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The impact of architectural spaces' geometric forms and construction

materials on the users' brainwaves and consciousness status

Article  in  International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies · March 2018

DOI: 10.1093/ijlct/ctx018

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 The impact of architectural spaces’ geometric
forms and construction materials on the
users’ brainwaves and consciousness status
..............................................................................................................................................................
1 2* 2
Eslam Elbaiuomy , Ibrahim Hegazy and Sherif Sheta
1
Department of Architecture, Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Mansoura, Egypt; 2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University, Mansoura, Egypt
.............................................................................................................................................
Abstract
Biogeometry is the patented science of using the energy of shapes and forms to qualitatively make a bal-
ance between the biological energy systems and accommodate their interactions with the environment.
Balancing the activities of daily life, attaining harmony with our environment, humanizing modern tech-
nology, and incorporating science and spirituality are the work of the science of biogeometry. The
research in biogeometry was and still is mainly dedicated to the development of a new form of architec-
ture that would improve the human biological system. In this context, the current study aims to develop
a scientific approach to investigate the influence of the geometric forms and construction materials of
the architectural spaces on the users’ brainwaves and then on their consciousness status which is con-
sidered as the main controlling factor in human bioenergy. Trying to consolidating the theoretical views
of this effect to be measurable scientifically, the study is based on using a numerical analysis based on a
computerized simulation. The results of this study show different influences based on geometric forms
and construction materials. The study is carried out using CST Microwave Studio to identify the reson-
ance frequency occurred inside different geometric forms with different construction materials, and then
distinguish the related user’s brainwaves which influence his/her consciousness status. This may assist
architects and designers in identifying appropriate geometric forms to suit the required uses and func-
tions that need particular consciousness statuses.

Keywords: biogeometry; geometric form; brainwaves; consciousness status; human bioenergy

*Corresponding author: Received 8 April 2017; revised 15 November 2017; editorial decision 20 November 2017; accepted 27
i.hegazy@ymail.com November 2017
................................................................................................................................................................................

1 INTRODUCTION and then it is possible to mitigate negative energies and enhance

Biogeometry is the science which studies the relationships between
all the elements in the universe and human life, and the impact
of these relationships on the quality of life in order to identify
how to improve this quality. This science uses shapes, colors,
motions and sounds to achieve balance to all energy levels. It
believes that architecture is the language of the formation of a
space for human use, whether for living, work, hospitalization or
for any other purposes. As the space quality is affected by air
quality and ventilation, it also is affected by its geometric form
and construction materials. Biogeometry is the science that stud-
ies the effect of geometric shapes and forms on human bioenergy,
their positive qualities.
Biogeometry aims to achieve a balance between architectural
space and energy quality produced inside it. This balance is
capable of promoting the quality of architectural spaces. Many
of the biogeometry studies have concerned with the interior
design of spaces due to its great importance as it contains many
beneficial and detrimental energies, which negatively or posi-
tively affect their users in a direct or indirect ways. Internal
space is argued as the main factor that affects physiologically
and psychologically the human health. Its influence extends to
its ability to control the human bioenergy. One of the objectives
of this science is to identify a geometric design language that

International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 2018, 13, 43–51

© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press.
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 E. Elbaiuomy et al.
interacts with the energy of forms to provide spaces with the
balance required for their users’ comfort [1].
In December 2011, a study investigating the effect of a build-
ing with a pyramid form (Maitreya Buddha Pyramid, Bengaluru,
India) on a number of meditators’ brainwaves was conducted [2].
An effort was made to investigate the cerebral electrical activity
of fifteen meditators that are recorded by electroencephalograph
(EEG). The EEG is a physiological electrical signal recorded
from the scalp to study the brain function. EEG is recorded
before and after meditation inside and outside the pyramid. In
this study, 13 meditators had an increase while 2 meditators had
a drop in alpha waves. The amplitude of theta parameters for 14
meditators showed an increase while 1 meditator showed a
decrease. In addition, the amplitude of delta shows an increase
of 11 meditators and a decrease of the others. This increase in
the alpha and theta waves showed the suggestive of relaxation
after meditation.
With the same methodology, another study published in
2014 [3] aimed to measure the impact of staying inside a his-
toric building space with a vault ceiling shape (El-Sultan
Hassan mosque, Cairo) on the users’ consciousness status, by
recording the brain electrical signals (EEG) of a number of
volunteers inside and outside the building. The results showed
that 14 of the volunteers showed an increase while 8 volunteers
showed a drop in alpha activity. The amplitude of theta/beta
ratio for eight volunteers showed a decrease while three volun-
teers showed an increase. This increase in the alpha and
decrease in theta/beta waves showed the suggestive of relaxation
and calm awareness after staying for 20 min inside the building.
Haberakn et al. [4] argued that it is hard to separate the
human behavior and the form of spaces that human lives in. In
this regard, architecture can affect negatively on human as it
could be shown in the monotonous repetition which leads to
weariness and boredom and thus leads to a status of depression
and social confusion, leading to the prevalence of psychological
diseases and behavioral deviations. This supports the point of
view that the building starts with an ideology and a philosophy
of a designer and then turns into influential in human relations
that take place either positively or negatively in our communi-
ties. Hence, the trend which aims to revive the social side in
contemporary architecture arises, because the spatial behavior
is a form of social interaction resulting from an individual’s life
in the environment and community.
Karim [1] argued how critical it is to recognize the significance
of building to human health inside a building. Consequently one
can locate power spots, anciently used as healing places, where
concentrations of healing powers appear. This is one of the key
principles of building timeless architecture. These features cause
buildings to be considered of great effect on human health on
the physical, psychological and spiritual levels.
The main problem is the lack of the scientific measuring instru-
ments used to identify the impact of the geometric form of the
architectural space on the users’ bioenergy through their brain-
waves and consciousness. In this sense, this research attempts to
identify the scientific relationship between the geometric form of
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the architectural space and the user’s brainwaves and conscious-
ness, which may affect the quality of architectural design process.
This study is based on linking brainwaves to geometric form of
architectural spaces by using a computational method in order to
identify a scientific measuring tool that can use the frequencies of
resonance in predicting and identifying the impacts of the archi-
tectural spaces on the user’s mental status and consciousness. This
may support architects and designers in identifying appropriate
geometric forms to meet the required uses and functions that
need particular consciousness statuses.
2 THE HUMAN BRAIN AND STATUSES
OF CONSCIOUSNESS
The brain is the most important part of the human nervous
system. It gathers and analyzes information, and controls most
of the body’s organs and systems. The brain is mainly com-
posed of three areas that are cerebrum, cerebellum and brain
stem. The cerebrum cares about cognitive, sensory and mental
functions of the human body. The mind is not a part of the
brain, but it is the process of the activities and functions, in par-
ticular, those functions in which the human being aware of
such as personality, thinking, controversy, memory, intelligence
and even emotion. Hence, the mind is what distinguishes
between the human and the animal, not the brain [5].
2.1 Brainwaves
Brainwaves are very accurate electrical signals reflecting the
changes which occur in the frequency of brainwaves during dif-
ferent mental statuses. Studying brainwaves has a key role in
understanding how the human brain and mind work and the
relationship between the neurological functions the main brain
parts. The electrical activity of the brain is actually defined as
the collection of all activities of brain cells. While each brain
cell has its own frequently wave, but what we can measure is
the combined activities of all brain cells [6].
2.2 Types of brainwaves
Brainwaves are classified into five major types, as follows
(Table 1):
▪ Delta waves
▪ Beta waves
▪ Theta waves
▪ Gamma waves
▪ Alpha waves
This classification based on the frequency of brainwaves. It
was noticed that certain patterns of brainwaves related to cases
of consciousness, such as alertness, relaxation, sleep and deep
sleep. The following table shows each of brainwaves characteris-
tics and its relation to the status of consciousness as well as the
shape of the waves [7].
 Architectural spaces’ geometric forms and users’ brainwaves

Table 1. Brainwaves types.

Wave type Frequency Wave shape
Characteristics

Delta 0 4
Associated with the deepest levels of relaxation and restorative, healing sleep

Theta 4 8
Involved in daydreaming and sleep

Alpha 8 12
Bridges the gap between our conscious thinking and subconscious mind

Beta 12 40
Conscious thought, logical thinking, and tend to have a stimulating effect

Gamma 40 100
Higher processing tasks as well as cognitive functioning

Source: Micheal et al. [7].

