk, experience difficulty breathing, or show the international choking signal, that person is choking. He has something stuck in his throat and needs first aid immediately. Do not try to look into or pull any object out of a choking person's mouth. First aid in this situation would be to hit the person on the back and perform the Heimlich Maneuver. Choking occurs most frequently while a person is eating. It sometimes happens to adults who eat (especially meat) and talk at the same time. If it seems to you that a person is choking, but he or she ean still breathe and cough, be alert and ready to help if the situation gets worse. However, remember that the person's own coughing is more effective than what you, as a person giving first aid, can do. If the person can speak, do not give first aid. This type of first aid is meant for persons who are unable to speak. The first step in forcing out something which is stuck in a person's throat is to support his chest with one hand and have him bend forward. His head must be lower than his chest. Hit him four times in the center of his back between his shoulders. You should hit hard enough to force the food or object in his throat loose. If the person is still choking, the second step is to perform the Heimlich Maneuver. To do this you must stand behind him and put your arms around his lower chest. with both hands, pull in forcefully, squeezing in against the area between his shirt pockets and belt. Squeeze in and up forcefully four times. Reduce the force of your squeezes if you are performing the Heimlich Maneuver on a small woman or child, so that you don't break any bones. If the person continues to choke, keep on giving first aid. Repeat the first two steps again and again until the object or food stuck in the person's throat is forced out and normal breathing or coughing begins. Don't give up; it may be necessary to hit the person on the back and perform the Heimlich Maneuver several times before you are successful. If you are alone and choking, you can perform the Heimlich Maneuver on yourself. Answer these questions. 1. Choking means to have : a. swallowed something poisonous which can kill you b. been in a collision and to be in need of firs c. something stuck in your throat so you can't breathe 8210. If a person is choking, he or she might 7 a. have a funny look b. suddenly collapse c. start vomiting Symptoms of choking are He a. having difficulty breathing and talking b. starting to cough or suddenly collapsing ©. all of the symptoms in both a. and b. If a person is choking and can't talk, you should 7 a. immediately look into his mouth b. pull the food out of his mouth c. give him first aid immediately First aid for a person who is choking is to : a. hit the person on the back b. perform the Heimlich Maneuver c. both of the above procedures Choking occurs more often when a person 7 a. eats and talks at the same time b. eats chicken bones c. eats meat You should hit the person on the back hard enough to : @. support his chest with one hand b. force out the object stuck in his throat ©. break the bones in the center of his back ‘The Heimlich Maneuver is a way to a. save a person's life b. avoid heavy lifting ce. get to the store During the Heimlich Maneuver, you _ a. bend the victim over so his head's lower than his chest b. stand in front of the choking person and hit his chest ©. squeeze in and up against the victim's lower chest You should continue first aid on a choking person. a. until the object or food gets forced out b. until normal breathing or coughing begins c. either of the above occurs 83ae Enrichment "TROUBLESOME ENGLISH These verbs are always followed by gorunds. admit consider deny risk finish avoid appreciate mind enjoy dislike stop* “when "stop" is followed by an infinitive of purpose A gerund is a verb with an "-ing" ending which is used as a noun. EXAMPLE: Ed likes swimming. A gerund is also sometimes used in noun compounds. EXAMPI, He goes to the swimming pool when he can't get to the beach. eating fish at Tony's Seafood Restaurant. going to the movies every Friday night. dancing at the Officers Club. She enjoys | speaking American English. listening to any kind of music. watching the news on TV. riding her horse in the country. opening the window for me, please? closing the door when you’ leave? answering the phone when I'm at lunch? Do you mind | not smoking ? This is the nonsmoking area. holding the baby for a few minutes? doing the dishes? carrying the groceries upstairs? 84IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS STEADY AS A ROCK Meaning This phrase means that a person is very dependable and reliable or that something doesn't move because it is q heavy and solid. Example sentences 1. You can depend on Tom to do the job. He's as steady as a rock. 2. That table is as steady as a rock. 3. When he fired the pistol, his hand was steady as a rock. 85ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES GRAMMAR 1. He cooked dinner while I the news. a. watch b. was watching c. is watching 2. I was thinking while I the correct answer. a. was choosing b. choose c. is choosing . Sally cries a lot whenever she onions. a. sliced b. will slice c. slices 4. I had seen the movie before you about it. a. talk b. talked c. are talking 5. He had meant to go to the store before she a. call b. called c. was calling 6. They when the fire started. a. sleep b. are sleeping c. were sleeping 7. He had bled continuously until the doctor . a. come b. came + was coming Help your grandmmother before she : a. fell down b. falls down ce. falling down 86IT’S IN THE SOUTHWEST. BOOK 23 LESSON 3 WHERE'S TE NEAREST GAS STATION 7 Ba ae Dallas is in northeast Texas. Continue driving southward until you see the intersection. ‘GRAMMAR ———_______—— throughout toward beneath on top of I like Southwestern food. He flew eastward to avoid the storm. John said that he had been working on base for a long time. ES Give directions. Follow the directions. Circle and number the connectives. Add connectives and write a paragraph. Practice the correct intonation of questions and answers. Outline. Write the address. VOCABULARY - converge beneath arrow correspond by means of correspondence direct by way of destination distribute forward island endorse meanwhile means fold northeast northeast go/went/gone over northwest northwest intersect on top of route look in on opposite (to) southeast transport previous southwest secondary track southeast tray in the meantime southwest zip code run short of throughout ern [noun--> adj} -ward [making adj/adv] 87CONTENTS OF BOOK 23 LESSON 3 VOCABULARY: correspondence WRITING SKILL: envelope (address) VOCABULARY: directions LISTENING SKILL: map and oral directions (draw/mark path) GRAMMAR: prep. of direction; review of prepositions of place/location LISTENING SKILL: map and questions GRAMMAR: suffix -ward GRAMMAR: suffix -ern READING SKILLS: written text with time sequence/ series (circle words/ connectives; number ideas) ‘time-sequence sentences in logical order (supply connectives; write paragraph) time-sequence sentences in random order (supply connectives; write paragraph) FUNCTION: asking for and giving directions and locations READING SKILL: written directions GRAMMAR: reported present perfect progressive (indirect speech) READING SKILL: written text/ questions (select answers; record reading time/rate) SPEAKING SKILLS: suprasegmentals (intonation of questions and answers) WRITING SKILL: written text (take notes in outline form) ENRICHMENT 88 ST Page 89 93 95 100 101 106 107 110 112 113 115 117 120 121 126 129 132 133qd Vocabulary PEN PALS Repeat the underlined words; then read the paragraphs silently. Ted and Jim have been corresponding for almost two years. ved just finished writing a letter to Jim. In the letter, he told Jim that he was happy to accept the invitation to visit Jim's small farm in Texas this summer. He also said that he would drive to Texas and would need to have Jim direct him to his house. After Ted went over the finished letter and made sure it was okay, he folded it. He wrote the address and checked the zip code. Then he stuck it in an envelope, put a stemp on the top right-hand corner, and dropped it in a mail box. Now answer these questions. 1. How long have Ted and Jim been writing to each other? 2. Ted plans to visit Jim, What does Jim need to do? 3. Why did Ted need to review the letter? 4. Why did he fold the letter? 89WHERE DID THE LETTER GO? Repeat the underlined words. Then read the sentences. once a letter is in a mail box, it's picked up by a mail carrier and transported to the post office. Then they are put in bags and taken by means of a truck or airplane to the city of their destination. 90 In the post office, letters are separated by zip codes and put in trays. Letters which go to the same city are put in secondary trays. When the bags arrive at their destination, they are delivered to the post office building for distribution .There are many post office There it is separated again branches throughout the city. by zip code and by carrier A letter is distributed route. A mail carrier to the post office branch delivers correspondence daily near the letter's address. to each address on his or her route. 91IT'S IN THE POST OFFICE. One of the words in the box has a meaning similar to the underlined word in the sentence. Draw a line through the underlined word and write the new word above it. ‘transports trays his destination distributed throughout correspond with a secondary route by means of correspond with EXAMPLE: The studonts write-to their families every week. © primary reason for going to the beach is to swim. what is another reason? our company carries furniture from one city to another. Did you mark the way on the map? 4. The instructor gave out these papers yesterday. 5. This map was done using a computer. The letters are put on open containers. 7. 