Title:

Summary of the application of geophisics in coal mining

1. Introduction

The use of modern geophysics in coal mining dates back to the 1970s, mainly in Britain
and West Germany. Maintaining mine production was a top concern and unexpected
geological defects caused delays in mining.

The series of papers compiled by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (Bokman and
Lindsay, 1983) provides many of the techniques that existed at the time. Such as
borehole logging, seismic seismic detection, seismic method and miscellaneous topics.
The author has 30 years of experience in developing and using geophysical methods for
use in Australian coal mines. This article touches on almost all available geophysical
methods. The authority also deals with coal mining applications.
2. Mapping Coal Seams

Compared to other rocks commonly found in sediment basins, coal has significantly
different petro-physical parameters. Petrophysics includes lithology, porosity, water
saturation, permeability and density. Cole exhibits a low natural gamma reaction, low
density, low sound velocity.

In many countries, coal exploration is largely dependent on drilling. In Australia,

geophysical, log-in exploration is done regularly in these bourgeois houses, but in
addition, the role for sophisticated surveys in the early stages of the coal field is
mediocre and regional aspects are under investigation. Before stockpiling through aerial
magnetic 2D earthquakes and gravity surveys.
2.1. Geophysical borehole logging

Finding geophysical borehole logging has to be done to assist in the identification

and characteristics of the coal seam found, which has been recognized for many
years. In Australia, the ACCEPTED MANUScriptT standard coal logging suit consists of
natural gamma, density, caliper and sound. Login.Delsey Login are the most useful
logs for identifying coal seals.

Natural gamma logs distinguish between sandstone and setstone lithology and can
also identify tuff bands that form important lithological markers. Sound logging is
 often used to estimate the strength of a rock. Geophysical logs also provide useful
information when establishing seamless connections between borehole holes. The
run includes resistivity, neutrons, neutrons, spectrometric radiometrics, full
waveform sonic and acoustic scanners.
2.2. Seismic reflection surveying

Earthquake reflective surveys are useful in mapping the seam structure of the coal
seam, the seam thickness sequence is required to correct errors. In an attempt to
achieve this goal, a method of reflecting high-resolution earthquakes was
developed.
As Zolokowski and Lerwelle discuss, the main difference between high-resolution
seismic methods and deep oilfield earthquake reflection surveys is that smaller
sources and single geophones are used instead of geophones.

In Australia, seismic surveys are routinely conducted in many areas where they can
slip into a field and provide extremely useful information about seam structure
faults. The survey does not need to be large as the long, wide underground mine can
only extract coal from an area. 1 km per 2 per year. Using state-of-the-art seismic
techniques, small flaws of up to 3M can be detected.
3. Geophysical Characterization

From a geophysical point of view, successful mining is not just about clearing coal blocks of
geological hassle. Successful mining also requires that the mine drill be treated as required. If
an acceptable relationship can be established, landmines can use the power of rock to
estimate. Roadway roof support needs and long wall avoidance treatment. It is largely based on
voice logging data which is accurate for depth. Scores are also added according to the soil
components and its defect and bed frequency are determined by variation in the downhole
logs.

4. Coal Quality

The quality of coal, especially the ability to provide information on geophysical logs
about ash content, was recognized by Reeves (1971) Spectrometric Nuclear Logging
Rotary chip holes in coal spectrometric logging Provides an opportunity for more
accurate estimates of the nature of existing impurities. Cheaper approach to map
 differences in iron content than conventional coring and laboratory analysis of coal
samples.

5. Void Detection

The discovery of operating landmines in and around voids is a major problem in mining
areas around the world. The voids may be naturally limestone corsets or due to previous
mining activities. The presence of voids can cause unexpected falls and if there are
voids, water-filled mines can flood.

Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to detect the discovery of woods by geophysical

surveys. This is because the resolution provided by geophysical methods in general, the
usual methods of geophysical research, has not been very successful in revealing the
sequence of such ancient ear works. As is still the case, it is also noticeable that this
same lack of success has been experienced by the military and other national security
situations where successful tunnel detection methods are still being sought.

Success in detecting older work using seismic reflection surveys has been reported by
Gochiuko (2012) which presents seismic sections that show regulatory reflection lines
that reflect old work on mining projects. Match locations. Such work results in difficulty
finding old tasks and sounds. Geophysics, a practical decision in which some landmines
work around old works, is to resort to drilling facilities. These exercises are conducted
under strict operating procedures that ensure the safety of personnel and equipment.