2.3 The effect of brain frequencies on statuses
of consciousness
Table 2 presents the effects of frequencies in each band on the
human brain statuses of consciousness [8].
2.4 Brainwave entrainment
Brainwave entrainment (pronounced ‘ehn-TRAIN-mint’) refers
to the brain’s electrical response to rhythmic sensory stimula-
tion, such as pulses of sound or light. When the brain is
exposed to a stimulus, through the eyes, ears or other senses, it
produces an electrical charge in response, called a cortical
evoked response (CER) (Figure 1). These electrical responses
are carried throughout the brain to become what you ‘see or
hear’ for example. This activity can be measured using sensitive
electrodes attached to the scalp [9].
When the brain is exposed to a rhythmic stimulus, such as a
drum beat, for instance, the rhythm is reproduced in the brain
in the form of these electrical impulses. If the rhythm becomes
fast and regular, it can start to resemble the natural internal
rhythms of the brain, called brainwaves. When this happens,
the brain responds by synchronizing its own electric cycles to
the same rhythm (Figure 2). This is commonly called the
Frequency Following Response (FFR) [10, 11].
FFR could be valuable since brainwaves are very much
related to mental status. For instance, a 4 Hz brainwave is asso-
ciated with sleep, so a 4 Hz sound pattern would help reproduce
the sleep status in the brain. The same concept could be imple-
mented to many other mental statuses, including meditation,
relaxation and concentration. If a person listens closely during
a music session, he will hear small, quick pulses of sound.
When the session progresses, the frequency rate of these pulses
is changed gradually, thus changing his brainwave patterns and
guiding his mind to several useful mental statuses [12].
Since we live in built spaces all time, the functional efficiency
of the architectural space affected by the user’s psychological
and mental status. Some activities need special mental statuses
as relaxation in residential buildings, attention, and activity in
educational buildings,…etc. This section concludes that brain-
waves control the human consciousness and mental status.
Moreover, the human brain has shown its ability to respond to
external effects and the possibility to enter required conscious-
ness brain status.
3 EXPERIMENT EXPLANATION
In this section, the experiment is explained according to two
main axes:
The first axis discusses the experiment aim and concept, the
meaning of resonance, and the principle of the octave as a
way to understand the impact of the high-frequency range to
the low-frequency range of the human brain.
The second axis explains the simulation software ‘CST Microwave
Studio’, the inputs and outputs of the simulation environment,
and identifying how to analyze the experiment outputs.
3.1 Experiment aim and concept
Practical experiments which carried out on a number of the
buildings’ users indicate a significant change of 70–95% of the

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Table 2. The relationship between brainwaves and human

consciousness.
Frequency Unit Consciousness status

Delta brainwaves (0.5–4 Hz)

0.5 Hz Relax—help to soothe headaches
0.5–1.5 Hz Relieve pain
0.9 Hz A sense of joy
1.0 Hz The feeling of well-being—the harmony and balance
2.5 Hz Relieve pain and reduce anxiety
2.5 Hz Relieve migraine pain
3.4 Hz Help achieve restful sleep
3.5 Hz Autism with the outer perimeter
3.9 Hz Promote internal awareness
4.0 Hz Reduce stress Figure 2. Human brain EEG shows the response of an influential voice fre-
4.0 Hz Enhance the memory capacity—enhance learning ability quency 10 Hz. Source: Nyström [10].
Theta brainwaves (4–8 Hz)
4.9 Hz Induces relaxation, meditation and deep sleep
5.35 Hz Relax and breathe freely and efficiently of the antenna and the desired receiving waves. In this context,
5.5 Hz Internal guidance and intuition
the role of simulation software appears to investigate the range
6.5 Hz Activate creativity
7.5 Hz Technical and creative thought of frequencies that occur resonance with the composite geomet-
7.5 Hz Ease of overcoming the nagging issues ric body of the antenna. Since we live in a wide range of fre-
7.8 Hz Schumann frequency waves—activity and balance quencies generated naturally or by the electronic devices that
Alpha brainwaves (8–12 Hz) are used in our daily life, it could be considered that the archi-
8.0–10.0 Hz Learning new things depending on the memory
tectural space where human lives, works, learns or even enjoys
10.0 Hz Improve the status of general mood
11.0 Hz Relax status after waking up is a large antenna.
12.0 Hz Moderation and mental stability According to this hypothesis, the configuration of any archi-
Beta brainwaves (12–40 Hz) tectural space could be investigated by antenna design software
14.0 Hz Attention—focus on tasks and vitality and then testing the range of frequencies resonates with this
12.0–15.0 Hz Concentration and relaxation
geometric configuration. Then it is possible to study the impact
13.0–27.0 Hz The attention to external stimuli focus
13.0–30.0 Hz Problem solving and conscious thinking of these frequencies on the human brain, according to the prin-
18.0–27.0 Hz A sense of euphoria (euphoria) ciple of Frequency Following Response which is defined as a
brainwaves (EEG) frequency response that corresponds to the
Source: Alsan et al. [8].
frequency of an auditory stimulus. Therefore, it would be iden-
tified which status of consciousness occurred.

