PREFACE ‘the American Language Course (ALC) is designed primarily for an intensive language training program. However, these materials can also be used in nonintensive programs. | The course will provide students with a sufficient level of fluency and communicative proficiency in English to enable them to successfully pursue technical or professional training in schools conducted by the Department of Defense. the General English Phase of the ALC consists of six progressive levels of language proficiency training. Each level contains 6 separate instructional packages. Level I Books 1- 6 Level II Books 7 - 12 Level III Books 13 ~ 18 Level IV Books 19 ~ 24 Level V Books 25 ~ 30 Level VI Books 31 ~ 36 he coordinated instructional packages consist of the followin: Instructor Text Student Text Audiotapes Instructor Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 5. Student Language Laboratory Activities Booklet 6. Quiz Kits 7. Optional training aids Bane Inquiries concerning these materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to Commandant, Defense Language Institute, ATTN: LERW, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 78236- 5000. Recommendations for improving this edition are encouraged. Letters should be addressed to: Commandant, Defense Language Institute English Language Center, ATTN: LEAC, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78236-5000. The American Language Course (ALC) contains copyrighted material. Reproduction of this publication is not authorized without the expressed written permission of the owners of the copyrights.NOTES TO THE STUDENT rag Student ext for Book 25, Level v, has four lessons and one xeview lesson, daily evaluations and homework assignments, and various appendixes. {Re homework and evaluation exercises are at the back of this fext. The evaluation exercises are short quizzes aed eili he given after each lesson is completed. The daily homewerk assignments will require about two hours to complete. [he QPpendixes are after the fifth lesson. Appendix A, Part one, bao” *tphabetical list of the new vocabulary presented in thon book. | Next to the word is the number of the lesson whore the wore ag introduced. Appendix A, Part Two, is a Glossary oF the You eugatY Presented in the book. It is divided into lessons, rou are, to use this Glossary in order to prepare for the lesson. pbbendix Bis a list of the grammar structures presented in tris Pres erNoxt to, the structure is the number of the lesson ehexn the structure is presented. The rest of the appendines avn reference materials. The American Language Course focuses on four areas: 1. ¢ Function the functions are the ways we use a language to Epmmunicate. There are exercises in the lessons that show you how and when to use certain words. phrases, and sentences in a particular situation. 2. D-arammar The grammar structures in the lesson are the forms you need to speak and write correctly. 3. sais [> qhere are exercises in the lessons to help you improve sertisntt? OF ability in listening, speaking, reading or writing. ¥ Vocabutary The words and expressions Presented in the lesson are qhose you will need to do the functions and the grammar exercises. The first page of each lesson is the Focus Page. 3t Provides a Summary of the material that will be presented in the iosson AaaLesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix a o> D E F CONTENTS Our Environment Ships and Submarines A Visit to The Dentist He's Always Getting Good Grades. Review Lesson Word List and Glossary Structure List Patterns of Irregular verbs Four Important Spelling Rules Punctuation and Capitalization Conditional Sentences Homework. Evaluation 79 119 153 Aq HW-1, BE-1OUR ENVIRONMENT BOOK 25 LESSON 1 FUNCTION. — Expressing Alternatives ama — Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Adverb Clause of Place Take Notes from written Text. Yes/No Or-questions and Responses Timed Reading Short Lecture/Class Gives Oral Summary Write Outline or Notes for Paragraph. Verbs Other Nouns contaminate atomic similarly advances coordinate compulsory temporary emission emit industrial toxic environment endanger moreover fume exhaust not. plant [factory] expel nuclear project invent optional resource involve permanent site manufacture radioactive surroundings pollute respiratory technology waste Expressions Prefixes suffixes above all ant. if not pro- in the same way/mannerCONTENTS OF BOOK 25 LESSON 1 ST Page VOCABULARY: the environment 3 VOCABULARY: above all, if not 6 VOCABULARY: atomic, nuclear; prefixes: anti-, pro- 7 VOCABULARY: a new project 9 VOCABULARY: a new invention ul GRAMMAR: coordinating con- junctions 14 GRAMMAR: correlative con- junctions 20 WRITING SKILL: take notes from written text 25 FUNCTION: expressing alternatives 26 SPEAKING SKILLS: yes/no or-questions and responses 32 GRAMMAR: adverb clause of place 35 READING SKILL: timed reading 37 LISTENING SKILL: short lecture/ class gives oral summary 40 WRITING SKILL: write outline or notes for paragraph 40 ENRICHMENT 43¥ Vocabulary OUR ENVIRONMENT Our environment is everything around us. The air, lana, water, trees, etc., form our environment, ‘or surroundings. hand, water, and minerais are Some of our natural resources. Many times we use up, or exhaust, our natural resources by being careless.Air is polluted by the emission of fumes from automobile exhaust pipes. These dangerous gases make the air unhealthy for people, animais, and plants. ne il Many industrial plants that make chemicals emit toxic gases into the air. These poisonous gases are dangerous. Factories also expel waste which contaminates our rivers and lakes. Problems in the respiratory system can result from air pollution. Breathing becomes difficult when our lungs get damaged from polluted air. water pollution endangers the lives of many living things.MATCHING arch the vocabulery words in Column A with their meanings in Column B. Column A Column B eH 1. environment a. send out i 2. natural resources b. things we use like land, water, and 3. exhaust minerals aa 4. pollute ©. factories 5. plants d. dangerous gases 8. emit €. poisonous 7. toxie f. lungs —. 8+ respiratory system g- use up 9. endanger h. contaminate; make dirty __ 10. fumes make dangerous 4. our surroundingsqf Vocabulary OUR ENDANGERED ENVLRONMENT THE CITY NEWS PAGE 9 EDITORIAL PAGE MAY 1 By I.M. Engreo breathing. Many of theso WHAT'S HAPPENING 'T0 OUR plants also contaminate our ENVIRONMENT? water supply. They expel toxic chemicals into water which is used later on for our drinking supply. Results of such contamination can be clearly seen in the photograph on the left. Should we continue to allow these plants to endanger our lives? What about our children? all, we should think of their future. Many citizens have organized antipollution groups in hope Of making these plants stop Bthese harmful a however, until the government writes stricter laws and requires these plants to stop polluting the environment, they will All of us need to take a [continue to contaminate and long, hard look at our endan- |pollute our surroundings. gered environment. If not, The Environmental Protection very soon our surroundings will |Agency, set up by the federal be destroyed. Our biggest government, advises the problem right now is industrial |President and Congress, does plants. Many of these plants |research, and provides public emit toxic fumes which pollute [information concerning the air. This air pollution environmental problems. If causes respiratory problems you want to see a brighter for many people. The fumes future for your children, damage their lungs, and these |please contact this agency people have difficulty in and express your opinions! Now answer some questions about the editorial. Answer the questions in complete sentences. EXAMPLE: What's the title of the editorial? The title of the editorial is "What's Happening to Our Environment?."qv Vocabulary DID YOU READ THE EDITORTAL? Sead this conversation about the editorial page and the opinions expressed there. chris: Petor: chris: Poter: chris: Peter: Chris: Peter: Chris: Peter: Chri Peter: Say, Peter, did you read today's newspaper? Yes, I did. Did you see the editorial about the environment? Yes, and I agree with the editor one hundred percen So do I. We are definitely destroying our environment, and we need to stop it. What do you suggest we do about it? 1 think we should use atomic power instead. atomic power plants don't emit toxic fumes into the atmosphere. No, but they expel radioactive waste. Didn't you see the article on the front page of today's newspaper? ‘he one about the contaminated water supply in the town of Moss Beach? Yes. That was caused by the factory nearby. Nobody knew the plant was producing nuclear weapon parts. Well, that's just one occurrence. hat type of accident xarely happens. It doesn't change my mind, though. I'm still pronuclear power. I support it, Not me. I'm antinuclear energy. I'm against it. I'm going to write to the Environmental Protection Agency in Washington like the editor suggested to find out what 1 gan do to stop more of these plants from harming our environment. Enjoy your letter writing.IS IY TRUE WE'RE HARMING OUR ENVIRONMENT? Write 7 if the sentence is true, and write F if the sentence is false. 1. he men are talking about the sports section of the newspaper. 2. Peter didn't read the newspaper today. 3. Chris agreed with the editorial. 4. The editorial talked about good things in the environment. 5. Peter suggested we use more solar energy plants. 6. ‘There was an article on the front page of the newspaper about an atomic power plant. 7. The factory nearby contaminated the water supply. 8. The plant makes nuclear weapon parts. 9. Chris is pronuclear power. 10. Chris is going to write to the Environmental Protection Agency. LET'S STOP ENDANGERING OUR ENVIRONMENT. Use the correct word in the box to complete the sentences. One sentence will have two answers. anti- emit plant respiratory atomic endanger pro- surroundings contaminate if not resources toxic 1. Industriel plants expel waste into it. ‘the water when they 2. Some old automobiles ___—_—_—s excessive fumes from their exhaust system. 3. The lungs are part of the system. 4. ‘Trees and petroleum are examples of natural __ 8Nuclear energy is the same as _ energy. Another word for factory is A(n) _ . aircraft weapon is designed to destroy aircraft. 8. You'd better finish your assignment today; ___+ the supervisor will be angry. 9. Poisonous gases are called gases 10. Everything around us is our _) or environment. 11. Driving carelessly will eee your life. 12. I£ you support military spending, then you are He military. qf Vocabutary HOW'S THE NEW PROJECT GOING?Bud: Joo: Bud: Joe: Bud: Joe: Bud: Joe: Bud: Joe: Wi, Joe. T heard you just got a new job with a construction company. Yes, but it's only a temporary job. It's for only one year. If the boss likes my work, it might turn into a permanent job. I've seen a lot of construction sites downtown. There are a lot of new places that are being built. Is that where you work? Yes, we're working on a new project. It's a children's hospital. Right now my job is to make sure the different ‘teams of workers do the work in the same manner or in the same way and at the correct time. In other words, Supervise the men and coordinate the work. How many people are involved in the project? It involv s about eighty-five workers. How long will it take to complete the project? Well, with all the new adva: should be able to finish bef in modern Are you on your way to work now? Yes, and I'd better get going. I don't want to be late. JOE'S ‘TEMPORARY JOB Now answer some questions about the dialog. Answer the questions in complete sentences. EXAMPLE: Where does Joe work? He works for a construction company. 10y Vocabulary LESLIE'S SPEEDCYCLE Leslie is a scientist, and she has invented a new means of transportation. It's called the Speedcycle. It works similarly to a motorcycle, but it can also move sideways. Moreover, it can go faster than any other motorcycle made. It will be equipped with special seat belts for high-speed riding. She has also designed a new type of exhaust emission system for the Speedcycle. Instead of emitting exhaust fumes into the air, the fumes are recycled* into the engine to produce even more energy. The Kaspar Company will begin to manufacture these Speedcycles next month. They will also make special helmets for people to wear while riding. Many states will require riders to wear these helmets because of the danger of accidents and falls. Thus, it will be compulsory, not optional, to wear the helmet Leslie's new invention shows us the power of modern technology.while riding the cycle. ¥recycled = used again qaIS IT TRUE THAT LESLIE INVENTED SOMETHING? Write T if the sentence is true, and write F if the sentence is false. 1. Leslie's new invention is called the Sidecycle. 2. ‘The new invention works similarly to a race car. 3. ‘The new invention has special seat belts. 4. A special feature of the invention is that it can move up and down. 5. She has designed a new kind of exhaust emission system. 6. ‘The Kaspar Company will sell the invention next month. 7. The Kaspar Company will manufacture special helmets. 8. It'll be compulsory to wear a helmet while riding the Speedcycie. A BETTER WORLD THROUGH MODERN TECHNOLOGY Use the correct word in the box below to complete the sentences. advances invented optional site compulsory involve permanent technology coordinate manufacture project temporary emission moreover similarly There have been many made in the medical field. 2. On Saturday, we'll visit The Alamo, an historical in Texas. The doctor said my condition is only se should feel better in a few days. Her clothes well today. The colors match nicely. 1210. ie 12. 13. 14. 15. In the military, you must wake up early every morning. _» you must have a lot of physical training. Don't start on a new _ until you finish the old one. Space travel is one example of modern _ . We're going to change the work schedules of the people who work here. How many people will that 2 When the new building is finished, it will be our __ headquarters. We'll stay in our temporary Toeation until then. An adding machine solves very simple math problems. A calculator works , but it's faster and can also do more complex probiems. Since 1968, cars have been equipped with an exhaust _ system to help reduce air pollution. According to military regulations, it's oe that we wear our hats outside. Next year, that company will begin to a new kind of electric car. Alexander Graham Bell _ the telephone in 1876. tp some countries, military service is not compulsory. It's 13COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Certain coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that function the Same way within a sentence. When| coordinating conjunction connects these seme structures, it is called parallel structure The most common conjunctions used in parallel structure ere and, or, but, and not. “he conjunction and is the most common of the conjunctions. It is used to indicate addition. Or is used to indicate a choice of two items ‘or an alternative. But shows a contrast between two items. Not shows an acceptance of one and a rejection O£ another. it is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by commas. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS Read the following sentences. They contain coordinating conjunctions connecting nouns and pronouns. 1. Bob and Mike are studying to be dentists. 2. ‘They like to eat pie and coffee for dessert. 3. My father or I will take you to the airport tomorrow. 4, Would you 1ike tea or o fee 5. He wants to take me, not you, to the game. 6. The dog, not the cat, eats the most. 14VERBS The following sentences contain coordinating conjunctions connecting verbs. 1. The children eat and play all day. + You may bor ow my car or take the bus. 3. The team tried to score a goal but failed. 