Chapter 1&2

Steel & Timber Design
AE 2
ALOYSIUS C. MAPALO, MSCE, PICE

Department of Civil Engineering
University of the Cordilleras
Baguio City
Course Requirements
 Scores Distribution
Seatwork/Quizzes - 60 %
Exams - 40 %
Grades Distribution
 MG = ½ PS + ½ MS
 FG = 1/3 PS + 1/3 MS + 1/3 FS
CE 331 Steel Design 2
1
Course Outline
 Chapter One: Introduction

Steel as a structural material
Steel properties
Design methods
 Chapter Two: Tension Members
 Chapter Three: Axially Loaded Compression Members
 Chapter Four: Beams
 Chapter Five: Combined Stresses (Beam-Column)
 Chapter Six: Connection and Detailing
Chapter One
Introduction
2
Structural Design
Definition: Determination of overall

proportions and dimensions of the
supporting framework and the selection of
individual members.
Responsibility:The structural engineer,
within the constraints imposed by the
architect (number of stories, floor plan,..)
is responsible for structural design.
Important Factors in
Design
Safety (the structure doesn’t fall down)

Serviceability (how well the structure
performs in term of appearance and
deflection)
Economy (an efficient use of materials
and labor)
3
4
5
6
7
Types of Load
Dead Loads (permanent; including self-

weight, floor covering, suspended ceiling,
partitions,..)
Live Loads (not permanent; the location is
not fixed; including furniture, equipment,
and occupants of buildings)
Wind Load (exerts a pressure or suction
on the exterior of a building)
8
Types of Load
Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground

motion are simulated by a system of
horizontal forces)
Other Loads (hydrostatic pressure, soil
pressure)
Types of Load
If the load is applied suddenly, the effects

of IMPACT must be accounted for.
If the load is applied and removed many
times over the life of the structure,
FATIGUE stress must be accounted for
9
Building Codes (PD 1098)
A legal document containing requirements

related to such things as structural safety,
fire safety, plumbing, and ventilation.
It does not provide design procedures,
but it specifies the design requirements.
Design Specifications
Provide guidance for the design of
structural members and their connections.
They have no legal standing on their own,
but they can easily be adopted, by
reference, as part of a building code.
 American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-99) Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete
 National Design Specifications for Wood Construction by
American Forest and Paper Association.
10
Specifications for the Design
of Structural Steel Buildings
American Institute of Steel Construction

(AISC) Manual of Steel Construction
9th Edition – 1989, Specs for ASD
10th Edition – 1999, Specs for LRFD
11th Edition – 2005, Specs for both ASD &
LRFD
Structural Steel
Steel is an alloy of primarily iron, carbon

(1 to 2%) and small amount of other
components (manganese, nickel, …)
Carbon contributes to strength but
reduces ductility.
11
Steel Properties
The important characteristics of steel for

design purposes are:
yield stress (Fy)
ultimate stress (Fu)
modulus of elasticity (E)
percent elongation ()
coefficient of thermal expansion ()
The Tension test
12
ASTM structural Steel Specifications
Plain carbon steel A36 (Fy=36 ksi)

High Strength low alloy steel A572 (Fy=42
to 65 ksi)
Corrosion resistant high-strength low-alloy
steel A242, A588 (Fy=42 to 50 ksi)
Quenched and tempered A852 (Fy=70
ksi), A 514 (Fy=90-100 ksi)
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes
13
14
Design Philosophies
Allowable Stress Design Method (ASD)

Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)
ASD
A member is selected such that the max

stress due to working loads does not
exceed an allowable stress.
It is also called elastic design or working
stress design.
 allowable stress = yield stress/factor of safety
 actual stress ≤ allowable stress
15
Review of Stress Formulas
Axial members (Tension and

Compression)
P Vc
Normal:   Shear:  
A Ib
Mc
Beams (Bending)  
I
LRFD
A member is selected such that its

factored strength is more than the
factored loads.
 (loads x L factors) ≤ resistance x R factor
Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different
load factor which its value depends on the
combination of loads under consideration.
16
Load Factors
The values are based on extensive

statistical studies
DL only 1.4D
DL+LL+SL (LL domin.) 1.2D+1.6L+0.5S
DL+LL+SL (SL domin.) 1.2D+0.5L+1.6S
In each combination, one of the effects is
considered to be at its “lifetime” max value
and the others at their “arbitrary point in time
“ values.
Resistance Factor
The resistance factors range in value from

