Quiz No.

2
Name Afaq Ahmad
Registration No. Bcs 07183089
Linear Algebra
Q No. 3 what is Algebra of Matrices:
Algebra of matrix involves the operation of matrices, such as
Addition, subtraction, multiplication etc. Two matrices can
be added/subtracted, iff (if and only if) the number of rows
and columns of both the matrices are same, or the order of
the matrices are equal.
 Addition of Matrices
 Subtraction of Matrices
 Multiplication of a Matrix by Scalar
 Multiplication of Matrices

Q no4:
Differentiate between real and complex Matrices :
Real Matrices :
 Determinant and trace of a real matrix is real
 Eigen values occurs in complex conjugate pairs.
 Fundamental spaces associated with a real matrix are all real
.
Complex Matrices :
 A big one is that complex matrices always have an eigenvalue.
This implies for example that all complex matrices are (unitarily)
triangularizable. If you prove this property directly, then it also
implies the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Q No 5:
Orthogonality of complex Matrices :
A square matrix with real numbers or elements is said to be
an orthogonal matrix, if its transpose is equal to its inverse
matrix or we can say, when the product of a square matrix
and its transpose gives an identity matrix, then the square
matrix is known as an orthogonal matrix
Q No. 6: Briefly explain Hyperplanes:
What is a Hyperplane?
In mathematics, a hyperplane H is a linear subspace of a
vector space V such that the basis of H has cardinality one
less than the cardinality of the basis for V. In other words, if
V is an n-dimensional vector space than H is an (n-1)-
dimensional subspace. Examples of hyperplanes in 2
dimensions are any straight line through the origin. In 3
dimensions, any plane containing the origin. In higher
dimensions, it is useful to think of a hyperplane as member
of an affine family of (n-1)-dimensional subspaces (affine
spaces look and behavior very similar to linear spaces but
they are not required to contain the origin), such that the
entire space is partitioned into these affine subspaces. This
family will be stacked along the unique vector (up to sign)
that is perpendicular to the original hyperplane. This
“visualization” allows one to easily understand that a
hyperplane always divides the parent vector space into two
regions.

In machine learning, it may be useful to employ techniques

such as support vector machines to learn hyperplanes to
separates the data space for classification. The most
common example of hyperplanes in practice is with support
vector machines.
Practical Uses of Hyperplanes with Support Vector
Machines
Natural Language Processing – Support vector machines are
useful in both text and hypertext classification, since they
reduce the amount of labeled training instances needed.
Both for inductive and transductive techniques.
Image Classification – Using hyperplanes increases image
recognition and segmentation accuracy.
Biosciences
– This technique has proven useful to rapidly classify
proteins in unknown substances with high accuracy,
which drastically cuts down the research time when
studying new compounds for potential health uses.
Q No. 2 Diagonal block matrix :
A block diagonal matrix is a block matrix that is a square
matrix such that the main-diagonal blocks are square
matrices and all off-diagonal blocks are zero matrices. That
is, a block diagonal matrix A has the form

Where Ak is a square matrix for all k = 1, …, n. In other

words, matrix A is the direct sum of A1, …, An. It can also be
indicated as A1 ⊕ A2 ⊕ … ⊕ An or diag(A1, A2, …, An) (the
latter being the same formalism used for a diagonal matrix).
Any square matrix can trivially be considered a block
diagonal matrix with only one block.
For the determinant and trace, the following properties hold