4. You must walk, not run, down the stairs. ADJECTIVES These sentences contain coordinating conjunctions connecting adjectives. 1. The test was long and difficult 2. She always wears brown or white shoes. 3. Our new car is smaii but powerful. 4. He seems tired, not sick. ADVERBS. The following sentences contain coordinating conjunctions connecting adverbs. John works carefully and quietly. 2. Betty always arrives too late or too early. 3. He drives fast but carefully. 4. Please walk a little s! ower, not faster. 15CLAUSES The coordinating conjunctions and, or, and but may also be used to connect two independent clauses. A comma is usually placed before the conjunction to separate the two clauses. We went to eat after class, and then later in the evening we went to a movie. You have to finish your dinner, or you can't have dessert. He can speak English very well, but he's afraid to speak in front of people. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION AND Combine the two sentences into one sentence which contains parallel structure. Use and to connect nouns and pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Then tell what elements are contained in the parallel structure. EXAMPLES: David got in the car. He drove to the bank. David got in the car and drove to the bank. (verbs) The flowers looked fresh. They looked pretty. The flowers looked fresh and pretty. (adjectives) The day was hot. The day was tiring. Jim went to the doctor. He got a shot. A medical chart tells the patient's name. It tells the illness. Sgt Smith spoke to the soldiers. Then he dismissed them. A good driver drives slowly. A good driver drives carefully. She became worried before the test. She became nervous before the test.Bill will leave for the mountains tonight. I will leave for the mountains, too. a on finished Uhe job quickly. They finished it well. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION OR combine the two sentences into one sentence which contains parallel striccare. Use or to connect nouns and pronouns, verbs, hdjectives, and adverbs. Then tell what elements are contained in the parallel structure. HxAMP LT re ed? Is your car blue? Is your car red or blue? (adjectives) watch IV. She can read a book. watch TV or read a book. (verbs) ines hot tea with her meals. drinks iced tea with stay if you like, Leave if you like. When you finish, give the test to Mr. Kramer. When you finish, give the test to Ms. Arnold. 4, After working ali day, John is never tired. He's never sleepy. 5. The meat is always cooked too much. It's always cooked too little. 6. When you complete your homework, you may watch TV. When you complete your homework, you may go to the mall. 7. 1 don't know if I want to study math in college. I don't know if I want to study science. 8. You can drive fast if you want. You can drive slow. 17cooRD ANALY MTOR BUT Combine the twa sentences inte one sastence whieh contain alte ructare, Use but ba conseck y , adjectives coho. Then tel what elensnts ntained in the pay RXAMPL My cay igs new. Il's unreliable My car is new but unreliable. (adjec ives) He doesn't cook. us we * He doesn't coc) the dishes. dish joe thought the movie wk good, He thought it was nda drove fast on the highway. She drove carefully jo studied for the test. He failed it. 4, She understands English. She can't speak it. }. You must answer the questions quickly. You must ar: carefully. &. That house is old. It's heavtiful. COORDINATING CONTUNCTION NOY Combine the two sentences into one sentence which contains parallel structure. Use not to connect nouns and pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. ‘Then tell what elements are contained in the parallel structure. EXAMPLES: Companies want to make money. They don't want to lose money. Companies want to make money, not lose money. (verbs) That assignment is optional. It's not compulsory. That assignment is optional, not compulsory. (adjectives) 181. Met building is made of concrete and steel. It's not made of wood. 2. His hat is black. 1t isn't brown. 3. Rubber's natural. It isn’t man-made. 7 like strawberries. 1 don't 1ike cherries. 5. If you freeze water, it'11 solidify. rt won't vaporize. 6. Bat your food more slowly. Don't eat it faster. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Gombine the two sentences into one sentence which contains two ‘ndependent clauses. Use and, or, but as your conjunction. EXAMPLES: The sky was clear. The sun was shining. the sky was Clear, and the sun was shining. You'd better be good. you'11 get into trouble. You'd better be good, or you'li get into trouble. i'm bungry. I can't eat right now. i'm hungry, but I can't eat right now. Cen you wait until tonight? Do you need an answer now? Jim takes a shower every morning. Then he eats breakfast. 3. Yesterday the weather was cool. today it's warm. 4. Stay at home and watch TV. Come with us. 5. He didn't study much. He passed the test, 6. Some factories emit a lot of smoke. they pollute the air, 190 Grammar CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS The following conjunctions are called correlative conjunctions: both...and not only..-but also either...or neither...nor Both...and shows the addition of two or more items or persons. {It is stronger than and. Not only...but also is similar to both. and. Tt includes two or more items or persons. Either...or indicates a choice between two items or persons. Neither...nor is the negative of either...or. Tt is never used with a negative verb. Se ee eee eee eee eee eet The items thet are joined by correlative conjunctions must be parallel, the same kinds of words or phrases. Notice in the examples below that each item in each part of the paired conjunction is the same grammatical structure. 1. Both George and his brother can play the (noun) (noun) piano. Her husband not only cooks but also cleans (verb) (verb) the kitchen, Either corn or wheat can be planted here. (noun) (noun) 4, Betty is neither kind nor helpful. (adj) (adj) cess 20Read these sentences. They contain the correlative conjunctions poth...and/not only...but also. Notice that the elements joined by the conjunction are thé same grammatical structure. They are parallel structures. 1, Starting a new business takes both time and money. 2. Both Stacey and Valerie play tennis very well. 3. Air pollution both contaminates and endangers our environment. 4, During a storm, you must drive both slowly and carefully. My science teacher is both experienced and qualified. 6. English is not only difficult to pronounce but also @ifficult to spell. 7. Not only Sgt Lee but also Sgt Chan got promotions last week. 8. Los Angeles is not only large but also beautiful. 9. Ed works not only quickly but also efficiently. 10. After work, Bob not only goes to the gym but also jogs about two miles. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION BOTH. ..AND Conbine the sentences with the correlative conjunction both...and. Be sure that the items you join with the conjunction are parallel. EXAMPLES: Bill graduated from the academy yesterday. Frank also graduated yesterday. Both Bill and Frank graduated from the academy yesterday. Mrs. Martin is tired. She's also sleepy. Mrs. Martin is both tired and sleepy. Buying a small car saves money on gasoline. It also saves money on repairs. 2. The builders used steel in that building. They also used concrete. 213. While I was on vacation, I toured France. I also toured England. 4, Mrs. Sanders is intelligent. She is also beautiful. 5. The restaurant was very crowded. It was also very noisy. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION NC Combine the sentences with the correlative conjunction not only...but also. Be sure that the items you join with the conjunction are parallel. EXAMPLES: ‘The assignment is easy. [t's also fun. The assignment is not only easy but also fun. He teaches at the school. He also coaches there. He not only teaches but also coaches at the school. 1. His brother sings. He also dances well. 2. He lost his wallet. He also lost his car keys. 3. His wife works all day. She also cooks dinner every night. 4. ‘hey speak Spanish. They also speak Italian. 5. Jim is rich. He's also handsome. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION EL! Read these sentences. They contain the correlative conjunction either...or. Notice that the elements joined by the conjunction are the same grammatical structure. They are parallel structures. 1. You may speak to either Dr. Smith or Dx. Johnston about the patient. 2. Either you finish your homework or you don't watch TV tonight. 22We can either go walking or play tennis. Toon never understand Capt Rios because she speaks either too quickly or too softly. You have to either wash the dishes or clean the floor. Bither Major Front or Major Witson will talk to us today. We ean go downtown either tonight or tomorrow afternoon. Mary is going to get married either in July or in august. Combine the sentences with the correlative conjunction Be sure that the items you join with the conjunction EXAMPLE: We'li go to San Antonio. We'l1 go to Los Angeles. a We'11 go to either San Antonio of hos Angeles. wy, grother will take me to the mall. My fathor wild take me. Ruther my brother or my father will take mo to the mai. Mrs. Crane might be in the library. she might be in the Jab. Yoe's new job could be temporary. xt could be permanent. giudents can study at a 2-year college. They can study at a 4-year university instead. TF want to buy a blue car, 1 want to buy a red car. Te You want to study kngiish quickiy? Do you want: to study it slowly?CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION NEITHER. . NOR Read these sentences. They contain the correlative conjunction neither...nor. Notice that the elements joined by the conjunction are the same grammatical structure. They are parallel structures. Also notice that a negative verb is not used with neither. ..-nor. 1. Neither the teacher nor the students heard the bell ring. 2. I like living in San Diego because the weather is neither’ hot nor humid. 3. The little boy will neither talk to nor smile at strangers. 4. Capt Jenkins has neither called nor written to his family since he arrived here. I had difficulty living in Tunisia because I spoke neither Arabic nor French. 6. Lt Reyes is studying Book 1 because he can neither read nor understand English. 7. Mx. March has neither time nor money to travel to Europe this summer. 8. By lunch time I was neither hungry nor thirsty. Combine the sentences with the correlative conjunction neither...nor. Be sure that the items you join with the conjunction are parallel. Remember that the verb is never negative when neither...nor is used. EXAMPLE: John doesn't drink coffee. He doesn't drink tea. John drinks neither coffee nor tea. The results weren't good. They weren't bad either. The results were neither good nor bad. 1. Our new factory doesn't pollute the air. It doesn't contaminate our water either. 2. Susan doesn't mind opening the window. Danny doesn't mind either. 24 | v3. The previous owner hadn't painted the house. He hadn't cleaned it either. 4. Today's meeting isn't compuisory. It's not important. 5. They don't have a stove in their apartment. They don't have a refrigerator either. Writing Ski D> TAKING NOTES He realized that if he manufactured enough of these engines at a reasonable cost, he would have a good business. Dan didn't realize, however, just how complicated it was to reetee2 Manufacturing business. ‘First of all ne nee to find a factory site in an industrial area which hed parking space toons pie: |, TR addition, he had to go to two banks eng apply for 2oans to get his business started; moreover, he had to make some pales before the banks would lend him any money. And above all, he had to find and hire skil1ed people tS more for him. 25NOTES WE HAVE A CHOICE OF ACTIONS! : NO There is a factory in the city whose machines make so much noise that people who live nearby are unable to sleep at night A group of city officials is discussing the problem and offering different solutions to the problem. 26om: We need to have more laws to control industrial noise pollution. Sam: Have you ever thought of increasing the fines for breaking the laws? Pot: We could do that, but don't you think it might also be good fo involve the owners in solving these problenss Tom: I agree. How about asking them to invent some new methods to control the noise? Sam: Good. We need to work together on this. We need them to coordinate their plans with us. Tom: That's true, but don't you think we need to do something now instead of waiting for them to do something? Patt We could either restrict the use of the machines to daytime or require them to reduce the noise level. Sam: That sounds good. 1'd rather correct the problem now, temporarily, than wait until a permanent solotion is found. SUGGEST OR OFFER A CHOICE. pet one ettet 2 Choice, you talk about possible actions or Sctions in addition to other actions. You can elas suggest, add, You con meg t¥2 OF More actions. ‘These are some words weg phrases you can use, as well as either...or in addition to instead of neither...nor or than would rather...or -er of adjectives st Of adjectives Read the example sentence first. Then complete the next sentence in @ similar manner. You can talk about anything you want. Be Sure your sentence shows or implies a choles of Steen or actions, EXAMPLE: s instead of Have you ever thought of __ __. instead of 21. Don't you think it might be a better idea to go by bus? Don't you think it might ie 2. You could always rent_a car as well as buy one. You could always ____ as wel1 as - Either Friday or Saturday is a good day for a party. Either or 4. Would you rather have an apple or an orange? Would you rather or 5. Neither going to the movies nor watching TV sounds like fun. How about going to a ball game? Neither nor . How about 2 LET'S TALK ABOUT MORE CHOICES! Use the cues below and give choices and alternatives. Ask @ question or make a statement. Try to use some of the phrases below. EXAMPLE: raincoat umbrella You could always teke a raincoat or an umbrella. Have you ever thought of.. Do you think...? Don't you think it might...? Would you rather...? You could always. Either. ..or Neither...nor...- That's true, but... 2 1. a heavy coat a wool sweater follow the regulations endanger the population 28contaminate the air pollute the water eat here go to another restaurant have a temporary job have no job at all live in an industrial area live in the country WE HAVE A CHOICE! 