3.2 CST Microwave Studio

Figure 1. Human brain evoked response of an influential voice. Source:
Huang and Charyton [9].
users in the electrical activity of their brain after staying for some
time inside these buildings. This shows the effect of the geometric
form of buildings on their users’ brainwaves frequencies and then
their consciousness status. The current experiment depends on
using a simulation program—CST Microwave Studio—which
allows the rapid and accurate analysis of high-frequency devices
such as antennas [13].
Antennas are designed depending on their shapes and
dimensions that occur a resonance frequency between the body
CST Microwave Studio is a fully featured software package for
electromagnetic analysis and design in the high-frequency
range. It offers accurate and effective computational solutions
for electromagnetic design and analysis. Analyses may include
thermal and mechanical effects. CST benefits from an inte-
grated design environment that offers access to the entire range
of solver technology. System assembly and modeling facilitates
multi-physics and co-simulation in addition to the management
of entire electromagnetic systems.
It provides a powerful graphical modeling interface that is
depend on the ACIS modeling kernel (Figure 3). After model-
ing, a fully automatic meshing procedure is implemented before
a simulation engine is initiated. A main feature of CST Microwave
Studio is the method on demand approach that gives the choice
of simulator or mesh type is that is best suited to a particular
problem [13].
The transient solver of CST is a general purpose 3D electro-
magnetic simulator. Real time domain simulation is suitable for
studying the field propagating through a component and could
be used in a huge range of electromagnetic applications. On the

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 Architectural spaces’ geometric forms and users’ brainwaves

Figure 3. CST Microwave Studio interface.

Figure 4. CST simulation environment setting.

other hand, the frequency domain solver of CST is, like the
transient solver, a general purpose tool. It provides electromag-
netic near and far fields as well as S-parameters. The frequency
domain solver is the better choice for small structures.
The simulation environment settings include units, proper-
ties of surrounding environment, frequency range and bound-
ary domain conditions. As shown in Figure 4.
As the simulation process aims to identify the resonance fre-
quency, the simulation output is the S-parameter chart. When
the S-parameter value increases this represents the resonance,
as shown in Figure 5.
4 SIMULATION PROCESS
The process of simulating the resonance frequency of the
selected geometric forms steps can be summarized in the steps
shown in Figure 6.

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 E. Elbaiuomy et al.

Figure 5. S-parameter output from CST studio suite.

Table 3. Investigated geometric forms description.

Geometric form Geometric dimension

Base Height (m)

Shape Dimension (m)

Square L = 1.57 1
W = 1.57

Circle R=1 1

Square L=1 1

Circle R=1 1

Circle R=1 0.5

Rectangular L = 1.2 0.5

W=1

Figure 6. Experiment methodology.
4.1 Inputs
A set of basic geometric of six basic geometric forms (cone, pyra-
mid, cube, cylinder, dome and vault) is examined in the current
research (Table 3). All with the same volume and in the natural
air environment. Every form will be examined with four materials
(wood, steel, concrete and glass) in order to identify the effect of
changing building form and materials on user’s brainwaves.
4.2 Results
Figure 7 shows the results of S-parameter—which indicates the
case of resonance—for the form of pyramid case with different
materials. This is presented in a form of a graph of the param-
eter value with the range of the frequency. Since the results
vary depending on the geometric form, as well as construction
material change, it could be argued that the impact of the geo-
metric form should not be overlooked in the case of resonance,
in addition to, the impact of the construction material. The
S-parameter of all tested forms is presented in Table 4.
5 DISCUSSION
Table 4 and Figure 8 summarize the simulation results with
transforming octave equivalent to the range of brain frequencies
and the emotional status represented by those frequencies.