1s Dallas the place that he's going? vhere are post office branches all over the city. 92Writing skin DEAR FRANK: L'M COMING FOR A VISIT NEXT WEEK! ook at the examples of addressed envelopes below, then address ‘the blank envelope. Remember to write the return address, too. your name your house number and street name your city, state, and zip code as your country name of the person you're writing to his or her house number and street name his or her city, state and zip code his or her country 93EXAMPLE: Lt S. R. Browning 1358 Two Pines Dr., Apt. #3-B stamp San Antonio, TX 78316 USA Mr. and Mrs. William K. Browning 2946 Viewcrest St. Portland, OR 97212 USA — | 94¥ Vocabulary JIM AND ‘TED Read the letter. Then select the answer which best completes the statement. May 11 Dear Ted: Well, I thoroughly endorse your decision to come to visit me this summer. In your previous letter, you had said that you might not be able to make it. I'm so glad you changed your mind. I think you will find Texas interesting. There are many things we can do while you're here. Since you've never seen the ocean, the first thing we must do is go to Padre Island. There is a national park on the island where we can spend the night. Traveling by car isn't the quickest means of getting here, but it's the best way if you want to see the countryside. Watch the fuel gauge carefully, and fill up as soon as you see that you're running short of gas. There are long stretches of road with no gas stations. Before you leave, can you look in on my Aunt Carol for me? She hasn't been feeling well. T think that if you go home from work by way of Interstate 90, you won't have to go out of your way. “I'm sure she'll be glad to see you, and I'd really appreciate it. I'll call her in the meantime and tell her that you're coming to see her. I'm enclosing a map for you. The route is marked--all you have to do is to follow the arrows. If you have any problems, please write or call me. Meanwhile, I'11 continue making plans for your visit. Your friend, Jim 1. Ted wants to visit Jim. Jim : a. cannot have visitors b. supports the idea 2. Ted had told Jim in a __ that he might not come. a. letter written before b. short letter 9510. Jim wants to take Ted to a. fish in his boat in the ocean b. a piece of land in the ocean A good way to see the countryside is to travel ___ a car. a. by means of b. means It's a good idea to fill up the gas tank whenever 2 a. the gas tank is not full b. the gas tank is almost empty Ted will Jim's aunt before he leaves. a. visit b. call If Ted takes Interstate 90, he goes _ it. a. way of b. by way of “In the meantime" and "meanwhile" mean : a. during the same time b. at different times ved will follow _ to get to Jim's farm. a. the signs on the road b. the marks on the map Did you know that when you endorse a check, a. you write your address b. you sign it on the back 96HE MAP ‘TO JIM'S FARM Listen to your instructor and repeat. Then read the paragraph. FARM ROKD ® nae HTERSECHION THO ROADS CONVERGE Tn once you leave the city and are in the country, proceed to the point where Highway 90 and Highway 80 converge. Not very far from there, the railroad tracks intersect the road. When you come to the intersection, turn right. ‘The entrance to my farm is opposite the school. There's a gate at the entrance, but you won't have to get out of the car to open it. If you drive forward slowly, it will open automaticaly. Circle """ if the statement is true; circle if it is false. 1. ¢7 F 2. 7 F 3. 7 F 4. 0 F 5. 9 F 97IS SAN ANTONIO IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS? ‘THE FOUR CORNERS OF TEXAS asst nw NE Lubboek » TEXAS stad Nation: ‘Nacreation Varea=* N bu a sw’ MEXICO una s Listen to your instructor and repeat the underlined words. ‘Then read the dialogs aloud. 1. Judy: 1s Davy Crockett National Forest in northeast Texas? Joe Bob: That's right. It's in the northeast. Judy: What about the Amistad National Recreation Area? where is it? Joe Bob: It's in southwest Texas, several hundred miles from Amistad. 2. Ann: Where is Lubbock? Is it in the northwest part of the state? Steve: Yes; to get to Lubbock, go northwest. Ann: Is Padre Island in the southwest or the southeast of Texas? Steve: It's located in southeast Texas. It's actually in the Gulf of Mexico. 983 Mary: Grace: Mary: Grace: Alan: George: Which part of Texas is closest to Mexico? The southwest. Southwest Texas borders on Mexico. In which section of Texas is the coast? The coastline is in southeast Texas. Which direction do I go to get to the post office? Go north one block and then turn northeast on Main Ave. 99Listening Skill > YOU CAN'T GE'T THERE FROM; Dp Grammar PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTION 101THE PARKING LOT IS BEHIND THE BANK. Read the sentences. NATIONAL BANK walk up 1. The bank is opposite the BX. 2. The BX is near the bank. 3. Is there anyone inside the bank? 4. The bank and BX are on the corner. Ann and Ed drove into town to shop yesterday. They went from one end of the mall to the other. Ann couldn't walk past a store without stopping. Ed rode up the escalator and went into the candy store. 