29Read a situation. Then take part in a discussion about it. Be sure to discuss possible choices by using the words and phrases in the previous exercises. You may agree or disagree during your discussions. EXAMPLE: planning a vacation S1: Do you beach? nk we should go to the mountains or the $2: I think we would have more fun at the beach than at the mountains. $3: Well, have you ever thought of going someplace else like New York or Los Angeles? Think of all the different things you can do or see there. $4: That's true, but I'd rather do something really unusual, either take a boat ride down the river or visit a foreign country. $1: Perhaps we should think these things over. We have to consider the cost as well as the fun. 1. You and your friends are planning a vacation. Give your ideas and discuss possible choices. Consider these things when planning the vacation: where you can go transportation to get there transportation while you are there possible activities during vacation special equipment or clothing needed You are a member of a group planning the construction of a new dormitory at a training school. wo sites are available. The site which is near the school is small. ‘the one away from the school is large. You are trying to build the best and most convenient structure for the least amount of money. Consider these things in discussing your plans: location of dormitory building type and design of building items or features to be included in the dormitory types of materials that can be used in construction cost of the building 30You are a member of a group that is interested in protecting the environment. Your job is to develop a list of regulations or suggestions that will prevent the pollution of the environment. Identify the problems in different areas and suggest possible solutions. Consider the following kinds and sources of pollution: Sources of pollution air pollution industrial waste water pollution residential* waste noise pollution automobile emission 4. You are a momber of a disaster preparedness group. Discuss actions that can be taken before, during, or after a Gisaster to prevent serious injury or damage. Identify the disaster and then discuss possible actions. Consider these possible disasters and action: Disasters Possible ac hurricane provide housing, food, ‘tornado medical supplies nuclear explosion evacuate the population chemical explosion maintain communications Passenger train wreck request help from the military or other sources provide barricades for water identify different routes out of the area 5. You are a member of a flood control group. Discuss étfferent things that can be done to prevent flooding. Consider these items and possible preventive actionss Flooding Possible actions roads and highways identify low water areas bridges control construction in flood rivers and lakes areas redirect the drainage of water provide warnings *residential = consisting of private homes, not factories or offices 31Speaking skins [> YES/NO OR-QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES When we speak, our voices go up and down. In English, we use three basic levels for our voices when we speak. All sentences, whether they are statements or questions, begin at Level 2. This is our normal level for speaking. From this level, our voices can go up or down. We can go up to Level 3 or down to Level 1. The rising and falling of our voices when we speak is called intonation. Look at the sentence below and the intonation pattern, It is a yes/no or-question. Notice that the first part of the sentence begins at Level 2 and then has rising intonation to Level 3; the second part of the sentence that begins with or also starts at Level 2, rises to Level 3, and then falls to Level 1. This falling intonation at the end gives a special meaning to a yes/no question. This low note means that you have a choice between two items. The answer to the question will be a statement with the usual falling intonation pattern. Listen to your instructor ask the question and give the response. Do you want tea or coffee? 1'11 take tea. 2 33 2 304 2 3.1L Do you want /téa f or /cof\fee? \ I'll take /te\a. \ / VON ON Listen to your instructor and repeat these yes/no or-questions and responses. ‘The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the falling intonation that is used in both the question and answer. a. 2 33 aHeeaHea: Are you going to work /now for /la\ter? \ / AN. 3.1 _leaving /no\w. \ \ X 322. 2 3.3 EH Hse a Would you like /soup # or /3al\ad? \, / — 2 3.1 I'd like /s0\up. \ NN 3. 2 3.3 2 31 Is this desk /yours f or /Jo\e's? \ VN 2 31 It's /mi\ne. \ NUN 4.2 33 aes ues Do you usually /walk 4 or _/dri\ve? \ / A 2 1 Tusually /dri\ve. \ \ 5. 2 3 Will we and in /P; 2 341 In_/Ro\me. \ \~ \ QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES Now read these yes/no or-questions and responses. The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the falling intonation that *s used in both the question and answer, 1. 2 33 2 Poes she /Jog for /si f — \ 2 3.01 She usually /swi\ms. \, Vy 332 33 2 at Ts Dan involved in /music A or /spo\rts? \ / \_ 2 Sa ‘ He's involved in /spo\rts. \ VN 3. 2 3. a ea es! Did you go to Cali /forn: ox_/Tex\as? \ \N 2 \ \ 4 2 3 4 or_/per\manent? \ pee 2 34 It's /per\manent. \ 2 3.1 or_/man\datory? \ \ EEE QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES Now with your instructor, ask and respond to these yes/no or- questions. Be sure to use correct falling intonation in your question and response. 1. A: Was the BX open or closed? B: It was closed. 2. A: Was it optional or compulsory? B: It was optional. 3. A: Is your car blue or black? B: It's a dark blue.4. A: Did they order chicken or fish? B: They ordered fish. 5. A: Is it on the sofa or under it? B: It's under the sofa. 6. A: W411 the weather be rainy or nice? Br It'll be nice. 7. A: Should we eat at your place or mine? B: Let's eat at mine. A: Did it happen in Zaire or Chad? B: Tt happened in Zaire. © Grammar ADVERB CLAUSE OF PLACE The conjunctions where and wherever are commonly used to introduce an adverb clause of place. The clause will answer the question where? Other conjunctions used are anywhere and everywhere, with or without that following it. Clauses beginning with wherever or everywhere can come either before or after the main clause. Examples: Apples don't grow where the weather is hot. The weather was cool wherever we traveled. Wherever we traveled, the weather was cool. You may sit anywhere (that) you like. We could see flowers everywhere (that) we looked. Everywhere (that) we looked, we could see flowers. 35HE SAW SPIDERS WHEREVER HE LOOKED. Read these sentences. They contain adverb clauses of place. 1. Ken lives where his uncle used to live. 2. We'll give examples wherever it's necessary. 3. Everywhere (that) we went, the people looked at us. 4. You may sit anywhere (that) you like. 5. People recognized him wherever he went. 6. We can't walk where the ice is thin. 7. \et's take her anywhere she wants to go. 8. Wherever it was possible, they sat on the grass. COMPLETION Complete each of the following sentences with an adverb clause of place. Use the conjunction in parentheses. Do not use that with anywhere and everywhere. EXAMPLE: I could see the desert (everywhere ) I could see the desert éverywhere I looked. 1. For our vacation this year, we'll go __- (anywhere) 2. Put the bag of potatoes _ (wherever) 3. People have been friendly - (everywhere) 4. That's my little brother. He follows me (wherever) 5. Fred now lives . (where) 6. You can park your car + (anywhere) 7 (wherever), we saw flying insects. 368. The stores were crowded + (everywhere) 9. Oranges usually grow (where) Reading skui[> TIMED READING rarst Preview the text before reading it. Then xead the following paragraphs silently for understanding as quickly as you fn tne OOK at the chalkboard to get your time ond wires your time in the appropriate box below. ‘then answer the questions after the reading. Begin when your instructor tolvs you to. TIME SCORE WoRDS-PER-minurE | SURGERY furgery is a branch of medicine which treats diseases, injuries, and birth defects through medic operations. There are several different types of surgery. For example, the treatment and repair of wounds prten xequires surgery after a Person has been shot with a gun or hurt inf one accident. Gig Zomoval of organs or parts of organs, such as the appendix or a lung, is another kind of surgery, phere is also reconstructive surgery, sometimes called plastic surgery, in which part of the body is rebuilt. For doctor man poy eerson's face has been badly barnca or injured, a doctor may have to reconstruct a nose, mouth, or Lips using Skin from another part of that patient's body. fet another type of surgery is replacement surgery. This is eer e. diseased or damaged part is replaced by an artificial device, such as a plastic heart valve: Sometimes organs can be Sore ger ansPlanted) surgically from one pescon to another. furgeons can transplant parts of eyes: Ting Ss, and even hearts from one person to another, thanks ta advances in surgical 37There have been advances in other fields, however, besides surgical techniques which have contributed to the success of modern surgery. X-rays have enabled the surgeon to know the exact location and extent of the problem area. Blood ‘transfusions have been made safer; refrigerated blood is available for patients who lose blood during surgery. Cleaner methods of surgery, the discovery of drugs like penicillin, and improvements in anesthesia, have also been important factors in successful surgery which is performed today. The first steps in the development of surgery started around 4500 years ago in the Middle East. Early documents from this time describe the different kinds of surgery performed on people. In each case, the doctor examined the patient, identified tho problem, and’ then recommended treatment. In India, surgery was a highly developed profession by about 600 B.C. A medical book written at that time mentions about one hundred different kinds of medical instruments used during operations; it also mentions that drugs were used to reduce pain during surgery. In addition, there is a description of a patient whose destroyed nose was replaced by transplanting skin from parts of his body. Finally, several medical documents from Greece written about 500 B.C. have been collected. These medical documents describe the surgical procedures used in treating head injuries, broken noses, and wounds. Select the best answer according to the text above. . Surgery is a branch of 7 a. chemistry b. medicine c. history 2. ‘The first steps in the development of surgery began in a. India b. Greece c. the Middie East 38Surgery in which part of the body is rebuilt is called a. plastic surgery b. transplant surgery ©. eye surgery Transplanting an organ such as a heart from one person to another is called : a. reconstructive surgery b. plastic surgery c. replacement surgery Surgery was a highly developed profession in India by about a. 600 B.c. b. 100 B.C. c. 6000 B.c. The text is about _ a. diseases b. surgery c. doctors People began to perform surgery a. only in the last hundred years b. more than four thousand years ago ©. since the discovery of drugs Because of the improvements in surgery, people . a. are living longer b. don't nave problems during surgery ¢. don't have to take anesthetics Modern surgery has been successful due to : a. younger, progressive doctors b. more doctors in the field ©. advances in other fields 3910. the writer of the text suggests that surgery ____- a. has been beneficial to people b. is a modern field of medicine c. is a popular field of medicine Listening sxinf> LISTEN TO A LECTURE Listen to a short lecture given by your instructor. After the lecture is completed, be prepared to give an oral summary of it. The entire class will take turns in giving parts of the summary. After the summary is completed, try to remember as many details of the lecture as possible. THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER Class oral summary: Details of lecture: Writing skin > OUTLINE YOUR PARAGRAPH BEFORE YOU WRITE IT. Choose a topic below that you would like to write a paragraph on. After selecting your topic, write a sentence about it. This sentence will be the topic sentence of your paragraph; it will be the first sentence of it. The topic sentence will toll tho xeader what the paragraph is about. ‘Then complete your outline or notes by writing a short list of items, or details, in words and phrases that support or relate to your paragraph's topic sentence. Each of these details will be included in your paragraph. After writing your notes or outline, let your instructor check your work. Your assignment for homework is to write the complete paragraph. Your paragraph should contain between 20-60 words. You may write more if you like. 40BXAMPLE: Topic of paragraph: Your favorite season Outline: Summer is my favorite season. (topic sentence) (Details) warm and hot beach and swimming long days Summer is my favorite season. First of ali, the days are warm and hot, I like the hot weather. Also, in summer ican go to the beach and swim in the ocean. Finally, in the summer time the days are long, and t can enjoy it more. pest se that in the paragraph above the details in tho sontences are introduced by connectives (transitions) such as fst oe all, also, and finally. Using transitions like these will help you write better paragraphs. Row Select your topic and complete your outline or notes so you fen write your own paragraph. Write your paragraph in the homework section for Lesson 1. TOPICS FOR YOUR PARAGRAPH 1. A place you have visited 2. what you plan to be doing in five years 3. Improvements which should be made in your hometown OUTLINE OR NOTES FOR PARAGRAPH 4142eb Enrichment TROUBLESOME ENGLISH Good/We11 Good is used as an adjective. It is placed before a noun or after a linking verb. We saw a good movie last night. We all had a good time. The admission price was good. The popcorn tasted good. Well is used as either an adjective or an adverb. As an adjective, well has several meanings. “To be in good health" and nee ee Satisfactory" are two of the most common meanings. A lace common meaning is "to look well-dressed". My father felt well after his operation. All is well at my home Barbara looks well in her new spring clothe: AS an adverb, well m leans “done or performed capably"; it answers the question’ in what way? Although he hasn't studied much, he speaks English well. Susan got a promotion because she does her job well, 43IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS CRY OVER SPILLED MILK Meaning “cry over spilled mi1k" means to complain or be upset and worried about something that has happened. Example Sentences 1. You made a bad mistake, but there's nothing you can do about it. Don't cry over spilled milk. 2. There's no use crying over spilled milk. What's done is done, and you can't change it. 3. I know you had an accident with the car, but crying over spilled milk won't fix it, Take it to the mechanic.BOOK 25 LESSON 2 FUNCTION. - Giving Additional Information RAMMAR————— oo Adverbial Connectives of Addition Adverbs of Time Yes/No Or-Questions and Responses Supply the Supporting Details. Read the Notes and Select Answers Circle the Connectives Indicating Addition. -VOCABULARY- Verbs Other Nouns abandon aboard antenna seaport capture equally bow sonar deal/dealt/ underwater cargo starboard dealt with clearance stern displace crew structure launch fleet submarine sail hull torpedo submerge navigator transmitter port vessel radar warfare range warship rocket wave Expressions Prefixes Suffixes on board 45CONTENTS OF BOOK 25 LESSON 2 VOCABULARY: ships and submarines VOCABULARY: The fleet sails. READING SKILL: /h/ or silent h WRITING SKILL: label diagram GRAMMAR: review of already/yet anymore/still GRAMMAR: adverbial connectives of addition READING SKILLS: circle connectives indicating additional information and underline additional information FUNCTION: asking for and giving additional information SPEAKING SKILLS: yes/no or- questions and responses LISTENING SKILL: main idea and supporting details READING SKILL: select information from notes WRITING SKILL: take notes from written text ENRICHMENT 46 ST Page 47 52 55 56 87 61 64 65 69 72 73 75 76¥ Vocabulary ‘THE SUBMARINE, Read the paragraph silently. Then answer the true or false questions. The "Turtle" was the first submarine used in naval warfare. in 1776, it was used by the Americans against a British ship during the American Revolutionary War. When submerged, the one~ man vessel was powered by propellers which were turned by the operator. The plan was for the "Turtle" to make an underwater approach to the British warship, HMS Eagle, which was in the port of New York. The operator was supposed to attach an explosive charge to the hull of the warship and leave before the charge exploded. This was an early version of a torpedo. However, thg operator could not force the screw through the warship's copper covered hull. After several attempts, he finally aban the mission, Releasing the charge, he left the area and made it back to safety without being captured by the British. Read the sentences and mark T for true and F for false. 1. The Turtie's explosive charge was like a torpedo. 