0.75 to 1.0 depending on the type of
resistance (tension, bending,
compression, ..)
These factors account for uncertainties in
material properties, design theory, and
fabrication and construction practices.
17
History
ASD has been the primary method used

for steel design since the first AISC
specifications was issued in 1923.
In 1986, AISC issued the first specification
for LRFD.
The trend today is toward LRFD method,
but ASD is still in use.
Advantages of LRFD
It provides a more uniform reliability in all

structures subjected to many types of loading
conditions. It does not treat DL and LL as
equivalent, thereby leading to a more rational
approach.
It provides better economy as the DL make up a
greater percentage on a given structure.
Because DLs are less variable by nature than live loads, a lower
load factor is used.
This may lead to a reduction in member size and therefore
better economy.
18
Chapter Two
Tension Members
Allowable Tensile Stresses

(NSCP, AISC Specs)
Except on pin-connected members:

On gross area (yielding): Ft=0.6Fy
On net area (fracture): Ft=0.5Fu
For pin-connected members:

On net area of pinhole: Ft=0.45Fy
On the body of area of eyebars: Ft=0.6Fy
19
Slenderness Ratio
L/r should preferably (but not required)

not to exceed 300
Gross and Net Area
Ag – determined by the summing the products
of the thickness and gross width
An – the sum of the products of the thickness
and the net width of each element.
20
Staggered Holes
Staggering of holes increase the net area

Net width shall be computed as follows:
s2
Wn  Wgross   Holes  
4g
s = longitudinal center to center s1
spacing (pitch) of any two consecutive
holes
g1
g = transverse center to center
spacing (gage) between fasteners g2
gage lines
s2
Effective Net Area
If not all connectors are in the same

plane, or not all elements of the tension
member are connected to the support
Ae  UAn
For riveted and bolted splice and gusset

plates,
Ae  An  85% Ag
21
Effective Net Area
Bolted Connections
Types of bolted connections
22
Possible Modes of Failure
Allowable Stresses on Fasteners
23
Allowable Bearing Stress on
Plates at Bolt Holes
With edge distance not less than 1.5d and

center to center distance between bolts not less
than 3d:
Standard or short-slotted holes Fp  1.20Fu
Long-slotted holes Fp  1.00Fu
Le Fu
With edge distance more than 1.5d: Fp 
2d
 1.20 Fu
If deformation around hole is not a

consideration, and adequate spacing is
provided: Fp  1.50Fu
Allowable Tensile Stress on Fasteners in

Bearing-type Connection in the Presence
of Shear Stress
24
Values of Fy and Fu
Analysis of Axially Loaded

Bolt or Rivet Connections
Tension on Gross Area

Tension on Effective Net Area
Block shear
Shear in Bolts
Bearing on Projected Area
25
Analysis Flowchart for
Tension Members (fasteners excluded)
Design Flowchart for Tension

Members
26

Chapter 1&amp;2

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Chapter 1&amp;2

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Steel & Timber Design

ALOYSIUS C. MAPALO, MSCE, PICE

CE 331 Steel Design 2

 Chapter One: Introduction

CE 331 Steel Design 3

Definition: Determination of overall

Safety (the structure doesn’t fall down)

CE 331 Steel Design 6

CE 331 Steel Design 8

CE 331 Steel Design 10

CE 331 Steel Design 12

CE 331 Steel Design 14

Dead Loads (permanent; including self-

Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground

CE 331 Steel Design 17

If the load is applied suddenly, the effects

CE 331 Steel Design 18

A legal document containing requirements

CE 331 Steel Design 19

CE 331 Steel Design 20

American Institute of Steel Construction

CE 331 Steel Design 21

Steel is an alloy of primarily iron, carbon

CE 331 Steel Design 22

The important characteristics of steel for

CE 331 Steel Design 23

The Tension test

CE 331 Steel Design 24

Plain carbon steel A36 (Fy=36 ksi)

CE 331 Steel Design 25

Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

CE 331 Steel Design 26

CE 331 Steel Design 27

Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

CE 331 Steel Design 28

Allowable Stress Design Method (ASD)

CE 331 Steel Design 29

A member is selected such that the max

CE 331 Steel Design 30

Axial members (Tension and

CE 331 Steel Design 31

A member is selected such that its

CE 331 Steel Design 32

The values are based on extensive

The resistance factors range in value from

CE 331 Steel Design 34

ASD has been the primary method used

CE 331 Steel Design 35

It provides a more uniform reliability in all

Allowable Tensile Stresses

Except on pin-connected members:

For pin-connected members:

CE 331 Steel Design 38

L/r should preferably (but not required)

CE 331 Steel Design 39

Gross and Net Area

Ag – determined by the summing the products

of the thickness and gross width

An – the sum of the products of the thickness

and the net width of each element.

CE 331 Steel Design 40

Staggering of holes increase the net area

Effective Net Area

If not all connectors are in the same

Chapter 1&2

Chapter 1&2