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Nutrition in Animals
• Nutrition is defined as the process of in take of food to serve the purpose of
growth and maintenance of the body.

• Nutrients which are absorbed by the animals are as follows:

➢ Carbohydrates: It provides energy to the body.

➢ Protein: It is the building block of body.
➢ Fat: It is present in the body reserved food.
➢ Vitamins: These are Vital Amino acids that are required by the body in small
quantity. Vitamin B and C are water soluble and A, D, E and K are fat soluble.
➢ Water: It controls body temperature and regulates biochemical reactions.
➢ Minerals: These are inorganic materials which control the metabolism of the
body.

Vitamin Chemical Name Deficiency Disease Sources

Fish Oil, Liver, Green

Vitamin A Retinol Night Blindness
Vegetables.

Cereals, nuts and

Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beri-Beri
seeds

Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid Scurvy Peppers, Sprouts

Fish Oils, Egg Yolk,
Vitamin D Calciferol Rickets
Butter
Vegetable oil, Cereal
Vitamin E Tocopherol Mild Anaemia
Products

Vitamin K Phylloquinone Delayed Clotting Green Vegetables

Nutrition in Humans
• Nutrition in humans is a complex process.
• The complete digestion of food in human takes nearly 4 to 6 hours.
• The complete stages of Human digestive system have been discussed below as
follows:

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Stages Definition

Ingestion The Process of taking the food and nutrients into the body.
The process in which the complex components of food gets broken into the
Digestion
simple ones.
The process in which the food is passed through the intestines and the
Absorption
nutrients are absorbed.

The process in which the absorbed food and nutrients are taken to the
Assimilation
cells for the purpose of growth and maintenance.

The process in which the undigested food and toxic materials are removed
Egestion
from the body.

• Various organs of human digestive systems are as follows:

➢ Mouth (Buccal Cavity): Food is taken into the body through mouth. The
digestion of food starts inside the mouth which contains the following:

• Tongue: It is a muscular organ in the mouth that helps in the tasting of the food
and then mixing it with the saliva. It has taste buds which help in the tasting of
food.

• Teeth: Human have 32 teeth which help in the process of chewing of food. There
are four types of teeth in Humans which are as follows:
o Incisor (8): These teeth help in cutting the food.
o Canine (4): These teeth help in tearing of the food.
o Premolar (8): These teeth help in chewing of the food.
o Molar (12): These teeth help in chewing of the food.

➢ Oesophagus: It is also known with the name of food pipe. The food passes
through it by means of peristalsis movement. While swallowing, the food never
enters the wind pipe as it is protected by epiglottis.

➢ Stomach: It is a thick-walled U-shaped bag. Its inner lining secretes mucous,

HCL and digestive juices. The HCL kills the bacteria and mucous protects the
stomach lining from the HCL. The digestive juices contain Rennin that helps in
digesting milk protein Casein. Lipase helps in the digestion of fats and Pepsin
enzyme breaks down the protein into simpler form.

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➢ Small Intestine: It is highly coiled and about 7.5 meters long. It receives Bile
juice from the liver which helps in the digestion of fat. The process of absorption
of minerals then starts in the small intestine.

➢ Large Intestine: It is wider than the small intestine and is about 1.5 meters
long. Its function is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food
material.

Name of Gland Enzymes Function

Salivary
Salivary Gland Amylase It converts starch present in the food into Maltose sugar.
(Ptylin)

It helps in the digestion of fats by converting the complex

Liver Bile Juices
fats into the simpler fats.

Amylase, 1. Amylase converts starch into Maltose.

Trypsin 2. Trypsin converts Proteins into peptones and peptides.
Pancreas
and 3. Lipase converts Emulsified fats into fatty acid and
Lipase glycerol.
Gastric Gland Pepsin It converts Proteins into peptones and proteoses.
1. Lactase converts Lactose into Glucose and Galactose.
Lactase,
2. Sucrase converts Sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Sucrase,
3. Maltase converts Maltose int Glucose
Intestinal Gland Maltase,
4. Peptidase converts peptides into Amino Acids
Peptidase,
5. Lipase converts Fat into Fatty acids and glycerol
Lipase

Previous years asked question from Animal Nutrition:

Q1)