2. The Turtle was the first underwater ship used in naval warfare. 3. Both ships were out at sea. ar4, HMS Eagle was a vessel that could go underwater. 5. The British caught the Turtle's operator and took him on their warship. 6. ‘The body of the warship HMS Eagle was covered with copper. 7. ‘The Turtle made a surface approach to HMS Eagle. 8. The Turtle's operator left the area without completing his mission. 9. While underwater the Turtle was powered by a battery. 10. HMS Eagle was a passenger ship. NUCLEAR POWERED SUBMARINES Nautilus 1954 Read the paragraphs silently, then answer the teacher's questions. Try to use the underlined words in your answer. USS Nautilus, the first nuclear powered submarine, was leunched in 1954. It was 320 feet long, displaced 3,530 tons of water, and had six forward torpedo tubes. Its top speed was twenty knots (nautical miles per hour) both on the surface and submerged. This speed could be maintained almost indefinitely, and its water range could be measured in years rather than miles. 483.500 ton USS SKIPIACK (1959) frst submarine to combine nuclear Dropuision with teatcrop hull design Using conventional hull designs, seven more nuclear submarines were built. The Navy then began to use the advanced "tear drop" hull design combined with nuclear propulsion. In the latest submarines, the detection equipment is placed on board the ship in the bow. This position, in the front of the submarine, places the sonar as far away as possible from the ship's machine and propeller noise. This minimizes interference in the detection and identification of underwater contacts. 49Radar and sonar are two of a submarine's main sensors*. Radar, which stands for "radio detection and ranging," was initially used to detect aircraft. Now it is mainly used by the navigator to guide the ship in coastal waters. ‘The antenna is attached to the sail structure which is above the submarine's hull. When submerged, the antenna is pulled back into the structure. Sonar is a device where sound waves are used to detect objects. ‘The word "sonar" stands for “sound detection and ranging." Sound waves are sent out through the water. When they strike an object, they create a sound. Special equipment can detect this sound and determine both the size and location of the object. Once submerged, two-way communication between submarines is difficult because radio waves cannot be produced underwater. Therefore, the submarine's transmitter cannot send messages. However, by trailing a wire antenna the submarine can receive radio transmissions. ‘a device which receives or responds to a signal MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. 1. is used by the police to measure a vehicle's speed. a. Antenna b. Sonar c. Radar 2. A sailor was sent to the of the ship to look out for large rocks in the shallow water. a. bow b. hull c. range 3. A major development in submarines was the addition of advanced underwater listening equipment, or : a. transmitter b. waves c. sonar 5010. Years ago a _used the sun and stars to determine the ship's position. a. crew b. navigator c. detector Without the _ you cannot receive radio transmissions. a. antenna b. sonar c. structure A person who is forced to move from his home is a/an __ person. a. endangered b. displaced c. temporary The hit the fuel storage area and caused an explosion. a. structure b. rocket c. navigator The soldiers an attack on the city during the night. a. launched b. ranged c. exploded ‘They could not contact their base because the ____ was out. a. radar b. wave c. transmitter The new bank building is the tallest _ in the city. a. site b. structure c. range11. Walt fired several shots to establish a . a. clearance b. gain c. range 12, The radio were not strong enough to be picked up by the unit's recéiver. a. waves b. ranges c. sites ¥ Vocabulary THE FLEET SAILS. Read the paragraphs silently. Then answer the instructor's questions. Try to use the underlined words in your answer. Frequently when a ship leaves a seaport, it usually sails for a period of three to six months. When a fleet is at sea for an extended period of time, it is necessary to resupply the ships while they are still a long way from bases of support. Special supply ships transfer food, fuel, supplies, ammunition, and general cargo to the vessels at sea. The Clearance between ships during the transfer depends on the type of ship being serviced and the equipment being used. For example, an aircraft carrier needs to maintain a distance of 100 to 140 feet. 52Transferring crew members requires special procedures. Safety is a primary consideration. When possible, a lifeguard ship or helicopter should be stationed off the stern, or rear, of the ship. I£ they are not available, each ship maintains a rescue crew to deal with any emergency or rescue operation. Lifeboats are stored on both the port (left) and starboard (right) sides of the ship. Both ships are equally responsible for the personnel aboard them. STAND BY FOR VISITORS Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. ‘Then read the dialog. equally seaport crew clearance deal with fleet stern starboard aboard sailed port cargo Lt Allens: Hello, Senator Lopez. I'm Bob Allen. Welcome + I'll be showing you around. Sen Lopez: Thanks, Lieutenant. I'm Joe Lopez. Nice to mect you. Lt Allens: Is this your first time on a carrier, sir? Sen Lopez: No. 1 on the USS Enterprise one time with my father when I was 15. Lt Allens: Oh, your father was in the Navy? Sen Lopez: Yes, he served 27 years. when the was coming back from the Mediterranean, they let Some of the sons make the last leg* of the trip. Et Allens: Well, this will be a different trip for you as part of the Congressional committee. Sen Lopez: I'm sure. But I'm as excited as I was on that first trip when I wad a young boy. *leg = a portion 53Lt Allens: Sen Lopez: Lt Allens: Sen Lopez: Sen Lopez: Lt Allens: Sen Lopez: bt Allens: Sen Lopez: Lt Alten: Sen Lope: Lt Allens: *xbunk = a =wardroom Good. Let me show you to your bunk**. Then we'll take a tour of the ship, and I'11 introduce you to some of the others. Okay. ‘That sounds good. Watch your head as we go through here. ‘There's not much | . 1 see what you mean. Glad I'm not a basketball player! what's that back there? oh, that's all the they loaded earlier today. They're moving it off the to the storage area. And what's going on over there? That's the lifeboat _ going through a drill. Do they practice often? They sure do. ‘They have to be ready at a moment's notice to __ # ___ ali sorts of emergency situations. There are boats stored on both the and sides for amargency rescue Well, it's good to know they're so well prepared. Yes, you never know what's going to happen when you're at sea. bed on a ship = area on the ship where the officers eat and relax saSen Lopez: How long before you'll see the next 2 Lt Allens: We'll be in Pearl Harbor in three days. Well, here's the wardroom*. Let's go in, It's about time to eat. Sen Lopez: Okay. ‘Thanks for showing me around. Lt Allens: My pleasure, sir. Reading Skill > HOUR... HAND Listen to your instructor pronounce words that begin with the letter h. Circle "yes" if you hear the h sound; circle "no" if the h is silent. EXAMPLE: high yes no 1. hand yes no 2. help yes no 3. honest yes no 4. hit yes no hoa yes no 6. honor yes no 7. home yes no 8. hour yes no 9. hire yes no 10. hope yes no 55Writing sxin[> LABEL THE PARTS.oO Grammar ADVERBS OF TIME Yet, already, still, and anymore are adverbs of time. They have different meanings and are used in different types of sentences. 2 Yet shows that we expect some action to take place in he future. It is used in yes/no questions and negative statements at the end of the sentence. Have you finished yet? : No, I haven't received the letter yet. Already shows that an expected activity has — : fappened. It is used in questions and affirmative statements, usually in the middle of the sentence. Dinner has already been served. Have you already mailed the package? Still shows that a situation continues to exist from the past to the present. it is used in questions and Statements in the middle of the sentence. “poes he still live in Los Angeles? Yes, he still lives there. We've called three times. He still isn't home. still can also carry a negative meaning. it implies {hat someone is spending too much time doing something. He still hasn't finished what he was told to do. 57Anymore shows that a past situation is over and doesn't continue to exist. It is used in yes/no questions and negative statements at the end of the sentence. It is frequently used with still to show a contrast. I don't go to the gym anymore, but I still exercise every day. Do you speak Italian anymore? Complete the sentences with yet, already, still, or anymore. 1 It's seven o'clock. The meeting started at six o'clock. The meeting has _ started. We used to live in Chicago, but we've moved somewhere else. We don't live in Chicago I started cleaning up the backyard two hours ago, and I haven't finished. I haven't finished cleaning up the yard 58 bJohn spoke Spanish as a second language very well. Now he doesn't speak Spanish at all. He doesn't speak Spanish . We went to the train station but missed our tre ne The gentleman selling tickets told us that the train had We bought our truck five years ago, and we plan to keep it another year. own our truck. I know that Bob was looking for a motorcycle. Has he found one 2 The sonar detected something beneath us an hour ago. We can __ see it on the screen. It hasn't moved. YET, ALREADY, STILL, ANYMORE Ask the question and then answer it using the cues in parentheses. EXAMPLES: Has the waiter already taken your order? (no/still) No, he still hasn't taken our order. Has the waiter taken your order yet? (yes/already) Yes, he's already taken our order. Have you called your parents yet? (no/sti11) Has she already read that book? (no/yet) Do you still play tennis on Saturdays? (no/anymore) Does Dave still travel a lot? (yes/still) 59Has the crew been briefed? (yes/already) Does Brad still work for his father? (no/anymore) Have you met your new neighbors yet? (no/yet) Do you already know your new duty station? (yes/already) WE HAVEN'T FINISHED OUR WORK YET. Complete the sentences using yet, already, still, or anymore. Then read the dialogs. EXAMPLE: 1. Si: S2: 2. Sl: S2: 3. Si: $2: 4. Sl: S2: 5. Sl: S2: Sl: Don't you think that we've already done enough work? S2: I sure do, but the teacher says we're not finished yet Are you studying the dialog? Yes, I haven't learned it very well : Does Mark have the tickets Yes, he's picked them up. I haven't received my orders . Really? Everyone else has gotten theirs. Do you play football with the students? Not + I'm getting too old for that. Do you know if Fred has started his new job? Yes. He has started it. 60$1: We can't smoke in the building : $2. Well, we can ___ smoke outside. $1: Bob has ___ written nis report. $2: I'd better get busy. I haven't done mine Sl: I don't see many warships 7 $2: Well, you can _ see one or two at the port’ down the coast. © Grammar ADVERBIAL CONNECTIVES OF ADDITION There are certain words which can join two related ideas or sentences. These words are frequently called connectives, or transitions. Some of them are used in Conversation while others are used mainly in writing. One type of connective expresses addition. They mean and. They are used when you want to add something to what has already been said or when you want to add an additional thought which supports 8 previous ‘one. a The following is a list of connectives that express addition: oe s : : : also besides furthermore dn addition moreover — 61Sentences that contain these connectives can be punctuated in @ couple of ways. also besides SENTENCE j furthermore SENTENCE in addition moreover Also Besides SENTENCE Furthermore SENTENCE In addition Moreover EXAMPLE: Cigarettes are expensive; in addition, they're bad for your health. Cigarettes are expensive. In addition, they're bad for your health. these sentences. They contain connectives that indicate don. 1. The children cooked dinner; also*, they cleaned the kitchen. 2. Mary and her husband have good jobs. Also, they own a very nice home. 3. You can't go outside. You have homework to finish; besides, it's rainy and cold outside. 4, I don't want to go. Besides, t'm tired. 5. Our family has lived in many different countries; furthermore, all of us can speak more than one language. 6. The reckless driver was speeding and driving without his headlights on. Furthermore, he ran two red light: ¥In conversation, also is usually placed after the subject: They also cleaned the kitchen. 627. Sonar can detect submarines underwater; in addition, it can determine the submarine's depth. 8. An aircraft carrier is a vessel that carries aircraft. In addition, it can defend itself very well. 9. he vegetable soup was very salty; moreover, the vegetables weren't cooked enough. 10. winda is a very efficient worker. Moreover, she's careful. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Complete the following sentences with additional information. EXAMPLE: Bob wants to invite all his neighbors for dinner. In addition, he wants to invite everyone in his __office |. 1. This car is too old; furthermore, 2. ‘The wind damaged many homes. In addition, __ . + We're not feeling well. Besides, 4, Frank's bought a new house. Also, 5. John didn't study for the test; moreover, é SELECT A CONNECTIVE Read the sentence. ‘Then choose a connective (also, besides, furthermore, addition, or moreover) and use it with another sentence that adds additional information. EXAMPLE: Jim plays basketball after work. In addition, he plays tennis on the weekend. 1. My brother smokes too much. 632. This house has plumbing problems. 3. We sail to Japan next week. 4, Remember to look at the camera. 5. Oranges taste delicious. Reading skin[>> CONNECTIVES THAT INDICATE ADDITION You will be able to read better if you are aware of connectives that join ideas into some kind of relationship. The connectives below are ones that indicate addition. They are used when you want to add something to what has already been said or when you want to add a thought which supports a previous one. Read the following paragraphs. Circle the connectives that indicate addition. ‘Then underline the additional information that is indicated by each connective. Look at the example. also besides and furthermore and also in addition and ... too in addition to as well as moreover EXAMPLE: Heart disease is the leading killer in the United States. In fact, more Americans die from heart disease than any other disease. (Moreover) it is the cause of almost half of all deaths in the nation. Cigarette ‘smoking(as well as) lack of physical exercise are two major factors which contribute to heart disease. 