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 Architectural spaces’ geometric forms and users’ brainwaves

Figure 7. S-parameter outputs of the pyramid form with different materials.

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Table 4. Simulation results—resonance frequency for the investigated geometric forms.

Geometric shape/material Resonance frequency Brainwave

S-parameter (resonance) Units Equivalent freq. (Hz) Wave type Consciousness status

Concrete 0.56 MHz 4.0 Delta Stress reduction

Steel 0.68 MHz 2.5 Delta Brain reduction
Wood 0.73 MHz 1.5 Delta Brain reduction
Glass 3.00 Hz 3.0 Delta Relaxation and comfort sleep
Concrete 96.12 MHz 23.0 Beta Attention, focus and activity
Steel 0.27 MHz 16.5 Beta Attention, focus and activity
Wood 93.67 MHz 11.0 Alpha Relaxation and comfort
Glass 29.37 MHz 14.0 Alpha Focus and receive information
Concrete 75.16 MHz 9.0 Alpha Learn depending on memorize
Steel 1.20 Hz 1.2 Delta Brain reduction
Wood 28.90 MHz 14.0 Alpha Focus and receive information
Glass 11.77 MHz 11.0 Alpha Relaxation and comfort
Concrete 4.18 MHz 8.0 Alpha Learn depending on memorize
Steel 0.04 MHz 7.8 Theta Showman waves—activity and balance
Wood 0.47 MHz 7.0 Theta Meditation and inner peace
Glass 27.92 MHz 6.5 Theta Creativity
Concrete 12.28 MHz 1.5 Delta Brain reduction
Steel 0.04 MHz 7.8 Theta Showman waves—activity and balance
Wood 0.47 MHz 7.0 Theta Meditation and inner peace
Glass 18.80 Hz 18.8 Beta Attention, focus and activity
Concrete 4.5 Hz 4.5 Theta Stress reduction
Steel 6.66 Hz 6.66 Theta Creativity
Wood 11.74 MHz 11.0 Alpha Relaxation and comfort
Glass 27.12 Hz 6.5 Theta Creativity

Figure 8. Resonance frequency and brainwave for studied geometric forms.

6 CONCLUSION to delta waves guiding users’ consciousness to relaxation and

It is identified that there are differences in the brainwaves that
may be occurred for users after staying in the selected geomet-
ric forms. The pyramid with all selected construction materials
causes resonance that results in changing brainwave frequency
comfort status. This is also obvious in the cases of steel square
and concrete dome.
In case of need to change the user’s consciousness to medita-
tion and creativity, the brainwaves need to be guided to be theta
waves that may be occurred if the user stays in a cylinder space

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(with steel, wood or glass materials), or in a steel or wooden
dome. In addition, this case may be attained if the user stays in
a space with a vault form made of concrete, steel or glass.
Alpha waves that help in moderation and mental stability,
learning and improving the status of general mood may be
occurred during staying in a square space made of concrete or
glass materials. This is also obvious in the cases of wooden
cone and vault as well as the concrete cylinder.
In case of need to change the user’s consciousness to atten-
tion, concentration or conscious thinking, the brainwaves need
to be guided to be beta waves that may be occurred if the user
stays in a cone space made of concrete, steel or glass. In add-
ition, this case may be attained if the user stays in a space with
a wooden square or a glass dome.
Finally, this study identifies that there is an obvious relation-
ship between the geometric forms of architectural spaces and
their construction materials and the users’ consciousness. Each
geometric form resonates with a specific resonance frequency.
The resonance occurred causes a change in the human brain-
waves which guides his consciousness to a particular status.
Depending on the research results, it is evident that there are
different effects related to the geometric forms and construction
materials of the architectural spaces on the users’ brainwaves
and consciousness. This may assist architects and designers in
identifying appropriate which geometric form is the most suit-
able for their designs in order to suit the required uses and func-
tions that need particular consciousness statuses. There is no
doubt that there is a need for more studies and investigations on
this subject, in particular, the possibility to study the effect of
geometric forms which are constructed from more than one
materials, as well as the effect of the geometric multi-forms on
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Architectural spaces’ geometric forms and users’ brainwaves
the resonance frequency occurring inside these forms, which
may cause changes in the users’ brainwaves and consciousness.
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