102 //WHERE'S THE CAT? Ask and answer questions about the position of the cats in the picture. Use the words in the box in your answers. beneath above on top of next to in back of — by under over underneath near behind on EXAMPLES: Where's cat number 1? Cat number 1 is beneath the bed. Is cat number 3 under the bed? No, he's on top of it. 103THE TITLE L$ ABOVE THE EXERCISE. Make a sentence by arranging the words in the correct order. EXAMPLE: lives base smith on sgt 10. Sgt Smith lives on base. table the on of candy is the top tho towards walked librery students the opposite the live we high school traveled he China throughout, house children the through ran the money on table leave the the to fly they London will tomorrow us family Smith the lives near I'll as far as drive Dallas today at least went the Bob the down to stairs basement 104‘THE SHOPPING MALL Ask a "where" question about the shopping mall. Another student will answer using one of the words in the box. from toward in front of through below out of near away from throughout in to above next to opposite into EXAMPLES: where are the stores in the mall? They are throughout the mall. Sl: Where has the woman come from? $2: She's just walked out of the menswear store. 105Listening sxiif> EXCUSE ME. COULD YOU DIRECT ME TO THE BANK? Look at the map and answer your instructor's questions. PACIFIC OCEAN. 7 chan sn. al f = _/ § WEDICAL ORIVE — a Bo OCEAN BEACH BLVD, LONG BEACH STATE PARK i 4 S > =e } PACIFIC POINT DR. BEACH SY. peer 8H 0 106THE SUFFIX -WARD “whe euffix -ward(s) is. : adverbs which indicate a direction in time or space. — “northward, southward, eastward, vested. downward(s), | backward(s) _ Repeat the boldfaced words. ‘Then read the sentences. The wind is blowing from a northward direction. We'll travel southward for the winter. 3. ‘The plane flew in an eastward direction. Early Americans moved to a westward location. 5. The balloons went upwards. 6. ‘The elevator went downwards to the basement. 7. We fe11 backwards down the stairs. 107‘THE WIND WAS BLOWING FROM A NORTHWARD DIRECTION, jew York chy ns i at y/ ie ~ c Nuovi Laredo. ee Use the map and the direction words to complete the sentences. EXAMPLE: Birds travel southward _ for the winter. 1. We're in Texas now; next month we will travel to California. 2. Sgt Hill movea City. from Chicago to New York 3. The Mississippi River flows to the sea. 4, We looked _ : to see the top of Niagara Falls. 5. Lt Lee almost fell taking pictures at the Grand Canyon on our trip. 6. We drove ve ___ from the Sequoia National Forest to the Everglades. 7. dane's family flew _ Badlands. from Nuevo Laredo to the 8. After they saw the Badlands, Jane's family drove to Yellowstone National Park. 108WE'RE DRIVING NORTHWARD TO DALLAS. Make a sentence with the words. EXAMPLE: we / drive / north we drive northward when we go from San Antonio to Dallas. birds / fly / south (you) / look / east we / drive / west fish / swam / north balloon / go / upwards (you) / press button / downwards Alex / put on / backwards (you) / move car seat / forward 109© Grammar THE SUFFIX -ERN ‘The suffix ern indicates that ea occurs in or is situated in a certain direction. It is pet o : Tune fo form adjectives — EXAMPLES: northern, southern, eastern, western 1 LIVE IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY. Read these sentences about different areas of the United States. Notice that -ern is added to the direction words. The words are used to desc ‘ibe a section of the country. Niagra Falls is in the northeastern area of the U.S. on the border with Canada. The "Badlands" are miles and miles of dry hills without plants in the northern part of the U.S. A good place to shop for Mexican items is in Nuevo Laredo on the southern border of the U.S. Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, is located in’ the eastern region of the U.S. The largest living thing on earth is a Sequoia tree in the western part of the U.S. ‘The Everglades is a flat area of land about 100 miles long in the southeastern part of the U.S. that is covered with approximately 9 inches of water. The Grand Canyon is in the southwestern section of the United States. Yellowstone National Park, the largest national park in the U.S., is located in the northwestern area of the U.S. 110MY FAVORITE PLACE IS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Choose one word from each column and make a sentence about a section of a country. EXAMPLES: The Sapporo Ice Festival is held every February on the northern island of Japan. The Riviera is a great place for swimming in the southern part of France. Column A Column B northern part northeastern area eastern section southeastern region southern island southwestern border western coast northwestern 141Reading Skill > TIME SEQUENCE Silently read the passage twice. During the first reading, circle the connective words that indicate a sequence of events. After the second reading, number the sequence of the connectives (1, 2, 3, ote.) and be ready to explain why you think those are the steps in the sequenc CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE. first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all initial(1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final (1y) EXAMPLE: This is the sequence of things I did before my 2 plane took off. First of all, I packed my suitcases. 1 Before that I had already decided which clothes to take 3 with me. Then a neighbor drove me to the airport, and 4 I checked in. Next I ate a sandwich and drank some 5 coffee at the snack bar. Afterward my flight was 6 called, and finally I got on the plane for Portland. 