641. A tornado is a very powerful storm. Its whirling (spinning) wind may xeach a speed of more than 900 kilometers per hour. Moreover, it's been know to lift buildings and, in some instances, throw cars a hundred meters through the air. It can also pull large trees out of the ground. Furthermore, it is not possible for weathermen to predict just where or when a tornado will hit. All they can do is tell us if the conditions are right for a tornado to form. This lack of warning adds to the danger of tornado. The primary cause of air pollution is the automobile. Cars burn gasoline and then expel exhaust fumes into the air. Even though devices that reduce these fumes have been jnstalled on cars, enough fumes enter the atmosphere to become a health hazard to people. In addition, factories frequently expel smoke or fumes that pollute the air. Lung as well as other respiratory problems result from this air pollution. Besides air pollution, there is water pollution. Often industrial waste is thrown’ into waterways. As a result drinking water is frequently contaminated. Pollution is a serious problem all over the world. + Function GIVING AND GETTING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION When you ask for and provide additional information, there are certain words and phrases you can use. Look at the phrases and words below. Then read the sample sentences in the example situation. Then complete the questions and provide additional information in the response. Asking for additional information: What else/other 2 Where else How else z Can you add 2 Could you tell me some more (about) 2 Would you mind telling me more 7 Sorry, but I don't understand (why/how) __- I know , but I'd like to know : Giving additional information: also moreover as well as besides in addition ‘too furthermore in addition to 65EXAMPLE: At What else do I need for a passport besides these documents? B: Besides those documents, you need money for the fee. What else should I take besides my coat? Besides your coat, you should take your glove Where else besides Washington can I get a visa? B: I'm not certain, but I think you can also get one in Houston. Si: Where else 2 S2: A: How else besides taking a cab can I get downtown? B: There's a city bus as well as a base taxi you can take. Sl: How else S2: 3. A: What else should I take on my mountain climbing trip? Bi Take a first aid kit as well as food and warm clothes. Sl: What else S2: 4. A: Can you add any more information about the accident? Bi Yes, the passenger wasn't wearing a seatbelt; moreover, the driver wasn't wearing one either. Sl: Can you add Could you tell me some more about tourist sites in San Antonio? B: Sure. In addition to the Riverwalk, there is a Mexican market*, Sl: Could you te11 me some more about __? 82: *¥ market = a place where people buy and sell 66I'D LIKE TO KNOW MORE ABOUT : Read the paragraph. One student will ask for additional information and another student will provide it. Try to use some of these words and phrases when you ask and answer questions. Asking for additional information: What e1se/othor 2 Where else _ How else _~ can you add ie Could you tell me some more (about) 2 Would you mind telling me more ? Sorry, but I don't understand (why/how) Iknow __, but 1'd like to know _ Giving additional information: also moreover as well as besides in addition too furthermore in addition to EXAMPLE: Some gas turbine ships have an automatic control system. All the operator has to do is choose the direction and speed of the vessel. The system makes all the necessary adjustments. Tt controls the speed of the turbines, adjusts the position of the Propeller, and regulates the flow of fuel. It has a central data system that connects and coordinates the various automatic control devices. Sit I know the automatic control system controls the speed of the turbines. Could you tell me some more about it? 82: Sure. Besides controlling the speed of the turbines, it 30 adjusts the position of the propeller. 671. Submarines in the U.S. missile fleet are among the largest and most powerful in the world. They are over 400 feet in length, weigh over 8000 tons, and cost in excess of 110 million dollars each. The speed of these subs (submarines) is faster than many surface vessels and often they can outrun torpedoes. These subs are nuclear powered ana can travel 60,000 miles on a piece of uranium* smaller than a tennis ball. A regular submarine would use about 3,000,000 gallons of oil to travel the same distance. Bia. s2: 2. Technology has improved the materials submarines are made of. These new materials permit the submarines to dive to great depths and move quietly through water. In addition to this, the subs are also equipped with soner and radar to help them detect other ships or objects. Sl: 2 Not only are subs used for warfare, they are also used for peaceful purposes. Today, there are many underwater vehicles similar to the military submarine. They range from tiny two-man subs to vessels weighing over 50 tons. Some of these vessels can dive and operate at depths deeper than regular subs. They are used for scientific research and rescue operations. Sl: 2 * uranium = a radioactive element that exists naturally 684. in the future, the submarine may be used to transport people and goods all over the world like planes and ships do pesey. In addition, they may also be used for scientific Tesexrch, In fact, it is often said that the ocean floor will be the last new area of discovery. Many people say that the submarine will parallel the spaceship of today. Tie main purpose will be to explore* the depths of the oceans for ways and means to improve man's life. Tt may become the most useful vessel in the world, * explore = to travel for discovery Speaking Skills b> YES/NO OR-QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES In Lesson 1 we learned about the raising and lowering of our Voices when we speak. This is called intonation. We also Yearned about the specific intonation pattern in yes/no or- questions. ‘The first part of the question begins at Level 2 and hen rises to Level 3; the second part of the sentence that begins with or also starts at Level 2, rises to Level 3, and then falis to Level 1. Remember that this low note at the end means that you have a choice between two items and thet your answer will be a statement with the usual falling intonation pattern. Look at the sentence below and listen to your instructor ask the question and give the response. Notice the intonation pattern, 22 Beat - Sea ee Do you want tea or _ coffee? I'll take tea. 2 stare tease 2 3.1 Do _you want /te or_/cof\fee? \ I'11 take /te\a. \ AEE VX 69Now read these yes/no or-questions and responses. ‘The intonation patterns are marked for you. Notice the falling intonation that is used in both the question and answer. aett2 3.3 2 31 Are you in the /Army # or the /Na\vy? \ / VON 2 3.1 I'm in the /Na\vy. \ 2 3.3 2 3 1 ure fears Af or /tru\cks? \ / Pee 2 31 3. 2 3.3 Does the ship have /radar f ? / oa. 2 3.1 It's equipped with /ra\dar. \ NE 4. 2 3 3 2 3.1 Is he a /navigator # or a /pi\lot? \ / \_N 2 3.1 He's a /na\vigator. \ \_H— \ 5. 2 3.3 2 31 Is that substance /toxic # or _/sa\fe? \ / \U NN 2 31 It's quite /tox\ic. \ \ ON 70QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES Now with another student, ask and respond to these yes/no or- questions. Be sure to use correct falling intonation in your question and response. 10. Was the weather mild or hot? The weather was quite hot. Is the problem with his eyesight or hearing? The problem is with his eyesight. Did the material liquefy or solidify? It solidified quickly. Is the bracelet made of gold or silver? It's made of silver. Was the gas oxygen or hydrogen? The gas was oxygen. Was the doctor talking about a vein or an artery? She was talking about an artery. Are they in the intermediate or advanced phase? They're in the advanced phase. Was he found innocent or guilty? The jury found him guilty. is your brother a pharmacist or a dentist? He's a dentist. Was the plastic pipe flexible or rigid? It was rigid. 1Listening Skill b> MAIN IDEA AND SUPPORTING DETAILS You will hear each paragraph two times. The first time you hear the paragraph, select the main idea from the choices. The second time, listen for the supporting details and write them in the spaces provided. You may write the details in sentences or words and phrases. EXAMPLE: The main idea of the paragraph is: a. Some parts of the environment are more important than others. b. We must protect all parts of the environment. ©. ‘The parts of the environment do not affect each other. a. Only animal 1ife and plant 1ife form man's environment. Some supporting details in the paragraph are: 1. Air must be free of toxic fumes. a 2. Land must be protected from careless farming and construction. 3. Plants and animals must be kept free from poisonous substances. aH z PARAGRAPH 1 The main idea of the paragraph is: a. We should not use chemicals to control insects, plants, and animals. b. We need to read the directions on the label of a chemical. c. We should be careful when we use chemicals. d. Some chemicals kill insects and destroy plants. 72Some supporting details in the paragraph are: PARAGRAPH 2 The main idea of the paragraph is: a. Plants and animals use water and minerals for growth. b. Oxygen is needed by plants and animals to process food. c. Everything that is alive produces waste. a. Waste is not good for plants, animals, or man. Some supporting details in the paragraph are: ae 2. 3. 4. 5. Reading Skill > Read each set of notes. NOTES AND QUESTIONS information in the notes. EXAMPLE: PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT must protect our environment Then answer the questions from the clean air needed: respiratory problems land needs protecting: careless farming/ construction. clesn water: drinkable plants and animals unconteminated: 73 food for man3. What is the topic of the notes? a, technological inventions b. the environment c. waste products According to the notes, from what does the land need protecting? a. hunting and fishing b. careless farming and construction c. plants and animals According to the notes, what does air pollution cause? a. coughing and sneezing b. air sickness ¢. respiratory problems ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS nuclear plants in our world produce toxic wastes: where to put? possibility of contaminating water and land rigid controls What is the topic of the notes? a. industrial problems b. farming and the environment ¢. nuclear power plants What do nuclear plants produce besides energy? a. toxic wastes b. automotive plants ©. polluted air What is an effect of toxic waste? a. water and land pollution b. nuclear power c. larger industrial plants 74Writing sku> ‘TAKE NOTES. Read the paragraph. Then take notes by writing key words or phrases. Enrico Fermi, born in Rome, Italy in 1901, discovered the world of atomic energy. He discovered that the center of an atom contained the power or force that reacted with other atoms to produce a continuous reaction called a "chain reaction." In December 1942, while at the University of Chicago, Fermi designed a device where atomic energy was produced and controlled for the first time. The atomic energy that was produced is the destructive force in nuclear weapons. It is also the same energy used for the production of electricity and in nuclear medicine, both of which benefit millions of people. NOTES.+ Envichment TROUBLESOME ENGLISH They're/Their/There hey’xe is the contracted form of they are. They're going to the movies tonight. What do they think they're doing? Their is the possessive form of they. Ann and Mike said we could use their pool this summer. We're looking for Tom and Betty Smith. Is this their house? All the children have returned their books to the library. There can be used with the verbs be, seem, and appear at the beginning of a sentence to show the existence of something. Where is a car parked in front of the building. There are many wildflowers along the highway. There seems to be some confusion about this subject. There can also be used as an adverb in different ways. Please take a seat over there. I drove as far as Houston and decided to stop there. There, I told you so! See there. Isn't English easy? 76IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS PLAY IT BY FAR Meaning “play it by ear" means to decide what to do as you go along, changing to fit the situation. In a musical sense, it means being able to hear a song and then play it on an instrument without relying on memorization or written music. Example Sentences 1. We have so much to do today. I'm not sure if we'll have time to go out to lunch, We'll simply play it by ear. 2. I haven't made any plans for the weekend. 1'11 just play it by ear and see what happens. 3. I don't need the music. I can play that song by ear. 4. There aren't many people who can play the piano by ear. 77NOTESA VISIT TO THE DENTIST BOOK 25 LESSON 3 FUNCTION—— Narrating An Experience at a Medical or Dental Facility rain ———— tmmediate Future Using be about to. oOf-constructions coordinating Conjunctions: so yet nor a SKILLS—— a Yes/No Or-Questions and Responses provide Answers to Questions about Notes. Listen and Take Notes in Key Words and/or Phrases- verbs Nouns, be about to go/went/gone as long as anesthetic comment through constant cavity delay grind/ground/ dental facility dread ground despite filling endure relieve in spite of needle fall/fell/ vanish nonetheless nerve fallen apart withstand/ nor vicinity glance withstood/ = numb withstood regardless regardless of though Expressions Prefixes suffixes even 50 in a way take effect to begin/start with 79CONTENTS OF BOOK 25 LESSON 3 VOCABULARY: a dental facility VOCABULARY: a visit to the dentist VOCABULARY: a springtime celebration VOCABULARY: a newspaper interview READING SKILL: provide information from notes GRAMMAR: be about to GRAMMAR: of-constructions GRAMMAR: ceview of coordinating conjunctions so/yet/nor READING SKILLS: connectives indicating a time sequence/ series of ideas FUNCTION: narrating an experience at a medical/dental facility SPEAKING SKILL: yes/no or~ questions and responses WRITING SKILL: take notes from oral text WRITING SKILL: write outline or notes for paragraph ENRICHMENT 80 ST Page 81 83 86 88 90 91 97 99 104 106 412 aia 115 117V Vocabulary A DENTAL FACILITY Repeat the new words and read the paragraphs. there are many different buildings, or facilities, on a military base. One of these facilities is a dental clinic. If you need a checkup or have a problem with your teeth, you can visit the dentist and the dental assistants there. 81 Many peopie don't like going to the dentist. In fact, they dread going because they fear the pain they may have to endure. Despite this fear, these people usually go to the dentist twice a year for regular checkups. At the clinic, the dentist and dental assistants examine, clean, and take x-rays of teeth.ANESTHETIC If the x-rays show that your teeth need fixing, the dentist will use a needle to inject an anesthetic (usually novocain) into your gums and the nervs in it. This will make your mouth feel numb, so you can withstand, or endure, the pain. It takes only a few minutes for the anesthetic to take effect, be effective, so you won't feel anything. One of the most common dental problems is cavities, holes in the teeth. To fix a cavity, a dentist drills the tooth and puts in a kind of material to fill the cavity. This is called a filling. Gold and silver were once used for this purpose. Now other substances have been developed that are cheaper but just as good. WHERE'S A DENTAL CLINIC? Answer the questions you hear about the paragraphs. complete sentences. EXAMPLE: Answer in Use the new vocabulary words when possible. What can you find on a military base? You can find many different buildings, or facilities, on a military base. 82q¥ Vocabulary Mona: Paul: Mona: Paul: PAUL DREADS GOING TO THE DENTIST. Hi, Paul. What's wrong with you? 1 have a terrible toothache. The last time I visited my dentist, he told me that I grind my teeth when I sleep- That's why I always wake up with a toothache and headache- That's too bad. Can't your dentist correct the problem? yes, but he's on vacation for a month, and I dread SSiting a dentist that I don't know. I hate having to go Yhrough a lot of dental work with a new dentist. 83Mona: Paul: Even_so, if you do see another dentist, he or she can relieve the pain you have now. (After a few seconds) Hey, I have a good idea. ong as we're in this area, why don't we go to my dentist? He's in this vicinity. ‘we can go there and see if anyone can examine you. I've been going there for many years, and I'm very satisfied with their care. Well, okay. I don't think I can endure this pain any longer. Let's go. MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the correct answer for each question. 