QUESTION 4

a) In an alternating current (AC) electrical power supply, briefly define the following
terms;
a. The current, I and the resistance, R.
i) Current, (I)
 Current is rate of electron flow.
 There are 22 types of current which are DC and AC.
 Unit : Ampere ( A )
 1A equal to transfer of 1C charge in 1 Second.
 I = Q/T

ii) Resistance, R
 All conductors have their own resistance.
 Resistance use to limit the current in a circuit
 Unit for R is ohm ( Ω )
 1 Ω equal to element with resistance of 1 Ω will allow 1A to pass through if 1V
voltage is applied across the element.
 If value of R equal to 0 Ω, it is short circuit due to large current flow.

b. The single-phase system and three-phase system.

Single-phase system
 For single phase system, the AC electrical supply has only one electrical source.
 The AC current will flow when there is a load completing the circuit.
 Frequency of the voltage and current is the same i.e. 50 Hz.
 Energy is supplied through 2 wire conductors. (Life and Neutral).
 Depending on the load, there will be a phase difference between the current flowing and
the voltage forcing the current to flow. This is due to the load, being inductive or
capacitive. A fully resistive load gives a power factor of 1.
Three-phase system
 A 3 phase system is simply a combination of 3 single phase systems. All three single
phase voltage has the same magnitude but separated from each other by a 1200 phase
difference between them.
 Generally the electrical power is generated, transmitted and distributed to the users
through 3 phase system.
 A single phase system can be obtained from the 3 phase system by using any one of the 3
phase voltages.
  Heavy industries usually use 3 phase systems to operate big machines, while domestic
users take one of the three phase voltages.
 There are two types of connection for 3 phase systems, i.e. Star and Delta connections.

c. The average and effective values.

The main difference between rms and average voltage is that the mean value of a periodic wave
is the average of all the area under the curve over a given waveform. In case off rms value , the
periodic is take n as one half way of the cycle.

b) A single-phase electrical load with a maximum current of 15 A and having 0.87 lagging
power factor, is supplied by single-phase maximum voltage of 340 Volts, 50 Hz. Calculate;
a. The r.m.s. value for current and voltage.
=> Vrms = 340/√2
=240.4V
=>Irms = 15/√2
=10.6A
b. The phase angle,  between current and voltage.
=> pf = 0.87 = cos 
=> cos  = 0.87
 = cos−1 0.87

 = 29.54º
c. The total power (P) absorbed by the electrical appliance.
=> Total power, P = V.I cos 
= (340) x (15 cos 0.87)
= 5.1 kWh
d. The Reactive Power (Q) and Apparent Power (S) of the appliance.
=> Q = Vrms . Irms sin 
= 240.4 x 10.6 sin 29.54
= 1256.4 watt
= 1.256 kw
=>S = Vrms. Irms
= 240.4 x 10.6
= 2548.2 watt
= 2.5482 kw
c) Table below shows all the electrical appliances used by a residential consumer. Fill in
Table 1. Then, using the value calculated in Table 1, estimate the total bill using
domestic tariff type A.

item quantity Power (watt) Daily usage rate Daily usage energy
(hour) (kwh)
Refrigerator 1 1200 24 28.8
Plasma Television 1 200 6 1.2
Kettle 1 850 1 0.85
Iron 1 1200 0.5 0.6
Rice Cooker 1 700 1 0.7
Air-conditioner 1 900 5 4.5
LED Lighting 12 15 12 2.16
Ceiling Fan 5 75 18 6.75
Washer with dryer 1 3500 1 3.5
Total Daily kWh 49.06
Total Monthly kWh (30 days) 1471.8

d) A 3-phase induction motor with star connection has data on the motor plate as follows:
Voltage/Frequency 400 V / 50 Hz
No. of pole 4
Rating power 10 HP (7.46 kW)
Power factor 0.8
Slip 5%
Define;
a. Rotor speed, Nr
=>Ns = 120f/p
= (120x50)/4
= 1500
=>S = ((Ns – Nr)/Ns) x 100
5 = ((1500 – Nr)/1500) x 100
0.05 = ( 1500 – Nr ) / 1500
75 = 1500 – Nr
Nr = 1425

b. The current with taken by the motor if the operates in the given rating power.
=>P = V . I cos 
=> I = P / V cos 
=> I = (7.46x10^3) / 400 cos 
=> I = 18.65A

e) A high voltage transformer having rating voltage at 480 V and 400 winding turns.
Determine number of turns required in low voltage side if its rating voltage is 120V.

=>V1/V2 = N1/N2
=>480/120 = 400/N2
=>N2 = 100 turns