412.ixcle and number the connectives in the following paragraph. The flight to Portland was fairly routine. To begin with, T gat down in the nonsmoking section of the plane, and then T fastened my seat belt. Eventually the plane took off, and afterward the flight attendant gave me some fruit juice to drink. 1 read a magazine for a while, and after that, I think I might have slept a few minutes. WHEN MY PLANE LANDED write a paragraph with the following sentences using connectives that show a time sequence. CONNECTIVE WORDS THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE first before that in the beginning after that second eventually first/last of all. initial(1y) third then at the start following fourth next afterward final(1y) EXAMPLE: My brother had said he would pick me up at the airport. My plane landed in Portland. 1 called my brother. Y went to the baggage claim. I got my two suitcases. My brother picked me up. We drove to his house. My brother had said he would pick me up at the airport. After my plane landed in Portland, the first thing I did was call him Next 1 went to the baggage claim, and then 1 got my two suitcases. After my brother picked me up, house. 113Add connectives which show a time sequence to these sentences and write a paragraph on the lines below. I was very excited to see Bill and his family again. Bill and I walked into the house. Mary said, "It's so wonderful to see you! We took the children to the park to play. We ate dinner. we put the kids to bed. We got ready for bed about 11:30. 114Reading sxut[> AT THE BEACH Number the sentences in the correct time sequence; then rewrite the sentences as a paragraph using connectives. BXAMPLE: We loaded everything into the car and started off. We wanted to take the kids on an outing.* 2__ We decided to go to the beach. 6 We all went in for a swim. 5 __ We stopped to buy gasoline on the way. We packed a picnic lunch. We wanted to take the kids on an outing. We decided to « to_the bea: 2. _First we packed a picnic lunch. Then we loaded everything into the car and started off. we stopped to buy _ jasoline on the way. After we got to the beach, we all went in for a swim. *outing: a brief pleasure trip, often outdoors 115Number the sentences, add connectives that signal a time sequence, and compiete the paragraph on the lines below. We drove home at sunset. We ate a delicious lunch. Around noon, we spread out the picnic. We spent the afternoon at the Museum of the Sea. 116sk Funetion 10. WHAT'S THE BEST WAY 'TO G) ‘THERE? where is Arizona? it's in the Southwest. Where is your ranch located? It's 47 miles northwest of Marfa, out in west ‘Texas. can you direct me to the swimming pool? ves, it's opposite the gym. Where is Spain located? spain is in the southwestern part of Europe. How can I get to Corpus christi? Go southward on Highway 37. PLEASE DIRECT ME TO 'THE MESS HALL. and answer these questions. can you tell me how to get to the library? can you direct me to a garage where I can get my car repaired? Where is the airport located? Is it very fax from here? Do you know where there's a good seafood restaurant? How can I get to the bank? What's the fastest route to Dallas? Do you know how to get to the nearest hospital? Whore can I find a barbershop around here? can you give me directions to the bus station? where's the prettiest vacation spot in your country? 417WOULD YOU PLEASE TELL ME... ? Think of a place you want to visit and ask a classmate for directions. Then give directions when you're asked. EXAMPLES: $1: Can you tell me how to get to the airport? $2: Get on Loop 410, Prive northeastward until you reach the airport exit. From the exit, just follow the traffic signs. S2: How do I get to the DLE library? Sl: 0h, that's easy. The library is across the street, next to the language lab. 118WHERE I$ IT LOCATED? Look at the map and answer the question with a complete sentence. [onto] J, Columbus PENNSYLVANIA INDIANA What towns are northeast of Columbus? What is southwest of Columbus? Which highway goes northeast from Cincinnati? Which direction would you take to go from Columbus to Athens? State Highway 23 goes through Columbus. what othor town is located on Highway 23? Which towns are located on Lake Erie? ugReading Skill > WHERE ARE YOU? Look at the map, read the directions, and answer the question. court te House Business a Schoo. " |faw " "" Jewoiry Health \ + Dept. ____| | Variety fi Store Res Laib- aurant Museum of rary Hee * Science and 7 Hotel" Industry " | N " prugstore Medical * Wp Clinic | 8 oa Plaza Pi 4. You're at the Tourist Office. Walk northward to the second intersection and turn right. Continue in an eastward direction as far as you can go. Where are you? 2. You're at the Business School. When you leave, walk southward to the second intersection. Turn left there. Now walk straight ahead past the park, to the end of the street. Where are you? 3. You're at the paint store. Walk northward and turn left after you pass the Court House. Walk past the Museum of Science and Industry and turn left again. Walk southward to the second intersection and turn right. ‘Then walk two blocks to the second intersection. what building is on the southwest corner of the intersection? 120oy Grammar INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, 121,