1. George has a lot of trouble with his teeth. He has problems. a. language b. dental c. respiratory When Sally broke her arm, she had to withstand a lot of pain before a doctor saw her. a. go through b. relieve c. dread We live in the vicinity of the elementary school. a. in an area near b. a great distance from ¢. an hour from Since you're going, why not give me a ride? a. After b. Before c. As long as 84Use Take this medicine. It'll relieve your pain. a. increase b. endure c. reduce The dentist drilled the tooth and then put a ____ into the cavity. a. filling b. hole ©. nerve CHOOSE THE CORRECT woRD. the correct word in the box to complete the sentences. anesthetic endure grind taken effect cavities facilities needle despite dread numb The doctor gave his patient a(n) _ before he filled his tooth. I got a good report from the dentist today. tHe said I didn't have any . the rain, we'll still nave the ceremony as planned. I really 7 flying. I always think we're going to have an accident. I took my medicine an hour ago, but I still feel bad. I don't think it has __ yet. In order to make some coffee, we need to the coffee beans. The hospital, library, and mess hall are on this base. Nurse, I need a clean so I can withdraw some blood from this patient's arm. 859. I don't have any feeling in my leg. It feels 10. Doctor, please give me an anesthetic. I can't _ this pain anymore! ¥ Vocabulary PAROZZI'S SPRINGTIME CELEBRATION WR QOS Repeat the new words and then read the paragraphs. Every April, the city of Parozzi has a big Springtime celebration that lasts for one week. In a way, it's like a big party. To begin with, there are dances every night. There is also lots of food. In addition, there are several parades throughout the week. Johnny Miller is looking forward to going to this year's celebration, but he can't forget what happened last year. 86Johnny saved up all his money during the year and planned to attend all the activities regardless of the weather. ‘That spring Parozzi had been having a lot of thunderstorms and tornadoes, and Johnny's mother was afraid to let him go out in the bad weather. On the first day of the celebration, Mrs. Miller warned Johnny against leaving the house. He went regardless of what his mother said. pite of his mother's warnings, Johnny headed toward town on his bicycle. He wanted to be at the celebration, regardless; nothing could stop him. As he rode his bicycle, he could see and feel the wind and dust blowing very hard; black clouds were getting closer. Nonetheless, Johnny continued riding. He found it difficult to handle his bicycle and see in such bad weather. Finally, Johnny got downtown to the site of the parade, but no one was there. The parade had been cancelled because of bad weather! He didn't know about it because he hadn't watched the news on local TV nor listened to the radio. Just then it began to rain very hard. Johnny waited until it stopped, and then rode home safely. His mother was happy to see him; she was angry, though. She was upset because he had disobeyed her and endangered his life. She told him that he couldn't attend any of the remaining activities for that week. Johnny learned a lesson the hard way and missed that year's celebration. JOHNNY LEARNED A LESSON ‘THE HARD WAY. Write T if the sentence is true, and‘write F if the sentence is false. 1, The celebration in Parozzi takes place in summer. 2. The celebration lasts one month. 3. There are dances and parades during Parozzi's celebration. 4. Ina way, Parozzi's celebration is like a big party. 5. Johnny wanted to go to all the activities regardless of his lack of transportation. 6. Because the weather was bad, Johnny's mother was afraid to let him go to the celebration. 7. Johnny rode his bicycle to town in spite of his mother's warnings. 8. Johnny hadn't heard the news on the TV nor the radio. 87Johnny came home safely; nonetheless, his mother was angry and upset. ___. 10. Johnny's mother told him to go to the celebration the next day. ¥ Vocabulary Repeat the Reporter: Mr. Cane: Reporter: DID YOU READ OUR NEWSPAPER? new words and then read the dialog. Excuse me, sir. My name is Roger Hines. I'm a xeporter for the Evening Newspaper, and I'd like to talk to you briefly. Well, I'm leaving for the airport to catch a flight. If I'm delayed any longer, I might miss my flight. It'll only take a couple of minutes. did you read our newspaper last night? To start with, 88wr. Cane: I'm sorry, I only glanced at it. I didn't have enough time to read it completely. neporter: On the front page was an article about our city's historic buildings and how they're vanishing, Gisappearing, because the public won't contribute okey to fix them. Many of them are being destroyed. Could you comment on this situation? we'd be interested in what you have to say. ye. Cane: I'm all for it. They're old buildings, and they're falling apart. I think they're dangerous. Soncone gehiad get hurt. ‘They should tear them down and build new ones in their places. put Mr. Cane, don't you think the constant destruction ef these old buildings is costing the people more than it would to fix up the buildings? No, I don't think so. Besides, I'm in favor of progress in the city. Out with the old, in with the new. That's what I believe. neporter: Thank you for your opinion, sir. Be sure to read this evening's newspaper. Mr. Cane: I'll sure try. WOULD YOU PLEASE COMMENT ABOUT THE SITUATION? Now answer your instructor's questions about the dialog- in complete sentences. EXAMPLE: For what newspaper does the reporter work? He works for the The Evening Star. 89 AnswerCOMPLETE THE SENTENCES. Use the correct word in the box to complete the sentences. comment vanished in spite of constant falling apart nonetheless delayed glancing ‘though 1. I'm sorry I'm late. I was __ by heavy traffic. 2. ‘the bad weather, the teams continued Playing the soccer game. 3. Robort was fired because he would always _ badly about his job and boss. 4. I don't like to study; I do it, 5. After I went to the dentist, my toothache . 6. I'm so tired of all this rain, The sun hasn't shone for a week! These buildings are so old they're __ 8. Kevin was nervous; he kept at his watch. 9. Lt Mann doesn't want to go to the meeting. it's compulsory , so he must attend. Reading Skill > NOTES AND QUESTIONS! Read this set of notes. ‘Then write the answers to the questions from the information in the notes. A BAD EXPLOSION chemical factory explosion many employees burned others sick: toxic fumes firefighters special protective suits laws / compulsory safety procedures 901. What should there be to insure that similar accidents don't occur? who was burned during and after the explosion? BE ABOUT TO used for the very immediate whe ship is about to leave. (= The ship will leave any minute now.) I think I'm about to faint. (= 1 think Z!m going to faint any second now.) When we talk about the past, be about to is commonly used with a time clause beginning with when. We were aboul to leave when friends came to visit. i was about to start dinner when the phone rang.Read these sentences that contain be about to. You'd better hurry. They're about to leave. 2. I can't talk to you now. I'm about to go home. 3. Is he about to use this computer? 4. I think the wind is about to start blowing. 5. Are they about to begin the game? 6. Are you about to finish your work? 7. He's about to start cleaning the yard. 8. We're about to eat lunch, Would you 1ike to join us? 9. Please fasten your seat belt. we're about to land. 10. She's about to go home. She's sick. THE PLANE'S ABOUT TO LAND. Look at the picture and listen to the cue your teacher gives you. Then make a sentence with the cue and be about to. Ce EXAMPLE: land the plane is about to land. 92wy Read these sentences that contain be about to and a time clause. 1. They were about to play baseball when it started raining. 2. We were about to watch TV when the electricity went off. 3. 1 was about to leave work when I remembered my coat. 4. What were you about to do when I walked in? 5. Was Ms. Lang about to start the review when I arrived? 6. Bill was about to fall asleep when the baby started crying. 7. ‘The train was about to leave when I got to the station. 8. Were they about to go home when I arrived at the party? 9. Was the bus about to leave when we got to the bus stop? 10. We were about to start eating when the fire alarm went off. 95QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Use the cues and be about to and make past tense questions. Then answer the questions. Use the conjunction when in your questions and answers. EXAMPL Sl: you leave/I arrived? Were you about to leave when I arrived? 82: yes Yes, I was about to leave when you arrived. Mark watch TV/doorbell rang? yes. 2. $1: plane depart/you arrived? $2: yes 3. $1: you feed cat/phone rang? S2: yes 4. $1: you finish/electricity went off? S2: yes 5. Sl: your son graduate/he had accident? S2: yes 961. THE PREPOSITION OF the preposition of has many different usages in English. The following are some of the more common ways of is used: Of is used to indicate possession or an association. = we don't know the name of the baby. The police want to know who ‘the owner of the car is. = Of is used to show origin (where something - cones from). @he coffee of Colombia is delicious. The people of that country are friendly, O£ is often used to show a part or amount. Some of the tourists became sick. Half of the cake was eaten before noon. Of is used in an appositive meaning- whe state of Alaska is very large. (state = Alaska) They're living in the city of San Antonio. (eity = San Antonio) Qf is used to say what something is made from. The cup is made of silver. Whe building is made of concrete and stool. Of is used to indicate the contents of a container. He drinks five glasses of milk a day. She tried to move the box of books. 97Use the cues to answer each question in a complete sentence. Use of in your answer. EXAMPLE: S1: Do you know who the owner of that house is? $2: yes/Mr. Green Yes, Mr. Green is the owner of that house. 1. Sl: Where's the manager of this store? $2: in her office 2, $1: What do you think about the pyramids of Egypt? 82: think/interesting 3. $1: Where's the city of New York? 82: state of New York 4. $1: Did you eat any of the desserts? $2: no/on a diet 5. $1: What's your ring made of? $2: gold and copper DID MOST OF THE STUDENTS PASS THE TEST? YES, MOST OF THEM PASSED. Use the cues to make yes/no questions with of. Use any verb tense. Then answer the questions with of. EXAMPLE: any/your students/graduate? Did any of your students graduate last week? No, none of my students graduated last week. 1. title/new book? 2. look at/roof/house? 3. live/state/Texas? 984. a lot/people/meeting? 5. Mr. Johnston/supervisor/this building? 6. know/beaches/California? 7. go/all/briefings? 8. aix/composed/only oxygen? Oo Grammar COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SO, YE, AND NOR me coordinating conjunctions so, yet, and nor are used to connect two independent clauses- ysually, a comma is placed before the conjunction. So is used to express result. {had a bad toothache. (situation/action) i went to the dentist. (result) zy had a bad toothache, s0 1 went to the dentist. Yet is used to express contrast. It is gimilar to the conjunction b She didn't study for the test. (action) She passed it. (contrast) She didn't study for the test, yet she passed it. 99Nor is used to indicate the addition of a Regative idea to a negative sentence. The verb of the second clause is changed to the affirmative, and the word order is changed to that of a question. John can't swim. (negative) His brother can't swim. (negative addition) John can't swim, nor can his brother (swim). Read these sentences that contain the conjunction so. 1. The traffic was heavy, so I was delayed. 2. We're low on gas, so we'll have to find a gas station soon. 3. The patient got an anesthetic, so his face felt numb. 4. The meeting is compulsory, so we must attend. 5. My job was temporary, so I'll have to find another one. 6. The factories emit bad fumes, so the air is polluted. 7. ‘The submarine was submerged, so we couldn't see it. 8. The facility is closed, so we'll have to come back tomorrow. THE AIR CONDITIONER IS BROKEN, SO WE'LL OPEN THE WINDOWS. Combine the two sentences into one sentence. Use the conjunction 50. EXAMPLE: The air conditioner is broken. We'll open the windows. The air conditioner is broken, so we'll open the windows. 1. That chemical is toxic, Be careful when using it. 2. The instructor didn't like my report. I did it over. 3. I had a big headache. 1 took some medicine. 100 | /4. 5. Read I want to sew something. 1'11 need a needle. Sharon wants to be a dentist. She'11 go to a dental school. fred dreads flying. He always travels by train. Sgt Pauley only glanced at the report. He didn't read al1 of the details. his book has fallen apart. We'll have to buy a new one. ‘THE DENTIST MADE MY MOUTH NUMB, YET I STILE FELT PAIN. these sentences that contain the conjunction yet. The dentist made my mouth numb, yet I still felt pain. The boss made many promises, yet he failed to keep them. Dan said he would be there, yet he never showed up. The air conditioner was on, yet the room was still hot. He understands English, yet he can't speak it. Sgt Connors couldn't study last night, yet he passed the exam. Her grades were outstanding, yet the university didn't accept her. I dread going to the dentist, yet I must have my teeth cleaned. 101THE TEST WAS DIFFICULT, YE'T ALL OF THE STUDENTS PASSED. Combine the two sentences into one sentence. Use the conjunction yet. EXAMPLE: The test was difficult. All of the students passed. The test was difficult, yet all of the students passed. 1. They had a bad accident. Nobody was seriously hurt. 2. ‘he antenna is bent. It still works. ‘The submarine was old. It performed very well. 4. Helen had a bad toothache. She refused to see a dentist. 5. We could smell the fumes. We couldn't see them. This soil is good. Nothing grows here. 7. his course is optional. I think it's very important. 8. My dog is old. He can still protect our property. : I HAVEN'T READ THE LETTER, NOR DO I PLAN TO. Read these sentences that contain the conjunction nor. Notice that the verb of the second clause is affirmative and the word order is the same as that of a question. I haven't read the letter, nor do I plan to read it. 2. Alice has never flown, nor does she ever intend to. 3. I've never owned a dog, nor do IT ever want to own one. 4. Lee hasn't eaten breakfast, nor does she plan to eat lunch. 5. Major Allen doesn't drink, nor does he smoke. 6. Mike hasn't listened to a radio, nor has he watched TV for three days. 1028. Linda is sad because she hasn't gotten a phone call, nor has she received any letters from her family. Bob hasn't studied the lesson, nor has he done his homework. SIM WON'T EAT AT THE PARTY, NOR WILL HE DANCE. Combine the two sentences into one sentence. Use the conjunction ne Remember to change the verb and the word order of the ‘second clause. EXAMPLE: Jim won't eat at the party. He won't dance. Jim won't eat at the party, nor will he dance. ghe first lesson isn't hard. The second lesson isn't hard. vivian doesn't like to fish. She doesn't like to hunt. This job isn't permanent. It won't ever be permanent. Sheron has never smoked. She doesn't intend to start. They don't have a stove in their new house, They don't have a refrigerator. Ron hasn't cleaned his bedroom. He doesn't intend to clean it. Melissa doesn't know French, She doesn't intend to learn ait.) Ben hasn't gotten married, He doesn't ever plan to get married. SO, YET, NOR Combine the two sentences into one sentence. Use the conjunctions so, yet, or nor. 1. That movie wasn't interesting. It wasn't exciting. 1032. Tom studied for two hours. He still couldn't understand the lesson. 3. The weather was very bad yesterday. The ship couldn't sail. 4, ‘They had enough time. ‘The workers didn't finish their project. 5. He hasn't done his homework. He hasn't studied for the test. 6. The anesthetic didn't take effect. The doctor gave the patient more. Reading Skill > CONNECTIVES THAT INDICATE A TIME SEQUENCE first thira in the meantime first of all thirdly meanwhile to begin with then last to start with next lastly last of ali second following this finally secondly after this after that afterwards Read the following paragraph silently. Circie the connectives, or transitions, that indicate a time sequence. My assignment was to write a report. First of all, I went to the library, looked up some information on the topic of my report, and took some notes. After that, I went back to my room to organize my notes and write an outline. Next, I wrote my report. 1 used my computer. ‘Then 1 corrected my mistakes. Finally, 1 printed out the final copy of my report. 104CIRCLE THE CONNECTIVES Read the paragraph twice silently. During the first reading, Rfecle the connective words that indicate a time sequence. After he second reading, number the connectives (1,2,3, etc.) and be ready to explain why you think those are the steps in the sequence. Yesterday, I had a very busy afternoon. To begin with, T left work and had to go to the gas station to get gas. 1 was caught in traffic for half an hour. Next, I stopped by the dry cleaner's to pick up my suit. Then I drove across town to pick up my son who'd just finished his music lesson. My son said that he needed to get some new shoes, so we went shopping at the mall. My son tried on some shoes and found some he liked; in the meantime, I looked at some shoes for myself. Finally, I paid for the shoes and drove home to take a rest. 105x Function GETTING YOUR STORY STARTED When we want to talk about something that happened to us, we usually make an introductory sentence that gets the story started. Look at the different ways you can start a story. Did I te: you what happened to me at the doctor's office? Did I ever tell you about my experience with the new dentist? You 11 nev x_guess what happened to me at the medical clinic. Let_me tell you what happened when I went to the dentist. Guess what happened to me when I went to the doctor. I remember the day I went to the dispensary. Complete each of the sentences below. Make an introductory sentence for a story about a medical or dental experience. 1. Did I tell you what happened 2 2. Did I ever teli you about __? You'll never guess what happened _ 4. Let me tell you 5. Guess what happened I remember the day 106THINGS YOU CAN TELL ABOUT IN YOUR STORY when you talk about a dental or medical experience, these are some things you can mention. 1. your condition at the time (toothache, headache, broken, bone, a cough, a cold, etc.) 2. how you felt about going to or being treated by a doctor of Uekelst (were you nervous, afraid, relaxed? Did you dread going? Did you look forward to seeing the doctor?) things that actually happened at the dental or medical facility (What happened first, second, third, etc?) Read the semple sentences that deals with your condition, how you felt, and the things that happened at the dental or medica? facility. ‘Then complete each of the sentences. CONDITION 4. was in terrible pain. My leg was broken in two places- 1 was in terrible pain. _ 7 2. 1 really didn't feel too bad until I saw that long needle. I really didn't feel too bad _ 3. 1 fe1t awful. My head hurt, and I had a sore throat. I felt : FEELINGS ABOUT TREATMENT 1 You can guess how I felt when I saw that long needle~ You can gues: I really dreaded having my cavity filled. I really dreaded 1073. I looked forward to having an anesthetic. 1 needed something to relieve the pain. I looked forward to . 4. I don't look forward to going through all those medical tests. I don't look forward to. THINGS THAT HAPPENED AT THE DENTAL OR MEDICAL FACILITY 1. The doctor wanted to know what happened to me. The doctor wanted to know 2. Whe nurse told me I needed to have some tests done. ‘The nurse told me : 3. The medical assistant couldn't find my vein in order to take blood. The medical assistant couldn't _ WAYS TO END YOUR STORY These are some connectives you can use to end your story. at last later eventually finally afterward(s) in the end anyway to make a long story short Read the sample sentence and then complete the sentence. 1. In the end, I still had to have the operation. To make a long story short, I finally got my cavities filled. To make a long story short, 108Anyway, what finally happened was the dentist came back and finished filling my tooth. Anyway, what finally heppened was ___- PUT YOUR STORY IN SEQUENCE. We know how to start a story, what to mention in it, and how to ee. Now we need to arrange all of our information in a time sequence. At the beginning of a story, we often use certain connectives such ast first at that time to begin with at first to start with in the beginning As the story continues, we often use other connectives such as: next after while then before at the same time during meanwhile by the time (that) At the end of the story, we often use these connective: at last after that later eventually finally afterward(s) anyway to make a long story short 109Now read this dialog silently and underline the connectives that indicate a time sequence, Dean: Dave: Dean: You'll never guess what happened to me when I went to the dentist's yesterday. what happened? Well, I had a terrible toothache, so I made an appointment to see the dentist. To begin with, I got lost. 1 found the place, but there wasn't anywhere to park. By the time i walked into the clinic, I was twenty minutes late. 1 felt awful. The assistant x-rayed my teeth; then she told me the dentist wouldn't be able to see me right away. 1 must have read at least eight magazines while I sat in the waiting room. After an hour and a half, I was called into ‘the examination room. I waited there for another half hour. You can guess how I felt waiting all that time. Eventually, the dentist arrived. After that, things went a little faster but not much. In the end, counting travel time, I figured I had spent at least half'a day just to get a tooth filled! LET'S TELL A STORY! Listen to the instructor begin a story. ‘Then one by one add a sentence and tell a story about an experience at a dental or medical facility. EXAMPLE: I: Let me tell you what happened when I went to the medical clinic yesterday. It was an interesting oxperience. Sl: First, I arrived late. 82: Then, I found out someone else had taken my appointment. $3: Next, I found out that my records were lost. 84: While I was waiting for the nurse to find my records, I discovered I had the same name as the person who had taken my appointment. S5: To make a long story short, the nurse couldn't find my records because the doctor was using them with the other patient! 110NOW YOU TELL A STORY. Choose a starting phrase and an ending phrase. Then tell a story about an experience at a dental or medical facility. POSSIBLE STARTING PHRASES You'll never guess what happened ___- Let me tell you what happened ___- I remember the day ___- Did I tell you what happened __? Did I ever tell you about ___? Guess what happened i POSSIBLE CONNECTIVES TO USE IN TELLING YOUR STORY first at that time to begin with at first to start with in the beginning next after while then before at the same time during meanwhile by the time (that) qiPOSSIBLE CONNECTIVES TO END YOUR STORY at last later eventually finally afterward(s) in the end anyway to make a long story short In the end, 7 To make a long story short, Anyway, what finally happened was Speaking sxin[> YES/NO OR-QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES With another student, ask and respond to these yes/no or- questions. Remember that the first part of the question begins at Level 2 and then rises to Level 3; the second part of the sentence that begins with or also starts at Level 2, rises to Level 3, and then falls to Level 1. This low note at the end means that you have a choice between two items and that your answer will be a statement with the usual falling intonation pattern, Listen to your instructor say the example. EXAMPLE: 2 3.1 or_a_/pi\lot? \ EEE 2 3.1 He's a /na\vigator. \ \ x + Ai Did you decide to go to the doctor or the dentist? B: I decided to go to the dentist. 2. A: Was your mouth sore or numb? B: It was very sore. 3. A: Did the pain get worse or better? B: The pain got worse. 4, A: Should T go tomorrow or Thursday? B: I think you should go Thursday. 11210. Are you traveling there by boat or plane? We're traveling by plane. Was the fire in the bow or the stern? The fire was in the stern. Did you finally buy the blue shirt or the white one? I decided on the white one. Was your last test easy or difficult? I thought it was quite easy. Have you decided to get married in March or April? We've decided to get married in March. Is your son's name Jack or Jake? His name is Jack. 113Writing Skill > A SUNKEN SHIP Listen to your instructor read a story. Your instructor will read it two times. While listening, take notes by writing key words and phrases. NOTES 114Writing sku OUTLINE YOUR PARAGRAPH BEFORE YOU WRITE I. Choose a topic below that you would like to write a paragraph on. After selecting your topic, write a sentence about it. This sentence will be the topic sentence of your paragraph; it will be the first sentence of it. The topic sentence will tell the reader what the paragraph is about. ‘Then complete your outline or notes by writing a short list of items, or details, in words and phrases that support or relate to your paragraph's topic sentence. Each of these details will be included in your paragraph. After writing your notes or outline, let your instructor check your work. Your assignment for homework is to write the complote paragraph. Your paragraph should contain between 20-60 words. You may write more if you like. Look back at Lesson 1 to find the example of selecting your topic, writing your notes, and then writing your paragraph. When you write your final paragraph, be sure to use connectives (transitions) such as first, first of all, then, also, after that, and finally to introduce your details. Using these transitions will help you write better paragraphs. TOPICS FOR YOUR PARAGRAPH 1. A visit to a particular restaurant 2. A visit to a dental facility 3. A visit to a dispensary 4, A bus or plane trip 5. An interesting day 115OUTLINE OR NOTES FOR PARAGRAPH 116Ensichment TROUBLESOME ENGLISH Raise/Rise the verbs raise and rise are sometimes confused with one enother because they look alike and have similar meanings. Raise means “to cause something or someone to move upward," "to Aft something or someone." Tt always takes en object. it's hot in the room, Let's raise the window. The farmers are raising a lot of corn this year. the father raised his daughter to his shoulders so she could see the parade. means "to ascend" or "go up." It doesn't take an object The sun rises at 0630 during the summer. When I had the flu, my temperature rose to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. The price of food has risen a great deal in the past ten years. 17IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS EAGER BEAVER Meaning "Eager beaver" refers to an enthusiastic person who is always ready to work hard or do anything extra to succeed or accomplish something. Example Sentences 1. Billy wants to get promoted, so he's working late hours and taking on extra assignments. He's such an eager beaver! 2. Jim is really an eager beaver. He goes to school during the day and works in the evenings and on weekends.HE IS ALWAYS GETTING GOOD GRADES. BOOK 25 LESSON 4 Always and the Present Progressive Suffix: -al Anticipatory-it and Verbs Expressing Emotion Yes/No Or-Questions and Responses Read the Notes and Provide Answers. Listen and Take Notes. (OCABULARY- ee Other Nouns amaze irritate amazed fundamental algebra approve (of) mess up amazing irritated angle calculate recognize rious irritating approval cheer up diagonal obvious digit compute disturbed valuable dimension disturb disturbing worth formula get/got/gotten evident impression across individual value Expressions Prefixes suffixes be fed up with val in spite of the fact that despite the fact that in spite of it all once and for all 119CONTENTS OF BOOK 25 LESSON 4 VOCABULARY: Let's cheer up our friend. VOCABULARY: a math class READING SKILL: skimming GRANMAR: always and present progressive GRAMMAR: ~al suffix GRAMMAR: anticipatory-it and verbs expressing emotion FUNCTION: expressing approval and disapproval SPEAKING SKILL: yes/no or-questions and responses READING SKILL: timed reading WRITING SKILL: take notes from oral text READING PROGRESS CHART ENRICHMENT 120 ST Page 121 126 131 132 136 140 145 146 149 150 151qV Vocabulary LET'S GO CHEER DAN UP. Repeat the underlined words and then read the letter silently. Dear Joe, Do you remember Dan Owens? (He's the guy who had the irritating habit of ending every sentence with "you know?". You were always so disturbed by this.) Well, he broke his leg and both arms in a car accident. In spite of it all, he's recovering pretty well physically. But as you can imagine, he's feeling kind of down. So last week we decided we had to do something to cheer him up. First, we talked to his doctor to see if he would approve our plans. After listening to all we wanted to do, he said it sounded like a good idea. With his approval, we put together a party complete with entertainment. You'd have been amazed at how organized we were. We even surprised ourselves! We made a giant card, and each individual decorated it with funny pictures and messages. We dressed up in funny clothes and drove over to the hospital. (I think the fur on the shirt I was wearing irritated my eyes because they were really red and sore.) You can imagine the impression we made going into the building. Everyone who saw us was laughing. There was a DO NOT DISTURB sign on the door to Dan's room, but we ignored that and wen: anyway. in 121,It was worth all our effort just to see the expression on Dan's face when we walked in. I think we amazed him with all the food we brought and our funny clothes. In spite of the fact that/despite the fact that he couldn't feed himself, he enjoyed all the food we brought. We tried to be as quiet as possible so our show wouldn't be too disturbing for the other patients. We sang a lot of songs. We must have gotten a little loud on the last song, though, because it brought a very irritated nurse into the room. She informed us that visiting hours had been over for 45 minutes. This was amazing because it seemed we'd only been there for about a half hour. Anyway, it was a great evening for all of us. It made me xealize again the value of good friends. I know Dan appreciated seeing all of us. Hope things are going well for you. Good luck on your exams. I'll see you in a few weeks when we get home for summer vacation. Your friend, Dads THE NEW WORDS Read the following new vocabulary words and sentences. 1. irritate, irritated, irritating The sand irritates my eyes. They're very sore. The noise from the next room irritated Bob. It bothered him. Mr. James seems very irritated. He seems angry. He has the irritating habit of shaking his keys. His habit really annoys me. disturb, disturbed, disturbing Please don't disturb me. Don't bother me. I'm working. She's always disturbed by little things. They annoy her. The news of the accident was disturbing. It made us very uncomfortable. 12210. in spite of it all, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that The storm destroyed their house. They're doing fine in spite of it all. In spite of the fact that my apartment is small, it's very comfortable. Despite the fact that it's dangerous to their health, many people still smoke. cheer up His funny stories cheered us up. ‘They made us happy. approve, approval The doctor approved our plans. He considered them good. He gave us his approval. amaze, amazed, amazing We amazed him with all the food. We surprised him. You would have been amazed at our plans. You would have been greatly surprised. The new jet flies at an amazing speed. individual Her husband is a hard-working individual. He's a hard- working person. impression Linda's knowledge of geography made a good impression on her teacher. He thinks very highly of her. nh This diamond ring is worth a lot of money. It's very valuable. Where we sit in class is not worth fighting over. value This map will be of great value when you're sightseeing. The value of this jewelry is much more than what I paid. 123-ED OR -ING Read each sentence and then select either the or -ing form of the adjective. Remember that the present participle (-ing form) is used when you are talking about a person or thing that causes the certain emotion and the past participle (-ed form) when you are talking about a person who feels the emotion. 1, The movie was amazed/amazing. We learned so much watching it. 2. Mr. James became very irritated/irritating because he didn't eat lunch. We were greatly disturbed/disturbing by the news we heard on Tv. 4. She was amazed/amazing at the number of students who passed the test. 5. The noise produced by the swinging door was irritated/ irritating. 6. The results of the test were very disturbed/disturbing: only one student in the class of ten passed it. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. amaze approval in spite of the fact that irritate value individual 1 EeeroEee eee __. it's raining, we're going to have our picnic anyway. We'l1 just have it indoors. 2. Did you get the supervisor's ____ to leave early? 3. A group of people can often accomplish what a/an cannot. 4. Raymond me with his bad attitude. 5. I can't see any _ conversation. in continuing this 6. Doesn't it you that he was voted president of the club? 124MORE PRACTICE use the words in the box to complete the sentences. approve cheer up in spite of it all worth distuxb despite the fact that impression 1. You should dress well for the interview. A good first is very important. 2. what car is __ more than $30,000. 3. We need to _ Mary. She's a little sed because she didn't get the job. 4. ‘The supervisor didn't __ __ his request for leave. 5. The cake was burned and the ice cream melted, but | I think that Doug enjoyed the party. 6. will it _ you if I listen to the radio? 7 that it was a boring game, we stayed until the 125¥ Vocabulary THE PROFESSOR IS IRRITATED. ~ == yb, ore angle, i pee / / > ~Arayonal line ee CIT FS ‘dimensions; I" Repeat the underlined words and read the story. Many of you are curious to know the solution to one specific algebra problem I gave you last night. t's evident from your questions that some of you didn't understand the fundamental principle I talked about yesterday. Since I didn’t get the principle across to you yesterday, I'11 review it in class today. First you must understand that a digit is a symbol of a certain quantity, from 0 to 9, and that a number is made up of individual digits. The number 471, for example, contains three digits, 4, 7, and 1. You must recognize this basic difference between "numbers" and "digits". In algebra, we use other symbols like "x" or “y" in formulas to represent quantities which are unknown. In algebra, it's possible to calculate with the symbols " and "y" as easily as it is with the numbers 1, 2, 3. How this is done may not be obvious to you at the moment but’ will be by the end of class. Some of you will be going into the profession of architecture, computing area in square feet from the dimen: of rooms, calculating the best angle for the stairs, drawing diagonal lines to show the roof line of a house. What you learn in ‘this class will be valuable no matter what profession you choose. 126Now, I'm £ed up with students who don't pay attention, so if you don't want to mess up your university record with a bad grade Yn this class, I would suggest, once and for ali, that you be attentive and take notes for the next forty-five minutes. Read NEW WORDS the following new words and sentences. algebra Algebra is a branch of mathematics. The word "algebra" comes from Arabic. 2x +3 = 19 is an example of basic algebra. formula The chemical formula for water is #20. The formula for success in English is a lot of practice mixed with a lot of hard work. digit The number 827 has three digits. How many digits are in the number 5,777,213? dimensions The dimensions of the room are 12' by 14". Dimensions are measurements of the length, width, height, or depth. angle A triangle has three angles; a square has four. + The jet was damaged by the missile and hit the water at a 30 angle. diagonal A diagonal line is a line that is slanting. The plane was parked diagonally to the runway. 127SAY THE SENTENCE ANOTHER WAY. Read the sentence; then look at the cue and say the sentence in another way. Look at the example. EXAMPL Sally is a curious little girl. (very eager to learn new things) She's very eager to learn new things. 1, It's quite evident you don't know the answer. (clear) It's 2. Good air is fundamental to good health. (basic) Good aix 3. dim tried to get his ideas across to the class. (make his ideas clear) Jim tried to 4, He was still able to recognize his old friend even after twenty years. (identify) He was still able to She calculated that it would take six months to finish the work. (determined) She It's obvious that the two girls are sisters. (evident) It's SEeEe eee 7 iH She computed the answers to all of the problems. (figured out) She 8. what you learn here will be valuable to you. (beneficial) What you learn here _ 128pili's father told him that he was fed up with his Complaining. (wouldn't tolerate any longer) Bill's father told him that 40. heir plans to have a picnic were messed up by the rain (spoiled) their plans tHE SENTENCES. digits mess up fed up with once and for alt calculate evident algebra got across diagonal Complete the sentences with words from the box above. one wilt be used twice. 4g a branch of mathematics. some people can ____ in theix heads, but I need pocket calculator to do math problems. A ____ 1ine would go fxom the upper left-hand commer to the lower right-hand corner of the page- I don't think T at to Sam; he didn't seem to understand me- where are five in the number 38,472. 1 hope 1 don't make too many careless mistakes. T don't want to I'm so rush hour traffic in this city that can scream! It's that the sofa is too heavy for two peoplé t6 lift. We"11 have to get some help. 129We all wish that Ted would decide wants to play on the team, or not. 10. You'd think he'd get but he doesn't; he's always patient with us. MORE SENTENCES if he all our questions, Complete the sentences with words be used twice. Don't lose this watch. It's 2. Have you seen this chemistry 3. It's impossible to the figures aren't accurate. The ship's approach into the the radar at first, but then Addition and subtraction are math. 6. I didn't a beard and is him recognize compute fundamental obvious dimension valuable from the box above. One will very : before? _ the actual cost. Many of area wasn't on we all saw it. procedures in in that photograph; he's grown much heavier now. of that drawer? 7. Sue: What are the Ann: 10" wide by 18° Jong by 8” deep. 8. She was on the table. — Was it a 45° or 90° 130 Main St. and Pine St. converge at a sharp _ to know what was in the wrapped boxReading Skill D SKIMMING FOR ANSWERS You will be given a written text and questions after it. | For each question you will have a.limited amount of time to skim the text and find the answer. You cannot read every word when you are trying to find the answer. Write your answers on the lines provided. ANESTHETICS Nearly all surgeries today are performed with some kind of anesthetic. The word "anesthetic" comes from a Greek word that: means “without pain." Hundreds of years ago there were no anesthetics used in surgery. A doctor would give his patient Something to eat or drink that came froma plant. it would make the patient sleepy or relaxed, but it was not a real anesthetic. Modern anesthetics were discovered in the 1800's. The first anesthetic was discovered by a doctor in the United States. Tt was called “ether.” In 1842, ether was used on a patient who had neck surgery. Today, when a person has surgery, he feels no pain thanks to anesthetics. This discovery remains one of the most important and necessary developments in medicine. 1. What is the topic of the reading? 2. What does the word "anesthetic" mean? When were modern anesthetics discovered? 1315. What was the first anesthetic called? © Grammar ALWAYS AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE The present progressive usually expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It implies that the activity will probably end at some point in the future. whe plane is approaching the airport. The children are eating lunch right now. The present progressive can also be used to express a future time. his is usually indicated by the use of future time words in the sentence. Jack is leaving tomorrow at 0830 hours. How are you going to Los Angeles next week? I'm taking a train. Sometimes the present progressive is used to express a frequently repeated or habitual action that is usually expressed by the simple present tense. when it expresses this meaning, it is used in combination with the adverb always. Fred is always working late at his office. (= Fred always works late at his office. ) Little children are always learning new things. (= Little children learn new things every day.) 132,Now read with the action. i when the present progressive is used with always, sometimes it seems to suggest that the Speaker disapproves of the action or habit and finds it irritating. Jack, do you ever sleep at night? You're always sleeping during the day. the dialogs. They contain the adverb always together present progressive to express a frequently repeated How aid you do on the test? Fine! 1 thought it was easy. That's because you're always studying. Have you seen Tom? Yes. He's in the TV room. } should have known. He's always watching TV. Sara is really nice. Last weekend she helped her neighbors move, and yesterday she helped me clean my house. i know. She's always looking for ways to help people. I can't believe Roger did that at the party! Don't be so surprised. He does something like that every time he goes somewhere. No kidding. He's always doing something stupid! ‘There goes Tony again. Where's he going now’ [ don't know. He's always rushing around.JERRY IS ALWAYS SLEEPING. Make a new sentence. Use always and the present progressive. EXAMPLES: Every time I see Jerry, he's asleep. Jerry is always sleeping. Tom practices the piano all the time. He's always practicing the piano. 1. Children learn new things every day. 2, Tt seems as though he eats all the time, + She complains about something every time I talk to her. 4, Tom has forgotten where he left his keys again. 5. Every time I see John he asks me for money. 6. Tom and his brother argue all the time. Cpt White works late almost every afternoon. 8. Alan asks good questions every day in class. Bill changes his mind every five minutes. 10. He continually wastes his time. 134USE THE CORRECT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Fill in the blank with either always and the present progressive to indicate a frequently repeated action or the present progressive to indicate an action that is in progress. EXAMPLES: Jim knows a lot about the city because he “is always going to new places. (go) Don't make any noise. I think Mark is sleeping _ upstairs at the moment. (sleep) 1. Tom seldom reads, but he right now. (eead) 2. I can't believe he's quiet. He __ : 3. My sister never remembers where she put her glasses. She ‘them. Gose) 4. Mary can't go with us tonight. She ___ __ fora (study) test she has tomorrow. 5. He's familiar with almost every show because he television. Cwateh) 6. A: What's Bob doing? B: He the grass in the yard now. Couty 135Read these dialogs that contain nouns with the 4. Cpt Lewis: Sgt Jones: SUFFIX -AL. We can form nouns by adding the suffix -al to certain verbs. When we add this suffix, it has the meaning of "the act of or the process of." Look at the examples. She will arrive a week from tomorrow. We are looking forward to her arrival. He asked hor to marry him, but she xefused his offer. He was very surprised at her refusal. The following is a list of the more common nouns that are formed by adding the suffix -al. Notice the spelling change in some of them. Verb Noun approve approval arrive arrival deny denial disapprove disapproval dismiss dismissal refuse refusal remove removal withdraw withdrawal Lt Long: I'm sure he'll give you his approval. Betty: I think we'll be dismissed early today. Vince: Really? We've never had an early dismissal before. Larry: Did you refuse to do it? Sam: Yes, and I think my refusal surprised them. 136 suffix. When is General Jackson going to arrive, sir? Maj Black: His arrival is scheduled for 0730. I hope the captain approves of what I did.sgt White: Look at all this trash! Cpl Simms: I know. It'll take weeks to remove it all. Lt Smith: Don't worry about it. Somebody else will handle the trash removal. COMPLETION Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in parentheses. Use eithor a verb or the -al noun form. 1. 10. ue 12. 13. 14. I'd like to leave early. Who do I see for approve) of a bullet can be very dangerous. (eemovey She usually _____ early on Mondays. (arrive) He was upset about his son's from school. (dismiss) David to lend his car to John. (refusey We had to apologize for our late (arrive) The troops were at 1600 hours. (dismiss) Did you my name from that list? (remove) You have to do it. I won't accept a . (refuse) She made five __ from her bank account last month. (withdraw) My father of my living away from home. Mr. Johnson made a public of his participation in the crime. (deny) The general has your plan. (approve) The plane's in New York was delayed. Carrivey 137A THAT noun clause which is the subject of a sentence can be placed after the verb. It is used in the usual subject position before the verb. This type of construction is called an an anticipatory-it construction. Certain verbs expressing emotional reactions can be used in this anticipatory-it construc- tion. It's a way to tell someone how you or someone else feels about something. Some of the more common verbs used in this construction are: amaze — disturb shock annoy frighten surprise bother burt disappoint irritate It doesn't surprise me that Joe was promoted. (verb) (noun clause) The conjunction "that" is many times omitted in speech. Depending on the verb used, this construction can express disapproval or dissatisfaction on the part of the speaker: Tt disturbs me that you never help with the work around here. It bothers a lot of people that Mr. Smith is quitting his job. 138Now read this dialog that contains the it-construction. Bill: John! What are you doing here? I thought you were overseas! John: Well, I was until about a week ago. I returned because T got a promotion and was reassigned here. It surprised me {hat x got the promotion. I didn't even know I was being considered! Bill: Tt doesn't surprise me you got it. You've always been a hard worker. Combine the two sentences into one sentence that contains an anticipatory-it construction. Follow the examples. EXAMPLES: Ed got the promotion. / I wasn't surprised. It didn't surprise me that Ed got the promotion. You quit your job. / We are very bothered by this. It bothers us that you quit your job. 1. We were still waiting. / He was amazed at this. 2. You kept asking questions. / They were annoyed by this. 3. He hasn't called yet. / I'm frightened. 4, They did well on the test. / No one was surprised. 5. She doesn't tell the truth. / We are disturbed. 6. We couldn't go to the beach. / We were disappointed. 7. hey never write. / This hurts me. 8. We have to do it a second time. / This bothers us. 9. You drove without a license. / I'm greatly shocked. 10. We lost the game by one point. / I'm irritated we lost. 139